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Network Analysis by Van Valkenburg Solutions CH#6 Part 1

The document contains solutions to various second order linear differential equations. It first shows that i = ke-2t and i = ke-t are solutions to the differential equation d2i/dt2 + 3di/dt + 2i = 0. It then finds the general solutions to several other homogeneous differential equations by obtaining the characteristic equations and roots. The general solutions involve exponential functions with coefficients determined by the roots of the characteristic equations.

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82% found this document useful (61 votes)

22K views118 pages

Network Analysis by Van Valkenburg Solutions CH#6 Part 1

Uploaded by

Husnain

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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

H)} 1

CH#6
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 2

PROBLEMS
Q#6.1: Show that i = ke-2t and i = ke-t are solutions of the differential equation
d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 3

2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t

Q#6.2: Show that i = Ke-t and i = Kte-t are solutions of the differential equation
d2i di
+2 +i=0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
1s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2tes2t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 4

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2te-1t

Q#6.3: Find the general solution of each of the following equations:

(a)
d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t

(b)
d2i di
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 5

+5 + 6i = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 6i = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

(c)
d2i di
+7 + 12i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 6

s2i + 7si + 12i = 0

s2 + 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-7  72 – 4(1)(12)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 48
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-7  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t

(d)
d2i di
+5 + 4i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 4i = 0
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 7

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-5  52 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  9
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  3
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t

(e)
d2i di
+1 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 6i = 0
s2 + 1s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-1  12 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 8

2(1)
-1  1 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -23
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i4.796
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

(f)
d2i di
+1 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 2i = 0
s2 + 1s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 9

2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t

(g)
d2i di
+2 +i=0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 2si + i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1
-b  b – 4ac
2

s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 10

(h)

d2i di
+4 + 4i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 4si + 4i = 0
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-4  42 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t

Q#6.4: Find the general solution of each of the following homogeneous differential
equations:
(a)
d2v dv
+2 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 11

as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-2  22 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-2  4 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 – i2)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1), (-1 – i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t

(b)
d2v dv
+2 + 4v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s2 + 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 12

b 2
c 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-2  22 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-2  -12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i3.464
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i3.464)/2, (-2 – i3.464)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.732), (-1 – i1.732)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t

(c)
d2v dv
+4 + 2v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 13

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-4  42 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 2.828)/2, (-4 – 2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.586), (-3.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-0.586)t + K2e(-3.414)t

(d)
d2v dv
2 +8 + 16v = 0
dt2 dt
After simplification
d2v dv
+4 + 8v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 14

Putting corresponding values we get

-4  42 – 4(1)(8)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 32
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  -16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  i4
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 – i4)/2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2), (-2 – i2)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-2 + i2)t + K2e(-2 – i2)t

(e)
d2v dv
+2 + 3v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s2 + 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-2  22 – 4(1)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 12
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 15

2(1)
-2  -8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 – i2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.414), (-1 – i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + K2e(-1 – i1.414)t

(f)
d2v dv
+3 + 5v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s2 + 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-3  32 – 4(1)(5)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 20
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  -11
s1, s2 =
2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 16

-3  i3.317
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 – i3.317)/2
s1, s2 = (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 – i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t

Q#6.5: Find particular solutions for the differential equations of Prob. 6.3 subject to
the initial conditions:
di
i(0+) = 1, (0+) = 0
dt
(a)
d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 17

s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2

s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-2(0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

di(t)
= -K1e-1t - 2K2e-2t
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e-1(0+) - 2K2e-2(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e0 - 2K2e0
dt
0 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1)
0 = -K1 - 2K2
K1 = - 2K2
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
1 = -2K2 + K2
K2 = -1
Putting the value of K2 in (ii)
1 = K1 + (-1)
K1 = 2
Putting corresponding values we get
i(t) = 2e-t + (-1)e-2t

i(t) = 2e-t – e-2t

(b)
d2i di
+5 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 18

as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 6i = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0

A 1
B 5
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 19

Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

di(t)
= -2K1e-2t - 3K2e-3t
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
dt

di(0+)
= -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
dt
0 = -2K1 - 3K2
2K1 = -3K2
K1 = -1.5K2
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
1 = -1.5K2 + K2
1 = -0.5K2
K2 = -2
K1 = -1.5(-2)
K1 = 3.0
Putting corresponding values we get
i(t) = 3e-2t + (-2)e-3t

i(t) = 3e-2t - 2e-3t

(c)
d2i di
+7 + 12i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 7si + 12i = 0
s2 + 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-7  72 – 4(1)(12)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 20

s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 48
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-7  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-3(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -3K1e-3t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1e-3(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1e0 - 4K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1(1) - 4K2(1)
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1 - 4K2
dt
0 = -3K1 - 4K2
3K1 = - 4K2
K1 = -1.334K2
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 21

1 = -1.334K2 + K2
1 = -0.334K2
K2 = -2.994
K1 = -1.334(-2.994) = 3.994
Putting corresponding values we get
i(t) = (3.994)e-3t + (-2.994)e-4t
i(t) = 3.994e-3t - 2.994e-4t
(d)
d2i di
+5 + 4i = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 4i = 0
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t … (i)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 22

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -1K1e-1t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -1K1e-1(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt

di(0+)
= -1K1e0 - 4K2e0
dt
0 = -1K1(1) - 4K2(1)
0 = -K1 - 4K2
K1 = -4K2
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
1 = -4K2 + K2
1 = -3K2
K2 = -0.334
K1 = -4(-0.334)
K1 = 1.336
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = 1.336e-1t – 0.334e-4t

(e)
d2i di
+1 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 6i = 0
s2 + 1s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 23

Putting corresponding values we get

-1  12 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -23
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-1  i4.796
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e0
dt
0 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2(1)
0 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2
0.5 + i2.398
K1 = K2
-0.5 + i2.398
K1 = [0.917 – i0.400]K2
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 24

