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The S-Block Elements

The document summarizes the properties and trends within the s-block elements, which includes the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. It discusses their characteristic properties like metallic character, ionization energies, hydration enthalpies, and flame colors. It also describes variations in properties down the groups and across periods, such as increasing atomic radii and decreasing ionization energies. Finally, it outlines common reactions of the s-block elements and compounds and some of their industrial uses.

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Prakhar Tandon
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2K views

The S-Block Elements

The document summarizes the properties and trends within the s-block elements, which includes the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. It discusses their characteristic properties like metallic character, ionization energies, hydration enthalpies, and flame colors. It also describes variations in properties down the groups and across periods, such as increasing atomic radii and decreasing ionization energies. Finally, it outlines common reactions of the s-block elements and compounds and some of their industrial uses.

Uploaded by

Prakhar Tandon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Master

Card
Chemistry
The s-Block Elements

Prepared By : Prakhar Tandon


Members of the s-Block
Elements
IA IIA

Li Be

Na Mg

K Ca

Rb Sr
IA Alkali metals
Cs Ba
IIA Alkaline Earth
Fr Ra
metals
Chapter summary
• Characteristic properties of the s-block
elements
• Variation in properties of the s-block
elements
• Variation in properties of the s-block
compounds
• Uses of compounds of the s-block elements
Characteristic properties of s-
block elements
• Metallic character
• Low electronegativity
• Basic oxides, hydroxides
• Ionic bond with fixed oxidation states
• Characteristic flame colours
• Weak tendency to from complex
Metallic character
• High tendency to
lose e- to form
positive ions
• Metallic character
increases down both
groups
Electronegativity
• Low nuclear attra Group I Group II
ction for outer ele Li 1.0 Be 1.5
ctrons Na 0.9 Mg 1.2
• Highly electropos K 0.8 Ca 1.0
itive
Rb 0.8 Sr 1.0
• Small electronega
Cs 0.7 Ba 0.9
tivity
Fr 0.7 Ra 0.9
Basic oxides, hydroxides
Oxide Hydroxides Oxide Hydroxides
Li2O LiOH BeO Be(OH)2
Na2O, NaOH MgO Mg(OH)2
Na2O2 CaO Ca(OH)2
K2O2, KO2 KOH SrO Sr(OH)2
Rb2O2, RbOH BaO, Ba2O2 Ba(OH)2
RbO2
Cs2O2, CsOH
CsO2
Oxides, Peroxide, Superoxide

Reaction with water:

Oxide: O2- + H2O  2OH-


Peroxide: O22- + 2H2O  H2O2 + 2OH-
Superoxide: 2O2- + 2H2O  2OH- + H2O2 + O2

. .-
.. .. 2-
:O:.O:
:O:O: Li does not form
.. ..
.. .. peroxide or super oxide
Super oxide Li2O2  Li2O + ½ O2
Peroxide ion
Hydroxides
Group I
hydroxides Li Na K Rb Cs

All are soluble, base strength


increase.

Group II
hydroxide Be Mg Ca Sr Ba

Solubility increase, from


Amphoteric to basic, base strength
increase
Predominantly ionic with fixed
oxidation state
Group I: Most electropositive metals.
Low first I.E. and extremely high second I.E.
Form predominantly ionic compounds with
non-metals by losing one electron.
Fixed oxidation state of +1.

Group II: Electropositive metals.


Low first and second I.E. but very high third
I.E.. Have a fixed oxidation state of +2.
Be and Mg compounds possess some degree
of covalent character.
Characteristic flame colours
Na+ Cl- (g)  Na (g) + Cl (g)
Na(g)  Na* (g)
[Ne]3s1 [Ne]3p1
Na*(g)  Na(g) + h (589nm, yellow)
Flame test
Li deep red Ca brick red
Na yellow Sr blood red
K lilac Ba apple green
Rb bluish red
Cs blue

HCl(aq) sample
Weak tendency to form complex
Complex formation is a common feature of d-block
element. e.g. Co(NH3)63+

:NH3
s-block metal ions have
no low energy vacant H3N: :NH3
orbital available for bon Co
ding with lone pairs H3N: :NH3
of surrounding ligands, t
hey rarely form comple :NH3
xes.
Variation in properties of
elements
• Atomic radii
• Ionization enthalpies
• Hydration enthalpies
• Melting points
• Reactions with oxygen, water, hydrogen
and chlorine
Atomic radii (nm)

Li 0.152 Be 0.112
Na 0.186 Mg 0.160 Fr

K 0.231 Ca 0.197
Ra
Li
Rb 0.244 Sr 0.215
Cs 0.262 Ba 0.217 Be
Fr 0.270 Ra 0.220
Ionization Enthapy
Group I 1st I.E. 2nd I.E.
Group I 1st I.E. 2nd I.E. 3rd I.E.
Li 519 7300
Be 900 1760 14800
Na 494 4560
Mg 736 1450 7740
K 418 3070
Ca 590 1150 4940
Rb 402 2370
Sr 548 1060 4120
Cs 376 2420
Ba 502 966 3390
Ionization Enthalpy
1st I.E.
2000
600
Be+
Li Na
500 1500
2nd IE
400 K
Rb 1000 Ca+
Cs
300 Be Ba+
500 Ca
1st IE Ba
Ionization Enthalpy
Group I

1. Have generally low 1st I.E. as it is well shielded


from the nucleus by inner shells.

