.

INTRODUCTION

A final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee in Agriculture Engineering was

held on May,3-5, 2010 at HEC Regional Centre Lahore to finalize the draft curriculum of
agricultural engineering developed in the preliminary held on December 7-9, 2009 at HEC
Regional Lahore.
The following attended the meetings:
Prof. Dr. Zahid Mehmood,
Chairman,
Department of Agriculture Engineering,
NWFP University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar.

Convener

Prof. Dr. Abdul Rehman Tahir (Late)

Department of Farm Machinery,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

Convener (Late)

Prof. Dr. Maqsood Ahmad,

Department of Environmental Management & Policy,
Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering &
Management Sciences, (BUITEMS), Quetta.

Member

Dr. Muhammad Saffar Mirjat,

Professor, Department of Irrigation & Drainage,
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.

Member

Prof. Dr. Faizan ul Haq Khan

Chairman, Department of Structures & Environmental Engineering
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Member

Dr. Nasir Mahmood Khan,

Additional Registrar,
Pakistan Engineering Council,
Attaturk Avenue (East), G-5 / 2, Islamabad.

Member

Mr. Muhammad Naveed Aslam,

Lecture,
University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Member

Engr. Iqbal Zeb Khattak,

Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University,
Dera Ismail Khan.

Member

Dr. Muhammad Naeem Chaudhry,

Assistant Professor,

Member
1

University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences,

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.
Prof. Dr. Jehangir Khan Sial
Head / Professor
Department of Agriculture Engineering
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.

Secretary /
Member

Proceedings of Preliminary Meeting

The meeting started with the recitation from Holy Quran by Mr. Bashir Ahmad,
Director HEC Regional Center, Lahore. Mr. Shafiullah, Dy. Director (Curriculum)
HEC Islamabad

briefed the members about the unified template of 4 year

engineering programme, developed by the conveners of NCRC of engineering

disciplines on April 21, 2007 at HEC Islamabad. He requested the members to revise
the curriculum of B. Sc. 4 years Agricultural Engineering in line with the unified
template of engineering disciplines and also recommend those books which are latest
and easily available in the market. T h e c o m m i t t e e t h e n s e l e c t e d Prof. Abdur
Rehman Tahir, as a convener and Dr. Zahid Mahmood as Secretary of the meeting.
After a long discussion the members agreed on the following format for 4 year
agriculture engineering program.

Objectives:
The undergraduate program in Agricultural Engineering was started in early sixties
with an overall objective to train manpower for mechanized and irrigated agriculture
of Pakistan. This discipline mainly involves mechanical, civil and environmental
engineering principles to solve the problems of crop production and post-harvest
processing. The specific objectives are to equip the students with

a. Sound engineering knowledge

b. Effective communication skills
c. High moral values and good engineering ethics
d. Good analytical skill and systematic program solving capabilities

e. Inquisitive mind to undertake research for solving engineering problems.

f. Scientific skills to manage the human and technological resources optimally
g. Effective leadership and decision making skill.

Proceedings of Final NCRC Meeting:

The meeting started with the recitation of Holy Quran. Before normal proceeding of
the meeting, Fateha was offered for the departed soul of Prof. Dr. Abdul Rehman
Tahir who acted as convener in the preliminary meeting. Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Sheikh
Member (Academics) HEC Islamabad welcomed the participants of the meeting on
behalf of the Chairman HEC Islamabad. He asked them consider the comments of the
expatriate Pakistani experts and expert opinion / views of the expert of the faculty and
NCRC Member while finalizing the preliminary draft of Agricultural Engineering. He
also told that the final draft of Engineering Agricultural will be circulated among all
the relevant universities / faculty members for further improvement before final
printing. He wished that maximum efforts should be made to have standard
curriculum of Agricultural Engineering. After this Prof. Dr. Zahid Mehmood, was
requested to act as new convener of the committee and Prof. Dr. Jehangir Khan Sial as
Secretary of the final meeting. The committee then studied in detail the comments of
expatriate Pakistani Expert and rectified all the courses one by one. The committee
decided that the final draft will be circulated to all NCRC member and they will
examine all the relevant courses assigned to them during the meeting for further
improvement and development. The worthy members will send those developed
courses to the convener and secretary within one week along with comments if any.

B.Sc AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Duration:
Number of semesters:
Number of weeks per semester:

4 years
8
16 - 18 (minimum 16 weeks for teaching and 2 weeks for examinations)

Total number of credit hours:

136

Number of credit hours per semester:

Engineering Courses (Minimum):

14 - 19
69.88 per cent

Non-Engineering Courses (Maximum):

30.12 per cent

Knowledge
Area
Humanities

Sub Area
English
Culture
Social
Sciences

Management
Sciences
Natural
Sciences

-Math

Non-Engineering Domain
Name of Course
Lec Lab Credit
English Composition & Comprehension
Communication & Presentation Skills
Islamic Studies
Pakistan Studies
Professional Ethics
Sociology
Engineering Economics & Management
Linear Algebra & Calculus
Differential Equations & Power Series,Laplace transforms

Physics
Chemistry
Electives

Numerical Analysis
Statistics & Probability
Applied Physics
Industrial Chemistry
Basic Agriculture
Soil Science

CH
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2

2
2
Total: 41

* Math/Physics/Chemistry/Biology/Engineering Economics or related subject as appropriate for the program

Lec CH: Lecture Credit Hours,

Lab CH: Laboratory Credit Hours

Total

Total

Credits
6

Area
14.6

Overall
4.41

9.8

2.94

9.8

2.94

7.3

2.20

12

29.3

8.82

1
1
2

3
3
6

7.3
7.3
14.6

2.20
2.20
4.41

15

41

100

CH Hours Courses
0
3
2
0
3
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
3
1
0
0
1
41
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

30.12

B Sc AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

Engineering Domain
Knowledge
Area
Computing

Sub Area

Programming

Name of Course

Computer Programming

Lec Lab Credit

Total
CH CH Hours Courses
1

Total
Credits

Engineering
Foundation

Major Based Core

(Breadth)

--

--

Computer Application in Engineering

Fluid Mechanics

Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Metallurgy and Workshop Practices

Soil Mechanics
Manufacturing Engineering
Engineering Mechanics

2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3

Engineering Thermodynamics

Engineering Hydrology
Surveying and Leveling

2
2

1
2

3
4

Computer Aided Design

Open Channel Hydraulics

Farm Power

Mechanics of Materials

Irrigation Engineering

Machine Design
Instrumentation
Drainage Engineering

2
2
2

1
1
1

3
3
3

GIS and Remote Sensing

Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

Farm Machinery and Earth Moving Equipment

%
Overall

5.26

3.67

32.63

22.79

37.89

26.47

5
2

Design

%
Area

10

12

31

36

Pumps and Tube wells

Engineering Elective-I

Engineering Elective-II

Engineering Elective-III

Engineering Elective-iv

Environmental Engineering
Farm Structure and Materials

2
2

1
0

Senior Design Project-I

Senior Design Project-II

0
0
0

3
3
0

Agricultural Processing Engineering

Major Based Core
(Depth)

Inter-Disciplinary
Engineering
Breadth (Electives)
Senior Design
Project

--

--

Industrial Training (Summer)

Total: 95

58 37

12

12.63

8.82

3
2

5.26

3.67

3
3
0

6.31

4.41

0
100

0
69.88

95

0
32

95

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR UNDERGRADUATE COURSES FOR ACADEMIC SESSION 2009-2010

Semester 1

Semester 2
C.H

No.

Lecture

Lab

Total

No.

Lecture

Lab

Total

Islamic Studies

Pakistan Studies

Linear Algebra & Calculus

Engineering Mechanics

Applied Physics

Manufacturing Engineering

Fluid Mechanics

Soil Science

Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Basic Agriculture

Metallurgy and Workshop Practices

English Composition &
Comprehension

Computer Aided Design

3
Total Credit Hours

11

16

Lecture

Lab

Total

Course

C.H

Total Credit Hours

15

19

Semester 3

Semester 4
C.H

No.

Course

C.H

No.

Course

Lecture

Lab

Total

Soil Mechanics

Open Channel Hydraulics

Course
Differential Equations, Power
Series, Laplace Transform

Sociology

Farm Power

Engineering Hydrology

Mechanics of Materials

Landscape Engineering

Surveying & Leveling *

Computer Programming and
Applications in Engineering

Farm Structures & Materials

Engineering Thermodynamics

12

18

12

18

Total Credit Hours

Total Credit Hours

Semester 5

Semester 6
C.H

No.

C.H

No.

Course

Lab

Total

Lecture

Lab

Total

Professional Ethics

Drainage Engineering
Soil & Water Conservation
Engineering

GIS & Remote Sensing

Farm Machinery & Earth Moving
Equipment

3
3

1
0

4
3

Elective II
14

18

No.

Lab

Total

Elective-IV
Engineering Economics &
Management

Course
Communication & Presentation
Skills

Statistics & Probability

Irrigation Engineering

2
3

1
0

3
3

4
5

Elective I
Fundamentals of Environmental
Engineering

Instrumentation & Measurements

3
Total Credit Hours

Total Credit Hours

Lecture

13

18

Semester 8

Semester 7

C.H
C.H

No.

Course

Lecture
3

Course

Lab
0

Total
3

Machine Design

Industrial Chemistry

Numerical Analysis

Agricultural Processing Engineering

Pumps and Tube wells

Elective-III

Project & Report II

Project & Report I

6
10

15

Total Credit Hours

Total Credit Hours
Total Credit Hours for B. Sc
Agricultural Engineering

10

14

136

Note:
1. * A mandatory two to three weeks survey camp to be arranged during summer semester after 4th semester
2. A supervised internship training to be arranged by the institution after 6th semester as the requirement of the degree.
3. Project & Report will be completed in two Semesters (i.e. 7th & 8th Semesters)

BSc ENGINEERING PROGRAM

Summary
Domain
Non-Engineering

Engineering

Knowledge Area
Humanities
Management Sciences
Natural Sciences
Sub Total
Computing
Engineering Foundation
Major Based Core (Breadth)
Major Based Core (Depth)
Inter-Disciplinary Engineering
Breadth (Electives)
Senior Design Project
Industrial Training (Summer)
Sub Total

Total

Total
14
3
24
41
5
28
33
18
5

Total

6
0
95
136

6
0
95

14
3
24
41
5
28
33
18
5

136

% Overall
30.12

69.88

100

The curriculum design is based on the concept of foundation, breadth and depth courses so that streams for different specializations can be created within each
discipline.
Foundation Courses: The foundation courses are the courses that all students in a given discipline of engineering must take. These courses provide students
with the fundamental concepts and tools to pursue their studies at the higher level.
Breadth Courses: The breadth courses introduce students to different specialties in the given discipline of engineering early in their studies. Before taking the
breadth courses, the students should be advised that their choices will affect taking follow up courses because of pre-requisite requirement.
Depth Courses: The depth courses offer specialization within each engineering discipline. All depth courses must integrate a substantial design component.
The students may select electives from any of the areas of specialization with some guidelines from their respective advisors.

SEMESTER - 1
Course Title:

Islamic Studies

2(2-0)

Objectives:
This course is aimed at:
1 To provide basic information about Islamic studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic civilization
3 To improve students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding issues related to faith and religious
life.
DETAIL OF COURSES
INTRODUCTION TO QURANIC STUDIES
1) Basic concepts of the Holy Quran
2) History of the Holy Quran
3) Uloom-ul -Quran
STUDY OF SELLECTED TEXT OF THE HOLY QURAN
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith (Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
(Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful
(Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
STUDY OF SELECTED TEXT OF THE HOLY QURAN
1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of
Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
SEERAT OF THE HOLY PROPHET (S.A.W) I
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
SEERAT OF THE HOLY PROPHET (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
10

INTRODUCTION TO SUNNAH
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
SELECTED STUDY FROM TEXT OF HADITH
INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC LAW & JURISPRUDENCE
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
ISLAMIC CULTURE & CIVILIZATION
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
ISLAM & SCIENCE
1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quranic & Science
ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF ISLAM
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
ISLAMIC HISTORY
1) Period of Khlaft-e-rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
SOCIAL SYSTEM OF ISLAM
1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
3) Ethical Values of Islam

11

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, Emergence of Islam , IRI,
Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, Muslim Conduct of State
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, An Introduction to the Study of Islamic
Law leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan,
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence
Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of
Crimes
Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001).

12

Course Title:

Linear Algebra and Calculus

3(3-0)

Objective:
To learn fundamental concepts of algebra & calculus required for engineering
undergraduates
Vector Algebra
Introduction to scalars and vectors, vectors in a plane, scalar and vector products, Line in
R2, R3 and planes, Spheres, Orthogonal Projections, Perpendicular distance from a point
to a line and a plane, vector spaces, Subspaces, Linear combinations, linearly dependent
and interdependent set of vectors, Spanning of a vector spaces, Bases of a vector spaces
and its application in engineering and a business.
Matrix Algebra
Introduction to matrices, Matrix operations, matrix operations, Inverse Matrix, Rank of a
matrix, Echelon form of a Matrix and its applications in our daily life situation problems,
i.e., in linecommunication as Air lines, Telephone-lines, Connecting cities by roads.
Determinants
Determinant and its properties, Inverse of a Matrix, Rank of a Matrix, Linearly dependent
and independent by determinants.
Linear System of equations
Independent, Dependent and inconsistent system of equations and its graphical
representation, trivial and non-trivial solution of homogeneous system of linear equations
and its application as linear models in business, economics, Science, Electric Circuits and
other branches of engineering. Solution of linear system of equations by determinants and
its application as Leontief input-output matrix of the economy, coding and decoding
theory.
Linear Transformation
Reflection operators, Projection operators, Rotation operators, Shear in X and Y
directions, Dilation and contraction.
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Eigen values and Eigen vectors and its applications as deformations, Markov processes as
Mass Transit Problems, Forecasting of weather and to develop the solution of the system
of differential equations for Mechanical systems/Electrical systems and Agricultural/Civil
Engineering especially in Public Health Engineering Problems.

13

Single Variable Calculus

Basic concepts of single variable function, continuous, discontinuous and piecewise
continuous functions, periodic, odd and even functions, algebraic functions,
tr4ansecndental functions an d its graphical representations, applications of functions in
our daily life situations.
Differential Calculus
Limits and continuity, interpretation of a derivative, geometric interpretation, total
differential and its applications in our daily life situations, the use of a table of different
type derivatives, higher order derivatives, tangents and normal, approximations of a
function at a particular point by Tylors and Maclaurins series, maximum and minimum
values of a function, the first derivative test, the second derivative test, point of inflexion
and its applications in business and engineering.
Integral Calculus
Basic concepts of integration, a table of integral formulas, some rules of integration,
definite integrals, the area bounded by a curve, integration by parts, integration as the
limit of a sum, volume revolution, and its application in daily life situations.
Multivariate Calculus
Basic concepts of multivariate function, level curves and surfaces, limit and continuity,
partial differentiation, vector functions and its differentiation and integration, the
directional derivative, the gradient, scalar and vector fields, normal properties of the
gradient, divergence, curl, tangents planes and normal lines, extreme of functions of two
variables, second partial test, extreme value theorem, methods of constrained
optimization and LaGrange multipliers.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Mathematics for Engineers Second Edition by Robert Davison, Addison Wesley
2. Multivariate Calculus, Second Edition by Robert T. Smith, Roland B. Minton,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education editions.
3. Linear Algebra and its Applications 2nd edition by David C. Lay, Addison-Wesley
Publication, Jan. 1998.

14

Course Title

Fluid Mechanics

Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Objective:
To study the fundamentals of fluid mechanics including statics and kinematic,
concept of energy, momentum, forces and flow measurement
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics:
Definition and branches of fluid mechanics, distinction between solid and fluids,
Properties of fluids: density, viscosity, surface tension, specific weight, specific gravity,
etc., bulk modules of elasticity, compressibility of fluids.
Fluid statics:
Pressure variations in a fluid, pressure measuring devices, gauges and manometers,
buoyancy and stability of submerged and floating bodies, forces on plane and curved
surfaces, center of pressure.
Fluid kinematics:
Types of flow, dimensions of flow, streamlines, path lines, flow patterns for different
references, continuity equation, source flow, sink flow, flow nets, uses and limitations of
flow net.
Energy Consideration in Steady flow:
General equations of steady flow, heads, Bernoullis equation and its practical
applications, hydraulic and energy grade lines, power consideration in fluid flow,
cavitations, head losses, solution of flow problems.
Momentum and forces in fluid flow:
Impulse-momentum principle and application, force exerted on a stationary and moving
bodies (flat and curved), relation between absolute and relative velocities, reaction of a
jet, jet propulsion, torque in rotating machines.
Fluid Flow Measurements:
Orifices, weirs, notches and venture meter, pitot tube, coefficient of contraction, velocity
and discharge, derivation of their discharge formulae and their applications.

15

Practical:

Demonstration of various parts of hydraulic bench

Experimental study of laminar and turbulent flow
Experimental study of tube gauges and dead weight pressure gauges
Calibration of orifices by various methods
Calibration of Venturimeter
Calibration of rectangular and triangular notch
Verification of Bernoullis theorem
Determination of metacentric height
Viscosity of a given fluid by viscometer
Drag on a small sphere.

Books Recommended
1. Franzini, J.B. and Finnemore, E.J. 2003. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Application. McGraw Hill Book Co., Singapore.
2. Jain, A.K. 1990. Fluid Mechanics: A Text Book for Engineering Students. Khana
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
3. Streeter, V.L. 1988. Fluid Mechanics. McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
4. Daugherty, R.I., J.B., Franzini, and E.J. Finnemore. 1995. Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering Application, McGraw Hill Book Co. Singapore.

