HEAT TRANSFER

Prepared by
M. Santhosh Kumar , AP-MECH

DERIVATION

OF TEMPERATURE FUNCTION (T) AND SHAPE FUNCTION (N) FOR

1 D

CONDUCTION ELEMENT

Consider a bar element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in figure.T1 and T2 are the temperatures at
respective nodes. Therefore T1 and T2 are the dof for this bar element.

T1

2
T2

Let the temperature function be

T a0 a1 x
Writing Eq 1.1 in matrix form

T 1 x

a 0

a1

1.1

HEAT

Sub the EQ1.4 in EQ 1.1

At node 1

T T1

x0

At node 2 ,

T T2

x l

x T1

l T2

l x
T
l

Sub the above values in EQ 1.1

T1 a 0

1.2

T2 a0 a1l

1.3

Assemble EQ 1.2 & 1.3 in matrix form

T N1

T
N2 1
T2

We know that

Temperature function, T N1T1 N 2T2

T1
1 0 a0

1 l a1
T2
a0 1 l 0 T1

a1 l 1 1 T2

1 l 0 T1

l 1 1 T2

T 1 x

From EQ 1.5&1.6
We can get the shape functions as follows

1.4

N1 1
N2

x
l

x
l

1.5
1.6

Derivation of Stiffness matrix for 1 D heat conduction element

Consider a bar element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in figure.T1 and T2 are the temperatures at
respective nodes and k be the thermal conductivity of the material

T1

Stiffness matrix

K B DB dv
T

We know that

Temperature function, T N1T1 N 2T2

N1 1

Where

N2

x
l

x
l

2
T2

1.1

Sub. EQ 1.2,1.3 &1.4 in EQ 1.1 , we obtain

Strain Displacement Matrix

B dN1
dx

Stiffness matrix for

heat conduction

dN 2
dx

1 1
B
l
l
1
l
T
B 1

l

1.2

1.3

In 1-D heat conduction

D K k Thermal conductivity
of the material

1.4

1
l
l
1 1
K C 1 * k *

l
l

1
l2
KC 1
v
l2

1
l
l2
K C 1
0
l2

1
l 2 * k * dv
1

2
l

1
l 2 * k * A * dx
1

2
l

1
l2
K C 1
2
l

1
l
2
l * k * A * dx
0
1

2
l

1
l2
K C Akl 1
2
l

Ak
K C
l

1
l2
1

2
l

1 1
1 1

Thus

K C is the stiffness matrix for heat conduction

A= Area of the element

l = length of the element
The general force equation is given by

F K C T
F1 Ak 1 1 T1

F2 l 1 1 T2

Boundary conditions
(i) 1-D heat conduction with free end convection
Consider a element with node 1 and 2 with temperature T1 and T2
respectively with convection is from the right end as shown in fig
x

h
Convection
T

Conduction
T1

h Heat transfer coefficient , W / m 2 K

T2

N Shape function

l
Stiffness matrix for 1-D heat conduction
The convection term contribution to
stiffness matrix is

Ak
K C
l

1 1
1 1

K h end h N N dA
T

1.6

x
N1 1
l
x
N2
l

Shape functions

N N1

N2

0

1

1.7

0
h 0 1 dA 1.8
1
A

K h end

K h end

N1

N
2

Fh end h T A

Sub EQ 1.7 in EQ 1.6

K h end

Stiffness matrix [K] = K C +

Convection from the free end at x=l

At node 2, x=l

N 0 1

K h end

0 0
hA

0
1

0 0
h
dA

0 1

We know that

Fh end

0
h T A
1

F K C T
0 Ak
h T A
1 l

1 1
0 0 T1
1 1 hA 0 1 T

(ii)1-D element with conduction, convection and internal heat generation

Consider a rod with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in fig. This rod is subjected to conduction, convection and
internal heat generation
Heat convection part of the
stiffness matrix is

