awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

&Jabmf roufZeG f

opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;wGif “urBmhawmfvSefa&;tawG@tñuHrsm;”u¾udk zGifhxm;&jcif;

. &nf&G,fcsufu ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tif
tm;pkrsm;. awmfveS af &;tawG;tac:/ ,H=k unfcsu/f pdw"f mwf/ ZGo J wW/d cGet
f m;wd@k ukd Edik if w
H um tzdEydS cf H
trsK;d om;jynfov l x
l rk sm;. awmfveS af &;tawG@tñu/H tawG;tac:/ ,H=k unfcsu/f pdw"f mwfceG t f m;wd@k EiS hf
aygif;pyfEikd &f ef &nf&,
G jf cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif tzdEydS cf jH ynfow
l @kd . pHerlemaumif;jzpfonf/h w&J&aJ wmuf
yaeqJvnf;jzpfonfh raoaompdw"f mwf/ raoaom,H=k unfcsu/f raoaom tawG;tac:wd@k ukd *k%ðf y
azmf=uL;&efvnf; &nf&G,fygonf?
t,f'DwmtzGJ@

(1)
ArmjynfEiS hf AD,uferf
AD,uferfajray:wGif vma&mufe,fcs@J cJ=h uonfh jyifopf/ *syefEiS hf tar&duefw@kd udk q,fpEk pS f
(8)ckausmf AD,uferfjynfow l @kd onf trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;vnf;jzpf/ AD,uferftvkyo f rm;ygwD
(uGefjrLepfygwD). acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpfonfh [dkcsDrif;.OD;aqmifr_jzifh wGef;vSefacsr_ef;cJh=uonf?
,ckazmfjyrnfh 'ifAifzl;wdkufyGJonf 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;/ zufqpf*syefe,fcsJ@udk armif;xkwft+yD;
AD,uferfxJodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom jyifopfe,fcsJ@wdk@udk AD,uferfjynfolwdk@ &Gwf&Gwfc|Hc|H
awmfveS af csre_ ;f cJoh nfh tqH;k owfwu kd yf jJG zpfonf? urBmwGif xif&mS ;ausm=f um;onfh vufeufuikd f
awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;teuf T'ifAifzl;wdkufyGJonf wcktygt0ifjzpfonf? txl;ausmf=um;
cJjh cif;rSm AD,uferfjynfow l @kd . xl;c|eaf jymifajrmufonfh awmfveS af &; pdw"f mwf/ tawG;tac:ESihf
,Hk=unfcsuf}uD;rm;cdkifrmr_a=umifhjzpfonf?
41
 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

e,fcs@J vufatmufusa&mufco hJ nfh ta&S@

awmiftm&S tm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf ArmjynfESifh
AD,uferfwdk@onf wacwfxJacwfòydif udkvdkeD
Edik if rH sm; jzpfc=hJ uonf? AD,uferfu 1883 wGif
jyifopfe,fcsJ@ vufatmufusa&mufcJhonf?
Armjynf u 1885 wG i f +Ad w d o #e,f c sJ @ vuf
atmufwGif usa&mufcJhonf? trsKd;om;a&;
pdwf"mwfjzifh pwiftajccHcJhum 'Drdkua&pDESifh
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ trsKd;
om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;±ke;f uefcyhJ rkH mS vnf;
twlwlyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf uGmjcm;csufawG
vnf;&Scd o hJ nf? zufqpf*syefukd armif;xkwaf wmf
vSefcJh+yD;aemufydkif;wGif AD,uferfwGif [dkcsDrif;
acgif;aqmifr_jzifh uGefjrLepfygwDESifh AD,uferf
trsKd;om;jynfolwdk@onf vGwfvyfa&;udk a=u
jimEdik cf =hJ uonft h jyif “AD,uferf 'Dru kd &ufwpf AD,uferf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;
orwEdik if aH wmf”udk atmifjrifpmG xlaxmifvu kd f [dkcsDrif;
+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 1945 pufwifbm (2)&ufwGif
a=ujimcJhonf? Armjynfu zqyv url xdkuJh (2)
od@k ra=ujimEdik cf /hJ orwEdik if aH wmf rxlaxmifEikd f orwEdkifiHawmfESifh aphpyfa&;vrf;a=umif;
cJ?h a'oqdik &f mjynfo@l tm%mudv k nf; rpdu k x
f l “zufqpf*syefudk armif;xkwf=u”
Edik cf ahJ y? AD,uferfu e,fcs@J jyifopfEiS hf aphpyfa&; “vGwfvyfa&;udk wdkuf,l=u”
aqG;aEG;/ pmcsKyfcsKyfonf? 1946 rwfv 6 &uf? “vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ qifE$J=u” [lonfh
jyifopfu 1946 Ed0k ifbm/ 'DZifbmwGif AD,uferf Edik if aH &;tvH/ vlxak ºuG;a=umfow H @kd ESit
hf wl jynf
ajrmufyikd ;f / [EdKG if;udk 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd cf o
hJ nf? vH;k u|wf zufqpfawmfveS af &; jynfo@l ppfy}JG uD;.
'Drdkua&pDESifh vGwfvyfa&;udk pmcsKyfcsKyfIaomf aoewforH sm;onf AD,uferfwEdik if v H ;kH od@k ul;
vnf;aumif;/ aphpyfa&;vkyI f aomfvnf;aumif; puf}uD;xGm;oGm;cJo h nf? AD,ufrif;vufeufuikd f
r&Edik ?f xd@k a=umifh jyifopfuv kd ekd u
D kd tpwH;k onfh wyfrsm;ESihf ajymufusm;wyfrsm;udk OD;aqmifol rSm
txd evHrxlEdkifonfhtxd awmfvSefacsr_ef;ypf ppfaumfrwDOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf ik,if*D,ufjzpfonf?
+yD;rS/ trScD u kd if;onfh vGwv f yfa&;udk &&Scd o hJ nf? olonf AD,ufrif; tzGJ@csKyf}uD;. acgif;aqmif
Armjynfu e,fcs@J ESihf aphpyfa&;vky/f av#maf =u; vnf; jzpfonf? AD,ufrif;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;. OuUÏ
ay;um trSt D cdk ruif;aom vGwv f yfa&;udk &,l rSm [dck srD if;? 1945 =o*kwv f (6)&ufwiG f *syef
vdkuf=uonf? xdkaphpyfa&;wGif trsKd;om;acgif; jynf [D±;kd &S;D rm;òr@d ay:od@k tar&duefu tEkjrLAH;k
aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh rsKd;cspfyk*~dKvfrsm; cscJhonf? =o*kwfv (15)&ufwGif zufqpf*syef
tpaw;cHcJh=u&onf? onf vufeufcsvu kd o
f nf? od@k aomf taxGaxG
42
awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

vufeufudkif ykefuefxºuGr_rsm;ESifh tm%mt or#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk&,loGm;&ef oEdMÏmef