1 = [0.917 – i0.400]K2 + K2
1 = [[0.917 – i0.400] + 1]K2
1 = [0.917 – i0.400 + 1]K2
1 = [1.917 – i0.400]K2
K2 = 0.5 + i0.104
1 = K1 + K2
K1 = 1 – K2
K1 = 1 – [0.5 + i0.104]
K1 = 1 – 0.5 - i0.104
K1 = 0.5 - i0.104
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = [0.5 - i0.104]e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + [0.5 + i0.104]e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

(f)
d2i di
+1 + 2i = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 2i = 0
s2 + 1s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 25

i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t
dt

di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2(1)
dt
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2
(-0.5 + i1.323)K1 = (0.5 + i1.323)K2
(0.5 + i1.323)
K1 = K2
(-0.5 + i1.323)
K1 = (0.75 – 0.662i)K2
1 = (0.75 – 0.662i)K2 + K2
1 = [(0.75 – 0.662i) + 1]K2
1 = [1.75 – 0.662i]K2
K2 = 0.5 + 0.189i
Putting corresponding values we get
1 = K1 + 0.5 + 0.189i
K1 = 1 - 0.5 - 0.189i
K1 = 0.5 - 0.189i
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = [0.5 - 0.189i]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [0.5 + 0.189i]e(-0.5 - i1.323)t

(g)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 26

d2i di
+2 +i=0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 2si + i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+
i(0+) = K1e0
i(0+) = K1(1)
1 = K1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 27

Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

di(t)
= -K1e(-1)t + K2[-te(-1)t – e-t]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1e(-1)0+ + K2[-(0+)e-(0+) – e-(0+)]
dt

di(0+)
= (-1)K1e0 + K2[–e0]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1(1) + K2[–(1)]
dt
0 = -K1 – K2
0 = -(1) – K2
K2 = -1
Putting corresponding values
i(t) = (1)e(-1)t + (-1)te(-1)t

i(t) = e(-1)t - te(-1)t

(h)

d2i di
+4 + 4i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 4si + 4i = 0
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0
A 1
B 4
C 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-4  42 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 28

-4  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-2)0+ + K2(0+)e(-2)0+
1 = K1e0
1 = K1(1)
1 = K1
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -2K1e(-2)t + K2[-0.5te-2t – 0.25e-2t]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e(-2)0+ + K2[-0.5(0+)e-2(0+) – 0.25e-2(0+)]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 + K2[–0.25e0]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1(1) + K2[–0.25(1)]
dt
0 = -2K1 – 0.25K2
2K1 = -0.25K2
K1 = -0.125K2
K2 = -8
Putting corresponding values
i(t) = (1)e(-2)t + (-8)te(-2)t

i(t) = e(-2)t - 8te(-2)t

Q#6.6: Find particular solutions for the differential equations of Prob. 6.3 subject to
the initial conditions:
di
i(0+) = 2, (0+) = +1
dt
(a)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 29

d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-2(0+)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 30

Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

di(t)
= -K1e-1t - 2K2e-2t
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e-1(0+) - 2K2e-2(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e0 - 2K2e0
dt
1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1)
1 = -K1 - 2K2
K1 = -1 - 2K2
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
2 = [-1 - 2K2] + K2
2 = -1 - 2K2 + K2
3 = -K2
K2 = -3
Putting the value of K2 in (ii)
2 = K1 + (-3)
K1 = 5
Putting corresponding values we get
i(t) = 5e-t + (-3)e-2t

i(t) = 5e-t – 3e-2t

(b)
d2i di
+5 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 6i = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 31

-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -2K1e-2t - 3K2e-3t
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
dt
1 = -2K1 - 3K2
2K1 = -3K2 - 1
K1 = -1.5K2 – 0.5
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
2 = [-1.5K2 – 0.5] + K2
2 = -1.5K2 – 0.5 + K2
2 = -0.5K2 – 0.5
K2 = -5
2 = K1 + (-5)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 32

K1 = 7
Putting corresponding values we get
i(t) = 7e-2t + (-5)e-3t
i(t) = 7e-2t - 5e-3t
(c)
d2i di
+7 + 12i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 7si + 12i = 0
s2 + 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-7  72 – 4(1)(12)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 48
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-7  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-3(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 33

i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0

i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -3K1e-3t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1e-3(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt

di(0+)
= -3K1e0 - 4K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1(1) - 4K2(1)
dt

di(0+)
= -3K1 - 4K2
dt
1 = -3K1 - 4K2
3K1 = -4K2 - 1
K1 = -1.334K2 – 0.334
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
2 = [-1.334K2 – 0.334] + K2
2 = -1.334K2 – 0.334 + K2
2.334 = -0.334K2
K2 = -6.988
2 = K1 + (-6.988)
8.988 = K1
Putting corresponding values we get
i(t) = (8.988)e-3t + (-6.988)e-4t
i(t) = 8.988e-3t – 6.988e-4t
(d)
d2i di
+5 + 4i = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 4i = 0
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 34

b 5
c 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-5  52 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-5  9
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  3
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -1K1e-1t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -1K1e-1(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -1K1e0 - 4K2e0
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 35

dt
0 = -1K1(1) - 4K2(1)
0 = -K1 - 4K2
K1 = -4K2
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
1 = -4K2 + K2
1 = -3K2
K2 = -0.334
K1 = -4(-0.334)
K1 = 1.336
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = 1.336e-1t – 0.334e-4t

(e)
d2i di
+1 + 6i = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 6i = 0
s2 + 1s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-1  12 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -23
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i4.796
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 36

General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e0
dt
1 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2(1)
1 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2
After simplification
K1 = -0.084 – i0.400 + [0.917 – i0.4]K2
2 = [-0.084 – i0.400 + [0.917 – i0.4]K2] + K2
2 + 0.084 + i0.400 = [1.917 – i0.4]K2
2.084 + i0.400 = [1.917 – i0.4]K2
K2 = 1 + i0.417
2 = K1 + 1 + i0.417
2 - 1 - i0.417 = K1
1 - i0.417 = K1
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = [1 - i0.417]e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + [1 + i0.417]e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