2. Removal of a 2nd electron is much more difficult


because it involves the removal of inner shell
electron.

3. I.E. decreases as the group is descended.


As atomic radius increases, the outer e is further
away from the well-shielded nucleus.
Ionization Enthalpy

Group II

1. Have low 1st and 2nd IE.


2. Removal of the 3rd electron is much more difficult
as it involves the loss of an inner shell electron.
3. IE decrease as the group is descended.
4. IE of the group II is generally higher than group I.
Hydration Enthalpy

General trends:
1. On going down both groups, hydration enthalpy
decreases.
(As the ions get larger, the charge density of the
ions decreases, the electrostatic attraction between
ions and water molecules gets smaller.)

2. Group 2 ions have hydration enthalpies higher


than group 1.
( Group 2 cations are doubly charged and have
smaller sizes)
Variation in Melting Points

Strength of metallic bond depends on:


1. Ionic radius
2. Number of e- contributed to the electron sea per atom
3. Crystal lattice structure

Note: The exceptionally high m.p. of calcium


is due to contribution of d-orbital participation
of metallic bonding.
Reactions with oxygen
S-block elements are strong reducing agents.
Their reducing power increases down both groups.
(As the atomic size increases, it becomes easier to
remove the outermost electron)

S-block elements reacts readily with oxygen.


Except Be and Mg, they have to be stored under
liquid paraffin to prevent contact with the atmosphere.
Reaction with water
M(s)  M+(aq) + e-
H2O(l) + e-  OH-(aq) + ½ H2(g)

Li -3.05 volt
Na -2.71
K -2.93 Be -1.85 volt
Rb -2.99 Mg -2.38
Cs -3.20 Ca -2.87
Sr -2.89
Ba -2.90

Energetic vs. Kinetic Factor


Reaction with hydrogen
All the s-block elements except Be react directly with
hydrogen.
2Na(s) + H2(g)  2NaH(s)
Ca(s) + H2(g)  CaH2(s)

The reactivity increases down the group.

Only BeH2 and MgH2 are covalent, others are ionic.


Reaction with chlorine

All the s-block metals react directly with chlorine


to produce chloride.

All group I chlorides are ionic.

BeCl2 is essentially covalent, with comparatively low


m.p.

The lower members in group II form essentially ionic


chlorides, with Mg having intermediate properties.
Variation in properties of the
compounds
• Reactions of oxides and hydroxides
• Reactions of chlorides
• Reactions of hydrides
• Relative thermal stability of carbonates and
hydroxides
• Relative solubility of sulphate(VI) and hydr
oxde
Reactions of oxides and
hydroxides
1. All group I oxides reacts with water to form
hydroxides

Oxide: O2- + H2O  2OH-


Peroxide: O22- + 2H2O  H2O2 + 2OH-
Superoxide: 2O2- + 2H2O  2OH- + H2O2 + O2
2. All group I oxides/hydroxides are basic and the
basicity increases down the group.
Reactions of oxides and
hydroxides
3. Group II oxides/hydroxides are generally less basic
than Group I. Beryllium oxide/hydroxide are
amphoteric.
Reactions of chlorides
1. All group I chlorides are ionic and readily
soluble in water. No hydrolysis occurs.

2. Group II chlorides show some degree of covalent


character.
Beryllium chloride is covalent and hydrolysis to
form Be(OH)2(s) and HCl(aq).
Magnesium chloride is intermediate, it dissolves and
hydrolysis slightly.
Other group II chlorides just dissolve without
hydrolysis.
Reactions of hydrides
They all react readily with water to give the
metal hydroxide and hydrogen due to the
strong basic property of the hydride ion, H:-

H:-(s)+ H2O(l)  H2(g)+ OH-(aq)

Hydride ions are also good reducing agent.


They can be used to prepare complex hydrides
such as LiAlH4 and NaBH4 which are used to
reduce C=O in organic chemistry.
Uses of s-block compounds
• Sodium carbonate
– Manufacture of glass
– Water softening
– Paper industry
• Sodium hydrocarbonate
– Baking powder
– Soft drink
Uses of s-block compounds
• Sodium hydroxide
– Manufacture of soaps, dyes, paper and drugs
– To make rayon and important chemicals
• Magnesium hydroxide
– Milk of magnesia, an antacid
• Calcium hydroxide
– To neutralize acids in waste water treatment
• Strontium compound
– Fireworks, persistent intense red flame
Questions To Practice…
Q.1. What are common physical and chemical properties of alkali
metals?
Q.2. Name the alkali metals which form superoxides when heated in
exess air ?
Q.3. Name the metal which floats on water without any apparent
reaction with it.
Q.4. Mention main constituents of Portland cement ?
Q.5. Why does Br shows similarities with Al ?
Q.6. Give two ores of Mg .
Q.7. How does gypsum acts on cement ?
Q.8. Why is KO2 paramagnetic ?
Q.9. What is fly ash ?
Q.10.What is dead burnt plaster ?

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