16

Course Title:

Engineering Drawing & Graphics

2(1-1)

Objective:

To enable the students to understand fundamentals of orthographic projections

Introduction:
Introduction to engineering drawing, various types of lines, basic geometrical
constructions, conic sections, theory of orthographic projection, dimensioning &
lettering, Introduction to tolerance, projections off points, projections of straight lines,
Projections of planes and solids in simple position, sectioning of solids, Isometric
projections, development of surfaces.
Practical
Introduction to drawing instruments and their use, various scales, practice of orthographic
projection missing lines in orthographic projection, Drawing three views of different
objects, Practice of Dimensioning and Lettering, Practice of Sectioning, Conversion of
orthographic projection into isometric view, Creating drawings of Engineering Fasteners
like Rivets, Cotters Joints, threads etc.
Books Recommended
1. French, T.E. and Vierch, C.J. 2000. A Manual of Engineering Drawing, McGraw Hill
Book Co. New York.
2. Parkinson A.C. 1998. A First year Engineering Drawing, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons
Ltd., England.
3. James, H. Earle. 1992. Engineering Design Graphics , Addison-Wisley Publishing Co.
Reoding Massachusetts.

17

Course Title:

Applied Physics

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Acquaintance of students with the physics of electrical and electronic materials,
Components and devices

Contents:
Electricity and Magnetism: Voltage, current, resistance, power, single phase and 3
phase A.C. supply. Series and parallel circuits. Vector addition and subtraction of
A.C. voltages. A.C/D.C. motors: Concept of rotating fields, polyphase induction motor,
lap and wave winding of single phase and three phase motors, torque and starting
characteristics,
measuring
instruments, transformers.
A.C power
generators. Electrical distribution and wiring for farm buildings. Electric controls,
motor controls,
and
protection.
Selection
of
farm motors,
applications of electricity at farm. Electronics: Semi-conductors, PN-junction;
Transistor; its characteristics and uses; Amplifiers; Power supplies; Magnetism:
Electro-Megnetic induction and radiation; Radioactivity: Radio isotopes; Biological
effects of radiation; Laser: Introduction, generation
and
uses of
Laser.
Fiber opticscharacteristics.

Practicals:

Construction of wiring systems, fuses, switches of various types insulators

Circuits design and drawing of a typical farm electrical system.
Selection of motor for various farm equipment such as forage cutter, feedgrinders, and shop tools.
Practice on repair and adjustment of electric motors, switches, fuses,
transmission wiring controls
Study of 3 phase induction motor
Study of star and delta connections
Study of semi conductor, triode, diode valve and transistors.
Use of AVO meter, CRO, plani meter
Fabrication of full wave rectifier and inductance study of its wave-shape.
Measurement of self inductance and mutual inductance

Books Recommended:
1. Theraja, B.L. 2004. A Text Book of Electrical Technology. S. Chand & Co.
Ltd. New Delhi, India.
2. Cotton, et al. 1995. Electrical Tech. Pitman and Sons. London.
3. Fitzgeraid, A.E. 1994. Basic Electrical Engineering. McGraw Hill, New
York.
4. Hammond, P. 1979. Electromagnetism of Engineers. Pergamon
Press, New York, USA.
18

Course Title: Metallurgy and Workshop Practices

3(2-1)

Production and properties of common engineering materials: Ferrous metals, iron

ores, properties and uses of pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, steel, standard
processes of manufacturing of Iron and steel, open hearth process,
basic oxygen
processes, production of ingots. Composition / properties and uses of plastics,
rubber, fiber glass and composite materials.
Alloy steel and Irons: Effect of alloying elements, the AISI/SAE alloy steel and their
identification, corrosion resistant steel, steel for high temperature services, alloy
steel.
Non-ferrous metals: Properties and uses of copper, aluminium, zinc, tin, nickel, and lead.
Non-ferrous alloys, copper alloys. Aluminium alloys, zinc base alloys, nickel base
alloys. Lead-tin alloys, iron-carbon equilibrium diagram
Heat treatment: Heat treatment theory and process, heat treatment of steel,
annealing,
hardening,
tempering,
normalizing, surface hardening, quenching,
heat treatment equipment.
Welding: Definition, types of welding process, survey of welding equipment. Arc
welding;
Current
rating, welding
materials,
arc
welding
processes, inspection and testing of welded joints. Gas welding; Welding flames and
materials, cutting of metals, gas welding processes.
Foundry: Definition, importance, advantages and disadvantages of foundry,
casting, hand moulding tools, characteristics of moulding sand, foundry cores,
properties of core and, crucibles, handling and care, copula furnace, construction, zone of
copula and its advantages.
Safety and First Aid: Safety in the shop, mechanical and other accidents, safety devices,
safety methods, first aid equipment and methods, care and order in the workshop.
Practicals
1. Identification of tools and machines in the workshop.
2. Identification of different metals by spark tests and advance methods.
3. Demonstration of different heat treatment processes.
4. Practice of arc welding.
5. Practice of gas welding.
6. Safety and first aid in the workshop related to electrical, mechanical and other
accidents. Safety in the use of hand tools.
7. Visits to local foundries.
Books Recommended
1. Chapman, W.A.J. 2004. Workshop Technology Part-I.and II. Viva Books Private
Ltd., India.
2. Rao.P.N. 2002. Manufacturing Technology: metal cutting and machine
tools.Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd. New Delhi, India
3. Ostwald, P. H. and J. Munoz. 2002. Manufacturing Processes and systems.
9th edition John wiley and Sons, New York. USA.
4. Havey, D. Miner. 1999. Exploring Pattern Making and Foundry. The
MacMillan Co. N.Y., USA.

19

Course Title: English Composition and Comprehension

2(2-0)

Objectives:
To enhance students language skills and develop their critical thinking
Composition (8 weeks)

Vocabulary Building skills

Words & expressions commonly misused.

Articles; their use, Prepositions; Prepositional phrases.

Punctuations

Common Grammatical mistakes

Elementary Principles of Composition

Relative Pronouns & Clauses

Conditional Sentences types

Adverbs & Adjectives; their forms & use

Comprehension (8 weeks)

Getting the essential information

Finding the main idea
Defining vocabulary in context
Practice

Order of importance
Using order in the writing to determine what is most important to the author
Similarities & Differences; using comparisons to determine the author's attitude
Sentence structure, degree of detail, description & tone.
Practice

Critical reading & thinking

Evaluating evidence and author credibility, rejecting faulty reasoning Reading
across the curriculum; asking the right questions to get the most out of reading in
the natural sciences, social sciences & Humanities

Drawing Conclusions; putting it all together

20

SEMESTER 2
Course Title:

PAKISTAN STUDIES

2(2-0)

Objectives

To develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics,

contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
To study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in
the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.

Course Contents
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and Geo-Physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan

21

Recommended Books:
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press
Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistans
Economy.
Karachi:
Oxford
University Press, 2000.
3. S.M. Burki and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistans Foreign policy: An Historical analysis.
Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development.Lahore,
1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Bangladesh., Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e- Islamia,
Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of
Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England:
WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal
Book Company, 1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National
Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission
on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard,
1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National
Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.

22

Course Title:

Basic Agriculture

3(2-1)

Objective:
To familiarize students with the basic concepts of crop husbandry
Introduction
Introduction to the Engineering Profession and its Fields of Specialization with particular
emphasis on Agricultural Engineering.
Crop Production
Major crops of Pakistan, Factors affecting crop production and distribution.
Requirements for agricultural development. Classification of field crops based on
agronomic use, special purpose and other basis.
Seed Technology
Role of seed in crop production. Concept of seed technology. Seed Structure and growth,
Dormancy, Seed Production and its quality, Seed Processing and Seed Storage.
Farming Systems and Tillage Practices
Crop rotation. Definition and computation of cropping intensity. Farming systems and its
kinds. Objectives of tillage. Effect of tillage on soil conditions, plant diseases and insects.
Dry Land Farming
Introduction, Importance, Rainfall pattern, Barani cultivation practices, Barani Agroecological zones, Problems and constraints of dry land, Dry land improvement, Dry land
management, Barani cropping system
Land Resources and Management
Soil zones and Soil resources of Pakistan. Sustainability of land resources. Managing soil
resources
Agro-Meteorology
Introduction, Weather and climate, Climatic components, Classification of climates,
Climatic factors and crop production

23

Agro-Ecology
Introduction, Agro-ecological Features of Pakistan, Agro-ecological zones, Agro-ecology
of Punjab

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Nazir, S. (1994). Crop Production. National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
2. Martin, J. H., W. H. Leonard and D. L. Stamp. (1990). Principles of Field
Crop Production, 3rd edition. Macmillan Co. Inc New York.

24

Course Title:

Soil Science

3(2-1)

Objective:
Learning basics of soils in agricultural engineering perspective.

Contents:
Soil Perspective
What is soil? Edaphology and Pedology, A field view of soil, Soil profile, Subsoil and
Surface soil, Mineral vs. Organic soils. Four major Components of Soils, Mineral
constituents in soils, Soil organic matter, Soil water, Soil air, clay and humus.
Important Physical Properties of Mineral Soils
Soil texture and Soil Structure, Classification of soil particles, Physical nature of soil
separates, Soil texture classes. Mechanical analysis, Preparation of the Sample, Factors
affecting dispersion, Methods for obtaining dispersion, Fractionation of the sample, Sieve
method. Stokes Law. Sedimentation methods, Determination of soil class, Particle and
Bulk Density, Pore Space, Structure of mineral soils, Aggregation and its promotion,
Structural management of soil, Soil Consistence.
Soil Colloids
General constitution of Silicate clays, Adsorbed cations, Silicate clay structure,
Classification of Silicate clays, Chemical Composition of silicate clays, Cation exchange
capacity of soils, Plasticity, Cohesion, Swelling, Shrinkage, Dispersion and Flocculation.
Soil Water
Structure and related properties of water, Soil water energy concept, Soil Moisture
content versus Suction, Measuring Soil moisture, Capillary Fundamentals, Types of soil
water movement, Saturated flow through soils, unsaturated flow in soils, Retention of soil
moisture in the field, Conventional soil moisture classification, Factors affecting amount
and use of available soil moisture, Capillarity and root extension.
Soil Air and Soil Temperature
Soil aeration definition, soil aeration problems in the field, Composition of soil air.,
Factors affecting the composition of soil air, Ficks Law, Aeration in relation to soil and
crop management. Soil temperature, Specific Heat of soils, Volumetric Heat Capacity,
Thermal diffusivity, and Conductivity, Fouriers Law, Movement of Heat in soil, Soil
temperature control.

25

Plant Nutrients and Fertilizers

Factors controlling the growth of higher plants, The essential elements from air, water
and soil, Soil solution, Soil and plant interrelations, fertilizer elements, Nitrogen
Fertilizers, Phosphates Fertilizers, Potassium Fertilizers, Mixed Fertilizers, Methods of
applying solid fertilizers, Application of liquid Fertilizers.
Saline and Sodic Soils
Climate and salinity, Some basic terms, Saline, Saline alkali and Sodic Soils, Diagnosis
of Saline and Sodic Soils, Reclamation Steps of Salt-affected soils, Leaching
Requirements, Crop tolerance to Salinity.
Recommended Books:
1. Brady, N.C. (2008). The Nature and Properties of Soils (14th Edition). Macmillan
Co. Ltd. USA.
2. Rashid, A. and K. S. Memon. (1996). Soil Science. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
3. Tanji, K.K. 1990. Agricultural salinity assessment and management. ASCE
No.71, New York, USA.
4. Gupta, I.C. 1990. Use of saline water in Agriculture. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co.,
New Delhi, India.

26

Course Title:

Manufacturing Engineering

3(2-1)

Objective:
Students preparation in the processes required for manufacturing agricultural machines.
Contents:
Turning and related operations: Lathe, construction, types of lathes, accessories, lathe
operations, turret lathe; construction, types, turret lathe tooling, chip formation,
mechanism of chip formation, cutting tool materials, tool failure and tool life.
Shaping
and
planning:
shaper; classifications, functions,
shaper drive
mechanism, shaper speeds and machining times, planning, construction and types,
work set up, planer tools, metal bending and sheet rolling processes.
Drilling and reaming: Drilling; types and sizes, drill chucks. Counter boring,
counter sinking, reaming, drilling machine types, and estimating drilling time.
Milling: Definition, milling operations, milling cutters, milling machines types, size,
accessories, dividing head, estimating milling time.
Gear manufacturing: Gear terminology, gear types, basic methods for machining gears.
Computeraided manufacturing (CAM) and
computer

integrated
manufacturing (CIM) Systems: Machine tools control, numerical control system,
computerized numerical control system (CNC) programming for numerical control.
Automatic machines, transfer machines, computer aided- manufacturing (CAM),
computer simulation of manufacturing process and system. Automated assembly use
of mechanical hands/Industrial Robots, concept of computer-integrated automation
system (unmanned factory)

Practical
1. Fabrication of various machine elements using lathe.
2. Making a slot on a shaft for a cotter pin using shaper and milling machines
3. Cutting threads using milling and lathe machines
4. Making holes in machine parts using drilling machines.
5. Making bends of metal sheet using sheet rolling machines
6. Fabrication of a given agricultural machinery part.
7. Local visits to agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Industries.
Books Recommended.
1. Chapman, W.A.J. 2004. Workshop Technology Part-I.and II. Viva
BooksPrivate Ltd., India.
2. Kalpakjin, S. and Schmid, R. S. 2004. Manufacturing engineering and
technology.4th ed. Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India
3. Ostwald, P. H. and J. Munoz. 2002. Manufacturing Processes and systems. 9th
edition,John Wiley and Sons, New York. USA.,
4. Rao, P. N. 2005. CAD/CAM Principles and applications. 2nd ed. Tata
McGraw Hill Co. Ltd. New Delhi, India

27

Course Title:

Engineering Mechanics

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Teaching basic principles of force analyses in engineering systems
Contents:
Concept of measurement of mass, force, time and space, Systems of units, Fundamentals
& Derived units, Conversion of units, required Accuracy of results, General Principles of
Statics, Vector addition, Subtraction and Products, Resultant of Distributed (Linear &
Non-linear) force Systems, General conditions of equilibrium of Co-planer forces, Laws
of Triangle, Parallelogram and Polygon of forces, Types of beams, Supports and Loads,
Simple cases of Axial forces, Shear forces and Bending Moment diagrams, Problem
involving friction on Flat surfaces, Geometrical Properties of Plane Areas, Work, Energy,
Power, Impulse, Momentum, Conservation of Momentum and Energy, Rectilinear and
Curvilinear motions, Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration, Simple
Harmonic motion
Practical:

To verify the law of polygon of forces, the law of parallelogram of forces, the
principles of moments, the co-efficient of friction between surfaces. Special
numerical problems and assignments
Moment of inertia of fly wheel mounted on wall and a wooden block by suspension.
Efficiency of various models of machines. Modulus of rigidity of metal bar by static
and dynamic methods. Special numerical problems and assignments.

Books Recommended:
1. Singer, F.L. 2000. Engineering Mechanics. Harper and Row Publishers, New
York.
2. Meriam, J.L. and L.G. Kraige. 1993. Engineering Mechanics. Vol.I Statics. John
Willy and Sons, New York.
3. Higdon, A. and W.B. Stile. 1986. Statics. and Dynamics. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, N. J., USA.
4. Riley, W. & Struges, C.d. 1996. Engineering Mechanics, Statics and Dynamites,
John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
5. Bedford, A. and Fowler, W., 1994 Engineering Mechanics: Statics: Statics and
Dynamics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. New York.
6. McGill. D.J. and King, W.W., 1994 Engineering Mechanics: Statics and
Dynamics, PWS publishing Co., New York.

28

Course Title: Computer Aided Design

Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Threaded fasteners, keys, springs, Gears and Cams. Welding and Riveting. Electric,
Plumbing and Architectural Drawings and Electronic drafting. Presenting data: Charts
and graphs. Computers, computer graphics, and Computer Aided Drawing. Piping.
Structural Drawings. Maps and Topography.
Practical:
Drawing and working problems in AutoCAD mechanical power pack package.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Introduction Engineering Drawing, by A.C. Parkinson. Pintman & Sons

2. Engineering Drawing and Graphics Technology, By T.E. French, C.J. Vierck and
R.T. Foster. McGraw-Hill Illustrated AutoCAD, BPP Publications, India
3. Frey, D. (1999). AutoCAD 2000, 1st edition. BPB Publications, New Delhi.

29

SEMESTER - 3
Course Title:

Differential Equations, Power Series Laplace Transform 3(3-0)

Objectives:
To introduce basic technology pertaining to formulation / solution of differential
equations and power series.

Contents:
Ordinary Differential Equation
Basic concepts of ordinary differential equation, General and particular solution, Initial
and boundary condition, Linear and nonlinear differential equations, Solution of first
order differential equation by separable variables and its application in our daily life
situations, Techniques like change in variables homogeneous, non-homogeneous, exact,
non-exact, linear and non-linear Bernoulli could be used in case of complications.
Solution of second order differential equations by theory of operators and its application
as forced and free oscillations, the extension of second order solution criteria to high
order differential equations, solution of the system of differential equations by theory of
operators and its application in daily life situations.
Partial Differential Equations
Basic Concepts, linear and non-linear P.D equations, Quasi linear and Quasi non-linear
P.D equations, homogenous and non-homogenous P.D equations, solutions of P.D
equations, boundary and initial conditions as dirichlet conditions, Neumann s condition,
Robbins/mixed condition, classification of P.D equations as Elliptic conditions,
Parabolic and hyperbolic.
Analytic Solution by separation of Variables of the Steady State, two dimensional heat
equation/Laplace equation and un-steady one dimensional heat equation/Diffusion
equation with homogenous and non-homogenous boundary conditions. DAlemberts
solution of two dimensional wave equation homogenous and non-homogenous boundary
conditions.
Fourier Series
Periodic waveforms and their Fourier representations, calculating a Fourier series,
Fourier series of odd and even functions, Half range Fourier series, Fourier series
solution for the above P.D equations.