(f)
d2i di
+1 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 2i = 0
s2 + 1s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 37

c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2(1)
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 38

1 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2

K1 = -0.25 – i0.662 + [0.75 – i0.662]K2
2 = -0.25 – i0.662 + [0.75 – i0.662]K2 + K2
2 + 0.25 + i0.662 = [0.75 – i0.662]K2 + K2
2.25 + i0.662 = [1.75 – i0.662]K2
K2 = 1 + i0.757
2 = K1 + 1 + i0.757
K1 = 2 – 1 - i0.757
K1 = 1 - i0.757

i(t) = [1 - i0.757]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [1 + i0.757]e(-0.5 - i1.323)t

(g)
d2i di
+2 +i=0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 2si + i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1
-b  b – 4ac
2

s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 39

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+
i(0+) = K1e0
i(0+) = K1(1)
2 = K1
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -K1e(-1)t + K2[-te(-1)t – e-t]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1e(-1)0+ + K2[-(0+)e-(0+) – e-(0+)]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1e0 + K2[–e0]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1(1) + K2[–(1)]
dt
1 = -K1 – K2
1 = -(2) – K2
K2 = -3
Putting corresponding values
i(t) = (2)e(-1)t + (-3)te(-1)t

i(t) = 2e(-1)t - 3te(-1)t

(h)
d2i di
+4 + 4i = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 4si + 4i = 0
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0
A 1
B 4
C 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 40

2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-4  42 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-4  16 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-2)0+ + K2(0+)e(-2)0+
2 = K1e0
2 = K1(1)
2 = K1
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -2K1e(-2)t + K2[-0.5te-2t – 0.25e-2t]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e(-2)0+ + K2[-0.5(0+)e-2(0+) – 0.25e-2(0+)]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 + K2[–0.25e0]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1(1) + K2[–0.25(1)]
dt
1 = -2K1 – 0.25K2
1 = -2(2) – 0.25K2
-5 = 0.25K2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 41

K2 = -20
Putting corresponding values
i(t) = (2)e(-2)t + (-20)te(-2)t

i(t) = 2e(-2)t - 20te(-2)t

Q#6.7: Find particular solutions for the differential equations of Prob. 6.3 subject to
the initial conditions:
dv
v(0+) = 1, (0+) = -1
dt
(a)
d2v dv
+2 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-2  22 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 – i2)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1), (-1 – i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 42

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1)0+
v(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)t + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)t
dt

dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e0 + (-1 – i1)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1(1) + (-1 – i1)K2(1)
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1)K1 + (-1 – i1)K2
K1 = -iK2 + 0.5 + 0.5i
1 = [-iK2 + 0.5 + 0.5i] + K2
1 = -iK2 + 0.5 + 0.5i + K2
K2 = 0.5
1 = K1 + 0.5
K1 = 0.5

v(t) = 0.5e(-1 + i1)t + 0.5e(-1 – i1)t

(b)
d2v dv
+2 + 4v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s2 + 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 43

2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-2  22 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.732)K2e0
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.732)K2(1)
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1 + (-1 – i1.732)K2
(-1 + i1.732)K1 = (1 + i1.732)K2 - 1
K1 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + 0.25 + i0.433
1 = [[0.5 – i0.866]K2 + 0.25 + i0.433] + K2
1 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + 0.25 + i0.433 + K2
1 - 0.25 - i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + K2
0.75 - i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866 + 1]K2
0.75 - i0.433 = [1.5 – i0.866]K2
K2 = 0.5
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 44

1 = K1 + 0.5
K1 = 0.5
Putting corresponding values

v(t) = 0.5e(-1 + i1.732)t + 0.5e(-1 – i1.732)t

(c)
d2v dv
+4 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-0.586)t + K2e(-3.414)t … (i)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 45

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-0.586)0+ + K2e(-3.414)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)t + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)0+ + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)0+
dt
-1 = (-0.586)K1e0 + (-3.414)K2e0
-1 = (-0.586)K1(1) + (-3.414)K2(1)
-1 = -0.586K1 - 3.414K2
K1 = 1.706 – 5.826K2
1 = 1.706 – 5.826K2 + K2
0.706 = 4.826K2
K2 = 0.146
K1 = 1.706 – 5.826(0.146)
K1 = 1.706 – 0.851
K1 = 0.855
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = 0.855e(-0.586)t + 0.146e(-3.414)t

(d)
d2v dv
2 +8 + 16v = 0
2
dt dt
After simplification
d2v dv
+4 + 8v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 46

Putting corresponding values we get

-4  42 – 4(1)(8)
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-4  16 – 32
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  -16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  i4
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 – i4)/2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2), (-2 – i2)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-2 + i2)t + K2e(-2 – i2)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + K2e(-2 – i2)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)t + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)0+
dt
-1 = (-2 + i2)K1e0 + (-2 – i2)K2e0
-1 = (-2 + i2)K1(1) + (-2 – i2)K2(1)
-1 = (-2 + i2)K1 + (-2 – i2)K2
K1 = -1i + 0.25 + i0.25
K1 = -0.75i + 0.25
1 = [-0.75i + 0.25] + K2
1 + 0.75i – 0.25 = K2
0.75 + 0.75i = K2
v(t) = [-0.75i + 0.25]e(-2 + i2)t + [0.75 + 0.75i]e(-2 – i2)t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 47

(e)
d2v dv
+2 + 3v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s2 + 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-2  22 – 4(1)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 – i2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.414), (-1 – i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + K2e(-1 – i1.414)t