Convection

K h h N N dS
T

T1

Conduction

T2

Where dS P X dx

K h
Thermal
Conductivity
Stiffness matrix for
1-D heat conduction

Internal heat generation

Ak
K C
l

1 1
1 1

hP N N dx
0

l x
l
l l x
K h hP x
0
l
l

x
dx

 l x 2
l

K h hP l 2
x
0 x

l l 2

l
3
hP
l

x x
2
l l dx
x2
l 2
2

l
6
l

Force matrix due to heat generation is given by

F N

v
T

F N
l

* Q * A * dx

Stiffness matrix K K C K h
Ak
K
l

1 1 hPl 2 1
1 1 6 1 2

F Q A N
l

2 1
K h hPl
6 1 2

Q dV

dx

l x
l
l
l
2
Q A
dx Q A l
x
0

l
2

l 1
FQ Q A 1
2

Force matrix due to convection is given by

Fh hT N T dS
s

hT N Pdx

Force matrix

Force matrix F FQ Fh

PhT N dx
T

l 1 PhT l 1
F Q A

2 1
2 1

l x

PhT l dx
x
0

l
l

PhT l 1
Fh

2 1

QAl PhT l 1
F

2
1

The general force equation is given by

K T

Substituting the values of [K] & {F} in the above equation we obtain

QAl PhT l 1

2
1

Ak
l

where
Q=Heat Generation
P=Perimeter , m

1 1 hPl
1 1 6

Ak
l

1 1 hPl
1 1 6

2 1 T1
1 2

T2

2 1 T1
1 2

T2

QAl PhTl 1

2
1

The above equation is the finite element equation for 1-D element which
is subjected to conduction , convection, internal heat generation

Problem 1:

A furnace wall is made up of three layers, inside layer with thermal conductivity 8.5 W/mK,
the middle layer with thermal conductivity 0.25 W/mK, the outer layer with thermal
conductivity 0.08 W/mK. The respective thickness of inner, middle and outer layer are
25cm,5cm, and 3cm respectively. The inside temperature of the wall is 600C and the outside of

the wall is exposed to atmospheric air at 30C with the heat transfer coefficient of 45W/m2K.
Determine the nodal temperatures.

For element 2:
Nodes 2 & 3

For element 1:
Nodes 1& 2

CONDUCTION

CONDUCTION

T1

k1
1

T2

l1

F1 A1k1

F2 l1

1 1 T1
1 1 T

F1 8.5 1 1 T1

F2 0.25 1 1 T2

F1 34 34 T1

F2 34 34 T2

T2

k2
2

T3

l2

F2 A2 k 2

F3 l2

1 1 T2
1 1 T

F2 1* 0.25 1 1 T2

0.05 1 1 T3
F3

F2 5 5 T2

F3 5 5 T3

For element 3:
Nodes 3 & 4
The third element is subjected to both
conduction and convection

h
Conduction

0 A3 k3
h T A
1 l3

1 1
0 0 T3
1 1 hA 0 1 T

0 1* 0.08
45 * 303 *1
1 0.03

3
13.635 * 10

3
13.635 *10

1 1
0 0 T3
1 1 45 *1 0 1 T

2.666 2.666 0 0 T3
2.666 2.666 0 45 T

2.666 2.666 T3
2.666 47.666 T

T3

k3
l3

Convection
T
T4

Assembling the finite elements we get

From Equation 1 form simultaneous

equation and solve to get values of T2,T3,T4

0
0 T1 F1
34 34
34 39
T F

5
0

2 2
0 5
7.666 2.666 T3 F3

0
0

2
.
666
2
.
666

T4 F4
Since there is no heat generation&
convection except from the right end

Solution:

F1 F2 F3 0
F4 13.635 *103

T2=846.2 K
T3=664.1 K
T4=323.2 K

0
0 873
0
34 34

34 39
T

5
0
0

0 5
7.666 2.666 T3
0

0
2.666 2.666 T4 13.635 * 10 3
0

Derivation of shape function for heat transfer in 2D element

Consider a triangular element with nodes 1,2,& 3 with nodal displacements u1,u2,u3,v1,v2 & v3