jrefq;kH odr;f ydu k af &;wdu k yf rJG sm;udk &yfwef@rypfbJ csxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;ESifh tu,fI vdktyfygu
*syefrsm;udk qufvuf wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f =uonf? ,if;udpt P wGuf tiftm;udk toH;k yð &ef toif&h dS
r[mrdwfwyfrsm; a&mufrvmrD *syefwdk@xHrS aea=umif;” azmfjyxm;onf?
tm%mudk rdr&d &odr;f ydu k af &;onf vGwaf jrmuf vGwfvyfa&;a=ujimt+yD; oHk;ywfeD;yg;r#
a&; vufeufudkifwyfrsm;. ta&;t}uD;qHk; t=umwGif jyifopfwyfom;rsm;udk o,faqmif
wm0efjzpfonf? 1945 =o*kwfv (19-20)wGif vmonfh +Adwdo#ppfoabFmrsm;onf AD,uferf
AD,ufrif;vGwfajrmufa&; rkefwdkif;wyfonf awmifyikd ;f / qdik *f okH @kd qku
d af &mufvmcJo
h nf? Adv k f
[EdGKif;udk atmifjrifpGm odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? csKyf}uD; vufvyf. trde@f twdik ;f qdik *f u kH kd odr;f
=o*kwfv(25)wGif a[G;òrd@udk qufvufwdkuf ydu
k &f ef a&mufvmcJ=h ujcif;jzpfonf? AD,ufrif;
cdu
k o f rd ;f ydu
k Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf? [dck srD if;onf [EdKG if;òrd@udk vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;u tpGr;f ukecf ck H umuG,f
=o*kwfv(21)ywf0ef;usifwGif a&mufvmcJh+yD;/ =uonf? awmifyikd ;f a'owckv;kH ckcaH &;ppfyrJG mS
vG w f v yf a &;a=ujim&ef E S i f h tpd k ; &zG J @ pnf ; &ef jyif;xefvmcJhonf?
zefrefa'gif/ xa&mifcif;/ ik,if*D,uf ponfh jyifopftpdk;&u AD,uferfwGif jzpfyGm;ae
yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf wdik yf ifc/hJ a&;qGcJ o hJ nf? aom AD,uferf-jyifopfwdkufyGJrsm; &yfpJa&;t
1945 ck pufwifbm (2)&ufwiG f [dck srD if; wGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef *sD;pdef@wDeDqdkoltm; AD
ud,k w f ikd f AD,uferfvw G v f yfa&; a=ujimcsuu f kd ,uferfodk@ apvGwfonf? pdef@wDeDESifhvufvyf
xkwfjyefa=ujimvdkufavonf? TwGif jyifopf wd@k u jyifopfw@kd .tusK;d pD;yGm;udk awmif;qdo k nf?
e,fcsJ@onf a'goxGufavawmhonf? 'kwd, jyifopfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vufcHaqG;aEG;&if;
urBmppft+yD;wGif tif'dkcsKdif;em;u|ef;qG,fa'o tjcm;wzufu ckid rf maom tpk;d &w&yf jzpfvm
udk ppfrjzpfrDuvdkyJ jyefvnfodrf;ydkifI u|efvkyf &ef 1946 Zefe0g&v D (6)&ufwiG f taxGaxGa&G;
tkypf ;kd a&;udk taotcsm pDrx H m;+yD;om;/ jyifqif aumufyu JG kd usi;f yonf? 1946 rwfv (2)&uf
xm;+yD;om;? ta0;a&muf jyifopfe,fcs@J wd@k jyef wGif yxrqHk;t}udrf trsKd;om;v$wfawmfudk
vnf0ifa&mufrvmrD AD,ufrif;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;u usi;f yonf? vGwaf wmfw&yfv;kH u [dck srD if;tm;
*syefw@kd xHrS tm%modr;f ,lvu kd uf m vGwv f yf orw tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkuf=u
a&;a=ujimcJo h jzifh jyifopfe,fcs@J wd@k xdo k @kd a'go onf? rwfv(6)&ufwGif jyifopfudk,fpm;vS,f
xGufcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? jyifopfwdk@. ta&S@zsm; rsm;ESihf awG@qHI k ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf oabmwlncD suf
a'oqdik &f m ppfO;D pD;csKyfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifae w&yfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k cJo h nf? ,if; oabm
aom Adv k cf sKyf}uD; vufvyfonf oD[u kd |e;f wGif wlnDcsufxJwGif “AD,uferfEdkifiHtm; jyifopf
a&muf&SdaecJhonf? AD,uferf 'Drdku&ufwpf tkypf 0k ifEikd if t
H jzpfxm;&S&d ef/ AD,uferfrS jyifopf
orwEdik if H xlaxmifvu kd o f nfEiS t hf wl [dck srD if; wd@k . pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk todtrSwf
. vGwfvyfa&; a=ujimcsufrsm;udk ppfAdkvfcsKyf ðy&efESifh jyifopfppfom;(15˜000)udk AD,uferf
vufxyfu wefjyefa=ujimcsufwapmif rqdkif; ajrmufyikd ;f ESihf tv,fyikd ;f wd@k wGif ,m,DwyfpcJG iG hf
rwG xkwfjyefvdkufonf? “jyifopfwdk@taejzifh yð &ef” æ ponfrsm;udk oabmwlncD &hJ onf?
tif'ckd sKid ;f em;u|e;f qG,af 'oY rdrw d @kd &oif&h xdu k f orw [dkcsDrif;ESifh jyifopfudk,fpm;vS,f
43
 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

pde@f wDew D @kd . oabmwlncD suf . !$e=f um;csut f & AD,uferf

udk wEdkifiHvHk;wGif rauseyfr_ awmifyikd ;f wGif qdik *f òkH rd@udk A[dyðk
rsm;ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? jynfol I “udck sicf sKid ;f em; orwEdik if ”H
vlxt k wGi;f omru uGejf rLepf ud k wnf a xmif v d k u f + yD ; jzpf
ygwDESifh AD,ufrif;tzGJ@csKyft a=umif; a=ujimvdu k af vonf?
wGif;rS tcsKd@&Jabmfrsm;/ acgif; orw [dck srD if;rSm vH;k 0 raus
aqmifrsm;uyg [dkcsDrif;tay: eyf? a'goxGuf&awmhonf?
rauseyfr_rsm; jzpfyGm;vmcJhyg jyifopfe,fcsJ@onf oabmwl
awmh o nf ? rwf v (6)&uf nDcsuEf iS hf aphpyfa&;udk zsuq f ;D
ppf a umf r wD OU Ï oabmwlnDcsufrSm AD,uferf ypfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
AdkvfcsKyf ik,if*D,uf Edik if .
H Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppf orw[d k c sD r if ; onf ZG J
a&; tajctaet& ,ckuo hJ @kd aumif;aumif;jzifyh if aphpyfaqG;
tav#mah y;cJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap rwfv(7)&ufae@wGif aEG;a&; pm;yG0J ikd ;f qDo@kd óud;pm;
orw [dck srD if;onf ol. aphpyfvu kd af vsma&; oabmwlncD suf oGm;cJhonf? jyifopf0ef}uD;csKyf
ay: rauseyf=uonfh vlxkudk òrd@awmfcef;r vlxkpnf;a0;yGJwGif ESifh 1946 ZlvdkifwGif awG@qHkcJh
jyifopf-AD,uferfpmcsKyf&iS ;f vif;yGJ vkycf &hJ onf? 24 em&DtwGi;f onf ? Zl v d k i f v (6)&uf w G i f
ol@ukd wH@k jyef=uonfh pGypf cJG sux f wJ iG f “opPmazmuf/ ±kyaf o;/ "m; jyifopf AD,uferfEpS zf uf aqG;
pmcH/ wdik ;f jynfuakd &mif;pm;onfh uGejf rLepf”[k pGcJ suw f if=uonf? aEG;yGJpcJh=uonf? xHk;pHtwdkif;
xdv k x l u k kd ol&iS ;f vif;zGi[
hf &if;ESit hf wl qdek if0h rf;enf;pGm ed*;kH csKyf ygyJ e,fcsJ@onf ol. tajccH
vdkufonf? “[dkcsDrif;qdkwJhusKyf[m vGwfvyfa&;c&D;wav#muf pcef;rsm;udk rpGef@v$wfEdkif/ ol@
vH;k acgi;f aqmifcw hJ ,f? usKyfw@kd wdik ;f jynf&@J vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vufv$wft
usKyfb0wav#mufvHk; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? usKyfu wdkif;jynfudk qH;k ±H;_ rcHEikd ?f jyifopfu AD,uf
opPmazmufr,ft h pm;/ 'Dae&mrSm taocHomG ;r,fqw kd m cifAsm;wd@k erftm; ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;ay;
od=uygw,f? usKyf[m cifAsm;wd@k udk opPmrazmufb;l qdw k m usr;f I jyifopftkyfpkxJrSm &Sdapcsif
used +f yD; ajym&Jygw,f”[k ed*;kH csKyfvu kd o f nf? orw [dck srD if; wifjy onf? orw [dck srD if;u vH;k 0
csuaf =umifh bma=umifah phpyfa&;vkycf &hJ a=umif; vlxo k abmayguf vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHtjzpf &yf
oGm;onf? ol@ed*;kH csKyfu vlxpk w d uf kd xdcu kd vf y_ &f mS ;oGm;apcJo h nf? wnf v d k o nf ? u|ef E S i f h o cif
aemufq;kH awmh ol@ oabmwlncD suf aphpyfa&;udk vlxu k oabm qufqaH &;rsK;d vH;k 0 rvdck si?f T
wlvdkuf=uonf? od@k jzifh aqG;aEG;yGyJ suo f mG ;onf?
wu,fu xdkaphpyf oabmwlnDcsufudk vufawG@taumif [dkcsDrif;onf jyifopfvl
txnfazmf&mrSm jy\emrsm;&Sdvmonf? xdkjy\emrsm;udk xk a xmuf c H r _ / urB m h j ynf o l
jyifopfygvrD efo@kd wifjy&ef&v dS mcJoh jzifh AD,uferftpd;k &ud, k pf m; rsm;. tm;ay;r_ukd tjynft h 0
vS,ftzGJ@wzGJ@ jyifopfodk@ oGm;cJh&onf? b¾ma&;0ef}uD; zefref ,l&eftwGuf yJ&pfòrd@awmfrSm
a'gif;ESifh orw [dkcsDrif;wdk@jzpfonf? olwdk@tpdk;&wzGJ@ jyifopf enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh óud;pm;&ef jyifopf
jynfra&mufrD vrf;w0ufrmS yJ jyifopfa&wyfAv kd cf sKyf bm*siv f ;l wGif ae&pfco hJ nf? jyifopfwiG f
44
awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