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 48

= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.414)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.414)K2(1)
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1.414)K1 + (-1 – i1.414)K2
K1 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 + 0.334 + i0.471
1 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 + 0.334 + i0.471 + K2
1 - 0.334 - i0.471 = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
(0.666 - i0.471) = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
K2 = 0.499
1 = K1 + 0.499
0.501 = K1
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = 0.501e(-1 + i1.414)t + 0.499e(-1 – i1.414)t

(f)
d2v dv
+3 + 5v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s2 + 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-3  32 – 4(1)(5)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 20
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 49

2(1)
-3  -11
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  i3.317
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 – i3.317)/2
s1, s2 = (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 – i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e0 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1(1) + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2(1)
dt
-1 = (-1.5 + i1.659)K1 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2
K1 = 0.401 – i0.664
1 = 0.401 – i0.664 + K2
K2 = 0.599 + i0.664
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = (0.401 – i0.664)e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (0.599 + i0.664)e(-1.5 – i1.659)t

Q#6.8: Find particular solutions to the differential equations given in Prob. 6.4,
given the initial conditions:
dv
v(0+) = 2, (0+) = 1
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 50

(a)
d2v dv
+2 + 2v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1)0+
v(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)t + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 51

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e0 + (-1 – i1)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1(1) + (-1 – i1)K2(1)
dt
1 = (-1 + i1)K1 + (-1 – i1)K2
K1 = -iK2 – 0.5 – i0.5
2 = -iK2 – 0.5 – i0.5 + K2
2 + 0.5 + i0.5 = -iK2 + K2
2.5 + i0.5 = [-i + 1]K2
K2 = 1 + i1.5
2 = K1 + 1 + i1.5
1 = K1 + i1.5
K1 = 1 – i1.5

v(t) = (1 – i1.5)e(-1 + i1)t + (1 + i1.5)e(-1 – i1)t

(b)
d2v dv
+2 + 4v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s2 + 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-2  22 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 16
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 52

2(1)

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
dt
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.732)K2e0
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.732)K2(1)
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1 + (-1 – i1.732)K2
(-1 + i1.732)K1 = (1 + i1.732)K2 + 1
K1 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 - 0.25 - i0.433
2 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 - 0.25 - i0.433 + K2
2 + 0.25 + i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + K2
2.25 + i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866 + 1]K2
2.25 + i0.433 = [1.5 – i0.866]K2
K2 = 1 + i0.867
2 = K1 + 1 + i0.867
1 – i0.867 = K1
Putting corresponding values

v(t) = (1 – i0.867)e(-1 + i1.732)t + (1 + i0.867)e(-1 – i1.732)t

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 53

(c)

d2v dv
+4 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-0.586)t + K2e(-3.414)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-0.586)0+ + K2e(-3.414)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 54

2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

dv(t)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)t + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)0+ + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)0+
dt
1 = (-0.586)K1e0 + (-3.414)K2e0
1 = (-0.586)K1(1) + (-3.414)K2(1)
1 = -0.586K1 - 3.414K2
K1 = -1.706 – 5.826K2
2 = [-1.706 – 5.826K2] + K2
2 = -1.706 – 5.826K2 + K2
2 + 1.706 = [–5.826 + 1]K2
3.706 = [–4.826]K2
K2 = -0.768
2 = K1 + (-0.768)
2.768 = K1
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = 2.768e(-0.586)t – 0.768e(-3.414)t

(d)
d2v dv
2 +8 + 16v = 0
dt2 dt
After simplification

d2v dv
+4 + 8v = 0
2
dt dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 55

Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-2 + i2)t + K2e(-2 – i2)t

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + K2e(-2 – i2)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)t + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)0+
dt
1 = (-2 + i2)K1e0 + (-2 – i2)K2e0
1 = (-2 + i2)K1(1) + (-2 – i2)K2(1)
1 = (-2 + i2)K1 + (-2 – i2)K2
K1 = -i – 0.25 – i0.25
K1 = -i1.25 – 0.25
2 = -i1.25 – 0.25 + K2
2 + i1.25 + 0.25 = K2
2.25 + i1.25 = K2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 56

v(t) = [-i1.25 – 0.25]e(-2 + i2)t + [2.25 + i1.25]e(-2 – i2)t

(e)

d2v dv
+2 + 3v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s2 + 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + K2e(-1 – i1.414)t

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 57

2 = K1 + K2
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.414)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.414)K2(1)
dt
1 = (-1 + i1.414)K1 + (-1 – i1.414)K2
K1 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 – 0.334 – i0.471
2 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 – 0.334 – i0.471 + K2
2 + 0.334 + i0.471 = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
2.334 + i0.471 = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
K2 = 1 + i1.060
2 = K1 + 1 + i1.060
1 - i1.060 = K1
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = (1 - i1.060)e(-1 + i1.414)t + (1 + i1.060)e(-1 – i1.414)t

(f)
d2v dv
+3 + 5v = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s2 + 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 58

-3  32 – 4(1)(5)
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-3  9 – 20
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  -11
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  i3.317
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 – i3.317)/2
s1, s2 = (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 – i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
dv(t)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e0 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1(1) + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2(1)
dt
1 = (-1.5 + i1.659)K1 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2
K1 = 0.101 – i0.996 – 0.300 – i0.332
K1 = -0.199 – i1.328
2 = -0.199 – i1.328 + K2
2 + 0.199 + i1.328 = K2
2.199 + i1.328 = K2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 59

Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = (-0.199 – i1.328)e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (2.199 + i1.328)e(-1.5 – i1.659)t

Q#6.9: Solve the differential equation

d3i d2i di
3 +8 + 10 + 3i = 0
dt dt dt
3s3i + 8s2i + 10si + 3i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
3s3 + 8s2 + 10s + 3 = 0
We can find roots using synthetic division

1 8 10 3

-1 -1 -07 -3

1 7 3 0 Remainder is zero.

s = -1
So s + 1 is a factor.
(s + 1)(s2 + 7s + 3) = 0
s2 + 7s + 3 = 0
A 1
B 7
C 3

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-7  72 – 4(1)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  37
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  6.083
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 6.083)/2, (-7 – 6.083)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.917)/2, (-13.083)/2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 60

s1, s2 = -0.459, -6.542

General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-0.459t + K2e-6.542t

So –1, -0.459, -6.542 are roots of the X-TICS equation.