30

Recommended Books:

1. Kreyszig, E. 1999. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. John Wiley and

Sons, New York.
2. Yousaf, S.M. 1998. Mathematical Methods, Ilmi Kitab Khana Kabir Street,
Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
3. Sharma, G.S., K.L.Auhuja and I.J.S. Sarna.1988. Advanced Mathematics
for Engineers and Scientists. Tata McGraw Hill Co., India

31

Course Title:

SOCIOLOGY

Credit Hours: 2(2-0)

Objective:
Enabling to develop understanding regarding social issues, culture, system
and knowledge / competency to design / analyses various relevant social
aspect / data
Content:
Introduction: Field of Rural Sociology; Rural Sociology as a Science; Rural
Sociology and Other Social Sciences. Basic Concepts and Processes: An
understanding of the Rural Social System, Caste and "baradari" structure,
Factions, dispute and "We-groups", Problems of small and fragmented holding,
landless tenants and agricultural labor. Social stratification and social
differentiation.
Basic Concepts and action: Group, Role and Status, Norms and Values, Folkways
and Mores, Social Systems and Sub-systems: Culture. Socio Processes:
Cooperation, Competition and Conflict; Acculturation, Accommodation and
Assimilation. Social Institutions: Rural Social Institutions: Definition, Functions,
Description and Analysis of the Social, Economic, Political and Religious
Institutions. Social Change: Introduction, Factors in Acceptance and Resistance to
Change, Role of Extension Worker as Change Agent. Main concepts development
and problems in agrarian rural society. Small scale farming. Feudalism.
Capitalism. Family farming. Agrarian politics and village development.
Relationship between technological and socio economic aspect of rural society.
Gender and Development. Role and status of Rural Woman. Pattern of Rural
Settlement, Rural Resources, Land Tenure System, size of landholdings. Rural
Social structure, provision of services in rural area; health, education and
sanitation etc. Questionnaire (types, development and analyses) and conflict
resolution, crime as a social and cultural phenomenon, culture based crime, gender
and development.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
Chitamber, J.B. 2003. Introductory Rural Sociology, 2nd Edition, New
Age International (P) Limited Publisher, New Delhi.
Dalal, B.2003. Rural Planning in Developing Countries, New Delhi,
Earthscan.
Setty, E.2002, New Approaches to Rural Development Amal Publications
Pvt. Ltd.
Social Policy and Development Centre.2000. Social Development in
Pakistan, New York, Oxford University Press.

32

 Shepherd,Andrew(2000)Sustainable Rural Development,Allam Iqbal Open

University,Islamabad.
Khan, Nowshad (2000) Rural Poverty Alleviation, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad
Sahibzada, Mohibul Haq. 1997. Poverty Alleviation. Institute of Policy Studies.
Islamabad.
Chaudhry, Iqbal, 1995. Sociology. Aziz Publication, Lahore.

33

Course Title:

Engineering Thermodynamics

3(2-1)

Objectives:
To give basic understanding of the heat-energy relationship to the engineering
undergraduates

Contents:
Heating and expansion of gases, Units of heat, gases and vapors, constant volume
and constant pressure, P-V diagram, specific heat of gases, internal energy of gas, law
of conservation of energy, methods of heating and expanding gases and vapors, work
done by gas in expanding.
Laws of perfect gases: The two laws of thermodynamics, the heating of gases, equations
for different types of heating methods.
Air cycles: Cycles of operation, air standard efficiency of a cycle, reversible
Process, reversible cycles, reversibility and efficiency, Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, diesel
cycle, mean effective pressure.
Entropy of gases: Entropy and heat, T-S diagrams, Carnot, Otto, diesel and dual
combustion cycles on T-S diagrams.
Air compressors: functions, compressor types, , reciprocating and rotary
compressors, single and multistage compressors, cylinder clearance, work done,
compressor efficiency.
Compound expansion: advantages of compound expansion, tandem type of two- cylinder
compound engine, receiver type compound engine; combined indicator diagram for
compound engine, Calculations for cylinder uniflow engine.
Fuels: Combustion of fuels, properties of fuels viscosity, pour point, flash point,
calorific value, API gravity, conversion of volumetric analysis, analysis by weight,
weight of carbon in burnt gases, weight of air required for complete combustion of fuel,
weight of flue gases per pound of fuel burnt, weight of excess air supplied, method of
analyzing flue gases, heat carried away by flue gases, volumetric analysis of a gas, air
fuel ratio for I.C. Engine.
Refrigeration: Co efficient of performance, units of refrigeration, air compression
refrigeration, vapor compression refrigeration, refrigeration cycles, rating, quality of
rrigerant and general considerations,
components of refrigeration system, heat
pumps.
Practicals:
1. Study of working principles of two stroke and four stroke engines using
models.
2. Demonstration of Joule's law.
3. Study of rotary and reciprocating air compressors and their characteristic curves.
4. Study of PV diagram of diesel/gasoline engines.
5. Analysis of engine flue gases for CO, CO2, NO2, etc.
6. Determination of energy content of different fuels using calorimeter.

34

7. Study of heat transfer using refrigeration and air conditioning cycle.

8. Measurement of fuel viscosity using viscometer.
9. Determination of flash point and fire point of different petroleum products.
Books Recommended:
1. Khurmi, R.S. and J.K. Gupta. 2000. Thermal Engineering. S. Chand & Co. Ltd.,
New Dehli, India.
2. Sontagg, R. E. and G. J.
Van Wylen. 2003. Fundamentals
of
thermodynamics. 6th ed , John Willey and Sons, Inc. New York, USA.
3. Jones, J.B. and Hawkais, G.A.2002. Engineering Thermodynamics. John
Willey and Sons, Inc. N.Y., USA.
4. Lewitt E. H. 2002. Thermodynamics applied to heat engines, Issac Pitman
and Sons, London.
5. Eastop, T. D. 2004. Applied thermodynamics for engineering and
technologists. 5th Ed. Pearson Education Singapore

35

Course Title:

Engineering Hydrology

3(2-1)

Objective:
To acquaint the students with the basics of hydrologic cycle and their analysis.
Introduce stream flow components, flood routing, and hydrology model.
Contents:
Hydrologic processes: Introduction, Hydrologic cycle and its components,
importance of hydrology, climatic factors, estimation of precipitable water, snowcover
and snow
fall, stream flow, water stage, discharge, interpretation of
stream flow data evaporation and transpiration, Evapotranspiration and its estimate using
different methods.
Hydrologic Analysis: Hydrograph and its characteristics, run off and its
components, recessions, hydrograph separation, rainfall-runoff relations, phenomenon
of runoff estimating the volume of storm runoff, estimating snow melt runoff,
seasonal and annual runoff relations, hydrograph of runoff unit hydrograph its
derivation and application, overland flow.
Hydrologic routing: Introduction, river routing level pool routing, linear reservoir model,
Muskingam method.
Hydrologic Models: definition, classification of models, development, calibration,
verification and application of models.
Practicals:

Demonstration of weather recording instruments and practice in taking actual data

from weather stations including a visit to weather station.
Measuring runoff in the field by different techniques.
Development of unit hydrograph and its use.
Frequency analysis of rainfall data.
Measuring infiltration rate in the field.

Books Recommended:
1. Awan, N.M. 1981. Surface Water Hydrology, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
2. Linsely, R.K., Kohler, J.L.H. Paulhyus 1996. Hydrology for Engineers, SI.
Edition, McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd.
3. Ward, R.C., Robinson, M. 1990. Principles of Hydrology, McGraw Hill
Book Co., London.
4. Wilson, E. M. 1990. Engineering Hydrology, Macmillan Civil engineering
hydraulics.N.Y.

36

Course Title:

Surveying and Leveling

4(2-2)

Objectives:
1. Enabling students to understand theory and practice of land surveying and
leveling.
2. Developing skills for using modern survey instruments for above objective.
Introduction
Surveying instruments; Chains, Tapes, Steel Bands, their Types and Uses
Chain Surveying
Ranging and chaining of survey Lines. Fieldwork and plotting of chain survey.
Compass Surveying
Prismatic Compass and Surveyor Compass, Uses, Bearing, Local Attraction, Fieldwork
and Plotting
Plane Table Surveying
Parts and Accessories, Methods of Surveying, Two Point and Three Point Problems
Leveling
General Principle, Types of Levels and their temporary and Permanent Adjustments,
Methods of Leveling, Reduction of Level, Precise Leveling and Trignometric Leveling
Theodolite
Types and uses of Theodolites, Temporary and Permanent Adjustments, Measurement of
Horizontal and Vertical angles
Tachometrical Surveying
Methods of Tachometric Surveying. Fieldwork and computations.
Traversing
Traversing with Prismatic Compass, Theodolite and Plane Table, Computations and
Adjustments of Traverse, Transformation of Co-ordinates
Omitted Measurements

37

Calculation of Areas and Volumes

Earth work calculation, D.M.D method, Simpson rule and Trapezoidal rule

Practicals:
1.

Practice on measurement of distances and introduction to measuring instruments

2.

Chain Surveying and plotting

3.

Compass Traversing

4.

Plane Table by methods of radiations and intersections

5.

Two Points Problem

6.

Three Points Problem

7.

Level adjustments by Two-Peg method

8.

Profile and Cross-Sectioning

9.

Theodolite Traversing

Books Recommended:
1. Brinker, A.C. and Taylor, W.C. 2002. Elementary Surveying. International Text Book
Co. Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA.
2. Ramsay, J.P. Wilson. 2000. Land Surveying. Macdonald and Evans Ltd. Estover,
Plymouth PL 6 7PZ.
3. Clark, David. 1989. Plane and Geodetic Surveying for Engineers Vol. I. Constable and
Co. Ltd. London, England.

38

Computer Programming and Applications in Engineering

3(1-2)

Objectives:
Students preparation in computer programming and its applications in
engineering

Contents:
Introduction: Computer components, operating system, software & applications,.
Programming: Introduction, programming languages, flowchart, programming
++

++

structure, introduction to C , application of C

modeling and simulation.

to solve engineering problems,

Practicals:
Demonstration of computer components and Windows installation.
Exercise on the use of word processing, spreadsheet and engineering graphics.
++

Programming of engineering problems with C .

Books Recommended:

++

1. Perry, G. and M.Johnsons. 1992. Turbo C by Examples. Prentice Hall

Computer Publishing, New York.
2. Shelly and Cashman. 1996. Using Computer, a Gateway to Information. Boyd
and Fraser Publishing Company, USA.

39

SEMESTER 4
Course Title:

Open Channel Hydraulics

3(2-1)

Objective:
To study the basic concepts of fluid flow, principles of energy, momentum, and
characteristics of different hydraulic structures used in open channel.

Contents:
Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow
Types, state and regimes of flow, channel flow types, channel geometry, measurement of
velocity in channel, velocity distribution in channel and its coefficients, pressure
distribution in channel, effect of slope on pre4ssure distribution.
Energy and Momentum Principle
Basic equations, specific energy, specific energy and alternate depths, E-Y relationship,
criteria for a critical state of flow, computation of critical flow, control of flow,
application of flow control in rectangular channel, momentum in open channel flow,
specific momentum, hydraulic jump, M-Y relationship.
Uniform Flow
Establishment of uniform flow. The Chezys and Mannings equations, resistance
coefficient estimation, normal depth and velocity, normal and critical slopes, free board,
best hydraulic section, determination of section dimensions.
Rapidly Varied Flow
Characteristics of varied flow, sharp crested weir, aeration of the nappe crest shape and
discharge over spillway, type and characteristics of the hydraulic jump, jump as energy
dissipater, flow through sudden transitions.
Practicals:

Determination of discharging in open channel through different methods.

Development of stage-discharge curve (Y-Q Relationship)
Development of hydraulic jump
Flow through/over different hydraulic structures
Determination of critical flow, critical depth, alternative depth
Determination of Chezy and Manning n for a rectangular prismatic channel
Plotting flow profile of an open channel

40

Recommended Books:
1. Chow, V.T. (1990). Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw Hill International Book
Company.
2. French, R. H. (1996). Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw Hill International Book
Company.
3. Henderson, F.M. (1990). Open Channel Flow. McMillan Publishing Co.

41

Course Title:

Soil Mechanics

3(2-1)

Objective:
Developing an understanding about the physical properties of soils pertinent to
crop production
Soil Formation
Soil and its Constituents, Weathering of Rocks and Types of Soils, Description and
identification of soil (Visual-Manual Procedure), Mineralogy of Solids.
Physical Properties
Water Content, Void Ratio, Porosity, Degree of Saturation, Specific Gravity, Unit Weight
and their determination, Atterberg limits, Sieve Analysis, Hydrometer and Pipette
Analysis, Stokes Law, Grain Size distribution
Classification of Soils
Grain Size Classification; Bureau of Soils, M.I.T. Unified, AASHTO and ASTM
Classification systems. Textural Classification by Triangular Chart, Unified Soil
Classification, AASHTO Soil Classifications.
Permeability and Seepage
Definition, Hydraulic Gradient, Darcys Law, Factors affecting Permeability,
Permeability of stratified soils, Laboratory and Field determination of coefficient of
Permeability, Seepage Force, Quick Sand Condition, Flow nets, Boundary Conditions,
Graphical Method of Flow net construction, Determination of Quantity of Seepage, Two
Dimensional Flow, Laplace Equation, seepage through Earth Dams, Design of Filters
Compaction
Purpose and theory of Compaction, Moisture Content and Dry Density relationship,
Standard Proctor Compaction Test, Modified Proctor compaction Test, Degree of
Compaction and its determination in the Field. Methods of compaction in the field;
Factors affecting compaction of soils
Vertical Stresses in Soils
Definition, Stresses caused by self weight of soil, Geostatic stresses, stresses caused by
Point Loads and Uniformly distributed Loads: Boussinesq and Westergarrd theories,
Pressure bulb, Stress distribution diagram on horizontal and vertical, Stress at a point
outside loaded area, Newmarks charts and 2:1 Method

42

Soil Exploration
Importance of Soil Exploration, Soil Exploration methods, Probing, Test Trenches and
Pits, Auger boring, wash boring, rotary boring, Percussion drilling and Geophysical
methods, Sol Samples, Disturbed and Un-disturbed samples, In-situ Tests (SPT, CPT and
PLT)

Practicals
1.

Identification of Soil (Visual and Manual)

2.

Determination of Moisture Content of Soil

3.

Determination of Specific Gravity of Soil

4.

Determination of Liquid Limit of Soil

5.

Grain Analysis of Soil (including both Mechanical and Hydrometer Analysis)

6.

Determination of Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soil

7.

Determination of Shrinkage Limit of Soil

8.

Classification of Soil according to AASHTO and USCS

9.

Modified/Proctor Compaction Test

10.

Constant Head Permeability Test (Granular Soil)

11.

Falling Head Permeability (Granular and Fine Grained Soils)

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Jumikis, A.R. 1994. Soil Mechanics, D. Van Nostrand Company Inc.,

Princeton, New Jersey.
2. Terzaghi, K. 1997. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. John Wiley
& Sons, New York.
3. Mckeyes, E. 1989. Agricultural Engineering Soil Mechanics. Elsevere
New York.
4. Smith, G.N. 1990. Elements of Soil Mechanics. BSP Professional
Books, Oxford.

43

Course Title:

Farm Power

3(2-1)

Objective:
Providing instructions relating components of I.C. engine, tractor components and their
operations
Contents:
Introduction: History of engine development, engine cycles, principles of operation,
types of engines.
Principal parts of engine: Functions, construction, cylinder, cylinder heads, liner, crank
case, piston, connecting rod, crank shaft, clutch, flywheel, valves and their operation,
valve mechanism.
Fuels and combustion: Types of engine fuels, fuel tests and their significance, gasoline
tests, antiknock test, octane number, volatility, Reid vapour pressure, sulphur content,
gun content, heat values, gasoline additives. Engine emissions and their analysis.
Fuel System: major components of fuel systems (petrol / diesel), carburettor, fuel
injection pump, injector/nozzles, electronic fuel injection, governing system, trouble
shooting, calibration of fuel injection pump.
Ignition system: Types of ignition, spark, magneto and compression ignition, induction
coils, distributor, spark plug, contact-breaker points, condenser, trouble shooting.
Cooling system: Types, principle of operation, parts of air/water cooling system, line
diagram, radiator, thermostat, water pump, fan, engine heating, repair and maintenance,
types of coolants.
Lubrication system: Types, principle of operation, components of lubrication systems,
line diagram, types of lubricants, trouble shooting.
Electrical System: A.C. and D.C. voltage, alternator/dynamo, battery, battery charging
and maintenance, self starter, electrical gauges and controls, line diagram, repair and
maintenance.
Intake and exhaust system: Air intake system, air cleaner, supper charger, turbo
charger, inter-cooling, and construction of intake and exhaust manifolds, mufflers, flue
gases.
Mechanics of the Farm Tractor Chassis: Force Analysis, Soil reaction, Draw bar pull,
Stability of tractors, Tipping and lateral stability
Clutch and Brakes

44

Transmission, Differentials, Power take-off, Pulley drives, Power lift and hydraulic
controls. Tractors tests and performance
Farm Management: Farm planning for efficient use of resources and attainment of
business goals and farm accounting.
Practicals:
Study of main components of engine and engine types.
Study of valve system and its adjustments.
Demonstration of fuel system, cooling system and electrical system of tractor.
Measurement of air pressure/air fuel ratio in each cylinder of engine.
Fuel injector, pump adjustment and calibration.
Demonstration of engine lubrication system.
Servicing of a single cylinder diesel engine.
Removal of air lock of a diesel engine.
Battery testing for charging/discharging.
Engine diagnostics-analysis of engine emissions using gas analyzer, multi-scan,
etc.
Tour to tractor industry (Millat Tractors Limited, Al-Ghazi Tractors, Ltd)
Books Recommended:
1. Single,R.K.2004. Internal Combustion Engines. S.K.Katana & Sons, Dehli, India.
2. S.C. Jain and C.R. Rai. 2000. Farm Tractor Maintenance and Repair, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
3. Halderman, J. C. D. Mitchell. 2005. Automotive Engines: theory and
servicing.5th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, Singapore.
4. Promersberger and Bishop. 1996. Farm Power. Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey U.S.A
5. Paul W.G. James, H.Smith Jr and E.J.Ziruys. 1995. Fundamentals of Internal
Combustion Engines, 4th Ed. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company (Pvt) Ltd.New
Dehli.

45

Course Title:

LANDSCAPE ENGINEERING

3(2-1)

Theory:
Introduction, importance of landscaping, gardening and its design, principles and
elements of landscape design, landscape design materials, types of designs; formal
and informal garden designs, Chinese and Japanese gardening, rockeries, terrace,
roof and water gardens, plants suitable for various designs, landscape designs for
public and private buildings, parks and playgrounds etc., highway and roadside
plantations, developmental cost estimates for landscape.
Earth work estimates; Techniques, fields surveys, surveying equipment,
preparations for field surveys, cut-fills and contour mapping, cost estimations.
Selection and design of gun, drip, sprinkler, pivot, bubbler, pop-up irrigation
systems, comparative cost estimates for various modes of irrigations.