(3)vaexdik +f yD; AD,uferfo@kd jyefvmcJo h nf? 1946 atmufwb kd m rsK;d cspyf *k Kd~ vftaygi;f wd@k æ
(23)wGif [dkcsDrif;u a&'D,dkrSae+yD; wdkif;jynfudk a=ujimcJhonf? AD,uferfwrsKd;om;vHk;tHkºuGI
jyifopf-AD,uferf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk AD,uferftrsKd;om; trdEdkifiHawmfudk umuG,f&ef/
rsm;vdkufem=u&ef yef=um;cJo h nf? aumufusp, f w jyif o pf u d k v d k e D 0 g'orm;tm;
k rf mzdESdyfaom
jyifopfe,fcsJ@onf aphpyfa&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk csKd;azmuf wdu k cf u
kd =f uavmh æ ? igw@kd Edik if H
um t=urf;zufvmygawmhonf? pD;yGm;a&;aoG;pkyfr_udk ajymif tm; umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef
ajymifwif;wif; vkyv f mcJ=h uonft h jyif wdu k cf ukd rf r_ sm; vkyv twGuf igwdk@aemufqHk;aoG;
f mcJh
onf? 1946 Edk0ifbm(20)wGif [dkifzkefòrd@udk tajrmufjzifhypfcwf wpuf u d k y if v #if pG e f @ v$ w f
cJ&h m t&yfot l &yfom; (6)axmifausmaf oqH;k cJo h nf? AD,uferf ylaZmf=uygp@kd æ
bufrS xyfrHarwWm&yfcHygao;onf? [dkifzkefrS qkwfcGmoGm;&ef/ ck c H a &;ppf y G J u mtwG i f ; /
typftcwf&yfpJ&ef arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? jyifopfe,fcsJ@url 1946 tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk &ifqikd óf uH
'DZifbm(17)wGif [EdKG iu f kd 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u
kd of rd ;f ydu
k yf gawmhonf?awG@&onfhwdkifatmif cdkifrm
jyifopftm%mydkifrsm;u aphpyfoabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk jywfom;pGm ud, k u
f sK;d pGe@f tepf
azmufzsuf+yD; vufeuftm;udk;jzifh AD,uferfwrsKd;om;vHk;udk emcH=ujcif;tmjzifh igwkd@onf
u|eyðf &ef usL;ausmw f ukd cf ukd of rd ;f ydu
k v
f m+yDjzpf&m aemufq;kH awmh rkcs atmifyGJ&rnfomwnf;?
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wrsKd;om;vHk;toufESifhvJI ckcHa&;ppfyGJudk vG w f v yf I nD ! G w f a om
qifE=J$ u&efrwS yg; tjcm;a&G;cs,pf &m vrf;r&Sad wmhay? AD,uferfEdkifiHawmf t"Gef@&Snf
ygap æ/ ckcaH &;ppfy. JG atmifyJG
(3) rsm; t"Gef@&Snfygap?
ckcHa&;ppf wyfveS @f tajrmufoo H nf
jyifopfe,fcs@J wd@k onf 1946 'DZifbm (17)&ufae@wGif [EdKG if AD,uferfjynforl sm;udo k mru
òrd@ qifajczH;k a'orsm;udk wdu k cf u f nf? 19 wGif [EdKG if. tcsuf urBmod@k ±du
kd o k cf wfyw hJ ifco hJ nf?
tcsmae&mrsm;udk t"rR 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u
kd o k yf gawmhonf? EdkifiHwumtajctae/ AD,uf
f rd ;f ydu
'DZifbm(20)wGif [dck srD if;onf
yxrqHk;aom tajrmufoHESifh
wlonfh wyfvSef@oHESifh vlxk
tm; vH@_ aqmfvu kd &f awmhonf?
“EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd rsKd;cspf
yk*Kd~ vftaygi;f wd@k æ igw@kd onf
+idrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkvm;onfht
wGuf vdkufavsmcsufrsm;ðyvkyf
cJ.
h ? od@k aomf igw@kd u vdu k af vsm
av jyif o pf u d k v d k e D 0 g'orm;
rsm;onf &avvdak v tdw k ap> AD,ufrif; vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk
jzpfvmcJh=uonf? ppfaq;aeonfh ppfaumfrwDOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf ik,if*D,uf
45
 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

'DZifbm (20)rSpI [dck srD if;/ ik,if*, D ufEiS o hf nf

ajrmufydkif;aus;vufa'orsm;odk@ qkwfcGmvmcJh
=uonf? *syefzufqpfudk [EdGKifrS wdkufrxkwfrD
tajccHpcef;tjzpf wnfaqmufco hJ nfh Tajrmuf
ydik f;a'oodk@yif ,ckvnf; qkwfcGmcJh&jyefonf?
[dck srD if;onf ajrmufyikd ;f a'owckv;kH ud tajccH
pcef;tjzpf cdik rf matmif wnfaqmufonf? xdrk S
wqifh taemufajrmufa'oudk wd;k cs@J wdu k cf ukd f
oGm;&ef pDpOfonf?
txl;ojzifh AD,ufrif;wyfAv kd cf sKyf ik,if*D
,uf tygt0if acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf [dck srD if;.
aphpyfa&;vrf;pOf ysujf ym;cJah omfvnf; [dck srD if;
ay: =unfnKd av;pm;r_/ ,H=k unfrw _ @kd u ysujf ym;
roGm;cJh? [dkcsDrif;. OD;aqmifvrf;jyr_udk quf
vufc, H u l m wvH;k wpnf;wnf; &Sad ecJo h nf? ckcH
a&;ppfyGJonf a&&SnfppftoGifaqmifvmrSmjzpf
onfhtwGuf AD,uferf wrsKd;om;vHk; tus,f
jyef@qHk;yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf a&S;OD;pGm tpdk;&tzGJ@
tm; trsK;d om;nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pktoGirf sK;d
jzpfatmif jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJo h nf? xdw k yfaygi;f pk
AdkvfcsKyf ik,if*D,uf ESifh orw [dkcsDrif; xJwiG f bmoma&;t}uD;tuJrsm;/ rsK;d cspyf *k Kd~ vf
rsm;/ vlxktzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm; tm;vHk;
erf.tajctaewdk@a=umifh e,fcsJ@ESifhaphpyfa&;ðy yg0ifvmcJhonf?
vkyu f m pmcsKyfcsKyfqckd &hJ m e,fcs@J u t=urf;zuf ckcHa&;ppfyGJwckvHk;. toGifvuQ%monf
usL;ausmf azmufzsuv f mcJo h jzifh w&m;aomppf/ e,fcs@J wyfrsm;udk e,fcs@J wyfrsm;udk trSnahf c|ac|
ckcaH wmfveS pf pftjzpf jynfow l @kd odjrifvukd +f yDjzpf I a&&Snw f u
kd cf u
kd o
f mG ;&rSmjzpfonf? e,fcs@J wyf
onf? wESpfausmf e,fcsJ@ESifhaphpyfvdkufavsmcJho u vufeuftiftm; omvGeaf eonf? wdu k cf u kd f
jzifh tcsK@d yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u vusmF aoGzaD &; tacsmif tiftm;uvnf; omaeao;onf? e,fcs@J . xdk
orm;tjzpf ,lq±_jrifco hJ nf? ,ckoo l nf rnf tajctaeu AD,uferfckcHppfwGif yg0if&rnfh
onfhaoGzDa&;orm;rS r[kwfcJha=umif; xyfrH ajymufusm;ppfESifh jynfol@ppfudk a&G;cs,fvdkuf
oufaojycJjh cif;jzpfonf? 1947 rS 1954 txd onf? 1947 ck arv (27)wGif jynfol@ppfrsm;
ckcHawmfvSefa&;.ppfyGJ}uD;udk &SpfESpfwdkifwdkif tus,fjyef@qHk; zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf trsKd;om;
OD;aqmif+yD; wdkufcdkufcJhonfh acgif;aqmifrSm uGefz&ifh}uD; usif;ycJhonf? jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS
[dkcsDrif;? jynfol@ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ umuG,fa&;wyf/
&efolu [EdGKif;udkodrf;ydkufonfh 1946 ajymufusm;wyfwdk@rS acgif;aqmifrsm; wuf
46
awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

a&muf=uonf? xdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk uspfvpf rD;±d@_ cJ=h uonf? 1947 ZGef (20)&ufu ‘uD,if
cdkifrmatmif wyfwnfaqmufr_ vkyfcJh=uonf? &G m uav;’wG i f &ef o l u vl } uD ; (8)a,muf /
xdw k yfz@JG rsm;. trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd [dck srD if;u trsK;d orD;(40)/ uav;(50)cef@udk pkòyHowfjzwf
o0%fv$may;ydk@onf? +y;D w&GmvH;k udk rD;±d@_ jymccJo h nf?
“jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf=u/ xdk&ufpuf owfjzwfr_rsKd; ae&mtESH@&Sdae
ulnD=u/ jynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_/ cspfcifr_ESifh cJo
h jzifh awmifov l ,form;rsm;onf &&mvuf
av;pm;r_ukd cH,&l atmif tpGr;f ukeóf ud;pm;=u” eufukd udik pf +JG yD;/ ckcaH &;ppfyt JG wGi;f od@k yg0ifvm
[lI aphaqmfco hJ nf? cJ=h uonf? &efou l owfjzwfzEd ydS af vav vlxk
xd k t rsKd ; om;uG e f z &if h rwd k i f r D u vnf ;
u &efoludk qef@usifavav/ ckcHppfonf a&S@
“topf0efxrf;wyfom;rsm;”udk zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;jzpf wvSrf;wdk;wuf&avav/ ckcHa&;ppfyGJ. =oZm
onf? [EdKG if;udk odr;f ydu k x
f m;aom jyifopfwyf tm%mrSm ydkI us,fjyef@vmavawmhonf?
awGukd trSnahf c|ac|&efjzpfonf? xdpk Ofuvnf; [dck srD if;ESiw hf uG acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ygwaD u'grsm;/
[dck srD if;u taocH 0efxrf;wyfom;rsm;udk !$ef vufeufudkif&Jabmfrsm;. pdwf"mwf/ tawG;
=um;csuf xkwfjyefcJhao;onf? ol. !$ef=um; tac: aphpyfaocsmr_/ ZGaJ umif;r_/ pnf;±H;k a&;ESihf
csuu f kd twdck sKyfvu kd &f v#if æ xl;c|eaf jymifajrmufonfh wdu k cf u
kd &f nf pGr;f &nf
(1) &Jabmfw@kd onf yg;eyfjzwfvyfpmG tvGef rsm;a=umifh vGwaf jrmufaome,fajrrsm; wae@
v#K@d 0Supf mG vkyu f ikd &f rnf? wyfz@JG rsm;tm; vdtk yf
wjcm; us,jf yef@vmcJo h nf? e,fcs@J &efo. l e,f
ovdk cGJjzef@jcif;/ pkpnf;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf&rnf? ajrcs@J xGizf Ed ydS v f r$ ;f rd;k a&;onf wjznf;jznf; e,f
(2) tawG@tóuHrsm;udk puUef@rjywf avh usO;f vmcJo h nf? 1949 wGif ckcpH pfy. JG t&Sed of nf
vm,l=u&rnf? opPmazmufESifh olv#Kdrsm;udk odoo d mom ajymif;vJw;kd wufvmcJo h nf?
txl;owdðy? 1950 Zefe0g&Dv (14)wGif [dkcsDrif;onf
(3) t+rJwrf;owd&Sd? ±kwfw&uf&&Sdvm urBmEh ikd if tH oD;oD;rS tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;rsm;xHo@kd
aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk xd;k xGi;f }uHqI toH;k cs a=ujimcsuw f apmif ay;yd@k cJo h nf? Edik if t H oD;oD;
Edkif&rnf? wd@k rS tpd;k &tzG@J rsm;ESihf oHwrefqufo, G rf r_ sm;
(4) &Jabmfw@kd tpGr;f ukef nD!w G =f u&rnfðyvkyf&ef azmfjyxm;onfh a=ujimcsuf? 'kwd,
[lI jzpfonf? urBmppft+yD; w±kwjf ynfwiG ;f ppf qufvufjzpf
yGm;cJ&h m 1949 atmufwb kd mwGif uGejf rLepfw@kd
AD,ufrif; vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG rsm;onf òrd@ vH;k 0 atmifycJG cH +hJ yD/ w±kwjf ynfo@l orwEdik if u H kd
rsm;udk jyefvnfrodrf;ydkufEdkifao;aomfvnf; xlaxmifco hJ nfu h mv? 1950 Zefe0g&D (18)wGif
aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif tajccHpcef;rsm; wnf w±kwt f pd;k &u [dck srD if;acgi;f aqmifonfh AD,uf
aqmufI &efoludk tvpfwGif r=umc% 0if erforwEdkifiHtpdk;&tm; todtrSwfðy±Hkomr
a&mufwu kd cf u
kd Ef ikd cf =hJ uonf? &efo@l bufrS tus u oHwrefvJvS,fcJhonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,Hu
tqH;k rsm;avav &efou l vlxt k ay: t=urf; vnf; AD,uferftpdk;&udk todtrSwfðya=umif;
zufru_ }uD;vmavavjzpfonf? aus;&Gmrsm;udk a=ujimcJo h nf? AD,uferfonf Edik if aH &; t&Sed jf rifh
0ifa&mufvmcJ+h yD;/ ta=umif;rJh owfjzwf/ &Gmudk vmcJhonf?
47
 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