General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-0.459t + K3e-6.542t

Q#6.10: Solve the differential equation

d3i d2i di
2 +9 + 13 + 6i = 0
dt dt dt
2s3i + 9s2i + 13si + 6i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
2s3 + 9s2 + 13s + 6 = 0
We can find roots using synthetic division

2 9 13 6

-1 -2 -07 -6

2 7 6 0 Remainder is zero.

s = -1
So s + 1 is a factor.
(s + 1)(2s2 + 7s + 6) = 0
2s2 + 7s + 6 = 0
A 2
B 7
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-7  72 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  25
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 61

2(1)

-7  5
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 5)/2, (-7 – 5)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-12)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -6
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-6t

So –1, -1, -6 are roots of the X-TICS equation.

General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-1(0+) + K3e-6(0+)
0 = K1e0 + K2e0 + K3e0
0 = K1(1) + K2(1) + K3(1)

0 = K1 + K2 + K3
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di
= -K1e-t - K2e-1t - 6K3e-6t
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e-(0+) - K2e-1(0+) - 6K3e-6(0+)
dt
1 = -K1e0 - K2e0 - 6K3e0
1 = -K1(1) - K2(1) - 6K3(1)

1 = -K1 - K2 - 6K3
d2i
= K1e-t + K2e-1t + 6K3e-6t
2
dt
d2i(0+)
= K1e-(0+) + K2e-1(0+) + 6K3e-6(0+)
2
dt
-1 = K1e0 + K2e0 + 6K3e0
-1 = K1(1) + K2(1) + 6K3(1)

-1 = K1 + K2 + 6K3
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 62

Q#6.11: The response of a network is found to be

i = K1te-t, t  0
where  is real and positive. Find the time at which i(t) attains a maximum value.
=4 K=1
t=0 i(0) = 0
t=1 i(1) = 0.018
t=2 i(2) = 0.001
t=3 i(3) = 0
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 63

3.5

3 3

2.5

2 2
current

Series1
Series2

1.5

1 1

0.5

0 0 0.018 0.001 0
1 2 3 4

Series1 0 1 2 3
Series2 0 0.018 0.001 0
tim e
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 64

Q#6.12: In a certain network, it is found that the current is given by the expression
i = K1e-1t – K2e-2t, t > 0, 1 > 2
Show that i(t) reaches a maximum value at time
1 1K1
t= ln
1 - 2 2K2
1 1K1
t= ln
1 K2
Solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t – K2e-2t
i(1) = K1e-1(1) – K2e-2(1)
t=1
i(1) = K1e-1 – K2e-2
i(2) = K1e-1(2) – K2e-2(2)
t=2
i(2) = K1e-21 – K2e-22
i(3) = K1e-1(3) – K2e-2(3)
t=3
i(3) = K1e-31 – K2e-32
i((1/1)ln(1K1/K2)) = K1e-1((1/1)ln(1K1/K2))
t = (1/1)ln(1K1/K2) – K2e-2((1/1)ln(1K1/K2))

1 1K1
t= ln
1 K2
Q#6.13: The graph shows a damped sinusoidal waveform having the general form
Ke-t sin(t + )
From the graph, determine numerical values for K, , , and .
t = 1 sec
1
f=
t
f = 1 Hz
 = 2f
 = 2(1)
 = 2
 = 6.28 rad/sec
t V(t)
0 0
0.4 0
0.8 0
Q#6.14: Repeat Prob. 6.13 for the waveform of the accompanying figure.
t = 4 msec
1
f=
t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 65

f = 250 Hz
 = 2f
 = 2(250)
 = 1570 rad/sec
 = 00
Q#6.15: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed and a steady state is
reached in the network. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Find an expression for the
current in the inductor, i2(t).
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

K 10  i2
+

100 V 1H
- 20 F

Equivalent circuit before switching:

At t = 0-
100
i2(0-) =
10
i2(0-) = 10 A = i2(0+)
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0
Equivalent circuit after switching:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 66

Using KVL we have

di2 1
L + i2dt = 0 … (i)
dt C
Differentiating we have
d2i2 i2
L + =0
dt2 C
The characteristic equation is
i2
Ls2i2 + = 0
C
1
Ls2 + = 0
C
1
s2 = -
LC

-1
s=
LC

1
s = j
LC

Roots are pure imaginary so from table 6-1

Form of solution
i = K1cos t + K2 sin t
Here
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 67

1
=
LC

i = i2(t)
i2(t) = K1cos (1/LC)1/2t + K2 sin (1/LC)1/2t … (ii)
From equation (i) at t = 0+
di2(0+)
L + VC(0+) = 0
dt
Putting corresponding values

di2(0+)
= 0 Amp./sec
dt

From (ii) at t = 0+
i2(0+) = K1cos (1/LC)1/2(0+) + K2 sin (1/LC)1/2(0+)
i2(0+) = K1(1) + 0
K1 = 10
di2(t)
= -(1/LC)1/2K1sin (1/LC)1/2t + (1/LC)1/2K2 cos (1/LC)1/2t
dt
At t = 0+
di2(0+)
= -(1/LC)1/2K1sin (1/LC)1/2(0+) + (1/LC)1/2K2 cos (1/LC)1/2(0+)
dt
di2(0+)
= -(1/LC)1/2K1sin (1/LC)1/2(0+) + (1/LC)1/2K2 cos (1/LC)1/2(0+)
dt
0 = (1/LC)1/2K2
0 = K2
i2(t) = (10)cos (1/LC)1/2(t) + (0) sin (1/LC)1/2(t)
i2(t) = (10)cos (1/(1)(20(10-6)))1/2(t)

i2(t) = 10cos 223.607t

Q#6.16: The capacitor of the figure has an initial voltage VC(0-) = V1, and at the
same time the current in the inductor is zero. At t = 0, the switch K is closed.
Determine an expression for the voltage V2(t).
Solution:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 68