Practical:
Visits to different parks and gardens, landscape designs for private and community
houses, schools, colleges, universities, municipal and national parks, industrial
areas and roadsides; establishing various types of gardens. Field surveys for
earthwork estimates as per maps. Designs of irrigation systems, exercises in search
for state of the art information
Books Recommended:
1. Arora, J.S. 1992. Introductory Ornamental Horticulture. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Booth, N.K. and W.H. Elsevier. 1983. Basic elements in Landscape
Architecture Design. Science Publishing Co., New York.
3. Khan, M.A. and T.A. Bader. 1992. Landscape Designs, Student Manual.
University Printing Press, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
4. McDaniel, G.L. 1982. Ornamental Horticulture. The Reston Publishing
Company; Prentice Hall Co., Reston, Virginia.
5. Raj, D. 2002. Floriculture and Landscaping. Kalyani Publisher, New Delhi.
6. Brinker, A.C. and Taylor, W.C. 2002. Elementary Surveying. International
Text Book Co. Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA.
7. Ramsay, J.P. Wilson. 2000. Land Surveying. Macdonald and Evans Ltd.
Estover, Plymouth PL 6 7PZ.

46

Course Title:

Mechanics of Materials

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Developing an understanding of design of building and machine elements from stress
strain standpoint.
Contents:
Stress and strains: Stress at a point, components of stress, analysis of plane stress,
principle stresses, maximum shear stress, Mohr's circle.
Axial loading: Stress due to axial forces, strain, properties of material under axial
loading.
Bending: Bending stresses in beams, shear and bending moment diagrams.
Combined loading: Stresses due to axial, bending and torsional loading.
Deflection: Moment-curvature relationship, deflection of beams by the method of double
integration.
Deflection of beams: Double integration method with singularity function, area moment
method
Torsion: Shearing stress and angle of twist, hollow and circular shafts.
Buckling: Pin ended column, eccentrically loaded column, initially curved column,
critical loads and critical stresses.
Curved beams: Stresses in curved bars.
Cylinders and spheres: Stresses in thin and thick walled cylinders.
Fatigue loading: analysis and design.
Practical:
Problem solving and Practical exercises related to axial loading, bending torsion
and deflection of beams. Buckling, curved bars, strain gauges and fatigue loading.
Special numerical problems and assignments.
Books Recommended:
1. Muvdi, B.B. and J.W. Mcnabb. 2001. Engineering Mechanics of Materials.
Macmillan Publishing Co. New York.
2. Shigley, J.E. and Mitchell, L.D. 1983. Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw
Hill Book Co. New York.

47

Course Title:

Farm Structures & Materials

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Enabling the students understand fundamentals of farm building designs and
characteristics of materials used in the buildings

Contents:
Heat flow through Walls Insulation:
Rate of heat transmission through building materials, conductance, combined
conductance coefficient, Equation for heat flow through non-homogenous walls,
combined ceiling and roof coefficient.
Ventilation:
Air flow and quantity of moisture, Air flow required in heat transfer, Estimating Air flow
required to prevent condensation, Air flow required to maintain prescribed chemical
composition, Heat balance equation, Exposure ratio, Ventilating systems, Ventilation by
Wind forces, Stack ventilation Systems, Construction practices, Forced draft systems.
Dairy Building:
Functional planning, Environment, Sanitation, Space requirements for animals and
traffic, arrangement of space, Other considerations, Milking Parlors, Pen vs Stall Barns,
Storage or feed, Milk and manure etc, Insulation and ventilation.
Poultry Housing:
Functional planning, Production practices, Environment, Space
Arrangement or space, Insulation and ventilation, other considerations.

requirements,

Storage of Fruits and Vegetable Crops:

Condition for storage, Refrigerated vs Common Storage, Economic aspects of storage,
Characteristics of Common storage, Refrigerated storage, Refrigerating Load, Modified
Atmosphere Storage, Types of Evaporators, Coil Temperature vs Relative Humidity and
Equipment capacity, Air movement, Storage management.
Storage of Grains:
Destructive agents, Respiration of grains, Indices of quality, Moisture and Temperature
changes in stored grains, Moisture properties of grains, Functional requirements,
Conditioning moist grains, Storage structure, Equipment for grain handling and
processing.

48

Recommended Books:
1. Barre, H. J., and Sommet, L. L. Farm Structure. John Wiley and Sons., Inc, New
York, USA.
2. Barnes, Amaurice M. and Mander Clive, 2000. Farm Building Construction.
Farming Press, England
3. Gray Horrold, E. 1985. Farm Service Building. McGraw Hill Book Company,
New York
4. Neubauer, L.W. and Walker H.B. 1981. Farm Building Design. Prentice Hall Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
5. Haider, S.Z. 1985. Materials of Construction. Oxford University Press, Pakistan.

49

SEMESTER 5
Engineering Elective I
Course Title:

Credit Hours: 03

Communication & Presentation Skills

3(2-1)

Objectives:
To enable the students to meet their real life communication needs
Contents:
The nature of communication & communication in an organization ,Power Point
Presentations
Oral presentations, Persuasive presentations, Resumes and Covering letters, Interview
taking, Meetings, Negotiation Skills, Team Communication, Debate, Persuasive
Presentations on Research Report, Listening ( audio aids TOEFL & IELTS Practice
Tests),Business letters, memos and minutes, Writing and Presenting Proposals, Class
Presentations, Class Presentations
Assignments to be given during the course
Letter writing , Resume and Covering Letter, Proposal, Team Writing, Sales
brochure, Collecting ads
Books Recommended:
1. Ellen, K. 2002. Maximize Your Presentation Skills: How to Speak, Look
and Act on Your Way to the Top
2. Hargie, O. (ed.) Handbbook of Communications Skills
3. Mandel, S. 2000. Effective Presentation Skills: A Practical Guide Better
Speaking
4. Mark, P. 1996. Presenting in English. Language Teaching Publications.

50

Course Title:

Statistics & Probability

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Learning basic concepts and applications of probability & statistics in the agricultural
engineering
Contents:
Statistics
Mean value, Measures of central tendency, Measures of variation, Standard deviation,
Expected value of a random variable, Standard deviation of a random variable, The
Poisson distribution, The uniform distribution, The exponential distribution, The normal
distribution, The standard normal, The standard normal distribution.
Probability
Sets, Application of Venn Diagrams, Introducing probability, Mutually exclusive events,
The addition law of probability, Complementary events, Concepts from communication
theory, Problems related to engineering, Conditional probability, The multiplication law,
Independent events, Bayes formula, Permutations and combinations, Multiplication
principle, Problems related to engineering, science and management, Applications of
counting, Bernoulli trials, Binomial probability, Markov chains, Probability distribution,
Expected value, Decision making, Problems related to engineering and management.

Practicals:
1. Simple, Multiple and Component bar diagram.
2. Historigram, Frequency polygon, Frequency curve, c.f. curve, cumulative
percentage curve and locate Quantiles.
3. Problem assignments relating probability
4. Fitting a Binomial distribution.
5. Fitting a Poison distribution.
6. Fitting a Normal distribution.
7. Sampling distribution of difference between two means.
8. Application/use of t-test for Null hypothesis
2

9. Test of significance of association of attributes by x -test (chi-square test).

10. Testing goodness of fit.
11. Calculating a simple, partial and a multiple correlation and their tests of
significance.
12. Fitting a simple linear regression equation and its test of significance by
Analysis of Variance (F-test) and t-test.
13. Analysis of variance of data from C.R.D., R.C.B.D. and L.S. design.

51

Recommended Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Blind, D.A. & R.D. Mason, Basic Statistics for Business & Economics,
Irwin Publishers
Choudhry, S.M. and S. Kamal. 1998. Introduction to Statistical Theory
Part I & II; Ilmi Kitab Khana, Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore
Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics 8th Edition, John
Wiley & Sons Publication
Lester D. Taylor. 1974. Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Harper &
Row, Publishers New York.
Miller I. and John E. Freund. 1985. Probability and Statistics for
Engineers. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Muhammad, F. 1999. Statistical Methods and data analysis; Kitab Markaz,
Bhowana Bazar, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ronald E. Walpole. 1982. Introduction to Statistics; McMillan publishing
Co., Inc. New York. 10022.
Walpole R.E. (1982). Introduction to Statistics, McMillan publishing Co,
Inc. new York

52

Course Title:

Irrigation Engineering

3(2-1)

Objectives:

To educate students about importance, development and management issues of

irrigation network of Pakistan
Application of various crop irrigation techniques, design of irrigation channels
using different approaches

Contents:
Introduction
Definition, necessity of irrigation, water resource and irrigation system of Pakistan, Indus
Basin Treaty, water budget of Pakistan
Water Requirement of Crops
Functions of irrigation, preparation land for irrigation, crop period, base period, duty and
delta, relationship between duty and delta, factors affecting duty, depth and frequencies
of irrigation, Kharif-Rabi ratio, optimization of irrigation water, irrigation efficiency,
uniformity coefficient, consumptive use of water, effective rainfall, net irrigation
requirements, gross irrigation requirement, estimation of consumption use, Blaney
Criddle, Hargreaves Methods, assessment of irrigation water charges
Methods of Irrigation
Classification of irrigation methods, factors affecting the choice of irrigation methods,
surface methods, sub-surface irrigation methods
Hydraulic Structures
Introduction: Dams, weirs, and barrages. Classification of dams, Gravity dams, Forces
acting on a gravity dam, Modes of failure, Principal and shear stresses, Stability analysis,
Elementary profile of a gravity dam, Practical profile of a gravity dam, Limiting height of
a gravity dam, Profile of high masonry gravity dam.
Water conveyance structures
Introduction: Canals, distributaries, minors, and water courses. , Basic definitions,
alignment of canal, water distribution system, required canal capacity, seepage losses,
empirical formula for channel Losses, channel section for minimum seepage losses.

53

Design of irrigation channels

Design of stable channel, regime channels, Kennedys theory, Laceys theory, estimation
of transported sediment, bed load equations, design procedure for unlined non-erodible
irrigation channel, maintenance of irrigation channels
Practicals:
Study of characteristics of various irrigation structures in the near by area.
Design and layout of a canal for a given command.
A field visit to canal irrigation system and structures.
Design of outlets.
Computer aided design of a watercourse for a command area.
Sampling and measurement of sediments in canal water.
Recommended Books:
1. Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structures by Santosh Kumar, Garg, 10th
revised Edition, 1993
2. Irrigation & Water Power Engineering by Dr. B.C. Punmia, Dr. Pande B.B. Lal
3. Siddiqui, I. H. 2003. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. Royal Book Company,
BG-Rex Centre Fatima Jinnah Road, Karachi.
4. Iqbal Ali. 2001. Irrigation Engineering, Oxford University Press, London.
5. Withers, Bruce & Vipond, S. 1980. Irrigation Design and Practice, Batsford
Academic and Education Limited London.
6. Aisenbrey, A.J., Hayes, R.B., Warren, H.J., and Young, R.B., 1983. Design of
small canal structures, USBR, Denver Colorado, USA.
7. Ahmad, N. and Chaudhry, G.R. 1988. Irrigated Agriculture of Pakistan, Shahzad
Nazir Publisher, Gulberg-III, Lahore.
8. Ahmad, N. 1993. Water Resources of Pakistan, Shahzad Nazir Publisher,
Gulberg-III, Lahore.
9. Michal, A.M. 2003. Irrigation Theory and Practice, Vikas Publishing House (Pvt)
New Delhi, India.Arora, R.K. Irrigation and Water Power Engineering.

54

Course Title: Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Teaching various aspects of environmental science and engineering.
To familiarize students with the basic principles of environmental engineering.
Contents:
Basic definitions, Importance of environmental control in agriculture, Pollution and their
classification, Environmental monitoring and control.
Water Pollution:
Irrigation water quality, criteria and standard. Sources and types of pollution, agricultural
practices and water pollution, solute transport phenomenon, judicious use of water to
avoid leaching, land and water management techniques for controlling water pollution,
subsoil contamination
Air Pollution:
Types of air pollutants, sources of air pollution, global warming, ozone depletion,
hazardous substances, World's carbon pollution. Horizontal and vertical dispersion of
pollutants, cleaning the atmosphere, measurements of particulates, gases and their
control.
Noise Pollution:
Sound pressure level, frequency and propagation, Acoustic environment and health
effects of noise, measuring noise, noise control.
Practicals:
1. Measurements of pH. colour, odour, BOD, COD, solids, nitrate of water and
waste water etc.
2. Design of Green House and Plant Environment Control System.
3. Measurement of dust and fume in the air.
4. Measurement of noise level.
5. Case studies exercises and assignments.
6. Total coliform test in drinking water by multiple fermentation tube method.
Recommended Books:
1. Agarwal, S.K. 2002. Pollution Management V Noise Pollution.
2. Basak, N. N. 2003. Environmental Engineering.
3. Bhatia, S.C. 2001. Environmental Pollution Control in Chemical Industries.

55

4. Henry, J.G. and Heinke, G.W. 1989. Environmental Science and Engineering.
Prentice Hall Ltd., N.J., USA.
5. Khandela, M.C. 2004. Environmental Protection & Development
6. Kumar, A. 2004. Industrial Pollution and Management
7. Masters, G.M. 2004. Introduction to Environmental Engineering.
8. Neelima R. and D.K. Markandey. 2005. Environmental Analysis and
Instrumentation.
9. Pandey, G.N. and G.C. Carney. 1992. Environmental Engineering. Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
10. Rajvaidya. N. and D.K. Markandey. 2005. Environmental Pollution Control.
11. Shrivastava. K. K. 2004. Environmental Education Principles, Concepts and
Management.
12. Vesilind, P.A. J.J. Peirce and R.T. Weiner. 1990. Environmental Pollution and
Control. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
13. Wall, J.D. 1980. Environmental Management Hand Book. Welf Publishing Co.,
London, Tokyo.

56

Course Title:

Instrumentation and Measurements

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Students preparation for electrical measurements
Content:
Basic terminology and concepts related to instruments Instrument behaviour
application of instrumentation, functional elements of instruments, basic terms
related to instrumentation, such as threshold, resolution, accuracy, precision, sensitivity,
response and error of instrument, uncertainty analysis, least square techniques, static and
dynamic characteristics of instrumentation, signal conditioning and recording devices.
Principles and Theory of Electrical Instruments: Potentiometer, wheat stone bridge.
Strain analysis; strain measurement; strain gauges, types and their applications.
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Measurement: Sensors and transducers,
displacement measurement sensors; potentiometer, LVDT, capacitance sensors,
piezoelectric sensors. Velocity and acceleration sensors.
Force and Torque Measurements: Force Measurements; Load cells. Torque
measurements; torque cells. Pressure Measurement: Gauge, vacuum and ansolute
pressure, pressure measuring devices. Measurement of Temperature: Resistance
thermometers, thermocouples and radiation methods. Fundamentals of mechatronics:
Introduction to electronics and sensors used in agricultural machinery, interfacing the
machine and computers for response, controls and data logging, computer
simulation of mechanical system.
Practical

Measurement of Displacement by LVDT and Potentiometer.

Measurement of wind velocity.
Measurement of Force by Strain Gauges.
Calibration of pressure gauges with dead weight tester
Measurement of Temperature by thermocouples.
Computer inter-facing for the depth and draft controls of tractors.
Visit to Mechatronics labs of different institutions.
Study of depth sensors in Agricultural Machinery

Books Recommended:
1. Necsulescu, D. S. 2002. Mechatronics, Prentice Hall Inc., N.J., USA.
2. Figliola, R. S. and D. E. Beasley. 3rd ed. 2004. Theory and design for
Mechanical measurements. John Willey & Sons (Asia) Pte, Inc. Singapore
3. Dally, J. W. W. F. Riley and K. G. McConnel. 2003. Instrumentation for
engineering measurements, 2nd ed. John Willey and Sons, Inc. Singapore
57

4. Shetty, D. and R. A. Kolk. 2001. Mechatronics system design. Vikas

Publishing House,Pvt, Ltd. New Delhi, India
5. Mahalik, N. P. 2003. Mechatronics, principles, concepts and applications. Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi, India

58

SEMESTER 6

Engineering Elective II

Course Title:

Credit Hours: 03

Professional Ethics

2(2-0)

Objectives
The objective of the course is to improve the ethical standards of students in
engineering.
1. ENGINEERING ETHICS
Senses of Engineering Ethics Variety of moral issues Types of inquiry Moral
dilemmas. Moral Autonomy Kohlbergs theory Gilligans theory Consensus and
Controversy Professions and Professionalism Professional ideals and virtues
Theories about right action Self-interest Customs and religion Use of Ethical
Theories
2. ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION
Engineering as experimentation Engineers as responsible experimenters Codes of
Ethics A Balanced Outlook on Law The Challenger Case Study.
3. ENGINEERS RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY
Safety and risk Assessment of safety and risk Risk Benefit Analysis Reducing risk
The Three Mile Island and Chernobyl Case Studies
4. RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS
Collegiality and loyalty Respect for Authority Collective Bargaining
Confidentiality Conflicts of Interest Occupational Crime Professional Rights
Employee Rights Discrimination.
5. GLOBAL ISSUES
Multinational Corporations Environmental Ethics Computer Ethics Weapons
Development Engineers as Managers Consulting Engineers Engineers as Expert
Witnesses and Advisors Moral Leadership Sample code of conduct.
Recommended Books:
59

1. Mike Martin and Roland Schinzinger, Ethics in Engineering, McGraw Hill,

New York, 1996
2. Charles D Fledderman, Engineering Ethics, Prentice Hall, New Mexico, 1999
3. Laura Schlesinger, How Could You Do That: The Abdication of Character,
Courage, and Conscience, Harper Collins, New York, 1996.
4. Stephen Carter, Integrity, Basic Books, New York 1996.
5. Tom Rusk, The Power of Ethical Persuasion: From Conflict to Partnership at
Work and in Private Life, Viking, New York, 1993

60

Course Title:

Drainage Engineering

3(2-1)

Objectives:
Providing knowledge and skills required for drainage systems, types, requirements, and
design, operation & maintenance of drainage systems.