Displacement

u1
v
1
u 2
u
v 2
u
3
v 3

 1 1 x1

2 1 x 2
1 x
3
3

u 1 2 x 3 y
v 4 5 x 6 y

y1
y 2
y 3

u1

u 2
u
3

u1 1 2 x1 3 y1
u 2 1 2 x2 3 y 2
u 3 1 2 x3 3 y 3

u1 1 x1

u 2 1 x 2
u 1 x
3
3

y1 1

y 2 2
y 3 3

1 x1
1 x
2

1 x3

y1
1

y2
X
x2 y3 x3 y2 x1 ( y3 y2 ) y1 ( x3 x2 )
y3
x2 y3 x3 y2 (x 3 y1 - x1 y 3 ) (x1 y 2 - x 2 y1 )
y y

y
y

y
2
3
3
1
1
2

x3 x2
x1 x3
x2 x1

 1
1

X

2
x 2 y 3 x3 y 2 x1 ( y 3 y 2 ) y1 ( x3 x 2 )
3
x 2 y 3 x3 y 2 (x 3 y1 - x 1 y 3 ) (x1 y 2 - x 2 y1 ) u1
u
y y
y

y
y

y
2
1
1
3
3
2
2

x3 x 2
x 2 x1 u 3
x1 x3

1 x1
1
A 1 x2
2
1 x3
A

y1
y 2
y3

1
x2 y3 x3 y 2 x1 ( y3 y 2 y1 ( x3 x2 )
2

2 A x2 y3 x3 y 2 x1 ( y3 y 2 y1 ( x3 x2 )

1
x 2 y 3 x3 y 2 (x 3 y1 - x 1 y 3 ) (x1 y 2 - x 2 y1 ) u1
1

X y 2 y3
y 3 y1
y1 y2
u
2

2 A x x
u

x
x

x
3
2
1
3
2
1

3
3

 1
a1
1
X b1
2
2 A c
1
3

a2
b2
c2

a3 u1

b3 u 2
c3 u 3

u 1 x

a1 x2 y3 x3 y2

a2 x 3 y1 - x1 y 3

a3 x1 y 2 - x 2 y1

b1 y2 y3

b2 y3 y1

b3 y1 y2

c1 x3 x2

c2 x1 x3

c3 x2 x1

u 1 x

a1
1
X b1
2A
c1

a b x c1 y
u 1 1
2A

a2
b2
c2

a3 u1

b3 u2
c3 u3

a2 b2 x c2 y
2A

u1
a3 b3 x c3 y
u2

2A

u3

1

y 2

3

u N 1

N2

v N 1

N2

u1

N 3 u 2
u
3
v1

N 3 v 2
v
3

a1 b1 x c1 y
N1
2A
a2 b2 x c2 y
N2
2A
a3 b3 x c3 y
N3
2A

Displacement function

N1,N2,N3 ARE THE SHAPE FUNCTIONS OF

TRIANGULAR ELEMENT

u ( x, y ) N1
u

v ( x, y ) 0

N2

N3

N1

N2

u1
v
1
0 u2

N 3 v2
u
3
v3

Stiffness matrix and load vector for heat transfer in 2-D element
y
T3

3 (x3,y3)

Shape functions are given by

a1 b1 x c1 y
N1
2A
a2 b2 x c2 y
N2
2A
a3 b3 x c3 y
N3
2A

2 (x2,y2)