V1 V2
C R L

Here
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 = V2(0+)
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0
After switching
dV2 V2 1
C + + V2dt = 0 … (i)
dt R L
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
d2V2 dV2 V2
C + + =0
2
dt Rdt L
d2V2 dV2 V2
+ + =0
dt2 RCdt LC
The characteristic equation is
s V2
2
s V2 + V2 + =0
RC LC
s 1
2
s + + =0
RC LC
a 1
b 1/RC
c 1/LC

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-(1/RC)  (1/RC)2 – 4(1)(1/LC)

s1, s2 =
2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 69

-(1/RC)  (1/R2C2) – (4/LC)

s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = -(1/2RC)  (1/2RC)2 – (1/LC)
Case (a) if
(1/2RC)2 – (1/LC) = 0
(1/2RC)2 = (1/LC)
that is
1 L
R=
2 C

Then
1
s=-
2RC
So form of solution is:
Nature of roots
s1, s2 = (-1/2RC + 0), (-1/2RC - 0)
s1, s2 = (-1/2RC), (-1/2RC)
Negative real and equal
V2(t) = K1es1t + K2tes2t

V2(t) = K1e(-1/2RC)t + K2te(-1/2RC)t … (ii)

From equation (i) at t = 0+
dV2(0+) V2(0+)
C + + iL(0+) = 0
dt R
Putting corresponding values
dV2(0+) -V1
=
dt RC
At t = 0+
V2(0+) = K1e(-1/2RC)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1/2RC)0+ … (ii)
V1 = K1e0
V1 = K 1
Differentiating (ii) with respect to ‘t’
dV2(t)
= (-1/2RC)K1e(-1/2RC)t + K2[-te(-1/2RC)t - e(-1/2RC)t]
dt
At t = 0+
dV2(0+)
= (-1/2RC)K1e(-1/2RC)0+ + K2[-(0+)e(-1/2RC)0+ - e(-1/2RC)0+]
dt

dV2(0+)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 70

= (-1/2RC)K1e0 + K2[-e0]
dt
-V1
= (-1/2RC)K1(1) + K2[-(1)]
RC
V1
= (1/2RC)K1 + K2
RC
Putting corresponding values
V1
= (1/2RC)V1 + K2
RC
-V1
K2 =
2RC
Putting corresponding values

V1
V2(t) = V1e(-1/2RC)t - te(-1/2RC)t
2RC

Q#6.17: The voltage source in the network of the figure is described by the equation,
V1 = 2 cos 2t for t  0 and is a short circuit prior to that time. Determine V2(t).
Repeat if V1 = K1t for t  0 and V1 = 0 for t < 0.
Solution:

+
- V1 V2

Here iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A

VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 = V2(0+)
For t  0
According to KCL
V2 1 dV2 1
+ + (V2 – V1)dt = 0 … (i)
2 2 dt 1
Differentiating we have

dV2 1 d2V2
+ + V2 – V1 = 0
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 71

2dt 2 dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 – 2V1 = 0
2
dt dt
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2V1
dt dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2[2 cos 2t]
dt dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 4 cos 2t … (ii)
2
dt dt
Equation (ii) is a non-homogeneous differential equation
Characteristic equation is
s2V2 + sV2 + 2V2 = 0
s2 + s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 – i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

V2(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t … (ii)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 72

Complementary solution.
The form of particular solution is
V2P = Acos 2t + Bsin 2t … (iii)
Substituting (iii) in (ii)
d2 d
[Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] + [Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] + 2[Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] = 4 cos 2t
dt2 dt
After simplification
-2Asin 2t + 2B cos 2t – 4Acos 2t – 4Bsin 2t + 2Acos 2t + 2Bsin 2t = 4 cos 2t
Equating coefficients of L.H.S & R.H.S
-2A – 4B + 2B = 0
-2A – 2B = 0
-2A = 2B
-A = B
2B – 4A + 2A = 4
2B – 2A = 4
B–A=2
-A – A = 2
-2A = 2
A = -1
-(-1) = B
B=1
V2P = -1cos 2t + 1sin 2t
V2P = -cos 2t + sin 2t
Therefore particular solution is
V2 = complementary + particular
V2 = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + [-cos 2t + sin 2t]
V2 = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t - cos 2t + sin 2t … (iV)
dV2
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + 2sin 2t + 2cos 2t
dt
V2(0+) 1 dV2(0+)
+ + iL(0+) = 0
2 2 dt
Putting corresponding values
dV2(0+)
=0
dt
At t = 0+
dV2(0+)
=
dt
(-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ + 2sin 2(0+) + 2cos 2(0+)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e0 + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2e0 + 2sin 0 + 2cos 0
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1(1) + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2(1) + 2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 73

0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1 + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2 + 2 … (V)

At t = 0+ equation (iV)
V2(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ - cos 2(0+) + sin 2(0+)
0 = K1e0 + K2e0 – 1
0 = K1(1) + K2(1) – 1
0 = K1 + K2 – 1
1 = K1 + K2 … (Vi)
K1 = 1 – K2
Putting the value of K1 in (V)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)(1 – K2) + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2 + 2
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323) – K2(-0.5 + i1.323) + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2 + 2
0 = -0.5 + i1.323 + 0.5K2 – i1.323K2 – 0.5K2 - i1.323K2 + 2
-1.5 - i1.323 = [0.5 – i1.323 – 0.5 - i1.323]K2
-1.5 - i1.323 = [–i2.646]K2
1.5 + i1.323 = [i2.646]K2

K2 = 0.5 – i0.567

Putting the value of K2 in (Vi)