1950 pufwifbmESihf Ed0k if awmfveS af &;.a&S@aqmifwyfO;D jzpfaom AD,uferfueG jf rLepfygwt

D m;
bmtwGi;f aumifbefbufEiS hf ,ckxuf ydrk ukd s,jf yef@pmG pnf;±H;k vkyaf qmifa&;twGuf “AD,uferf
uefvGefqef wdkufyGJrsm;onf tvkyform;ygwD”[lI trnfajymif;cJhonf? A[dkaumfrwD OuUÏ
}uD;us,fouJhodk@ atmifyGJrsm; tjzpf [dkcsDrif;udk wnDw!Gwfwnf; wifajr‡muf=uonf?
uvnf; }uD;rm;cJo h nf? &efol
(2˜000)ausmf '%f&m& usq;kH (4)
cJhonf? wqufwnf;rSmyJ ckcH 'ifAifzl;wdkufyGJ æ 'ifAifAl;t+yD;owf xdk;ppf
awmfveS pf pfukd jr‡i&hf ef/ ckcpH pft AD,uferftpd;k &/ ygwED iS hf wyfrawmf. ppfa&;/ Edik if aH &; =oZm
qH;k owfwu kd yf q
JG ifE&J$ eftwGuf tm%m}uD;rm;vmcJhonfhtav#muf trsKd;om;jynfolvlxk.
a&S@ajcvSrf;rsm;wdk;onfh tae atmifyGJrsm;onfvnf; wyGJ+yD;wyGJ &vmcJhonf? &efole,fcsJ@u
jzifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m uGefjrLepf xdak tmifyrJG sm;udk jyefvnfacsre_ ;f zsuo f rd ;f &eftwGuf 1953 ESpf
ygwDnDvmcHudk 1951/ azazmf ukeyf ikd ;f wGif t}uD;rm;qH;k aom ppfqifa&;wck zefw;D yð vkycf o hJ nf?
0g&D(11)wGif usif;yvdkufonf? tar&duefonf AD,uferfppfyu JG mvY 1953 uwnf;u pwifI
'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;ESifh t jyifopfukd tm;ay;axmufu&l if; pwifpu G zf ufvmcJo h nf? jyifopf
rsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ ppfO;D pD;csKyf eAm;onf 1953 arvwGif tar&duefppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm;
rsm;. vufiif;wm0efrsm;udk . tultnDjzifh tar&duef ppfXmecsKyfEiS hf AD,uferfppfqifa&;
tcdkiftrmcsrSwf&ef jzpfonf? a&;qGcJ o hJ nf? jyifopf-tar&duef yl;wGpJ pfa&; pDru H ed ;f rsm;a&;qGI J /
yl;wGJa=ujimcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1953 ZlvdkifvwGif udk&D;,m;
ppfajy+idrf;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif;wGif AD,uferf&Sd jyifopfwyf
rsm;tm; ppfa&;tultnDrsm; yHkIay;cJhonf? xdkppfqifa&;.
t"du aoe*FAsL[mt& e,fcsJ@jyifopfwyfrsm;onf AD,uferf
taemufajrmufydkif;&Sd 'ifAifzl;a'owGif wyftiftm;}uD;}uD;rm;
rm;jzifh wyfpGJ&ef/ usL;ausmfppfudk xyfcsJ@vdkufonf?
&efoel ,fcs@J u 1953 Ed0k ifbmv (20)&ufae@ eHeufwiG f 'ifAif
zl;jrpf0Srf;odk@ av,Ofjzifh avxD;wyfom;rsm;udk pwifcscJhonf?
aumif;uiftjynf/h av,mOftjynf/h 'ifAifz;l wGief ,fcs@J ppfom;rsm;
vnf; jynfhoGm;onf? tvHk;t&if;jzifh pwifwyfpGJvdkuf=uonf?
“ jynfov l xl u k kd 'ifAifz;l onf t}uD;qH;k aomjrpf0rS ;f }uD;/ tvsm;(12)rdik /f teH(5)rdik f
umuG,af pmifah &Smuf=u/ cef@ us,f0ef;onf? ta&S@awmifbufpGef;rSvGJI Tjrpf0Srf;a'o
uln=D u/ wckv;kH udk awmifwef;}uD;rsm;u ywfvnf0ef;&Humxm;onf?
jynfov l xl .k jyifopfppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfu tif'dkcsKdif;em;wGif taumif;qHk;
,H=k unfr/_ cspcf ifrE_ iS hf pkpnf;xm;onf? jyifopfwyfrsm;ESifh AD,uferfajrmufydkif;wGif
av;pm;r_ukd cH,&l atmif txl;avhusifhxm;aom wkdufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;. oHk;yHkwyHkonf
tpGr;f ukeóf u;pm;=u æ ” 'ifAifz;l wGif pkpnf;xm;onf? wyftiftm;(16˜000)/ taumif;qH;k
vufa&G;pifwyfrsm;? taumif;qHk;aom ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;?
48
awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

ppfaoewf/ ppftajrmuf}uD;
rsm;/ ajrjyifESifh av,mOfypf
tajrmuf}uD;rsm;/ oHcsyu f mESihf
wifu h m;}u;D rsm;/ AH;k }uaJ v,mOf
ESihf wdkufav,mOfrsm; ponfh
aemuf q H k ; ay: ppf v uf e uf
ypPn;f rsm;jzifh 'ifAifz;l cHwyf}uD;
udk wnfaqmufxm;avonf?
'ifAifz;l ppfqifa&;udk cif;usi;f
xm;onf?
1950 rS 54 twGi;f tif'kd
csKdif;em; ppfyGJtwGuf tar&d
uefu jyifopfudk ulnDcJhaom [EGdKif;&Sd jyifopfe,fcsJ@wyfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufESdrfESif;+yD;
wefzdk;rSm a':vm oef; 500 AD,ufrif;wyfrsm; atmifyGJcHcsDwufvmae=upOf
zd;k r# &Scd o
hJ nf? 1954 wGif tar
&duef. axmufyHhr_rSm tif'dk ydkif;ESifh AD,uferfawmifydkif;a'orsm;udk jynfol@ppfwyfrawmfESifh
csKdif;em;&Sd jyifopfwyfrsm;. ajymufusm;wyfrsm;u 0ifa&mufwu kd cf ukd cf o
hJ nf? eAm;. tpDt
toHk;p&dwftm;vHk;. (80)&m pOfrsm;onf ysufjym;oGm;onf? 'ifAifzl;odk@ xyfrHydk@&ef}uH&G,f
cdkifE_ef;jzpfvmonf? xm;onfh wyfrsm;udk ryd@k Edik cf ahJ wmh? ppfy&JG adS om a'orsm;udyk J ppf
[dck srD if;ESihf ik,if*, D ufw@kd ul @kd cJ&h awmhonf?
onf jyifopfwdk@. 'ifAifzl;udk xkt d ajctaewGif 'ifAifz;l cHwyfukd 0dik ;f xm;Edik &f ef acsre_ ;f a&;
pwifwdkufcdkufjcif;rðyao;bJ/ twGuf vufeufc, J rf;/ &dumQ rsm;udk awmawmifv#Kad jrmif txyf
jyifopfwdk@. aoe*FAsL[mudk xyfudkjzwfausmf+yD; o,faqmif&eftwGuf v_yf&Sm;&awmhonf?
pwif±u kd cf sK;d &ef 1953 'DZifbm jynfo@l wyfrawmfEiS hf ajymufusm;wyfrsm;onf axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm
vxJrmS ajrmufyikd ;f a'orS wck yg0ifaom jynfol@ppfrsm;. tultnDjzifh vufeufcJ,rf;&duQm
wnf;aom ppfpcef;jzpfonfh wd@k udk xrf;wif=u/ wGe;f wify@kd aqmifc=hJ uonf? TckcaH wmfveS pf pf
‘vdkifacsm’udk tvpfwGif 0if onf AD,uferfjynfow l @kd . jynfo@l ppfy}JG uD;jzpfojzifh jynfow l @kd .
a&muf wdu k cf kud fcJhonf? &uf tiftm;/ pGr;f &nfowW/d pdw"f mwfukd tb,fzEd ydS o f ul acszsuyf pf
tenf;i,ftwGi;f &efoel ,fcs@J Edik yf grnfenf;? &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f rSm 'ifAifz;l udk t&yf&pS rf suf
(2˜500)cef@ usq;kH cJo h nf? '%f ESmrS 0dkif;xm;vdkuf=uonf?
&m&cJhonf? ajymufusm;wyfom;rsm;onf 'ifAifzl;ESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sd
xd k @ jyif jyif o pf p pf A d k v f aom jyifopfavwyfpcef;rsm;udk xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJh
eAm;. ppfa&;pDru H ed ;f rsm; ysuf =uonf? [EGKd if;&Sd *D,mvrfavwyfEiS hf [dik zf ek rf S uufbaD vwyf
jym;oGm;ap&eftwGuf AD,uf pcef;rsm;udk tumtuG,ftxyfxyf=um;/ oHql;óud;rsm;=um;/
erftv,fyikd ;f / avmEdik if aH tmuf pGe@f peG @f pm;pm;oGm;a&mufum atmifjrifpmG zsuq f ;D ypfEikd cf =hJ uonf?
49
 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