(x1,y1) 1

T1

T2
x

Temperature function, T ( x, y ) N1T1 N 2T2 N 3T3

Stiffness matrixK C B D B dv
T

Strain Displacement matrix is given by

N1
x
B N
1
y

N 2
x
N 2
y

1 b1 b2
B
2 A c1 c2

B T

b1
1

b2

2A
b3

N 3
x
N 3

b3
c3

c1
c2
c3

Stress strain matrix is given by

k x
D
0

0
k y

Assuming a unit thickness, dv=da

Now we get the stiffness matrix by substituting

[B],[B]T,[D] in [K]

b1
1
K C b2
2A
b3

b1
1
K C 2 b2
4A
b3

c1
k x

c2
0

c3

c1
k x

c2
0

c3

0 1 b1 b2
k y 2 A c1 c2

0 b1 b2
k y c1 c2

b3
dA

c3

b3
dA

c3

For an isotropic material ,

kx=ky=k

Thus the Stiffness matrix for conduction is

b12 c12
K C k b1b2 c1c2
4A
b1b3 c1c3

b1b2 c1c2 b1b3 c1c3

b2 2 c2 2 b2b3 c2c3
b2b3 c2c3 b32 c32

Stiffness matrix for convection

K h hN T N dS
K h

N2

N 3 dS

N1 N 3

N 2 N 3 dS 1.1
2
N 3

N1 N 2
N2

N 2 N3

Now considering edge 1-2, alone and N3=0 at the this edge
Substitute N3=0 in Equation 1.1