1 = K1 + 0.5 – i0.567
0.5 + i0.567 = K1

V2 = [0.5 + i0.567]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [0.5 – i0.567]e(-0.5 – i1.323)t - cos 2t + sin 2t

Part (b)

If V1 = Kt
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2V1
dt dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2K1 … (a)
2
dt dt
Equation (ii) is a non-homogeneous differential equation
Characteristic equation is
s2V2 + sV2 + 2V2 = 0
s2 + s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 2

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 74

Putting corresponding values we get

-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 – i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
v(t) = C1es1t + C2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

V2(t) = C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t … (i)

Complementary solution.
The form of particular solution is
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn

V2P = At + B … (ii)
Substituting equation (ii) in (a)
d2 d
[At + B] + [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 2K1t
dt2 dt
After simplification
A + 2At + 2B = 2K1t
Equating coefficients
t:
2A = 2K1
A = K1
Constants:
A + 2B = 0
K1 + 2B = 0
B = -0.5K1
V2P = K1t - 0.5K1
Therefore
Particular solution
= Complementary + particular
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 75

V2 = C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + K1t - 0.5K1 … (ii)

Differentiating
dV2
= (-0.5 + i1.323)C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + K1
dt
At t = 0+ eq. (ii)
V2(0+) = C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ + K1(0+) - 0.5K1
0 = C1e0 + C2e0 - 0.5K1
0 = C1(1) + C2(1) - 0.5K1
0 = C1 + C2 - 0.5K1 … (iii)
dV2(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ + K1
dt
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)C1e0 + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2e0 + K1
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)C1(1) + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2(1) + K1

0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)C1 + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2 + K1 … (iV)

Putting the value of C1 from (iii) into (iV)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)[0.5K1 – C2] + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2 + K1
After simplification
C2 = 0.250 – i0.284K1
Putting the value of C2 in (iii)
0 = C1 + 0.250 – i0.284K1 - 0.5K1
C1 = -0.250 + i0.284K1 + 0.5K1
Putting corresponding values eq. (ii) becomes
V2 = [-0.250 + i0.284K1 + 0.5K1]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [0.250 – i0.284K1]e(-0.5 – i1.323)t +
K1t - 0.5K1
Q#6.18: Solve the following nonhomogeneous differential equations for t  0.
(a)
d2i di
+2 +i=1
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0

A 1
B 2
C 1

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 76

2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 – 0)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2tes2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
iP = A = 1

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t + 1

(b)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t …(c)
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2

s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 77

Putting corresponding values we get

-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)

+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t … (k)

2
dt dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2

s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
iP = A sin 10t + B cos 10t
Putting the value of iP in (k)
d2 d
[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 3 [A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 2[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] =
dt2 dt
10 sin 10t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 79

-100A sin 10t – 100B cos 10t + 3[10A cos 10t - 10B sin 10t] + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t
= 10 sin 10t
-100A sin 10t – 100B cos 10t + 30A cos 10t - 30B sin 10t + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t =
10 sin 10t
Equating coefficients
Sin
-100A – 30B + 2A = 10
-98A – 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A – 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A – 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10
A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
iP = -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
iP = -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t + [-0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t]

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

(d)
d2q dq
+5 + 6q = te-t … (m)
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
q(t) = qC + qP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 80

s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

+ 6[At2e-t + Bte-t] = te-t

At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t - Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t - 5At2e-t + 10Ate-t - 5Bte-t + 5Be-t
+ 6At2e-t + 6Bte-t = te-t
Equating coefficients
t2e-t:
A – 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A=0
te-t:
-2A – 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e-t:
2 – B – B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667

When B = 0.5
qP = (0t + (0.5))te-t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 81

qP = 0.5te-t
When B = -0.667
qP = (0t + (-0.667))te-t
qP = -0.667te-t
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t, K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0.5te-t

(e)
d2V dV
+5 + 6V = e-2t + 5e-3t … (n)
2
dt dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
V(t) = VC + VP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
V(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 82

Q#6.19: Solve the differential equations given in Prob. 6.18 subject to the following
initial conditions:
dx
x(0+) = 1 & (0+) = -1
dt
where x is the general dependent variable.
(a)
d2i di
+2 +i=1
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 83

s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 – 0)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2tes2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
iP = A = 1

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t + 1

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+ + 1
1 = K1e0 + 1
1 = K1(1) + 1
K1 = 0
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - K2(0+)e-(0+) + K2e-(0+)
dt
-1 = -K1e0 + K2e0
-1 = -K1(1) + K2(1)
-1 = -K1 + K2
-1 = -(0) + K2
-1 = K2
i(t) = (0)e(-1)t + (-1)te(-1)t + 1

i(t) = - te-t + 1

(b)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t …(c)
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 84

Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2

s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)

Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0
7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
iP = 2.5t – 3.75
iP = -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2 … (b)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 15/4 + 5(0+)/2
1 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 15/4
1 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 15/4
1 = K1 + K2 - 15/4
1 + 15/4 = K1 + K2
4.75 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating (b) at t = 0+
di
(0+) = -K1e(-1)0+ - 2K2e(-2)0+ + 5/2
dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 + 5/2
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) + 5/2
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 + 5/2
-1 – 2.5 = -K1 - 2K2
-3.5 = -K1 - 2K2
From (A)
K1 = 4.75 – K2
-3.5 = -[4.75 – K2] - 2K2
-3.5 = -4.75 + K2 - 2K2
-3.5 + 4.75 = -K2
1.25 = -K2
K2 = -1.25
4.75 = K1 + (-1.25)
4.75 + 1.25= K1
K1 = 6
Putting corresponding values of K1 & K2
i(t) = 6e(-1)t + (-1.25)e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2

i(t) = 6e(-1)t - 1.25e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2

(c)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t … (k)
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 86

Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2

s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)

Sin
-100A – 30B + 2A = 10
-98A – 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A – 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A – 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10
A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
iP = -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
iP = -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t + [-0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t]