Contents:
Introduction:
Definition of agricultural drainage, drainage system terms, scope and benefits. Elements
of drainage design, types of drainage problems, differences in drainage in humid and arid
areas, crop requirements. Surface and Subsurface drainage principles, theories of open
drain/ditch and subsurface drainage systems, design criteria.
Drainage Investigations
Reconnaissance. Preliminary survey. Design survey. Investigations for surface and
subsurface drainage. Auger hole test, Piezometer test. Single well draw down test.
Shallow well pump test. Ring permeameter test. Test pit method. Test for determining
infiltration rate.
Drainage Requirements
Plant processes. Raw materials, Plant structure, Factors controlling production. The soil
environment and aeration requirement. Diagnosis and improvement of salt affected soils,
Plant response to salinity, Soil response to excess water and salinity, Situation in which
drainage problems exist.
Drainage System
Investigation procedure, Moisture holding capacity in the root zone, annual irrigation
schedule, deep percolation from irrigation, sources causing high water table conditions,
determination of barrier zone and drain locations.
Surface Drainage
Surface drainage system, type and functions of surface drainage ditches, land forming,
joint surface and subsurface drainage system.
Sub-Surface Drainage
Planning subsurface drainage system, Use of vertical drainage system. Design,
installation, and construction of subsurface drains, Maintenance of buried drains. Open
ditches for drainage. Interceptor and mole drains; Design and construction.
Operation and Maintenance of Drainage System

61

Buried Pipe drainage system, open drainage system, drainage water disposal ponds,
drainage observation well, policy and basic requirements, weed control and embankment
stability.
Practicals:
Verification of Darcys Law by laboratory methods
Measurement of seepage losses.
Determination of water table,
Saturated hydraulic conductivity by piezometers,
Auger hole, planning of a subsurface drainage system and outlet with design of a
sump;
Visit of Drainage Projects.
Computation of leaching requirement and drainage coefficient of a drainage
basin.
Total coliform test in drinking water by multiple fermentation tube method.
Recommended Books:
1. Luthins, J. N. (1978). Drainage Engineering, Robert E. Krieger Publishing
Company Huntington, New York.
2. Drainage Manual. (1978). First Edition. A Water Resource Technical Publication
U.S. Deptt. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington.
3. Ahmad, N. (1993). Drainage of Irrigated Lands of Pakistan, Miraj Din Press,
Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan.

62

Course Title:

GIS & Remote Sensing

3(2-1)

Objective:
Understanding basic principles of Global Information System (GIS) & Remote Sensing
(RS), and their applications in the field of agricultural engineering
Contents:
Displaying Data
Creating map, Adding tabular data to a map, Symbolizing data. Labeling, Charting and
Map projection. Layout
Querying Data
Getting attributes of features, Attribute of particular feature, Feature near other, Fall
inside polygon, Intersect other feature. Aggregation of data.
Data Creation
Creating and editing spatial data. Registration and digitization. Working with images and
aerial photographs. Working with CAD in GIS environment.
Analyzing Data for Specific Purposes
Creating suitability map for various purposes. Soil, rainfall and water pollution map for
various parameters. Use of GRID data for groundwater sources.
Creation of Surface Model
Creating 3D shapes. Advanced visualization. Representing surfaces with TINs. Creation
of TINs. Creation of Slope and Aspect theme. Making contours lines. Analyzing surface
runoff patterns. Measuring areas and volumes.
Practicals:
Land use/Land cover, water quality monitoring, land degradation, monitoring of
environmental pollution, crop production, water resources, weather analysis and
forecasting.
Recommended Books:
1. Arc View 3.x, Arc GIS 9.0 and Map Info

63

2. ERDAS Imagine 8.7 and Differential GPS set.

3. Murai, S. 1997. Remote Sensing Note. Japan Association on Remote Sensing,
Tokyo.
4. Foody, G. and Gurran, P. 1993. Environmental Remote Sensing from Regional to
Global Scales. Jhon Willey & Sons, England.
5. Barrett, E.C. and Curtis,L.F. 1992. Introduction to Environmental Remote
Sensing. Chapman & Hall, London.
6. Keith, C.C. , Bredley O. Parts and Michael P.C.. 2004. Geographic
7. Information Systems and Environmental Modelling.

64

Course Title:

Soil & Water Conservation Engineering

3(2-1)

Objective:
Understanding the process of soil degradation and its protection effectively, and soil
moisture in agriculture productivity.
Contents:
Water Erosion
Erosion agents. Geologic and accelerated erosion. Damages caused by soil erosion. Water
erosion and its types. Factors affecting water erosion. Sedimentation and pollution in
relation to water erosion. Water erosion prediction equation. Erosion control practices.
Wind Erosion
Factors affecting wind erosion. Types of soil movement. Mechanics of wind erosion.
Wind erosion control principles. Wind erosion prediction equation.
Rainfall and Runoff
Rainfall intensity and duration. Infiltration, Factors affecting runoff. Damages caused by
floods. Water harvesting.
Cropping System and Agronomic Measures For Erosion Control
Watershed management, Plant cover, Crop rotation, Strip-cropping, Conservation tillage,
Contour cultivation, Land capability classification.
Terracing
Field terrace. Classification of terraces. Broad base terraces. Bench terraces. Terrace
design. Planning the terrace system. Terrace construction and maintenance.
Vegetated Outlets
Use of vegetated outlets and water courses in the control of erosion. Design of vegetated
outlets. Water-way construction and maintenance.
Conservation Structures
Drops Spillways, Chutes and Pipes Spillways; their requirements, components and
limitations.

65

Water Conservation
Definition of drought, Effects of drought. Water stored in soil. Decreasing runoff.
Reducing evaporation. Reducing deep percolation. Preventing losses from storage.
Practicals:
Measurements of soil loss from splash erosion by rainfall simulator.
Measurements of soil loss using universal soil loss equation.
Demonstration of moisture conservation techniques.
Field visit to areas with water and wind erosion prevailing.
Books Recommended:
1. Suresh, R. 2000. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Standard publishers
Distributors, 1705-B Nai Sarak, Delhi, India.
2. Schwab, G. O., Fervert, R.K., Edminster, T.W. and Barens. K.K. 1993. Soil and
Water Conservation Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Kirkby, M.J. 1980. Soil Erosion. John Willey & Sons, New York.
4. Linsely, R.K. and Franzini, Joseph. 1996. Water Resources Engineering. McGraw
Hill. FAO.
5. Dastane, N. G. 1979. Effective Rainfall. FAO, Irrigation and Drainage Paper 25,
Rome, Italy.
6. Hudson, N. 1976. Soil conservation, BT Batsford Ltd. Morga RPC.
7. Schwab G. O., D.D. Fangmeier. W.J. Elloit and R.K. Frevert. 1992. Soil and
Water Conservation Engineering. 4th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
8. Frederick, R.T. and J. A. Hobbs. 1991. Soil and Water Conservation. Prentice
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
9. Schwab G. O., D.D Fangmeier, W. J. Elliot and R. K. Frevert. (1992). Soil and
Water Conservation Engineering, 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
10. Frederick, R.T. and J. A. Hobbs. (1991). Soil and Water Conservation. Prentice
hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (USA)

66

Course Title: Farm Machinery & Earth Moving Equipments

4(3-1)

Objective:
Teaching farm machines required for crop husbandry in addition to land leveling
equipment.
Content:
Field Capacities and Cost Analysis
Implements Types, Factors affecting field capacity, Cost analysis
Hydraulics Controls and Power Take Off (PTO) Drives
Components of a hydraulic system, Types of hydraulic system, Single, Parallel & Series
cylinder systems, Limit control, Automatic position and Draft control, Hydrostatic
Propulsion drives, PTO drives using two universal joints, Three-joints PTO drives, Loads
imposed on P.T.O. shafts, Recommended PTO load limits.
Tillage Force Analysis and Hitching
Forces acting upon a tillage implement, Mechanics of tillage, Tillage tool design factors,
Measuring & evaluating performance, Measuring draft of implements, Vertical and
horizontal hitching of trailed implement, Hitches for mounted implements, Depth and
draft control on hitches.
Tillage Implements
(a).
Primary tillage implements
Function & Types of Mold board plows, Components of a mold board plow, Reaction of
soils to mold boards, Pulverizing action, Turning & inversion, Scouring, Forces acting
upon a plow bottom, Effects of soil types, depth of plowing shape & design, attachments
& rear furrow wheel and speed on draft & performance. Functions, components & types
of Disk plows, Rotary plows, Chisel & subsurface plows.
(b).
Secondary tillage implements
Functions, components & types of Harrows, Cultivators. Land rollers and Pulverizers,
Subsurface tillage tools & field cultivators.
Equipment for Sowing and Planting
Functions, components & types of planting equipments, Seed metering devices, Maize
drills, Calibration of seed drill. Broadcasting machines, Fertilizer and insecticide
placement. Transplanting machines, Spraying systems.
Grain and Seed Harvesting
Harvesting and threshing methods, Types and development of Combines, functional
elements of a combine, Flow path of material, Types and sources of seed loss, Types of
threshing cylinders, Threshing effectiveness, Cylinder adjustment, Testing of Combines
and its power requirements, Windrowing.

67

Earth Moving Equipments

Principles and working of Bulldozers, Soil scrapers and ditchers, Crawler, Parts of
Crawler, Comparison of wheel type and Crawler tractors.
Practicals:

Identification of Primary Tillage Implements.

Identification of Secondary Tillage Implements.
Determination of Field Capacity of Agricultural Field Implements under actual
field condition.
Determination of Field Efficiency of Agricultural Field Implements.
Determination of tractor Wheel Slip.
Calibration of grain drills in Laboratory.
Calibration of grain drills in Field.
Study and operation of Tractor Hydraulic System.
Mini Project.

Recommended Books:
1. Kepner, R. A, R. Bainer and E. L. Barger (1978). Principles of Farm Machinery,
AVI Publishing company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut.
2. Smith H. P. and L. H. Wilkes. (1976). Farm Machinery and Equipment, 6th Ed.
McGraw-Hill, Inc. USA

68

Course Title:

Agricultural Processing Engineering

3(2-1)

Objective:
Developing an understanding of equipment and unit processes in agro-industries.
Contents:
Introduction: industrial processes, value addition, structure and composition of food
grains and fruits, engineering properties of agricultural materials - physical, mechanical
and thermal properties.
Pumps: types of pumps used in the industries, pump selection, pump laws and
performance, viscosity effects.
Fans: Classification as to type and design of fans, fan theory, fan performance, factors
affecting fan selection, general performance and laws, fans in series and parallel,
compression effect.
Material handling and transportation equipment: Belt conveyors, chain conveyors, bucket
elevators, pneumatic conveyors, gravity conveyors, augers, and trailer/ trucks
Cleaning, Sorting and grading: Grade factors, washing types and methods of washing,
sorting fruits and vegetables, types of sorters, cleaning and sorting, grading, nuts and
seeds, types of grain cleaners/sorters, aerodynamics of small practical, types of
separators, machine vision and its applications in grading.
Size reduction: Types of size reduction mills; fineness modulus, value of ground feed,
size relationships, energy requirements, size reduction procedures, reducing devices,
performance & characteristics of size reduction devices, mixing and types of mixers.
Cold Storages: Need of cold storages, types of cold storages and their design, temperature
and humidity controls, heat load, automation of cold storages, air conditioning, aeration.
Drying: Drying and dehydration, moisture content determinations; primary methods,
equilibrium moisture content, drying processes, constant rate period, falling rate period,
falling rate drying mechanism, dynamics of equilibrium moisture content, effect of
temperature upon the rate of drying, effect of air rate upon the rate of drying, heat and
mass balance limitation of the drying equipments, calculations, types of driers,
psychometric chart.
Packaging Material: Packaging materials and techniques, material properties, packing
geometries
Practical
Determination of internal friction and angle of repose
Mesurement of bulk density of grains
Measurement of grain moisture content by oven method and moisture meter.

69

Selection of fans for aeration of bin

Calculation of Fineness modulus of wheat flour
Demonstration of sieves used for cleaning/grading
Carrying out screen analysis of a milling/grinding equipment
Study of Psychrometric chart to calculate heat transfer during aeration/drying.
Study of dehydration characteristics of fruits/vegetable by moisture content vs
time curve and drying rate vs moisture content curve.
Visit to cold storage facilities.
Study tour to visit agricultural processing units and plants.

Books Recommended:
1. Pandey, H. H. K. Sharma, R. C. Chauhan, B. C. Sarkar and M. B. Bera. 2004.
Experiments in food process engineering. CBS Publishers and distributers, New
Delhi, India
2. Sahay, K. M. and K. K. Singh. 2002. Unit operation of agricultural processing.
2nd ed. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
3. Henderson, S.M. 1986. Agricultural Process Engineering. The AVI Publishing
Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut. USA.
4. Hanlon, J. F. 1992. Handbook of packaging engineering. 2nd ed. John Willey and
Sons, N.Y., USA
5. Myler, H. R. 1999. Fundamentals of machine vision. Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi.

70

SEMESTER 7

Engineering Elective III

Credit Hours: 03

Course Title:

3(3-0)

Machine Design

Objectives:
Acquire skills relating design of machine components
Contents:
Introduction
Meaning of Mechanical Engineering Design, Phases of design, Design considerations,
Safety and product reliability, Codes and standards, evaluation and presentation
Design of Simple Machine Components
Design of shafts, torsion of circular shafts, horsepower transmitted by the shafts, design
of clutches, bearings, gears, flange couplings, pulleys and connecting rod
Design of Fasteners and Connections
Different types of fasteners. Thread standards and definitions, Mechanics of power
screws. Bolts strength and selection of units, Bolt preload, torque requirement, Bolted,
riveted and welded joints loaded in shear, Keys pins, and retainers
Elements of Rotary Power Transmission
Belts, Stresses in belts, Chain and sprocket drives, Gears drives, Flexible shafts, Bearings
Recommended Books:
1. Shigley, J.E. and C. R. Mischhe, (2000). Mechanical Engineering Design. Fifth
Edition. McGraw Hill Publications Inc. USA.
2. Parkinson, A.C. (1968). A First Year Engineering Drawing, sixth Ed., Sir Issac
Pitman & Sons Ltd. London.
3. Spotts, M.F. (1978). Design of Machine Elements. Englewood Cliff Prentice Hall,
London.

71

Course Title: Industrial Chemistry

Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Impurities in natural water, hardwater, water softening, boiler scales and

deposits, industrial, irrigation and municipal water, metallic corrosion and its
inhibition, paints and varnishes, fats and oils, extraction, refining and hydrogenation of oils, sugar industry and its by-products, nitrogenous, phosphatic and
potassic fertilizers. Aerobic & non aerobic fermentation.

Practicals
Determination of carbonates and bicarbonates in industrial water
Determination of chlorides and sulphates in industrial water
Determination of pH and TSS in water
Estimation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fertilizers
Analysis of an oil for acid, saponification and iodine value.
Books Recommended
1. Agarwal,
O.P., A. Agarwal, 2001. Engineering
Chemistry.
Khana
Publishers, India.
2. Kent, A.J. 1997. Riegels Hand Book of Industrial Chemistry. CBS
Publisher New Delhi, India.
3. Shreve, R.H. 1987. The Chemical Process Industries. McGraw Hill Book
Co., New York

72

Course Title: Project & Report -I

Credit Hours: 03

Introduction to technical report writing, important components of technical writing,

selection/preparation of research topic, objectives, review of literature, methodology, data
processing, results, conclusions, summery, abstract, presentation of (data collected in the
field/laboratory) results in the form of graphs, tables, figures, and photographs, references
and appendices, report writing, presentation methods and skills.

Books Recommended
1. Awan, J. A. 2004. Technical writing. University of Agriculture press, Faisalabad.

73

SEMESTER 8

Engineering Elective IV

Credit Hours: 03

Course Title: Engineering Economics & Management

credit Hours: 03

Management Fundamentals
Management, Administration, Leadership, Relationship Vs Task Management, Project
and Program, Project Life Cycle, Trade Off. Line/Project Organization, Functional
Organization, Matrix and Mixed Organization. Role and Responsibilities, Career Path,
Special Demands on the Project Manager, Common Characteristics of a most effective
Team, Selection of a Project Manager.
Project Scheduling and Control
Network Techniques, PERT, CPM & GRANT Charts, Use of Project management
Softwares, Crashing of a Project, Physical Assets Control, Human Resource Control,
Financial Control.
Marketing Management
Selling versus Marketing, Role of a company: Leader, Follower, Challenger, Basics of
Marketing, Place, Price and Promotion. Role of a company in Market Place.
ISO 9000 and Quality Management
ISO 9000: International Quality Management, Quality Management in Pakistan,
Fundamental Quality Concepts, Quality Terminology, Importance and Benefits of ISO9000, Common Misunderstanding about ISO-9000, Classification of ISO-9000 Series,
Brief Description of 20 Elements of ISO-9000, the Auditing Process.
Economics and Accounting
Budgeting Methods, Cost Estimation, Assets, Liabilities, Capital and Revenue
Expenditure, Depreciation, Depletion, Amortization, Owners Equity Debentures, Loan
Financing, Accounting, Qaurds, Ledgers, Profit and loss statement.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

74

1.

Meredith, J. R. and S. J. Mantel. (2000) Project Management, McGraw

Hill Pub. Company.

2.

Hand Outs on Engineering Economy and ISO 9000.

75

Course Title:

Numerical Analysis

3(2-1)

Objective:
To introduce various techniques for solving Linear, non linear and difference
equations using various numerical methods.

Contents:
Finite difference, Forward, backward and central difference and its operators form,
Interpolation and extrapolation; Linear and higher order interpolating polynomials,
Newtons Gregory forward & backward difference interpolation formulas and its
utilization as extrapolation, Lagrange interpolation and extrapolation, Numerical
differentiation based on differences, Numerical integration; Trapezoidal and Simpson
approximations, Trapezoidal and Simpsons extrapolations by Romberg integration
process, Numerical Solution of non-linear equations; Bracketing and iteration methods
and its applications as multiple root methods, Direct solution of the system of linear
equations; Gauss-elimination, Direct and indirect factorization, symmetric factorization,
tridiagonal factorization, Iterative methods like Jacobs iteration and Gauss-Seidel
iteration, Numerical solution of initial value problems; Single-Step methods like Eulers
method, Eulers modified method, Runge-Kutta method and its comparison with Taylors
series expansion, Multi-steps methods like Adams Bashforth and Moultion two and three
step methods, Higher order differential equations, system of differential equations,
Numerical solution of linear and nonlinear boundary value problems.