uufbDavwyfrS av,mOft }uD;wGif Adv k cf sKyf'u

D ufpx&DEiS hf udv k ekd .
D zdEydS af oG;pkycf s,v f , S f
pif;(60) tygt0if pkpkaygif; Adkvfrª;}uD; (10)a,muf tyg r_udk (1883 rS 1954 xd) 71
av,mOf (78)pif;udk zsufqD; t0if jyif o pf p pf o m;aygif ; ESpft=umrSm AD,uferfjynfol
ypfEdkifcJh=uonf? (16˜200)wd@k evHrxlEikd af tmif wdk@. t+yD;wdkif acsr_ef;armif;
Advk cf sKyf ik,if*, D uf OD;pD; ajcr_ef;jcif;cHcJh&I AD,uferf xkwEf ikd cf ohJ nfh atmifyjJG zpfonf?
aom AD,uferf jynfol@wyfr jynfol@wyfrawmfESifh jynfol 'ifAifzl;atmifyGJonf ,ae@rS
awmfonf axmifaygif;rsm;pGm wdk@ vHk;0 atmifyGJcHcJh=uonf? a&wGuv f #if ESpaf ygi;f (50)wif;
aom ajymuf u sm;wyf r sm;/ ppfa&;t& atmifycJG cH ± hJ o
kH mru wif; jynfch yhJ g+yD? (1954 rS ,ae@
jynfo@l ppfrsm;/ aus;vuf jynf acgi;f aqmif}uD; [dck srD if;ESihf tif 2004 xd)? urBmwcGiw f iG f “udk
olw@kd . tultnDjzifh 1954 ck 'dkcsKdif;em; jynfolwdk@ tpOfw vdkeDzsufodrf;a&;”aºuG;a=umf
rwfv (13)&ufwGif 'ifAifzl; pdu
k v f y_ &f mS ;±ke;f uefcohJ nfh vGwf oH/ aoewfow H @kd u 'kw, d urBm
jrpf 0 S r f ; xJ r S jyif o pf w yf r sm; vyfaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpfa&; [l ppft+yD;v$rf;rdk;cJh&m vufeuf
tm; pwifx;kd ppf qifEyJ$ gawmh aomEdik if aH &;onfvnf; atmif udik af wmfveS af &; aoewforH sm;/
onf? jyifopfwdk@vnf; puf yGJcHcJhonf? 'ifAifzl; atmifyGJ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; xdk;
aoewf r sKd ; pH k / puf t ajrmuf t+yD; (2)vt=umwGif qGpZf m ppf r sm;/ wd k u f y G J r sm;ES i f h t wl
}uD;rsm;/ oHcsyu f mESihf wifu
h m; vef j ynf / *sD e D A mòrd @ Y usif ; y trsKd;om;jynfolwdk@ toD;oD;
}uD;rsm;ponfh acwfrv D ufeuf aom tif'dkcsKdif;em;qdkif&m nD vGwaf jrmufvmcJ=h uonf? xd@k
rsm;jzifh tpGr;f ukef ckcu H muG,f vmcH}uD;u AD,uferf/ vmtd/k a=umifh AD,uferf jynfow l @kd .
cJh=uonf? odk@aomf 55 &uf uarBm'D;,m; ponfh Edik if rH sm; vuf e uf u d k i f awmf v S e f a &;
ajrmufaomae@wGif jyifopfw@kd tm; vH;k 0vGwv f yfaom tcsKyf atmifyGJonf tzdESdyfcH urBmh
vufajr‡muft±H_;ay;cJh&onf? tjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if rH sm;tjzpf jynfolw&yfvHk;. atmifyGJjzpf
1954 ckESpf arv (7)&ufae@ todtrSwfðyvdkuf=uonf? onf? 'ifAifzl;atmifyGJonf
wGif urBmausmf 'ifAifzl;wdkuf TatmifyGJonf jyifopf tEdkifEdkifiHjynfolwdk@. atmifyGJ
jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh AD,uferf
u tzdESdyfcHjynfolESifh jynfol@
wyfrawmf/ tvkyo f rm;ygww D @kd
. awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:/
vuf e uf u d k i f awmf v S e f a &;
tawG@tóuH/ ,Hk=unfcsufESifh
pdwf"mwf/ ZGJowWdudk av;pm;
*k%fðy&rSmjzpfouJhodk@ tm;us
twk,l&rSmvnf; jzpfonf?

'ifAifzl;wkdufyGJt+yD;wGif zrf;qD;cHvdkuf&onfh &Jabmf roufZif

aomif;ESifhcsDaom e,fcsJ@jyifopf ppfom;rsm; ZGef 1/ 2004
50
awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

. ae&m
t,f'w
D mtzG@J
(1)
wyfO;D pwifxal xmifonfh 1988 Ed0k ifbmv (1)&ufae@rSpwifa&wGuv f #if Tqef;ppfcsuu f kd
a&;onfh 2004 ckEpS f ZGev f (7)&ufwiG f wyfO;D . oufwrf;rSm (15)ESpw f if;wif; jynfch +hJ yDjzpfonf?
xk(d 15)ESpu
f mvwGif tcuftcJawmifpOfawmifwef;rsm; qD;umydwq f @kd xm;or# awmfveS af &;pdwf
"mwf/ awmfveS af &;twG;tac:/ ZGo J wWw d @kd jzifh jzwfausmcf =hJ u&onf? =urf;xef;cufxa&mf awmifwef;
rsm;u wck+yD;wck aemufausmbufwiG f use&f pfco hJ nf? zufqpfppftm%m&Sipf epf acsre_ ;f zsuo f rd ;f
ypfa&;/ trsK;d om;jynfov l xl k vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; ajcvSr;f rsm;onf
a&S@bufqo D @kd wvSr;f +yD;wvSr;f wd;k vSr;f aecJ/h wd;k vSr;f aeqJjzpfonf? wyfO;D onf aemufo@kd jyefqw k f
rnfh awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG r[kw?f xd@k jyif tvHjzLwifum &efou l kd t±H;_ ay;rnfh wyfr[kw?f wae@wGif
&efou l igw@kd udk urf;vSr;f vdrrhf nf? xdo k @kd ae&mcGaJ 0,la&;twGuf aoewfukd &ifciG x f yJ u kd x
f m;+yD;
apmifah r#maf eonfh tcGit hf a&;orm; wyfvnf;r[kw?f xd@k a=umifh vlxv k w G af jrmufa&; wyfO;D tjzpf
}uH@}uH@cH&yfwnf&if; a&S@od@k om wd;k vSr;f cJo h nf?