K h

N1

h N 2 N1
S

N3

K h

N1 2

h N1 N 2
S
N1 N 3

N1 2

h N1 N 2
S
0

N1 N 2
N2

0 dS
0

Sub N1=L1,N2=L2 and N3=L3, along the edge 1-2,N3=L3=0

K h

L
1
s2

h L1 L2
s1
0

L1 L2
L2
0

0 dS
0

1.2

Sub eq. 1.2,1.3,1.5 in eq. 1.2

We know that

! !
L1 L2 ds ( 1)! s

2!
L1 ds 2 1! s
1* 2
s
2
L1 ds 1* 2 * 3 s 3

K h 12

1!1!
s
L
L
ds

1 2 1 1 1! 6

2!
L2 ds 2 1! s
1* 2
s
2
L2 ds 1* 2 * 3 s 3

1.3

1.4

1.5

s1 2
3
s
h1 2 1 2
6
0

K h 12

s1 2
6
s1 2
3
0

h1 2 s1 2

2 1 0
1 2 0

0 0 0

Now considering edge 2-3, alone

And N1=0 at the this edge
Sub N2=L2,N3=L3 , along the
edge 2-3,N1=L1=0

K h

0
0
2
h 0 L2
S
0 L2 L3

K h 23

K h

23

h23 0

h23 s 23
6

0
L2 L3 dS
2
L3

0
s 2 3
3
s 2 3
6

0
s 2 3

6
s 2 3
3

0 0 0
0 2 1

0 1 2

Sub in 1.1

Now considering edge 3-1, alone

And N2=0 at the this edge
Sub N1=L1,N3=L3 , along the
edge 3-1,N2=L2=0

K h

L12

h 0
S
L1 L3

0 L1 L3

0
0 dS
2
0 L3

s31
3
K h 31 h31 0
s
31
6

K h

31

h31 s 31
6

0
0
0

s31
6
0
s31

2 0 1
0 0 0

1 0 2

Sub in 1.1


h1 2 s1 2
6

K h

Stiffness matrix for Convection is

K h K h 12 K h 23 K h 31

2 1 0
0 0 0
h
s
1 2 0 23 23 0 2 1

6
0 0 0
0 1 2

2 0 1

h31 s 31

0
0
0

6
1 0 2

Stiffness matrix for 2-D heat transfer element is given by

K K C K h

b12 c12
k
K b1b2 c1c2
4A
b1b3 c1c3

b1b2 c1c2

c2

b2b3 c2c3

h1 2 s1 2
b1b3 c1c3 6

b2b3 c2c3
2
2

b3 c3

2 1 0
0 0 0
1 2 0 h23 s 23 0 2 1

6
0 0 0
0 1 2

2
0
1

h31 s 31

0
0
0

6
1 0 2

F2 qN ds
T

Force vector for 2-D heat transfer

elements is

F1 qo N T dv
L1
F1 qo AL2
L
3

Unit thickness

By using area coordinate system

! ! !
L1 L2 L3 dA ( 2)! * 2 A

1
F1 qo A 1
3
1

N1

F2 q N 2 ds
s1

N
3
L
s2 1

F2 q L2 ds
s1
0
s2

q1 2 s1 2
F2
2

1

1
0

F3 hT N ds
T

N1
F3 hT N 2 ds
N
3
L1

F3 hT L2 ds
0

h1 2T s1 2
F3
2

1

1
0

Compute the element matrix and vectors for the element shown in figure, When the edges 2-3
and 3-1 experience convection heat loss.

a) Element matrix
(i) conduction

25 35 10
K C 35 85 50
10 50 40

b) Force vectors
(ii) convection

0
20.62
41.25
K h 0 14.90 7.45
20.62 7.45 56.15

200
F1 200
200

F2 0

2475
F3 894
3369

Shape function derivation for fluid mechanics

in 2-D element

We know that

p1 1 2 x1 3 y1
p 2 1 2 x2 3 y 2
p3 1 2 x3 3 y3

Let us consider a three noded triangular element as

shown in fig. Let the nodal potentials are p1,p2 and p3
Let the potential function be
p1
p p2
p
3

p 1 2 x 3 y

1.1

1 1 x1

2 1 x2
1 x
3
3

1
a1
1
b1
2

2 A c
3
1

y1
y2
y3

a2
b2
c2

p1

p2
p
3

a3 p1

b3 p2
c3 p3

a1 x2 y3 x3 y2

b1 y2 y3 c1 x3 x2

a2 x3 y1 x1 y3

b2 y3 y1 c2 x1 x3

a3 x1 y2 x2 y1

b3 y1 y2 c3 x2 x1

From eq 1.1

p 1 x

p 1 x

1

y 2

3

a1
1
y
b1

2A
c1

a1 b1 x c1 y
p
2A

p ( x, y ) N1

a2
b2
c2

a3 p1

b3 p2
c3 p3

a2 b2 x c2 y
2A

p1
a3 b3 x c3 y
p2

2A

p3

N2

p1

N 3 p2
p
3

a1 b1 x c1 y
N1
2A
a b x c2 y
N2 2 2
2A
a3 b3 x c3 y
N3
2A
N1 , N 2 & N 3 are the shape functions for
fluid mechanics of 2 - D element

Derivation of 1 - D Heat transfer

hPdx(T T )

Convection

TO

dx
x0

FIN
xl

Q+dQ

dx
h / m2 K
K / mk
h Co efficient of Convection
P Perimeter
dx Thickness
T Ambient atmosphere
T Temperature at surface
A Cross Sectional Area

Q Q dQ h P dx (T T )

dQ h P dx (T T ) 0
By Fourier Law
dT
Q KA
dx

dQ h P dx (T T ) 0
the above equationby ' dx'

dT

d KA
dx

h P (T T ) 0
dx

Boundary conditions
Case I : End is insulated
Q (l ) 0
Case II : End is open to atmosphere
Q(l ) hA(TL T )
Where TL is temperature at the end

By Ritz method

(GDE ) w( x) dx
By assuming bar element for heat transfer

x
l
x
Wt. function for second eq is N 2
l
Wt. function for first eq is N 1 1 -

Thus we get

Case III : End surface is maintained at T

Q L hA(T T )