Recommended Books:
1. Numerical Methods for Engineering Science and Mathematics, 2nd Edition by
Prof. Mumtaz Khan, Dec.
2. Ordinary & Partial Differential Equations with Numerical Techniques for
Engineering Science and Mathematics, 2nd Edition by Prof. Mumtaz Khan, April

76

Course Title: Pumps and Tube wells

Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Introduction: Functions of pumps and tubewells, importance of pumps and

tubewells in irrigation and drainage, groundwater exploitation by tubewells. Description
of Tubewells: Components of a tubewell, factors affecting selection
of site, well drilling methods; cable tool method, direct rotary method, inverse
rotary method and their respective merits and demerits, well design; depth of
well, well casing, well screen, filter pack. Well development methods, typical
drilling problems, well losses, well efficiency, well logs, gravel packing and well
maintenance. Skimming wells.
Pumps:
Pump components, pump classification; centrifugal, jet,
positive
displacement, turbine pumps, submersible pumps, propeller and mixed flow pumps
and air lift pumps- Types of impellers. Terminology in pumping systems- specific
speed, priming, pumping energy, total dynamic head, pump problems and their
remedies. Power requirement of pump.
Characteristic pump: TDH-Q,
BP-Q, NPSH-Q
and
Efficiency-Q curves.
Cavitation, Net positive suction head (NPSH), affinity laws, pump testing, maintenance
of pumps.
Irrigation System Head and Power Requirements: Suction lift, well draw down,
friction head loss, operating head-seasonal-variation in system head curve, pump
selection, prime mover electric, diesel and their selection, feasibility
of prime mover selection.
Practical
1. Study of components and operational characteristics of various pumps.
2. Use of characteristic curves of different pumps.
3. Design of a pumping well using field data.
4. Design of gravel packing for specific conditions.
5. Determination of pump efficiency
6. Study of various components of tubewell
7. Discharge measurement of a tubewell
Books Recommended
1. Ahmad, N. 1995. Tubewell Theory and Practices, Shahzad Nazir Publisher,
Gulberg-III, Lahore.
2. Colt Industries 1979. Hydraulic Handbook, 3601 Fairbank Avenue, Kanasa
City, Kansas 661100, USA.
3. Driscoll, F.G. 1987. Groundwater and Wells, Johnson Division, St. Paul,
Minnesota, 55112, USA.

77

Course Title:

Project ReportII

Credit Hour : 3(0-3)

Execution of the selected project and preparation of report.

78

ENGINEERING ELECTIVE COURSES

1.

ELECTIVE COURSES: IRRIGATION

Hydraulic Machinery

Credit hours 3(2-1)

Introduction: Definition, types and uses of hydraulic machinery.

Steady incompressible flow in pressure conduits: Laminar and turbulent flow in circular
pipes, major and minor energy losses in pipes, branching pipes, pipes in series, pipes in
parallel and pipe network analysis.
Similitude
and
dimensional analysis:
Geometric,
kinematic,
and
dynamic similarity, dimensionless numbers like Reynolds number, Froude number etc.,
and their application, application of similitude and dimensional analysis in
hydraulic model studies.
Similarity laws and factors for turbo-machines: Efficiency, similarities, restriction
on use of similarity laws, peripheral-velocity factor, specific speed.
Hydraulic
turbines:
Definition,
types of
turbines,
suitability of
turbines, components of turbines, inlet and outlet velocity diagrams, guide blade
angle, inlet and outlet vane angles WHP and BHP of turbine, hydraulic,
mechanical and overall efficiency of turbines, factors influencing the performance of
turbines.
Practical
1. Impact of jet on stationary flat and curved vanes.
2. Measurement of various losses through pipes and pipe fittings.
3. Verification of Reynolds number.
4. Components and operational characteristics of various pumps.
Books Recommended
1. Clot Industries 1979. Hydraulic Handbook, 3601 Fairbank Avenue,
Kanasa City, Kansas 661100, USA.
2. Franzini,
J.B. and
Finnemore, E.J. 2003. Fluid Mechanics
with Engineering Application. McGraw Hill Book Co., Singapore.
3. Jain, A.K. 1990. Fluid Mechanics: A Text Book for Engineering Students.
4. Khana Publishers, New Delhi, India.
5. Streeter, V.L. 1988. Fluid Mechanics. McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
5. Franzini,
J.B. and
Finnemore, E.J. 2003. Fluid Mechanics
with Engineering Applications. McGraw Hill Book Co. Singapore.

79

Soil Dynamics

Credit Hours

3(2-1)

Retaining Walls: Definition, purpose and classification, forces acting on earth

retaining structures. Lateral earth pressure. Coulomb's earth pressure theory,
assumptions, deficiencies in Coulomb's earth pressure theory. Methods of force
projection, active earth pressure, derivation of active earth pressure, passive earth
pressure, derivation of passive earth pressure, stress distribution diagram. Surcharge,
various kinds of surcharge.
Earth Pressure: Kinds of lateral earth pressure, Rankine earth pressure theory, stability of
slopes, stability analysis infinite and finite slope.
Bearing Capacity of Soil: Definition of bearing capacity. Factors affecting bearing
capacity, classification
of
foundations. Stability
requirements of
a foundation, methods of determining bearing capacity, load and settlement,
soil loading test.
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.

Determination of consolidation under given load.

Determination of shear strength of soil.
Coulombs earth pressure theory.
Methods of force projection.

Books Recommended
1. Jumikis, A.R. 1994. Soil Mechanics, D. Van Nostrand Company Inc.,
Princeton, New Jersey.
2. Terzaghi, K. 1997. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
3. Mckeyes, E. 1989. Agricultural Engineering Soil Mechanics. Elsevier New York.
4. Smith, G.N. 1990. Elements of Soil Mechanics. BSP Professional Books, Oxford.

80

Water Management Engineering

Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Water Course Design and Improvement

Introduction, Planning for watercourse improvement. Design criteria. Hydraulics of
watercourse design, Different cross sections of watercourse, Water course design.
Materials and procedures, Moghas, Construction of unlined and lined watercourses,
OFWM structures (conveyance, control).
Precision Land Leveling
Precision land leveling, Objective, Advantages and disadvantages of land leveling, Farm
assessment and layout, Traditional survey layout procedure. Adjustment of borrow and
fill, procedure for sloping fields, Land leveling maintenance.
Water Storage Tanks
Sizing a water storage tanks, Considerations in sizing water storage tanks, General
criteria, Design of storage tanks, construction of water storage tank, Preparatory works,
Materials and procedures, Concrete base, Brick or stone walls, Concrete walls, Back
filling. Stone pitching, Quantities.
Water Harvesting
Introduction, Goals and objectives, Site selection, Area appraisals, Topographical
surveys, Land use plane and work plane, Land development and conservation structures,
Leveling, terracing, improved bunds, improved tillage, field spillways, water ways,
diversion ditches, Storage structures, Water balance, Site investigation, Water retention
dams/ponds.
Agronomy Practices for Water Management
Development of Crops and Cropping Systems, Principles of Crop Management,
Management of land and Soil, Seed and Sowing, Fertilizers and Nutrients, Crop
protection, Harvest and Post-harvest Technology Centers, Objectives, Selection, and
conduction of Farm Demonstration Centers, Extension Methods.
Conjunctive Use of Water
Conjunctive use of saline groundwater. Effects of sediment and salinity on conjunctive
use of water.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1.

On Farm Water Management Field Manuals, (Revised 1996-97)

a. Vol. IV Watercourse Design and Improvement.

81

b. ii)
Vol.V Land Development Precision Land Leveling and level
Border Design.
c. iii)
Vol.VI Irrigation Agronomy.
d. Vol.VII Water Storage Tanks.
e. Vol. X Water Harvesting and Spate Irrigation
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (Federal Water Management
cell)
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.
2.

Hoffman, G. J, T.A. Howell and K.H. Solomon, (1992). Management of

Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE.

Course Title:

Ground Water Hydrology

Credit Hours: 3(3-0)

Introduction
Basic concepts of Ground Water and Soil water, Types of subsurface water, Water
Potential, Aquifer types, Soil water movement and Ground water movement, Forms and
origins of Ground water, Aquifer functions, Porosity, Storage coefficient, Hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity.
Ground Water Movement
Darcys Law and its applications, Observation wells, Peizometers, Flow nets,
Streamlines, Equipotential lines, Steady and non-steady flow.
Contamination in Ground Water (The teacher will elaborate this topic to the students)
Well Hydraulics
Steady flow in confined and un-confined aquifers, Steady flow in confined with uniform
recharge, Unsteady flow in un-confined aquifer, Wells near aquifer boundaries, Multiple
well system, Specific capacity, Well losses, Well efficiency and aquifer testing.
Construction of Tube Wells
Well drilling methods, selecting and setting of screens, design and placing of gravel pack,
methods of well development, Tube well performance tests.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1.

Johnson, 1988. Ground Water & Wells Johson and Co. USA
82

2.
3.
4.

Ranghunath, H.M. 1987. Ground Water Willy Eastern Ltd. Singapur

Bouwer, H. 1996. Ground water Hydrology Mc Graw Hill Inc. New
York
Ahmad, N. 1985. Ground water Resources of Pakistan Shahzad Nazir
Publisher, Gulberg-III, Lahore

Course Title: Farm Irrigation Systems

Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Farm Irrigation Systems and Systems Design Fundamentals

Functions of farm irrigation systems, Types of farm irrigation systems such as diversion
methods, conveyance methods, and application methods, Design of farm irrigation
systems, Data for design, Water source evaluation and determination of daily design
requirements.
Crop Water Requirements
Plant soil relationship, Evapotranspiration, Determination of evapotranspiration and
irrigation scheduling.
Surface Irrigation
Different methods of surface irrigation, furrow irrigation, border irrigation and basin
irrigation, Surface irrigation process, Effectiveness of surface irrigation i.e. uniformity,
application efficiency etc. Design of surface irrigation system, Infiltration data for surface
irrigation, Design of furrow, border and basin irrigation systems.
Sprinkle Irrigation System
Advantages and disadvantages of the system, Types of sprinkle system, Components of
sprinkle system, Design of set-move including its layout, number of lateral operated per
irrigation set and sprinkle selection.
Trickle Irrigation
Advantages and disadvantages of trickle irrigation, Problems associated with trickle
irrigation, Trickle irrigation methods, Trickle irrigation system components, Trickle
irrigation laterals, Mainlines and manifolds, Control heads and control of trickle
irrigation clogging.

83

Practical
1. Design and layout of surface irrigation methods for a given field.
2. Field evaluation of surface irrigation system.
3. Design and evaluation of sprinkler irrigation system for a given field.
4. Design and evaluation of drip irrigation system
5. Evaluation of surface irrigation system using appropriate computer
6. Software (BASCAD etc.)
7. Preparing irrigation schedule of cropped field.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. James, L. G. (1988). Principles of Farm Irrigation System Design. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Walker, W. R. and G. V. Skoegerboe, (1987). Surface Irrigation Theory and
Practices. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
2. Ahmad, N. (1987) Irrigated Agriculture. MirajDin Press, Urdu Bazar, Lahore,
Pakistan.
3. Crop Water requirement by F.A.O

84

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING

3(2-1)

Introduction: Land and water resources of Pakistan, soil and water conservation problems
and its importance, soil and water conservation practices in Pakistan. Water
Conservation: Definition of drought, effects of drought. Water stored in soil. Decreasing
runoff. Reducing evaporation. Reducing deep percolation.
Preventing losses from storage. Rainfall and Runoff Relationship: Factors affecting
runoff, rainfall characteristics related to erosion. Analysis of precipitation data and
effective precipitation. Water Erosion and Control Practices: Factors affecting erosion by
water, types of water erosion, mechanics of erosion, forms of water erosion, universal
soil loss equation and its components, soil loss estimation and erosion control practices.
Wind Erosion and Control Practices: The mechanics of detachment, transport and
deposition of soil particles, estimation of soil loss by wind erosion and control practices.
Conservation Techniques: Terracing; Functions, classifications, design, location and
maintenance. Contour farming; Water Harvesting; Principles and techniques, short and
long term methods.
Vegetated Waterways: Use, design and maintenance of vegetated waterways.
Conservation Structures: Functional requirements of structures, limitations and design of
drop spillways, culverts and pipe spillways. Watershed: Definition, watershed
characteristics, importance of watershed management in water resources. Embankments
and Farm Ponds: Types, foundation requirements and design of earth embankments,
mechanical spillways, flood or emergency spillways, types, requirements, site selection
and design of farm ponds.
Practical
Measurements of soil loss from splash erosion by rainfall simulator.
Measurements of soil loss using universal soil loss equation.
Demonstration of moisture conservation techniques.
Field visit to areas with water and wind erosion prevailing.
Books Recommended
1. Suresh, R. 2000. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Standard
publishers Distributors, 1705-B Nai Sarak, Delhi, India.
2. Schwab, G. O., Fervert, R.K., Edminster, T.W. and Barens. K.K. 1993.
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Kirkby, M.J. 1980. Soil Erosion. John Willey & Sons, New York.
4. Linsely, R.K. and Franzini, Joseph. 1996. Water Resources Engineering.
McGraw Hill. FAO.
5. Dastane, N. G. 1979. Effective Rainfall. FAO, Irrigation and Drainage
Paper 25, Rome, Italy.
6. Hudson, N. 1976. Soil conservation, BT Batsford Ltd. Morga RPC.
7. Schwab G. O., D.D. Fangmeier. W.J. Elloit and R.K. Frevert. 1992. Soil
and Water Conservation Engineering. 4th Edition. John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
8. Frederick, R.T. and J. A. Hobbs. 1991. Soil and Water Conservation.
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.

85

Surface Water Hydrology

Credit hours 03

Hydrologic processes: Introduction, Hydrologic cycle and its components,

importance of hydrology, climatic factors, estimation of precipitable water, snowcover
and
snow fall, stream
flow, water stage, discharge, interpretation
of
stream flow data evaporation
and
transpiration, Evapotranspiration and its
estimate using different methods.
Hydrologic Analysis: Hydrograph and its characteristics, Run off and its
components, recessions, hydrograph separation, rainfall-runoff relations, phenomenon
of runoff estimating the volume of storm runoff, estimating snow melt runoff,
seasonal and annual runoff relations, hydrograph of runoff unit hydrograph its
derivation and application, overland flow.
Hydrologic routing: Introduction, River routing level pool routing, linear reservoir model,
Muskingam method.
Hydrologic Models: definition, classification of models, development, calibration,
verification and application of models.
Practical

1. Demonstration of weather recording instruments and practice in taking actual data

from weather stations including a visit to weather station.
2. Measuring runoff in the field by different techniques.
3. Development of unit hydrograph and its use.
4. Frequency analysis of rainfall data.
5. Measuring infiltration rate in the field.
Books Recommended
1. Awan, N.M. 1981. Surface Water Hydrology, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
2. Linsely, R.K., Kohler, J.L.H. Paulhyus 1996. Hydrology for Engineers, SI.
Edition, McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd.
3. ard, R.C., Robinson, M. 1990. Principles of Hydrology, McGraw Hill Book
Co., London.
4. Wilson, E. M. 1990. Engineering Hydrology, Macmillan Civil engineering
hydraulics .N.Y.

86

PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

3(2-1)

Project Planning, Scheduling and Controlling by Deterministic Models: project planning

activities, Rectangular bar chart, CPM, developing a critical path schedule, determining
the minimum total cost of a project, Manual versus computer analysis of critical path
methods, preparing a execution schedule, scheduling resources, delivering Materials,
scheduling laborers, Financing the project, Job layout, Project control during
construction, keeping equipment records, Project supervision. construction cost control,
cost control records. Project Planning, Scheduling and Controlling by Probabilistic
Models: PERT project Evaluation & Review Technique, Statistical tools as mean
variance. Standard Deviation. Probability distribution, beta courses, center limit, Use of
computer software in project management and planning. claims and arbitration: claims,
escalation, indexation, arbitration and litigation. Factors Affecting the Selection of
Equipment and Tools: standard types of equipment, special equipment, the cost of
owning and operating equipment, depreciation cost, straight line depreciation, decline
balance method, sum of the year, digit method, Investment costs, operating costs,
economical life of construction equipment, cost of depreciation and replacement,
Maintenance and repair costs, down time costs, economical cost of equipment, sources of
construction equipment. .labour problems, labour organization, prevention and settlement
of disputes.
Practical
Preparing a PC-I project proposal for a small irrigation project

Books Recommended
1.
Guidelines of the Planning Commission on Project Planning Execution and
monitoring.