(2)
wyfO;D pwifxal xmifpOfumvudk tusO;f csKyf qef;ppf=unfyh grnf? wyfO;D . a'gijhf zwfjrifuiG ;f udk
jyefjrifEikd af tmif/ ,ae@a&muf&adS ewJh umvtajctaeeJ@vnf; Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unfjh rifEidk zf @kd twGujf zpfonf?
xdpk Ofuwnf;uyif OD;}uD;awmf/ aemifawmf awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u axmufyu hH n
l cD =hJ uonf?
tjcm;axmufyrhH r_ sm;udk jynfytzG@J tnf;rsm;rS&&So d nf? od@k aomf aemufxyf (2)ESpyf ifrcHyg? xdk Edik if H
jcm;axmufyrhH u _ jy\emay;vmonf? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; vkyyf gw,fqu kd mrS aoewfuikd &f if
axmufyrhH r_ ay;Edik [ f I
l xdEk ikd if jH cm;rS axmufyahH &;tzG@J rsm;u awmif;qdv k mcJ=h uonf? xdjk y\emu
wyfO;D . wyf&if;rsm;twGi;f }uD;xGm;onfxuf }uD;xGm;vmcJo h nf? vGwaf jrmufa'orsm; }uD;}uD;rm;
rm; rxlaxmifEikd af o;onfu h mv? &efoel @J awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkw@kd bwjyef usm;wjyef wdu k cf u
kd f
ae&onfh umv? xd;k ppfrsm;udk tqufrjywf &Sio f efvy_ &f mS ;cGihf r&Edik af o;onfu h mv? vGwaf jrmuf
a'orsm; rxlaxmifEikd af o;ojzifh Edik if jH cm;axmufyrhH u _ kd ruif;Edik af wmh? rjzwfawmufEikd af wmh? xdk
tajctaeu wyf&if;toD;oD;udk ar;cGe;f xkwv f mcJ+h yDjzpfonf? xdak xmufyrhH u _ kd r,lbJ vufeufuikd f
awmfvSefa&;udk qufvkyfrSmvm;? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udkpGef@v$wf+yD; axmufyHhaiGa=u;eJ@
51
 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

touf&iS o f efa&;vkyrf mS vm;? xdk vrf;ESpv f rf; tzd@k / ,H=k unfcsujf yif;oltzd@k xdv k ufrsm;udk qef@
teufu wvrf;udo k m a&G;cs,&f awmhrnf? a&S@ usizf ,f&mS ;um awmfveS af &;orm;twGuf awmf
ydik ;f umvrsm;uvdk axmufyahH &;tzG@J a&mufvm vSeaf &;orm; vuf/ ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&; vuf
ygu aoewfudk 0Suf/ olwdk@jyefoGm;rS aoewf rsm;udkom &SmazGa&G;cs,f&ayvdrfhrnf? rwwf
udik /f uG,&f mrSm awmfveS af &; vky?f xdo k @kd vSnhf omI&,l&aom axmufyu hH n l rD o_ nf }uD;jrwf
uGuv f yk I
f r&awmh? xdt k ajctaeu ±du k cf wf onfh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;. *k%foduQm/
ojzifh tcsKd@aom tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf vuf awmfvSefa&;orm;wdk@. *k%foduQESifh wefzdk;udk
eufudkifawmfvSefa&;udkt+yD;wdkif pGef@v$wfvdkuf xdyg;cGihf r&Sad y? rxdyg;&ay? xdyg;vmv#iv f nf;
=uonf? vufeufupkd eG @f onf? vlxv k w G af jrmuf vufcHrnf r[kwfay? wyfOD; OuUÏonfvnf;
a&;u t"du r[kwaf wmh? rdrv d w G af jrmufa&;u aumif;/ OuUÏESifhtzGJ@onfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm;
t"du? xd@k a=umifv h ufeufupkd eG @f onf? &dumQ udk a&mufvmonfh Armjynfolvlxkrsm;ESifh 'Drdku
,lonf? rdru d ,kd uf sK;d pD;yGm; acsmifcs&d iS o f efa&;udk a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;xHrS tultnDrsm;udk vdu k v
f H
OD;pm;ay;vdkufonf? &,lonft h cg xd*k %k of ud mQ ESihf wefz;kd wd@k udk xde;f
,ae@ 2004 ckESpf? wyfOD;tiftm;pkonf odrf;apmifha&Smifh&if; tultnD &,lavonf?
wyfO;D udk pwifz@JG pnf;onfah e@rS ,ae@txd awmf *k%o f u d mQ ESihf wefz;kd udk xdyg;vmygu umuG,f
vSefa&;udkom wpdkufrwfrwf a&G;cs,fcJh=uol &ef/ ckc&H ef toifjh yifxm;onfh [efyefukd awG@&
rsm; jzpfonf? aoewf tm;ud;k / aoewfukd ud;k onf? 'g[m awmfvSefa&; rmeyJ? Todk@yif
uG,+f yD; trsK;d om;jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH udk zdEydS f toifhjyifxm;&ayvdrfhrnf?
owfjzwf/ aoG;pkycf s,v f ,S af eonfh ppftm%m wyfOD;. =urf;wrf;cufcJonfhvrf;onf
&Sifpepfudk ckcH&efESifh awmfvSef&eftwGuf vuf ,ckaxmufyHha&;wckwnf;omru tjcm;aom
eufudkifawmfvSefa&;rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sd[laom ql;csKcH sKid 0hf rS ;f ca&mif;awm txyfxyfu qD;óud
,H=k unfcsu/f trsK;d om;jynfov l x l vk w G af jrmuf ydwq f @kd xm;+yD;om;? xdck ufco hJ nfv h rf;udk puUe@f
a&;udk aqmif,zl efw;D ay;Edik o f nfh vufeufuikd f ESifhrjywf av#mufvSrf;ae&ojzifh ydkIyif pdwf
awmfvSefa&;ESifh aygif;pyf&rnf? xdkcH,lcsuf/ "mwf/ ,H=k unfcsuf xufjrufvmcJo h nf? aemif
,H=k unfcsuu f kd pG+J rJcikd u
f sno f w l @kd onfum; Edik if H awmf awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;.vufEiS hf apmifh
jcm;axmufyHhr_ taESmiftzGJ@udk pGef@ypfvdkuf=u a&Smufun l t D m;ay;aom vufw@kd ESiyhf I kd wGq J uf
onf? xdak xmufyrhH u _ kd pGe@f ypfypPn;f tjzpf ausm cdkifusnfvmcJhonf?
cdkif;xm;cJhum/ aoewfudk qufudkif=uonf?
awmfveS af &;udk qufvuf ayG@zufvu kd =f uonf? (3)
wu,fu vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk =urf;wrf;cufcJhonfh awmfvSefa&;u pdwf
,H=k unfou l xd&k u d mQ / xdak xmufyahH =u;/ tusyf "mwf/ ,Hk=unfcsufudk xufjrufap±Hkomru/
twnf; tcuftcJa=umifh aemufweG @f oGm;p&m/ &Jabmf&Jbufvuf rdwfaqGppf rdwfaqGrSefwdk@.
qkwv f rf;&Smp&mta=umif; r&daS y? &dumQ axmuf vufw@kd jzifh wGcJ scD ikd jf rJap±Hok mru tawG;tac:
yHha=u;u awmfvSefa&;orm;.vnfrsKdudk vm udyk g jywfom;&ifu h suv f mapcJo
h nf? awmfveS f
n‡pfaeonfhwdkif awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:&Sdol a&;twGuf t"duvdt k yfcsuof nf awmfveS af &;
52
awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

tawG;tac:yifjzpfonf? tzd cJ=h uonf? vlwa,mufxrJ mS yJ 'Dppftm%m&Siaf wGukd awmfveS f

ESyd cf t
H rsK;d om;vlxv k w G af jrmuf wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;ypf&rnf? odk@rSom 'Drdkua&pD&&Sdrnf[laom t
a&;onf trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;jzpf awG;tac:uvnf; &Sad ejyefonf? wa,mufxrJ mS yJ tawG;tac:
ojzifh Edik if aH &; tawG;tac: yg a[mif;ESihf tawG;tac:opfw@kd u yËdyuQjzpfaecJ&h m xdyk *k Kd~ vfrsm;
vmonf? vufeufudkifawmf ESihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfh awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG wGirf l ydI k yif yËdyuQujyif;
vSefa&;jzifh vlxkvGwfajrmuf xefavawmhonf? tvif;tiftm;u enf;enf;/ tarSmifxt k if
a&;udk aqmifusO;f &ojzifh awmf tm;u rsm;rsm;/ yHkysufyef; ysufaqG;ajr@aeonfh tawG;tac:
vSefa&;tawG;tac: &Sdudk &Sd& ta[mif;u rsm;rsm;/ vlxv k w
G af jrmufa&;qD OD;wnfonfh opfviG f
awmhrnf? ppf.oabmw&m; aom tawG;tac:u enf;enf;? xd@k a=umifh wyfO;D pwifz@JG pnf;p/
ESifh EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:wdk@ pwif&ifqikd &f onfh tcuftcJrmS tawG;tac:yifjzpfonf[k qdk
a&m,Sufaygif;pyfzGJ@pnf;xm; &jcif;jzpfonf?
onf? awmfvSefa&;tawG;t wyfOD;. wyf&if;wckwGif&SdcJhonfh tawG;tac: jy\emudk
ac:wyfrS &Jabmfw@kd onf ppfc&D; xkwfjyyg&ap? ,ae@wyfOD;rS &Jabmfrsm;onf xdkjy\emrsm;udk
=urf;udak v#mufvrS f;&if; awmf =unfu h m &,f=uayvdrrhf nf? ,ae@tajctaeESihf Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unfrh S
vSefa&;tawG;tac:rsm; &&Sd wdk;wufr_/ qkwf,kwfr_udk ydkIodjrifvmrSmjzpfonf? oHk;oyfEdkif
vmcJh=uonf? rSmvnf;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh vGecf o hJ nfh q,fpEk pS af usmaf usmu f
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; jy\emtcsKd@udk xkwfE_wfjyvdkygonf?
xJwiG f wyfOD;udkpwifzGJ@pnf;p xdkpOfu a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh rSwfwrf;pmtkyfxJrS xkwf
uwnf;uwdkif awmfvSefa&; E_wful;,lazmfjyvdkufygonf?
xJ olw@kd 0ifa&mufvmcJ=h upOf (1) igw@kd [m Edik if aH &;vkyaf ewm r[kw/f ppfwu kd af ejcif;jzpf
pepfqdk;. tawG;tac:rsm;udk w,f? awmfvSefa&;vkyfaewm jzpfw,f? EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ppfa&;[m
o,f,lvmcJh=uonf? wenf; wjcm;pDjzpfw,f? EdkifiHa&;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;[m wjcm;pDjzpfw,f?
tm;jzifh &efol. rD;usKd;armif; a&mvd@k r&bl;? aygi;f pyfv@kd r&bl;?
ysuf tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf p±du k f (2) igw@kd ppfwu kd af ewm[m a&&Snpf pftwGuf r[kwb f ;l ?
ysuf r sm;ud k o,f , l v mcJ h = u a&wdpk pftwGuyf jJ zpfw,f? a&&Snw f u kd &f r,fq&kd if wyfuaexGuf
onf? 'guvnf; obm0usyg r,f?
onf? pepfw&yfu xdpk epf.yHpk H (3) a&G;aumufyt JG ajzudk apmif=h unf+h yD;rS wdu k o f ifh rwku d f
udo k m xkwv f yk af y;onf? pepf oifh pOf;pm;&rSm jzpfw,f?
qdk;wGif arG;zGm;usifvnfvmcJh (4) ppfwyf tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m uGJatmifvkyfzdk@vdkw,f? ppf
&m xdpk epfu yHpk w H l vlowW0g wdu k zf @kd rvdbk ;l ?
rsm; (om;aumifrsm; [lIvnf; (5) rqv ppfwyftiftm;u }uD;w,f? 'ga=umifh igw@kd Edik f
ac:Edkifao;onf)udk xkwfvkyf atmif wdu k Ef ikd yf grh vm;?
ay;cJo h nf? xdyk pkH /H xdpk ±du k /f xdk (6) igw@kd ausmif;om;awGu OD;aqmif+yD; ,cktcsed rf mS e0w
tawG;tac:wdk@jzifh vufeuf eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vky&f if &+yD/ wdu k pf &m rvdb k ;l ?
udik af wmfveS af &;xJ a&mufvm (7) rqv/ e0wwyfukd &ifqikd af wG@ayr,fh rwdu k ef @J / a&Smif
53
 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

