Chemistry Project

Concept of Chemistry

Investigatory Project

Made By :

Jatin Shukla

XI B
 Index

1. Acknowledgement………………………………………………………
… 4

2. Introduction………………………………………………………………
… 6

3. Experiment………………………………………………………………
…… 8

4. Bibliography………………………………………………………………
…. 10

5. Remarks……………………………………………………………………
…… 11
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey our sincere gratitude to the Teacher Ms.

Varsha for letting us do this project.

I would like to Thank by Elder Brother for Helping Me in the

Project. And Special Thanks To Mrs. Varsha (Class Teacher) For
Guiding And Instructing Us Throughout The Project. I would also
like to Thank Mr. Sanjay (Lab Assit.) For All His Help.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank all my friends for
helping me with this project.
AIM

To analyze some fruits & vegetables juice for the contents present in them.

INTRODUCTION

Fruits and vegetable are always a part of balanced diet. That means fruits
vegetables provide our body the essential nutrients, i.e. Carbohydrates,
proteins, vitamins and minerals. Again their presence in these is being
indicated by some of our general observations, like -freshly cut apples
become reddish black after some time. Explanation for it is that iron present
in apple gets oxidixed to iron oxide. So, we can conclude that fruits and
vegetables contain complex organic compounds, for e.g., anthocin,
chlorophyll, esters(flavouring compounds), carbohydrates, vitamins and can
be tested in any fruits or vegetable by extracting out its juice and then
subtracting it to various tests which are for detection of different classes of
organic compounds. Detection of minerals in vegetables or fruits means
detection of elements other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

COMPONENTS OF FOOD

1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are poly-hydroxy-alcohols, which have an

aldehyde or ketones group. They have general formula CnH2nOn.
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy 1 gm. of carbohydrates yield
18 KJ of energy. The mono-saccharides serve as building block. Glucose is
also used in formation of fats & amino acids.

2. Minerals: Minerals from 1-3% of the cell contents. Any marked change in
the concentration results in the malfunctioning of cell & finally death. Some
mineral present in the diet are:
(i) Calcium: It is the major component of bone & teeth. Calcium is required
for blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission & heart
functioning.

(ii) Iron: Hemoglobin in our body contains iron which is the universal carrier
of O2 & C02 efficiency of iron causes anemia due to failure of hemoglobin
synthesis.

THE FRUIT

Development of fruit:

After fertilization the ovary also begin to grow and gradually it matures into
the fruit. The fruit may, therefore, be regarded as a mature or ripened ovary.
If, for some reason or other, fertilization fails, ovary simply withers and falls
off. A fruit consists of two portions, viz. the per carp (peri, round: karpos,
fruits) developed from the wall of the ovary, and the seed developed from
the ovules, apples, pineapples and some other fruits the ovary may grow into
the fruit without fertilization. Such a fruit is seedless or with immature seeds
and is known as the parthenocarpic fruit. The pericarp may be thick or thin,
when thick, it may consist of two or three parts: the outer cell epicarp, from
the skin of the fruit; the middle, called meson carp, is pulpy in fruits like
mango, peach, plum etc. and the inner catted endocarp, is often very think
and membranous, as in orange, or it may be hard and stony as in many
palms, mangoes, etc. In many cases, however, the pericarp is not
differentiated into these three regions.

Function of the fruit:

The fruit gives protection to the seed and, therefore, to the embryo. It stores
food material. It also helps in dispersal of the seed. Normally it is only the
ovary that grows into the fruit; such a fruit is known as the true fruit.
Sometimes, however, other floral parts, particularly the thalamus or even the
calyx, may grow and form a part of the fruit; such a fruit is known as the
false fruit. Common examples of false fruits are apples, pear, cashew nut,
marking not, rose, dillenia, etc. In dillenia, the calyx becomes thick and
fleshy forming the only edible part of the fruit.