87

IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

3(2-1)

Introduction: Concept of water management and its developments in Pakistan,

components of water management. Water distribution: Irrigation system management,
warabandi-types, rotation system advantages and disadvantages, constraints of
warabandi.
Soil-water plant Relationship: Soil moisture and its types, soil moisture characteristics,
field capacity, wilting point, total available water, management allowed deficit,
infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity.
Efficiencies: Definition, conveyance, application and storage efficiencies, irrigation
efficiency, irrigation system efficiency. Land Leveling: Importance of land leveling in
water management, topographic survey, system layout, determining cuts and fills,
land
leveling equipment, laser land leveling and use of total station. Discharge
Measurement: Units of measurement, equipment and methods of measurement,
interpretation of discharge data, water losses. Watercourse Design and Maintenance:
Hydraulics of open channel flow, flow profiles, design of watercourse for a command,
watercourse structures, cleaning and maintenance of watercourses. Watercourse
Construction:
Construction
requirements
and
procedure, materials for
construction, construction machinery, cost of watercourse lining and improvement.
Lining of Watercourse: Materials of lining, lining techniques, cost estimate of lining
Practical
Determination of field capacity and wilting points of a soil sample.
Land leveling of a given field and cost estimate.
Field visits of earthen and lined water courses.
Flow measurement in a watercourse and interpretation of data.
Books Recommended
1. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. 1998. Crop
evapotranspiration (Guidelines for computing crop water requirements),
FAO 56, Rome, Italy.
2. OFWM. 1991. OFWM Field Manual 1-4, Federal Water Management
Cell. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad, Pakistan.
3. Jensen, M.E, 1981, Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation System.
ASAE, Monograph, USA

88

DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS

3(2-1)

Drainage Problems: Drainage systems in Pakistan and their extent. Current drainage
practices; benefits of drainage; occurrence of water in the soil, source of excess water,
pressures in the soil water, water table, ground water flow (Darcy"s Law), saturated flow
theory, flow through stratified soils, hydraulic conductivity and its measurement,
drainable pore volume, salinity and water movement; leaching requirements; drainage
requirements. Salt affected soils, their classification. Diagnoses and improvement of soil
affected soils. Planning and design of drainage system. Field investigation, stages of
project planning, design of pipe drainage system.
Surface Drainage: Design of open ditches; methods of construction; different ditch
systems; maintenance of open drains. Interceptor drains and their design.
Sub-Surface drainage: Tile drains, mole drains; depth and spacing. Design criteria (steady
and non steady state); drainage coefficient; length and size of the tile drains. Outlets for
tile drains. Size and length of perorated pipes (pvc) for subsurface drains.
Vertical Drainage: Design and material. sump and pumps, experience of vertical drainage
in Pakistan.
Practical
Verification of Darcy's Law by laboratory methods, Measurement of seepage losses.
Determination of water table, Saturated hydraulic conductivity by piezometers, Auger
hole, planning of a subsurface drainage system and outlet with
design of a sump; Visit of Drainage Projects.
Computation of
drainage basin.

leaching

requirement

and

drainage

coefficient

of

Books Recommended
1. Siddiqui, I. H. 2003. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. Royal Book
Company, BG-Rex Centre Fatima Jinnah Road, Karachi.
2. ILRI (1979-80) Drainage Principles and Applications. Publication 16,
Vol.I-IV, Netherlands.
3. Smedema, L.K. and F.W., Rycroft. 1983. Land Drainage: Planning and
Design of Agricultural Drainage Systems, Batsford (BJ) Ltd.,
Fitzhardinag Street, London
4. Luthin, M. 1974. Drainage Engineering. John Willy and Sons.

89

LAND RECLAMATION

3(2-1)

Salt Affected Soils: types, extent and causes, origin of salt in soils, origin and nature of
saline and sodic, alkali and waterlogged soils, exchangeable bases and cation exchange in
soil, soil reaction, solute movement of water in soil, pH value of soil and its significance.
Soil Reclamation: reclamation techniques, saline soils leaching requirements,
amendments for sodic soils, gypsum requirements. Management of Salt Affected Soils:
provision of surface, subsurface or vertical drainage, salt tolerance crops, agronomic
practices, manures, irrigation practices. Management of Waterlogged Soils: causes,
extent and remedial measures, effect of waterlogging on plant growth, management of
waterlogged soils, irrigation water quality effects on soil environment.
Practical
Measurement of infiltration rate of saline, sodic and waterlogged soils, movement of
solutes, preparation of soil paste and soil saturation extract, chemical analysis for pH, EC,
SAR, ESP, and cations and anions, quality of irrigation water, water table depth
measurements.
Books Recommended
1. Abrol, I.., J.S.S.P Yadav and F.I. Masood, 1988. Salt affected soils and their
management. Soil Bull. 390. FAO. Rome Italy.
2. Bresler, E., B.L. McNeal and D.L. Carter. 1982. Saline and Sodic Soils,
Principles,Dynamics,Modeling. Springer,Verlag, New York.
3. Tanji, K.K. 1990. Agricultural salinity assessment and management. ASCE
No.71, New York, USA.
4. Gupta, I.C. 1990. Use of saline water in Agriculture. Oxford and IBH Pub.
Co., New Delhi, India.

90

QUANTITY SURVEY AND COST ESTIMATION

3(3-0)

Scope: Scope of civil engineering works; General practice in government departments for
schedule of rates and specifications; Rate analysis; Specifications for various items of
construction.
Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q) & Measurement Book (M.B): Types and methods of
estimates, Working out quantities, rates and cost analysis of construction materials;
Valuation, depreciation and sinking fund.
Contents and preparation of bills of quantities for different projects like irrigation,
roads, sanitary, building etc. and maintaining of Measurement Books. Measurement,
specification and costing of excavation and back filling, mass concrete retaining walls,
beams, concrete piles, steel or wooden truss or steel framed gantry, estate road, sewer
and water main pipe works, Priced bill of quantity.
Tendering: Preparation of civil engineering contracts and tender documents. Introduction
to claims and conflicts resolution e.g. escalation, indexation, arbitration and litigation.
Evaluation of proposals and contracts.
Books Recommended
1. E.W. Steel and Terence J. Mc GHEE, Estimating & Costing,
2. S. Dutta, Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering, 22ndPP ed. S. Dutta &
Co. Lakhnow
3. D.D.Kohli, Estimating, Costing and Accounts, 9thPP ed. S.Chand & Co. Pvt.
Ltd.
4. Keith Collier, Fundamentals of construction. Estimating & Cost Accounting, Mc Graw
Hill Book Co.

91

2.

ENGINEERING ELECTIVES:
MACHINERY
Design of Agricultural Machinery

FARM
Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Philosophy of Design
Formulating of procedure, importance of machine design in Agricultural Machinery,
Reliability, Engineering Standards, User economics.
Tolerance Design and Statistics
Tolerance and allowances, application of statistics to manufacturing.
Stresses
Stress failure theory, Designing for deflection, Strain determinations, Stresses caused by
impact.
Power Transmissions
V-Belt forces, kinematics and design procedure, Chain drive, Forces, selection and
design procedure. Universal Joints, description and functioning in Agricultural
Machinery.
Linkages in Farm Machinery
Velocity and acceleration determination, Four bar mechanism, Machinery mechanism,
Forces on plows and discs.
Hydraulic Power System
Hydrostatic drives and hydraulic pumps, Pump performance and rating, Hydraulic motors
performance and rating, Control valves, Hoses and fitting, Cylinders.
Design of Surfaces of Plow Bottoms
Design of moldboard plow and disk plow.
Stability of Plows
Force equilibrium and stability, Supporting elements, Plow stability in horizontal plane,
Procedure for measuring the quality and testing plows.

92

Practical
1. Chain and belt drives design and installation.
2. Determine the angular relation between the input and output of universal joints.
3. Analysis of thresher.
4. Calculate the forces in three-point hitch of tractor.
5. Visit to Farm Machinery Institute for Implement evaluation.
6. Assembling and disassembly of seed planter, sprayer and engine.
7. Analysis and construction of agricultural machines.
8. Design methods of a mould board plow.
9. Design methods of chisel plow.
10. Design methods of disc plow.
11. To Study the Different Hydraulic Systems using Hydraulic Circuit Trainer.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Krutz, G., L. Thompson and P. Claar. (1984). Design of Agricultural Machinery.
John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA.
2. Bernacki, H. J. Haman, C. Kanafojski, Agricultural Machines, Theory and
Construction, Vol. I , U.S. Department of Commerce.
3. Shigley, J.E. and C. R. Mischhe, (2000). Mechanical Engineering Design. Fifth
Edition. McGraw Hill Publications Inc. USA.

93

Boiler Engineering and Power Plants

Credit Hours 3(2-1)

Boiler Engineering: Introduction, types, construction, mounting, accessories steam cycle,

steam nozzles, supersaturated expansion in nozzles, heat drop in saturated and
supersaturated expansion, steam injector, steam turbine, work done, velocity diagram,
work done in blading, velocity compounding, pressure compounding, impulse turbine,
heat account for boiler and turbine, amount of fuel burnt, acceptance tests, analysis and
calorific value of fuel, analysis of flue gases, amount of steam produced, pressure and
quality of steam, design of boiler and pressure control system devices. Properties of
steam, enthalpy of water, dryness fraction, enthalpy of wet steam, use of steam tables,
super heated steam, internal energy of steam.
Power Plants:Steam Plants: Introduction, general layout of modern steam plants, steam
generators, engines and auxiliary components, back pressure and pass out turbines,
deviation of actual cycle from ideal, turbine pump and condenser.
Gas Turbine and Power Plants: Introduction, the gas turbine cycle, modification in
basic cycle, isentropic
efficiency
of
compressors and
turbines, intercooling and reheating, explosion type gas turbine with solar
heating, development and improvement in gas turbine. Jet propulsion plant,
comparison of steam and gas power plants.
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Demonstration and inspection of different types of boilers.

Determination of calorific value of fuel
Analysis of flue gases using gas analyzer
Quality analysis of steam
Measurement of impulse force on vane of turbine
Assessment of power generation at output shaft
Visit to different power plants
Visit to sugar and textile industries to study boilers and steam power.
Visit to nuclear and steam power plants.

Books Recommended
1. Chattopadhyay, P. 2000. Boiler Operation Engineering. TATA McGraw HillPub.
Co. Ltd., New Dehli, India.
2. Kearton, W. J. 1999. Steam turbine theory and practice. 7th ed. CB
Spublishers & Distributors. New Delhi, India..
3. Granet, I. and M. Bluestein. 2001. Thermodynamics and heat power,
Pearson Education Asia.
4. Cengel, Y. A. R. H. Turner. 2005. Fundamentals of thermal fluid sciences.
McGraw Hill International.

94

Energy Resources and Management

Credit Hours 3(2-1)

Introduction: Overview of various types of energy sources (renewable and Nonrenewable) and its use in the country. Energy management/audit with reference
to:
fertilizer (organic/inorganic), chemical
controls,
irrigation,
mechanization, post harvest system and food consumption. Technological alternative
for efficient energy management in agriculture.
Energy reclamation from agricultural crops/wastes: Energy from biomass production.
Biogas, various types of biogas plants. Design, installation, operation and
management of biogas plants.
Solar Energy:Solar system, solar radiation, basic earth-sun angles, time derived
solar angles, estimation
of
solar radiation,
radiation
measurements, solar radiation collectors, various uses of solar energy in
domestic/agriculture, solar energy conservation
Wind energy: Wind energy potential in the country. Application of wind energy
(domestic / agriculture). Importance of vertical and horizontal axis for wind mills, wind
operated pumps for water lifting.
Practicals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Estimation of energy requirements for major crops.

Performance/ evaluation of biogas plants
Estimation of solar and wind energies
Study of different types of solar dryers
Performance/evaluation of wind mills.
Analysis of engine performance for energy conservation.
Measurement of energy contents in diesel, biomass, and vegetable oil with
calorimeter.

Books Recommended

1. Sorensen, B. 2004. Renewable Energy. 2004. Elsevier Academic Press, UK

2. Singh, M. P. 2005. International Encyclopedia of energy. DAYA Publishing
House, Dehli, India
3. Board, N.
Handbook on biogas and its application. National Institute of
Industrial Research, Dehli, India
4. Pimental, D. 1993. Hand Book of Energy Utilization in Agriculture. CRC Press
Inc. Florida, USA.
5. Rai. G. D. 2001. Solar energy utilization. Khanna Publishers, N. Dehli,
India
6. Stout, B.A., 1990. Hand Book of energy for world agriculture. Elsevier Applied
Science Ltd.

95

Farm Machinery Management

Credit Hours 3(2-1)

Machine
performance: Machines
capacities;
time efficiency;
machine manoeuvrability; field patterns, factors effecting machine performance.
Power performance: Tractor power; draw bar power; PTO power, hydraulic power,
power measurement; tractor tests, Nebraska Tractor Tests.
Ergonomics: Introduction, operator skill, operator aids for control, machine sensors,
GPS role in machine control, operator safety and environment Machinery Management:
Machinery costs ownership costs, operating costs, and timeliness costs; machinery
selection and replacement.
Optimization: optimum use of machine, estimation of power for a machine, part load
operation, break even point, linear programming.
Hay and Forage harvesting: Mechanics of cutting plants; mowers; mover
conditioners, balers; impact cutting; curing and preservation of forage; wind rowing.
Grain harvesting:
Introduction, methods
and
equipment,
reaper and
windrowing; types of threshers, threshing cylinders, threshing losses, combine
harvesting: types of cutting heads and tracks for different crops(wheat, rice, maize,
sunflower), functional processes gathering, cutting, pickup, feeding, threshing,
separation, cleaning; combine losses and adjustments, performance evaluations.
Special crop machines:
Cotton harvester;
maize harvester;
sugarcane
harvester; potato harvester.
Precision
Farming:
Introduction, precision
farming
methods,
precision equipment- laser land levelling, sensors, variable rate application, role of GIS
and GPS in precision farming
Practicals
1. Measurement of Drawbar and PTO power of a tractor.
2. Calculation of field capacity of selected farm machinery.
3. Demonstration of reaper and thresher.
4. Demonstration of combine harvester.
5. Measurement of combine losses.
6. Measurement of maturity level of crop.
7. Thresher and Combine adjustments to solve grain breakage problem.
8. Study of cost analysis of combine harvesting.
9. Demonstration of laser land leveller and its adjustments.
10. Demonstration of GPS for precision farming.
Books Recommended
1. Hunt, D. 2003. Farm Power and Machinery Management. Iowa State University
Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
2. Kepner, R. A., R. Bainer,and E.L. Barger. 2000 Principles of Farm
Machinery, John Willey and sons, N.Y
3. Suresh, R. and S. Kumar. 2004. Farm power and machinery
engineering. Standard Publishers, New Delhi, India

96

4. Klenin Popov &

Sakun, 1995. Agricultural
Publishers Moscow, U.S. S.R.

Machines.

Kolos

97

Post Harvest Engineering

Credit Hours 3(2-1)

Introduction: Importance of cereal grains and other food products, food

preservation, the food cycle, important factors of food production.
Properties of Cereals: Cereal grains and their structure, physical properties,
biochemical properties.
Factors Affecting Grain Stability: Physical factors, biological factors, chemical factors,
thermal factors.
Post harvest Losses: Forms and measurement of post harvest losses, measures
to control losses.
Pre-storage handling of Food Products: Physiological maturity, harvesting, threshing,
collection, transportation, and receiving system.
Drying and Aeration: principle of drying, solar drying, artificial drying, types of dryers,
components of dryers, factors affecting drying rate, natural aeration,
artificial aeration,
methods
of
aeration,
air
conditioning/refrigeration.
Storage: Basic requirements for a storage structure, classification of storage
structure, types of Public storage structures, storage structure design, temporary and
permanent storage facilities, Non-conventional storage facilities, considerations in
selecting type of storage structure, problems in grain storage, stored grain pests, control
methods.
Grades and Standards: Importance of grades and standards, food quality,
establishing grades and standards, assessing the grade, grade factors and their
importance, grading equipment, representative sampling, WTO and its regulation
regarding quality control.
Practicals
1. Measurement of moisture content of grain, fibre, and other food
products
2. Measurement of size, shape, density, specific gravity, porosity, angle of repose,
coefficient of friction, hardness test.
3. Thermal
properties
of
biological
materials;
specific
heat, thermal conductivity.
4. Study of air conditioning and refrigeration plants.
5. Study of storage structures and their specifications.
6. Visits to public / private storage structures.
Books Recommended
1. Sahay, K. M. and K. K. Singh. 2002. Unit operation of agricultural
processing. 2nd ed. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
2. Pandey, H. H. K. Sharma, R. C. Chauhan, B. C. Sarkar and M. B. Bera. 2004.
Experiments in food process engineering. CBS Publishers and distributers,
New Delhi, India.
3. Toledo, R.T. 1980. Fundamentals of food processing engineering. AVI Pub. Co.,
Inc. Westport Connecticut.

98

4. Mohsenin, N.N. 1980. Thermal properties of food and agricultural

materials. Gordon and Breach, N.Y., USA.
5. Mclean, K.A. 1980. Drying and storing combinable crops. Farming Press,
Ltd. Wharfedale Road, Ipswich, Suffolk

99

Industrial Engineering and Management

Credit hours 3(2-1)

Introduction: Industrialization and industrial policies of Pakistan; Classification of agrobased industries,

management, operations
research,
system engineering,
statistics, ergonomics, manufacturing engineering, ISO & WTO regulations
Production System Design: Mill and Plant Layout; Line Diagrams; Flow
Diagrams, Work measurement,
General
Terminologies
used
in
physical
measurements.
Product System control:
Inventory control, production control, production
planning, quality control, statistical process control charts, sampling plan, total
quality management,
Industrial Management: Definition of Management; Functions of Management:
Personal Management; human resource development, Policy Formulation and decision
Making. Materials Purchase and Stores Management. Cost Management. Production
Routing, Scheduling and Dispatch Management
Operations Research: introduction, linear programming, graphical and algebraic method,
transportation algorithm, assignment algorithm, queuing theory and simulation.
Engineering Economy: Pricing, costing, interest calculation, present worth, future
worth, annual rate of return, annual cost method, return on investment, payback
method, cost control engineering.
Industrial Safety Engineering: Safety Measures, Accidents Causes, Job Safety Analysis.
Machine Guards and Safety Equipment; Control of Noise, Contaminants and
Radiation/heat etc.
Health hazards
and
Safety Management. Health and
Safety Policies.
Industrial Environmental Communication and Pollution: Industrial Environmental
Education;
Factors Affecting
Environment
of
different
industries; Environmental Planning, Monitoring and Control Strategies of Recycling
Materials for Ecological balance. What is Pollution; Sources of Pollution, e.g.
Natural Sources, Industrial Sources, Point Sources and Non-Point Sources. Industrial
Revolution and its Impact on Soil, Water, Air and human health.Effect
of Unplanned
Technological growth on
Environmental Pollution.
Practicals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Study of organizational structures of selected industries.

Study of plant/factory layout principles.
Estimation of air, water, and soil pollutants of selected industries.
Study of different types of cleaners and conveyors.
Evaluation of different storage techniques.
Visit to local vendor Industries.
Student projects

Books Recommended
1. Ahuja, K.K. 1994. Factory organization and principles of management, Khanna
Publishers, Delhi.