Edik of r#a&Smif=u/ aoewfu igw@kd vHòk cHz@kd twGuf óuH&wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f &p+rJygy?J awmfveS af &; wyf
om jzpfw,f/ &efole0wu wae@rSm igwdk@udk wGif; wyfjyif&Sd tacsmiform;0g'[m &efoludk
ac:,laqG;aEG;vmvdrrhf ,f/ igw@kd udk ae&may;vm wdu k &f mrSm/ awmfveS af &;udq k ifE&J$ mrSm tiftm;
&rSmjzpfw,f? tm%mr#a0 ,l&rSmjzpfw,f? 'g csed @J apcJo h nf? aESmifah ES;}uH@=umapcJo h nf? awGa0
a=umifh ppfwu kd pf &m rvdb k ;l ? xdik ;f rdi_ ;f apcJo h nf? a&S@uckd sw D ufaewJh ajcvSr;f awG
xdjk y\emrsm;tjyif a'otoD;oD;/ tzG@J udak emufujkd yefqw k af ponf? 'grrS [kwf ajcvSr;f
tpnf;toD;oD;rSxu G v f mcJ=h uojzifh tzG@J cJG a'o awGukd ±du k cf sK;d ovdk jzpfapcJo h nf? 'ga=umifh t
cGjJ y\emrsm;vnf; oli,fema&m*gvdk pGJvmcJh acsmiform;0g'onf tE W&m,f}uD;vSayonf?
=uonf? wyf&if;twGi;f rSm xdk tkypf ck /JG a'opGjJ zifh ,ae@ (2004)umvrsK;d rSm tacsmiform;
Adkvfusr_rsm;&SdvmcJhojzifh trSefw&m;udk razmf 0g'onf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk ydkvdk@
xkwf&Jonfhjy\emrsm;vnf; uyf+yD;ygvmcJh tE &W m,fay;onf? 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk tm;vH;k
onf? wqufxjJ zpfay:vmonfjh y\emrsm;rSm eD;yg;onf &efolESifh tJeft,fvf'D ESpfzufaqG;
wyfpnf;urf;udk csKd;azmufjcif;/ rl;,pfqdk;oGrf; aEG;a&;udyk t J "duxm;+y;D óu;d yrf;=ujcif;jzpfonf?
jcif;ESiahf wmfveS af &;wyf. *k%o f u
d mQ wefz;kd rsm;udk aqG;aEG;yGu J kd zufqufu wufvmvdrrhf ,fq+kd yD;
bufpHkzsufqD;r_rsm; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? tºuGif;rJhvnf;,Hk=unf/ wzufuvnf; odrf;
olwdk@ o,f,lvmcJhonfh tawG;tac:ESifh oGi;f qGaJ c:? xdo k @kd &efoel @J tJet f ,fv'f w D @kd aqG;
p±dkufyHkpHawGygyJ? xdkuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd; aEG;a&;udk vkyv f ukd af wmh 'Dy, J if;vlowfyt JG xd
wGif 'nw uJo h @kd aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;xJrS tcsK@d (15)ESpf=umoGm;cJhonf? t&if;csKyfvdkufv#if
aomtiftm;pkrsm;u usq;kH aeqJjzpfaom/ acgi;f (15)ESpfumvtwGif; ESpfzufaqG;aEG;a&;/ ukef
rxlEikd af tmif Ake;f Ake;f vJaeaom vufsmtacsmif oG,fa&;ydwfqdk@a&;/ ,ltJef/ ,ltufpfat A[dk
orm;0g'udk oGyo f iG ;f ay;cJah vonf? xdo k @kd aom ðy+yD; taemufwcGifu zufqpfudk zdtm;ay;a&;/
tcsK@d tiftm;pkawGu 2 ck ay;a0oGyo f iG ;f onf? zufqpfukd txD;useaf &; ponfh oHwrefwu kd f
axmufyHhaiGa=u;udk yHkIay;onf? yGu
J kd t"du xm;cJ=h uonf? =opaw;vs/ tar
tacsmiform;0g'udv k nf; yHI k ay;a0onf? &duef/ uae'gwdk@wGif usif;ycJh=uonfh nDvmcH
wyfOD;rS wyf&if;acgif;aqmiftcsKd@/ pcef;acgif; pkpkaygif; w'gZifcef@wGif Armjynf vufeufudkif
aqmiftcsKd@onf xdk(2)rsKd;pvHk;udk &vdkuf=u awmfvSefa&;ESifh wyfOD;.tcef;u¾udk csefvSyf
onf? tacsmiform;0g' rdi_ ;f urdxm;onft h jyif xm;cJ=h uonf? aphpyfa&;/ zdtm;ay;a&;udk OD;pm;
aiGa=u;uvnf; zsufqD;vdkufojzifh azmufjyef ay;xm;ojzifh xd(k 2)ckonf a&yef;tpm;qH;k jzpf
aom tacsmiform;rsm; jzpfomG ;=uavonf? onf? xdk@odk@tm;jzifh vGwfvyfr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pD
b,favmuf pdwfysufp&maumif;vdkufyg wu,f&&Sv d rd rhf nf[k tm;ud;k ,H=k unfc=hJ uonf?
ovJ? wyfO;D u &JabmfopfawGqv kd #if ,Hck sirf S ,Hk wu,fwrf;wGif vGwfvyfr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk
r,f? usaemfw@kd jzwfoef;r_uawmh tJ't D wkid ;f yg t&dyt f a&mifyg rawG@&? 'Dy, J if;vlowfyt JG +yD;
yJ? wu,fu awmfveS af &;w&yfrmS tacsmifo wGif xdEk ikd if aH wmf vlowfy}JG uD;udk azmfxw k af &;/
rm;0g'udk &ifqikd w f u kd cf u
kd &f jcif;[m ed,mrwck zufqpfzefw;D onfh nDvmcHtwkuw kd ufciG &hf a&;
awmif jzpfaeyg+yD? b,fawmfveS af &;rSmyJjzpfjzpf r&a&;/ wufoifh rwufoifw h @kd udk aqG;aEG;=u&if/
54
awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

aemufxyf wESpx f yf=umoGm;um (16)ESpt f wGi;f a&mufvmcJo h nf? vdrfhOD;rnf? xHk;pHtwkdif;ygyJ?

