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Chapter 14: Stress Concentrations: - Locally High Stresses Can Arise Due To

This document discusses stress concentrations that arise from various geometric discontinuities and defects. It provides analytical solutions for calculating stress concentration factors for basic shapes like circular and elliptical holes. The key points are: 1) Locally high stresses occur near abrupt changes in cross-section, contact points, material defects, and cracks. 2) The stress concentration factor is the ratio of maximum to nominal stress. Analytical solutions exist for simple geometries like circular and elliptical holes. 3) For a circular hole in an infinite plate under uniaxial load, the maximum stress occurs at the hole boundary and is 3 times the nominal stress. 4) Stress concentration factors depend on the

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2K views

Chapter 14: Stress Concentrations: - Locally High Stresses Can Arise Due To

This document discusses stress concentrations that arise from various geometric discontinuities and defects. It provides analytical solutions for calculating stress concentration factors for basic shapes like circular and elliptical holes. The key points are: 1) Locally high stresses occur near abrupt changes in cross-section, contact points, material defects, and cracks. 2) The stress concentration factor is the ratio of maximum to nominal stress. Analytical solutions exist for simple geometries like circular and elliptical holes. 3) For a circular hole in an infinite plate under uniaxial load, the maximum stress occurs at the hole boundary and is 3 times the nominal stress. 4) Stress concentration factors depend on the

Uploaded by

Guru75
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 14: Stress concentrations

Locally high stresses can arise due to

Abrupt changes in section properties (hole, corner)


Contact stresses (bearing, gear, etc)
Material discontinuities
Initial stresses due to manufacturing process
Cracks

Structure is often designed without considering


them followed by local fixes
Instead we often assume some defects of given
size as safety measure

Stress concentration factor


Maximum over average
(nominal stress)

max
Sc =
n
Nominal stress

P
n =
A

Analytical solution for circular hole


Circular hole in infinite plate
under uniaxial load (Airy stress
function in polar coordinates)

a 2 a 2 3a 2
rr = 1 2 + 1 2 1 2 cos 2
2 r 2 r
r
a 2 3a 4
= 1 + 2 1 + 4 cos 2
2 r 2
r

a 2 3a 2
r = 1 2 1 + 2 cos 2
2 r
r

For r=a

= (1 2 cos 2 )
What are the other stresses at
the boundary?

For circular hole can find analytical

solution
At = /2

a2
a4
= 2+ 2 +3 4
2
r
r

Maximum at r = a

(max) = (r = a ) = 3
What will happen if stresses are applied both xand y-directions?
What would be the worst combination of stresses?

Elliptic hole
Where curvilinear coordinates pay off
Infinite plate stressed perpendicular to major axis

Elliptical coordinates
Elliptic coordinates (, )
Equation for ellipse

x2
y2
2
+
=
c
cosh 2 sinh 2

a = c cosh 0 b = c sinh 0

0 -> 0: elliptic hole


becomes a sharp crack
a -> c (crack length)
b -> 0

What is similar to polar coordinates? FE models?

Stress concentration for ellipse


Stress components: + = e

2 0

(1 + e 2 0 ) sinh 2
1

cosh
2

cos
2

At the hole surface ( = 0, = 0):


= 0

= e

2 0

(1 + e 2 0 ) sinh 2 0
1

cosh
2
cos
2

Max stress at = 0:

(max)

2a
= (1 + 2 coth 0 ) = 1 +
b

tanh 0 =

b
a

What will happen for


a circular hole?
Crack?

SCF for grooves, holes, and fillets

Grooves and holes

Reading assignment
Sections 15.1-2: For a thin-wall cylinder what combinations of
loading and cracks would produce mode I, mode II, and
mode III fracture?

Source: www.library.veryhelpful.co.uk/ Page11.htm

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