dT
d

KA
l

dx

hPT T w( x) dx
dx


dT
d

KA
l
l

dx

w(x) dx hPT T w(x) dx 0

dx

0
0

u dv uv - v du
d
dT
dT
dv KA
dx ; v KA
dx
dx
dx
dw
u w( x) ; du
dx

dT
dT dw
KA dx w( x) KA dx dx dx hPT T w( x)dx 0

0 0
0
l

Thus we arrive at the weak form of 1 D heat transfer element

l
l
dT dw
dx hPT T w( x)dx 0
w( x) Q( x) KA

dx
dx
0
0

l
0

Now solving first equation

w( x) N 1 1

X
l

dw( x) 1

dx
l

Sub

in

l
l
x

d x
x 1
1 Q( x) KA 1 T1 T2 dx
l
dx
l
l l
0

0
l

x
x

x
hp

T
1

dx

1
2

l
l
l

l
l d x
x
x 1
x x
KA 1 T1 T2 dx hp 1 T1 T2 1 dx
l
l
l
0 dx
l l
l
0

l
hp T 1
0

x
dx 1
l

x
Q( x)
l
0
l

l
l 1

x x 2
x 2 2x
1 1
KA T1 T2 dx hp 1 2 T1 2 dx
l
l
l l
0 l
l l
0
l

x
hpT 1 dx Q(0)
l
0

1
l

l
l
1
KA T1 T2 hp l l T1 T2
3
l
l

2 3

l
hpT

Q
(
0
)

3
2 l
2
3 l
l 1

x
x
2x
x
1
T1 2 T2
KA 2 T1 2 T2 dx hp x 2
2l 0
3l
l

2l 3l 0
0 l
l

x2
hpT x Q(0)
2l 0

T1 hPl
T1
KA
l
1 1 2 1 hPT Q(0)
l
6
2
T2
T2

l
l
3
2
2
3
x

x
l
2
l
l
l

T1 2 T2
KA 2 T1 2 T2 hp l 2
2
l
l 0
3l

2l 3l 0
l

hpT
l

dx

Q
(
0
)

2
l

For second equation

x dw(x) 1
w( x) N 2 ;

l
dx
l
Sub

in

l
l
x

d
x
x 1
Q( x) KA 1 T1 T2 dx
dx
l
l l
0
l

0
l

x
x

x
hp

T
dx

1
2

l
l
l

l d
KA 1
0 dx

x
x
1

T1 T2 dx hp 1
l
l l
0

l
l x
x

hp T dx Q( x)
0 l
l
0

x
x x
T1 T2 dx
l
l l

l
l 1
x x 2
x 2
1 1
KA T1 T2 dx hp 2 T1 2 T2 dx
l l
l
l l
0 l
0

l
l 1
l l

1
x
KA T1 T2 hp
hpT dx Q(l )
l
0 l
l
2 3
0

l
hpT

Q
(
l
)

l
T1 T2
3

l
2
3
3
l 1
x

x
x
1
KA 2 T1 2 T2 dx hp 2 T1 2 T2
3l
l
0 l
2l 3l
0

x2
hpT

2l

Q(l )

0
l

x
x
KA 2 T1 2
l
l

l
hpT

Q
(
l
)

T1 hPl
T1
KA
l
1 1 1 2 hPT Q(l )
l
6
2
T2
T2
l l

T

hp
2

0
2 3
l

l
T1 T2
3

Combining

and B in matrix form

KA 1 1 T1 hPl 2 1 T1
l / 2 Q ( 0)

hPT

Q
(
l
)
l 1 1 T2
6 1 2 T2
l
/
2

Apply boundary conditions

(i) End is insulated i.e. Q(l)=0

KA 1 1 hPl 2 1 T1
l / 2 Q(0)

hPT

6 1 2 T2
l / 2 0
l 1 1

(ii) End is open to atmosphere,

@ end TL=T2; Q(L)=hA(TL-T)
TL Surface temperature end (x=l)

KA 1 1 hPl 2 1 0 0 T1
l / 2 Q ( 0)

hPT

1
1
1
2
0
hA
hAT

6
l / 2

l
(iii) End is maintained at temp T,
At (x=l)

KA 1 1 hPl 2 1 T1
Q ( 0)

l / 2

hPT

6 1 2 T2
l / 2 (hA(T T ))
l 1 1