xduk mvtwGi;f vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;ESihf vlxw k ukd yf rJG sm;udk (15)ESpt f wGi;f yHak oenf;awGu
jr‡ifhwifa&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkwdk@onf rvkyfEdkifcJh=u? vnf;&SdcJh+yD;om; jzpfaeonf
tcsK@d onf pdw0f ifpm;r_yif r&Scd ?hJ wcsK@d u vH;k 0 ypfy,fum vpfv#L udk;?
±_xm;=uonf? wcsK@d u rywfoufovdk zgomv0gae=uonf? Armjynf jynfya&muf 'Drkd
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk 0dik ;f &Hjr‡iw hf ifay;vdok nfh awmf ua&pDtiftm;pk 90 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f
vSeaf &;tiftm;pkrmS enf;yg;vSonf? tcGit hf vrf;,lum ae&m,l (od@k ) 95 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f onf vlxk
xm;=uonfh tacsmiform;rsm;u vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk vrf;pOfjzpfonfh vufeufudkif
ypfy,fxm;=uonfrmS obm0usojzifh ajymzd@k rvdak wmhay? wyfO;D awmfveS af &;ESihf vlxw k udk yf w JG @kd
onf xdt k ajctaeuae azmufxu G &f jcif;jzpfonf? wyfO;D onf udkaoGzDum rsufuG,fðycJh=u
rdrdwdk@,Hk=unfcsuf/ pdwf"mwf/ tawG;tac:wdk@udk jr‡ifhwifonf avonf? wdu k yf pJG kH rvkyEf ikd cf ?hJ
xufjr‡ifhwifum awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJudk E$JcJh=u&onf? wdkufyGJu raygif;pyfEdkifcJh? xdk@a=umifhyif
(2)rsK;d ? tacsmiform;0g' tawG;tac:udv k nf; wdu k /f zufqpf zufqpf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd wdu k ?f xdw k u
kd yf JG (2)rsK;d uyif wyfO;D &Jabmf awmfveS af &;jzifh rzsuo f rd ;f Edik f
rsm;udk awmfveS af &;ol&aJ umif;rsm;tjzpf jr‡iw hf ifay;vdu k o f nf? ouJo h @kd yif vGwv f yfa&;/ 'Dru kd
a&pDESifhyg tvSrf;a0;cJh=ujcif;
(4) jzpfonf? *syefjynfa&muf Arm
Tppfwrf;udk ed*Hk;rcsKyfrD Armjynfa&S@jzpfay:vmawmhrnfh jynfzGm; 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk
tajctaeudkazmfxkwf&if; wyfOD;.tcef;u¾/ wyfOD;. tqifh rsm;onf vlxkwdkufyGJ/ vlxk
ae&mudk oH;k oyfomG ;vdyk gonf? zufqpfppftyk pf Ek iS hf ppftm%m&Sif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk qufvufjr‡ifh
pepfukd qef;ppf=unfyh grnf? b,faA'ifq&mESihf tb,fwefc;kd &Sif wifcJh=uonf? tm;&zG,f&m/
udkrS a[mudef;xkwfcdkif;p&m rvdkyg? zufqpfppftkyfpku ppftm twk,pl &maumif;vSonf? xdk
%m&Sipf epfukd qufvufoufq;kd &Snf wnfwef@a&;twGuf zuf enf;wlpGm 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;
qpfppftyk pf v k ufxw J iG f qufvuftm%m+rJatmif zG@J pnf;yHOk ya' pkrsm;onf vufeufudkifawmf
udk pdwfwdkif;usa&;qGJ+yD; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfoGm;rSmjzpfonf? vSeaf &;wGif aygi;f pyfjr‡iw hf ifEikd f
'Dpma=umif;wa=umif;xJe@J a&S@jzpfvmrnfh tajctae wpHv k ;kH ay: &rnf? jynfwiG ;f od@k vlxw k u kd f
oH;k oyfro _ nf jynfph o
kH mG ;yg+yD? nDvmcHtwkvyk +f yD;v#if pdww f ikd ;f yGJrsm; wifydk@Edkif&ayvdrfhOD;rnf?
usz@JG pnf;yHk a&;qGyJ gvrd rhf nf? zufqpfppftyk pf u k kd ±kyzf suu f m tpd;k tiftm;awGudk pkpnf;um xdk
&w&yftjzpftrnfcu H m qufvuf zdEydS tf yk cf sKyfomG ;rSmjzpfonf? wdu k yf rJG sm;udk aygi;f pyfjr‡iw hf if&
onfhxuf rydkyg? ayvdrfhrnf?
'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;rSm vGeaf v+yD;aom (15)ESpu f twdik ;f wyfOD;.tcef;u¾/ wyfOD;
yif ‘Edik if w H um zdtm;ay;a&;’udk t"du tusq;kH xm;um v_y&f mS ; .ae&monf vlxkvGwfajrmuf
=uygvdrfhOD;rnf? ,ae@a&mufaeaom tajctaetwdkif;ygyJ a&;udk vufeuf udik af wmfveS f
rajymif;rvJbJ ukvor*~EiS hf vHòk cHa&;aumifpt D m; Armppftyk pf u k kd a&;jzifh aqmifusO;f &rnfah e&m
zdtm;ay;a&;/ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;twGuf wGef;tm;ay;=uyg ESifhu¾wGif &SdaecJhonf? wyfOD;
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 awmfveS af &; pmayr*~Zif;

onf jynfwiG ;f ppf ESpaf v;q,f vlxt k ±d;k yHEk iS hf wdkif vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ0if awmif;qdkcJhonfh
jymuGux f u
J ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? jynfwiG ;f ppf u&iftrsKd;om; tcGifhta&;rsm;udkyg tºuGif;rJh
. EdkifiHa&;tquf/ 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;t &Edik yf grnfvm;? tjcm; 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkxuf
wGuf awmif;qdt k ºkH uGr_ 88 ta&;awmfy}kH uD;u wyfO;D onf ydI k pOf;pm;vmcJ&h onf?
arG ; zG m ;ay;vd k u f o nf h wyf O D ; ? vuf e uf j zif h wyfOD;.tcef;u¾/ ae&monfydkI}uD;av/
owfjzwfzdESdyfaoG;pkyfaom zufqpfppftm%m ydI
k euf±i_d ;f vmavonf? u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;
&Sipf epfu ol@udk oò*õvzf suo f rd ;f ypfrnfh wyfO;D tygt0if trsKd ; om;jynf o l v l x k r sm; vG w f
udk xkwfvkyfay;vdkufonf? ArmjynftrsKd;om; ajrmufa&;udk OD;xdyx f m;ojzifo h m xdo k @kd euf±i_d ;f
!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&(tifefpD*sD,lbD)wGif trsKd;om; &jcif;jzpfavonf? awmfvSefa&;o¾mefpHk/ vlxk
wyfrawmf r&Sd? jynfya&muf tJet f ,fv'f w D iG f wdkufyGJrsm;xufu}uD;rm;onfh tcef;u¾udk ,l
vnf; wyfO;D r&S?d zG@J pnf;rxm;=u? od@k r[kwf vuf xm;ojzifh vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;
awG@usus vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;ESihf raygi;f onf xdkodk@ euf±d_if;&jcif;jzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m
pyfEdkif=u? Adkvfatmifqef;uJhodk@ EdkifiHjcm;wGif wyfOD;tzdk@ zufqpfppftkyfpkwdk@u wifydk@cJhonfh
wyfz@JG um jynfwiG ;f od@k awmfveS af &;w&yf wif awmfveS af &;udk jynfwiG ;f od@k jyefvnfwify@kd &rSm
oGi;f a&;tpDtpOfvnf; vH;k 0 r&S=d uyg? vlxu k jzpfonf? tcuftcJaygi;f rsm;pGmudk &ifqikd af usmf
róudufaomfvnf; &efoluawmh óudufonf? v$m;um aemufausmbufwGif xm;&pfcJh=u&
rnfodk@yifjzpfap wyfOD;onf aemifawmf}uD; vdrrhf nf? vlxEk iS hf aygi;f pyf/ vlxw k ukd yf EJG iS hf aygi;f
autJef,l. axmufyHhtm;ay;r_udk,lum ol@ pyf&ayvdrrhf nf? xdw k u kd yf rJG sm;/ cufc=J urf;wrf;r_
tif ol@tm;jzifh ±ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;&awmhonf? rsm;uyif owWEd iS chf eG t f m;/ pdw"f mwfEiS hf ,H=k unf
wyfO;D . r[mrdwaf emifawmf vufeufuikd f csu/f Edik if aH &;ESihf awmfveS af &;tawG;tac:wd@k udk
awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;xJu ,ae@txd tm; xyfro H eG ;f avmif;ay;ygvrd rhf nf? xdo k eG ;f avmif;r_
xm;aygi;f pnf;ae&onfh u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf; udkwyfOD;u cH,l&,l=u&rSmjzpfw,f? trSefw
t±Hk;(autifef,l)onf &efolESifh typftcwf &m;ESio hf pPm/ tzdEydS cf H trsK;d om;jynfov l x l }k uD;
&yfpJxm;=uonf? EdkifiHa&;pum;0dkif;odk@ rwuf onf wyfO;D . }uD;rm;vSonfh tiftm;jzpfonf?
vSrf;ao;? ppfESifh u&iftrsKd;om;wdk@. &ydkifcGifh tzdEydS cf H tode;f toef;vlxo k nf awmfveS af &;
tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmfenf;jzifh rajz&Sif;Edkifao;? aoewfoHudkom ar#mfapmifhae=u/ ar#mfvifhae
apmifh=unfh&efvdktyfonfh aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfonf? =uonf? tm;xm;ae=uonf? tb,fa=umifh
wu,fw h u,fwiG f rnfo@kd aom tajctaersK;d qdkaomf awmfvSefa&;aoewfajymif;0rS xGuf
qdkufa&mufvmrnfenf;? wyfOD;wnf xdktajc ay:vmonfhtm%monfom tzdESdyfcHtrsKd;
taersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ae=u&+yDjzpf om; jynfow l @kd . qH;k ±H;_ epfemcJo h nfh 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf
onf? autifef,lonf ArmjynftrsKd;om; vGwfvyfr_udk t&aqmif,lay;EdkifrSmjzpfaom
jynfow l &yfv;kH . &ydik cf iG jhf zpfonfh vGwv f yfrE_ iS hf a=umifhyif jzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pDudkyg u&iftrsKd;om; tcGifhta&;ESifh
wygwnf; aygif;pnf;o,faqmifoGm;Edkifygrnf ZGefv 12/ 2004
vm;? aemufq;kH u&iftrsK;d om;wd@k (56)ESpf wdik f t,f'DwmtzGJ@
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