MATERIAL REQUIRED

• Test Tubes
• Burner
• Litmus paper
• Laboratory reagents
• Various fruits
• Vegetables juices

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS

• pH indicator
• Iodine solution
• Fehling solution A and Fehling solution B
• Ammonium chloride solution
• Ammonium hvdroxide
• Ammonium oxalate
• Potassium sulpho-cynaide solution

PROCEDURE

The juices are made dilute by adding distilled water to it, in order to remove
color and to make it colorless so that color change can be easily watched
and noted down. Now test for food components are taken down with the
solution.
 TEST, OBSERVATION & INFERENCE

ORANGE JUICE

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

TEST FOR ACIDITY

Take 5ml of orange juice in a Orange Juice Is

test tube and dip a pH paper in The pH comes out to be 6. Weak Acid.
it. If pH is less than 7 the juice
is acidic else the juice is basic.

TEST FOR STARTCH

Take 2 ml of juice in a test

tube and add few drops of Absence of blue black in Starch Is Present
iodine solution. It turns blue color.
black in color than the starch is
present.

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

(FEHLING’S TEST)

Take 2 ml of juice and 1 ml of

Fehling solution A & B and boil No red colored precipitates Carbohydrates
it. Red precipitates indicate the obtained. absent.
presence of producing sugar
like maltose, glucose, fructose
& Lactose.

TEST FOR IRON

Take 2 ml of juice add drop of

conc. Nitric acid. Boil the Absence of blood red color. Iron is absent.
solution cool and add 2-3 drops
of potassium sulpho-cyanide
solution .Blood red colors
shows the presence of iron.
 TEST FOR CALCIUM

Take 2 ml of juice add

Ammonium chloride and Yellow precipitate is Calcium is
ammonium hydroxide solution. obtained. present.
Filter the solution and to the
filtrate add 2 ml of Ammonium
Oxalate solution. White ppts.
indicates the presence of
calcium.

TOMATO JUICE

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

TEST FOR ACIDITY

Take 5 ml of orange juice in a
test tube and dip pH paper in it.
If pH is less than 7 the juice is The pH comes out to be 5. Tomato juice is
acidic and if the pH is more acidic.
than 7 the juice is basic.
TEST FOR STARCH
Take 2 ml of juice in a test tube
and few drops of iodine
solution. If blue black color Absence of blue black Starch is present.
appears than starch is present. color.
TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
(FEHLING’S TEST)
Take 2 ml of juice and 1 ml of
fehling solution A & B and boil
it. Red precipitates indicates Absence of red color Carbohydrates are
the presence of producing precipitates. not present in
sugar like maltose, glucose , tomato.
fructose & Lactose.
TEST FOR IRON
Take 2 ml of juice add drop of
conc. Nitric acid boil the
solution cool and add 2-3 drops Presence of blood red Iron is present.
of potassium sulpho-cyanide color.
solution. Blood red colors show
the presence of iron.
 TEST FOR CALCIUM
Take 2 ml of juice add
Ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide solution.
Filter the solution and to the Yellow precipitates Calcium is present.
filtrate add 2 ml of Ammonium obtained.
Oxalate solution. White
precipitates indicates the
presence of calcium.

CONCLUSION

• Most Of The Fruits And Vegetable Contain Carbohydrates.

• Proteins Are Also Present To Small Quantity.

• Calcium Is Present In Vegetables As Well As Fruits.

• Starch Are Present In Vegetables And Fruits.

• Iron Is Present in Vegetable Juice Whereas in Fruits it’s absent.

From Above We Conclude That For A Sufficient Diet We Must
Drink Fruit Juice As Well As Vegetable Juice In Our Daily Diet.

Bibliography

• Comprehensive Book Of Luxmi Publication Class XIth .

• Together With Chemistry Practical Guide.

• Info Took From Following Websites :

 1. www.google.com

2. www.scribd.com

3. www.jatingod.blogspot.com

• Images Took From :

1. Google Images

2. Yahoo Images