100

2. Hicks. P.
1994. Industrial
engineering and
management. 2nd ed.
McGraw Hill International Edition. N. Y.
3. Kumar, B. 2001. Industrial Engineering, Khanna Publishers, Nath
Market, Delhi, India.
4. Dalela, D. S. and Ali. D. Mansoor. 1992. A Text Book of Industrial
Engineerin and
Management System.
Standard
Publishers
and Distributors, Delhi.
5. Telsang, M. 2004. Industrial engineering and production management. Tata
Mcgraw Hill. N. Delhi, In

101

REVERSE ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 3(2-1)

Objective:
Optimization of mechanical inputs
Providing ingenious and indigenization solutions to problems
Economization / cost reduction

Content:
Overview
Definition and scope
Steps Involved in Various Stages of Reverse Engineering;
Analysis of functionality of the design: a) List of functional attributes of the
machine/part. b) Attributes to be added/Modified by re-engineering;
Exploding/Disassembling the Sub-assembly and Making the BOM (Bill of
Materials);
Materials Scanning for each Component: Physical Properties, Hardness and Tensile
testing, Chemical testing- Materials Spectrometry, Functional validation of materials
selection and performance, Recommended Improvement and/or modification in Materials
etc;
Metrological Probing in Reverse Engineering:
Scanning of the parts, 3-D drawings with various design softwares
Creating the Computer Aided Dimensional Parameter: Creating the Manufacturing
processes by closely analyzing the manufacturing requirements of each part;
Practical:
1. Drafting the Modified Parts: Create 2D drafts or 3D models of the parts in the
BOM. (Depending on the Criticality or the Manufacturability of the parts) in
BOM. (use Solid-works).
2. Create the complete Drawing folder for the BOM
3. Create assembly model in Solidworks. Perform actual Assembly.
4. Create Request for quote (RFQ) package for local vendors
5. Test of Modified Functional Paramters.
Recommended Books:
1. Krutz, G., L. Thompson and P. Claar. (1984). Design of Agricultural Machinery.
John Wiley and Sons Inc. USA.
2. Bernacki, H. J. Haman, C. Kanafojski, Agricultural Machines, Theory and
Construction, Vol. I , U.S. Department of Commerce.

102

3. Shigley, J.E. and C. R. Mischhe, (2000). Mechanical Engineering Design. Fifth

Edition. McGraw Hill Publications Inc. USA.
4.

Donald H. Nelson and George Schneider, JR. 2001, Applied manufacturing

process planning. Prentice- Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
USA.

103

4. Engineering Electives:
Environmental Engineering
Water Quality Management

3(2-1)

Introduction: Definition and concepts, irrigation and drainage water quality, water
quality terminology, water quality objectives, quality criteria and standards for
irrigation water carcinogenic/non carcinogenic substances, water quality status in
Pakistan.
Water treatment:
Water pollution
and
their sources,
water
treatment techniques i.e.
coagulation, softening,
mixing and
flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration etc.
Draingage Effluents and Management Techniques: Sources of drainage water,
characteristics, quality of drainage water, alternates for disposal of drainage
water drainage water reuse techniques, crop management, soil management techniques,
chemical management techniques, drainage and leaching fractions, concepts of
preferential flow.
Agricultural chemicals and Groundwater Contamination: Agricultural chemical, their
uses, trends and
properties
concept
of
nitrate nitrogen
and
pesticides transport ;through the soils, behavior of agricultural chemicals in flooded/water
logged soils, management practices
to
avoid groundwater contamination.
Practical
1. Analysis of drainage water for irrigation purposes.
2. Waste water analysis for BOP, COD and other chemicals.
3. Visit to waste water treatment plants, drainage system and drainage reuse
sites
4. Use of computer software to assess non-point source pollution.
Books Recommended
1. Mckenzie L. David A. Cornwell 1991. Introduction to Environmental
Engineering.
2. Tyagi, O.D. and M. Mehar, 1990. Environmental Chemistry, Report No.103.
Agriculture and groundwater quality. Form Council for Agricultural Science and
Technology.
3. Rosenberg, N.J. and Blad, B.L. Microclimate. 1983. the biological environment.
2nd edition, John Willey and Sons, N.Y.

104

Environmental Management System in Industry Credit Hours 3(3-0)

Environmental Management System,
benefits
of
an
EMS, ISO
14000, principles behind the ISO 14000 series, trade issues associated with ISO
14000, ISO 14001 audits, Guidelines for Self-monitoring and Reporting by the Industry ,
Guidelines
for
Industrial
Effluents
and
Gaseous Emissions,
Categorization Of Industries, Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act
(1997), Legislation For Environmental Control. Cleaner Production Techniques for
Industries.
Books Recommended
1. Crognale, G. 1999. Environmental Management Strategies: The 21st Century
Perspective. Air and Waste Management Association, Sewickley, PA , USA.
2. Wall, J. D. 1980. Environmental Management Hand Book. Welf Publishing Co.,
London.
3. ISO 14000 Standards Manual
4. Pak EPA Act, 1997

105

Solids Waste Management

Credit Hours 3(3-0)

Farm Wastes:
Sources
and
types, bio-chemical properties
of
Wastes.
Composition and generation rates. Waste handling and storage methods. Waste
collection techniques. Transfer and transportation means and methods. Some
typical wastes.
Recycling and Management: Recycling of wastes; By products of cereals,
legumes, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables. Crop, livestock and aquatic waste utilization in
various industries, Fermentation of by-products and waste, Furnaces and
boilers
run
on
agricultural wastes and
by-products, Generation of electricity using
surplus biomass.
Identification of various agricultural wastes, study and operation of equipments used for
size reduction, digesting and processing of wastes and by- products. Study and
operation of equipment/machines used for utilizing various wastes, Incinerator.
Study of techniques for bio-gas production utilizing plant and animal waste.
Utilization of agricultural wastes for production of manure and animal feed.

Books Recommended
1. Jorgenser, S.E. 1992. Industrial Waste Water Management. Elsevier
2. Scientific Publishing Co., USA.
3. Grundey, K. 1988. Tackling Farm Wastes. Farming Press Ltd. Suffolk,
England.
4. Muller, Z. O. 1982. Feed from Animal Production and Health FAO Paper No. 28.
5. Shuller, M. L. 1980. The Utilization and Recycle of Agricultural Wastes
and Residues. CRC Press Inc. 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W. Boca Raton Florida
USA.
6. Irena, T. and H.E. Allen. 2004. Solid Waste Assessment Monitoring and
Remediation.

106

WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

3(2-1)

Introduction: overview of water supply and sanitation in Pakistan; Health Aspects of

Water Supply and Sanitation; Water availability standards. Water Supply: sources of
water, Choices of water sources (spring, wells etc) and their protection. Design and
construction of Tubewells, Dug wells and handpumps.
Forecasting population, Consumption for various purposes, Factor effecting
consumption, Analysis Impurities in water, Physical tests, chemical tests, Bacteriological
tests. Economics of community water supply, Planning and design of low cost water
supply schemes. Water Treatment and Distribution : sedimentation tank, Coagulation,
Flocculation, Usual coagulants, Mixing devices, Filtration, Filter sand, Classification of
filters, disinfections, Chlorination. Sanitation: purpose of sanitation, Site for sewage
treatment work, Water borne and helminth diseases and their control, Health and water
chemistry, Planning and design of low cost sanitation. Composting and biogas, sanitation
and irrigation, Agriculture and aqua cultural reuse.
Practical
Assessment of water supply demand of a community, Design of a water supply project
Determination of physical, and chemical characteristics of drinking water, Determination
of Bacteriological characteristics (Coliform count) of water and waste water. Visit to a
drinking water treatment plant.
Books Recommended
1. Steel, W. Ernest. 1999. Water supply and Sewerage. McGraw Hill Book Co.
USA.
2. Cairncross, S. and R.G. Feachem. 1993. Environmental Health Engineering in the
Tropics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York .
3. Feachem, R.G., M. McGarry, and D. Mara, 1977. Water, Wastes and Health in
Hot Climates. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,

107

Meteorology and Climate Change 3(2-1)

The Principles, Aims and Scope, Elements of Climate and Weather. Dynamics of Earths
Atmosphere. Radiation and Heating of the Atmospheric System, Atmospheric Moisture.
The Dynamics of Pressure and Wind Systems, Condensation and the Precipitation
Process, Seasonal Variations in Temperature Daylight, Radiation, Seasonal Variation in
Rainfall and Evaporation. Equipment and Maintenance of a Standard Meteorological
Station, Measurement of Air Pressure, Wind Speed, Wind; Direction, Radiation and
Sunshine Duration.
Measurement of Evaporation and Evapotranspiration and the Maintenance of a Standard
Meteorological Station, Climate and Agriculture in the Tropics.
Practical
Determination of Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Sunshine hours, Precipitation, Wet
and Dry bulb thermometer and other weather parameters in a weather station.
Books Recommended
1. Ayoade, J.O. (2004).Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics. Ibadan:
Spectrum Books Limited.
2. Ayoade, J.O.(2002).Introduction to Agro Climatology. Ibadan: Vantage
Publishers.
3. Donald Ahren C. (1994). Meteorology Today. An Introduction to Weather,
Climate and the Environment (5th ed). U.S.A: West Publishing Company.
4. Ojo,O.et al (2001) .Fundamentals of Physical and Dynamic Climatology
Lagos:SEDEC Publishers.

108

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

3(3-0)

Introduction: EIA as a Tool for Sustainable Development, Process and Framework for
EIA, Guidelines and Legal Aspects, Environmental Settings, Methodologies of EIA,
Assessing Regional and Sectoral Level Impacts, Computational Modeling, GIS
Applications, Knowledge Based Expert Systems and Soft computing Applications,
Environmental Management Plan , Challenges in Preparation of EIA Reports, Case
Studies of Engineering Projects , Future of EIA in Pakistan: Status, Problems and
Remedial Actions
SOLID AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT

3(2-1)

Introduction to water supply and wastewater. Why to treat water and wastewater. Water
quality parameters and standards. Sedimentastion and flocculation, Filtration, Chemical
treatment and softening; chemical treatment-adsorption and ion exchange. Disinfection,
Wastewater screening, primary treatment, biological reaction kenetics, stabilization
ponds. Activated sludge treatment. Trickling filters, biological contractors, nutrient
removal sludge handling and sludge digestion. Modern methods of water purification and
treatment.
Practical
Visit of small, medium and large water treatment plants and writing of a report on the
functioning and maintenance of the plants.
Visit of wastewater treatment plants in urban areas and writing a report of the visit of
plants.
Books Recommended
1. Mara, D. Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. London, UK:
Earthscan, 2003. ISBN: 1844070190.
2. Viessman, W., Jr., and M. J. Hammer. Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th
ed. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.
ISBN: 0131409700.
3. Droste, R. L. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. Hoboken,
NJ: Wiley & Sons, 1997. ISBN: 0471124443.

109

WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION

3(2-1)

Introduction: Definition and concepts, irrigation and drainage water quality, water quality
terminology, water quality objectives, quality criteria and standards for irrigation water
carcinogenic/non carcinogenic substances, water quality status in Pakistan.
Water treatment: Water pollution and their sources, water treatment techniques i.e.
coagulation, softening, mixing and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration etc.
Drainage Effluents and Management Techniques: Sources of drainage water,
characteristics, quality of drainage water, alternates for disposal of drainage water
drainage water reuse techniques, crop management, soil management techniques,
chemical management techniques, drainage and leaching fractions, concepts of
preferential flow.
Agricultural chemicals and Groundwater Contamination: Agricultural chemical, their
uses, trends and properties concept of nitrate nitrogen and pesticides transport ;through
the soils, behavior of agricultural chemicals in flooded/water logged soils, management
practices to avoid groundwater contamination.
Practical
Analysis of drainage water for irrigation purposes.
Waste water analysis for BOP, COD and other chemicals.
Visit to waste water treatment plants, drainage system and drainage
reuse sites Use of computer software to assess non-point source pollution.
Books Recommended
1. Mckenzie L. David A. Cornwell 1991. Introduction to Environmental
Engineering.
2. Tyagi, O.D. and M. Mehar, 1990. Environmental Chemistry, Report
No. 103. Agriculture and groundwater quality. Form Council for
Agricultural Science and Technology.
3. Rosenberg, N.J. and Blad, B.L. Microclimate. 1983. the biological
environment. 2nd edition, John Willey and Sons, N.Y.

110

Course Title: Engineering Materials

Credit Hours: 3(3-0)

Stones
Classification and characteristics of good building stones. Tests of stones. Quarrying and
dressing of stones. Artificial stones and its varieties, preservation of stone work.
Tiles and Bricks
Different kinds of tiles. Manufacture and uses of tiles. Coloring and glazing of tiles. Fire
tiles and bricks. Qualities of good bricks. Refractory bricks and ceramics.
Lime and Cement
Classification of lime. Properties and applications of lime. Types of cement.
Manufacturing process of cement. Determination of initial and final setting time. Normal
consistency.
Concrete and Mortars
Aggregates for concrete and mortars. Types of concrete. Water cement ratio. Workability
of concrete. Compaction and curing of concrete. Types and uses of mortars. Tests for
mortars.
Timber
Classification of trees, growth of timber trees. Methods of seasoning and sawing. Decay
and preservation of timber, Laminated materials.
Metals
Composition and properties of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Effect of various heat
treatments on the properties of steel and its alloys. Methods of corrosion control.
Paints, Plasters and Varnishes
Composition, preparation, properties, tests and uses of paints, plasters, varnishes and
distemper.

Miscellaneous Materials
Composition, varieties, properties and uses of glass, plastics, Laminates and adhesive.
Properties and uses of asphalt, rubber and asbestos.

111

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Haider, S.Z. 1985 Materials of Construction (2nd edition), Oxford University
Press, Pakistan
2. Surendra S. 1990 Engineering Materials. Vikas Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd. 5
Ansari Road, New Delhi 110002
3. Kulkarni, G.J. 1980. Text Book of Engineering Materials. Union Book Stall, M.A
Jinnah Road, Karachi.
4. Zaman, M.A. 1987 A text Book of Engineering Materials.

112

Course Title: Rural Electrification

Credit Hours: 3(2-1)

Objective:
To develop understanding regarding the concept / design of rural electrification
project and it usage in various agro based activates, farm structure and house etc.
Content:
Benefits of electricity in agriculture, elementary transmissions and distribution,
transformation voltage; basic principles, ratio of transformation, iron and copper losses;
regulation, auto-transformers, 3-phase transformers, delta star connections, scot
connection, constructional features and cooling of transformers; Electrical wiring
practices: farmstead and farm houses; Radiation: types of radiation and application in
agriculture; Resistance heating: units advantages and applications; Sensing elements and
fundamentals of control: response to environmental factor like temperature, pressure,
humidity, radiation etc. Selection of motors: single and three phase; Selection of
electrical wires and distribution types; Electrical wiring, electrical distribution systems,
electrical panel boards, one-way and two-way wirings/connections, single phase and
three phase connections.
Electricity Fundamentals
Nature of electric current, resistance and voltage, effect of temperature on resistance,
specific resistance, Ohms Law, units of power, arrangements of resister in series and
parallel, Kirchoffs Laws.
Electric Machines
a). DC Machines
DC generator, working principle, construction and types. DC motors, working
principle, construction and types
b). AC Machines
AC generators (Alternators), working principle and construction. AC motors operating
principles, single and three phase motors, various types of motors.
c). Transformers
Working principle, construction and types. EMF equation, ratio of transformation.
Electric Instruments
Introduction to electric instruments, types & application of different electric instruments
(Potentio-meter, strain gauges, electric transducers)

113

Farmstead Distribution System

Electric load, types of distribution centers, locating the distribution center, selection of
wire for feeder lines.
Electricity for Water Supply and Cooling
Horsepower required for pumping, wiring devices and control, energy cost of water
system, refrigeration cycle and refrigeration Control, calculating the product load and
space load.
Electricity for Heating
Advantages & disadvantages of electric heating, electric heating elements, electric
heating equipment, under heat brooders, infrared brooders, electric hot bed.
Electrical Control and Special Equipments
Switches, relays, push buttons, thermostats, time switches, floating switches, pressure
switches, milk cooler, electric fences & feed processing equipments.
Practicals:
1. Safety and precautionary measures of use of electrical appliances in the
machinery workshop and field.
2. Study of construction of panels of wiring systems.
3. Study of transformer types.
4. Use of motors for different operations in the machinery workshop at farm
buildings.
5. Practice on repair and adjustment of electrical alliances. (motors, switches, fuses
etc)
6. Electrical power tools and their application in agriculture and village homes.
7. Verification of Ohms Law
8. Verification of Kirchhoffs Law
9. Verification of Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
10. To study the construction of a transformer
11. To study the construction of D.C/A.C machine
12. Demonstration of an A.C Series and Parallel circuit
13. Study of the different types of wiring system

114

Recommended Text Books:

1. Farm electrical equipment handbook. 1950. Electrical institute. New York city
USA.
2. Hienton, T. 1958. Electricity in agricultural engineering. John Willey and sons.
N.Y city USA.
3.

Bhagat, R. P. 1993. Rural Electrification And Development, ISBN: 8171004997 Deep & Deep Publications
Pvt. Ltd. India.

1. Theraja, B. L. (2000). A Textbook of Electrical Technology, 21st Ed., Publication

Division of Nirja Const. & Development Co., Pvt. Ltd., Ram Nagar-India.
2. Golding, E.W. and F.C. Widdis. (1990). Electric Measurements and measuring
instruments, 5th edition. The English Language Book Society and Pitman
Publishers.
3. Brown, R. H. (1956). Farm Electrification. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.
4. Gustafson. (1980). Fundamental of Electricity for Agriculture. Van Nostraud Co.

115

ENGINEERING CREATIVITY

2(2-0)

CREATIVITY, Definition of creativity, characteristics of creative mind, need for

teaching creativity in present day society, management of creative personnel, qualities of
a good researcher and a research manager, creativity in research work, field and industry.
CRETIVITY AND PATENTS: Definition of patent, procedure to get and protect
patents. Safety in design of machinery and liability of inventor. Class discussion on
creative thoughts. Projects in creativity.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Buchele, W.F. 1985. Solving Industrial Problems of Agriculture. Industrial
Report, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State University, USA.
2. Stoops, J.K. 1977. The Child Wants to Learn Little. Brown and Company,
Canada.

116

as

117