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094 sin 10(0+) - 0.029 cos 10(0+) … (c)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 0.094 sin 0 - 0.029 cos 0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 0.029 (1)
1 = K1 + K2 - 0.029
1.029 = K1 + K2 … (y)
Differentiating eq. (c) with respect to ‘t’
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - 2K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094(10) cos 10(0+) + 0.029(10) sin 10(0+)
dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 - 0.94 cos 0 + 0.029(10) sin 0
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) - 0.94 (1)
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 - 0.94
0.06 = K1 + 2K2
From eq. (y)
K1 = 1.029 – K2
0.06 = [1.029 – K2] + 2K2
0.06 = 1.029 – K2 + 2K2
-0.969 = K2
Putting the value of K2 in (y)
1.029 = K1 + (-0.969)
1.029 + 0.969 = K1
1.998 = K1
i(t) = 1.998e(-1)t + (-0.969)e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

i(t) = 1.998e(-1)t - 0.969e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 88

(d)
d2q dq
+5 + 6q = te-t … (m)
2
dt dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
q(t) = qC + qP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t + Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t + 5[-At2e-t + 2Ate-t - Bte-t + Be-t]
+ 6[At2e-t + Bte-t] = te-t
At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t - Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t - 5At2e-t + 10Ate-t - 5Bte-t + 5Be-t
+ 6At2e-t + 6Bte-t = te-t
Equating coefficients
t2e-t:
A – 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A=0
te-t:
-2A – 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e-t:
2 – B – B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667

When B = 0.5
qP = (0t + (0.5))te-t
qP = 0.5te-t
When B = -0.667
qP = (0t + (-0.667))te-t
qP = -0.667te-t
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t, K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0.5te-t
At t = 0+
q(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) - 0.667(0+)e-(0+), K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) + 0.5(0+)e-(0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0, K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1), K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2, K1 + K2 … (y)
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’ at t = 0+
dq
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) -3K2e-3(0+) - 0.667[-(0+)e-(0+) + e-(0+)]
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 -3K2e0 - 0.667[e0]
-1 = -2K1(1) -3K2(1) - 0.667[1]
-1 = -2K1 -3K2 - 0.667
0.333 = 2K1 + 3K2
From eq. (y) K1 = 1 – K2
0.333 = 2[1 – K2] + 3K2
0.333 = 2 – 2K2 + 3K2
0.333 = 2 + K2
K2 = 0.333 - 2
K2 = -1.667
1 = K1 + (-1.667)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 90

K1 = 2.667
q(t) = 2.667e-2t + (-1.667)e-3t - 0.667te-t
q(t) = 2.667e-2t - 1.667e-3t - 0.667te-t
(e)
d2V dV
+5 + 6V = e-2t + 5e-3t … (n)
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
V(t) = VC + VP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

Particular solution
VP = Ce-2t + Ce-3t
Substituting the value of VP in eq. (n)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 91

d2 d
[Ce + Ce ] + 5 [Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 6[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] = e-2t + 5e-3t
-2t -3t
2
dt dt
4Ce + 9Ce + 5[-2Ce-2t – 3Ce-3t] + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t
-2t -3t

4Ce-2t + 9Ce-3t - 10Ce-2t – 15Ce-3t + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t

Equating coefficients
e-2t
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
C=0
VP = (0)e-2t + (0)e-3t
VP = 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (k)
At t = 0+
V(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating eq. (k) with respect to ‘t’
dV
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
-1 = -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
-1 = -2K1 - 3K2 … (B)
K1 = 1 – K2
-1 = -2[1 – K2] - 3K2 … (B)
-1 = -2 + 2K2 - 3K2
-1 = K2
1 = K1 + (-1) … (A)
2 = K1
V(t) = 2e-2t + (-1)e-3t … (k)
V(t) = 2e-2t - e-3t
Q#6.20: Find the particular solutions to the differential equations of Prob. 6.18 for
the following initial conditions:
dx
x(0+) = 2 & (0+) = -1
dt
where x is the general dependent variable.
(a)
d2i di
+2 +i=1
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 92

Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
iP = A = 1

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t + 1

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+ + 1
2 = K1e0 + 1
2 = K1(1) + 1
K1 = 1
di
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 93

(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - K2(0+)e-(0+) + K2e-(0+)

dt
-1 = -K1e0 + K2e0
-1 = -K1(1) + K2(1)
-1 = -K1 + K2
-1 = -(1) + K2
0 = K2
i(t) = (1)e(-1)t + (0)te(-1)t + 1

i(t) = e-t + 1

s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 94

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn
iP = At + B … (ii)
Putting the value of iP from (ii) into eq. (c)
d2 d
[At + B] + 3 [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 5t
dt2 dt
After simplification
3A + 2At + 2B = 5t
Equating coefficients
2A = 5
A = 2.5
Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0
7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
iP = 2.5t – 3.75
iP = -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2 … (b)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 15/4 + 5(0+)/2
2 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 15/4
2 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 15/4
2 = K1 + K2 - 15/4
2 + 15/4 = K1 + K2
5.75 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating (b) at t = 0+
di
(0+) = -K1e(-1)0+ - 2K2e(-2)0+ + 5/2
dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 + 5/2
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) + 5/2
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 + 5/2
-1 – 2.5 = -K1 - 2K2
-3.5 = -K1 - 2K2
From (A)
K1 = 5.75 – K2
-3.5 = -[5.75 – K2] - 2K2
-3.5 = -5.75 + K2 - 2K2
-3.5 + 5.75 = -K2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 95

2.25 = -K2
K2 = -2.25
5.75 = K1 + (-2.25)
5.75 + 2.25= K1
K1 = 8
Putting corresponding values of K1 & K2
i(t) = 8e(-1)t + (-2.25)e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2

i(t) = 8e(-1)t - 2.25e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2

(c)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t … (k)
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2

s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)

Particular solution
From table 6.2
iP = A sin 10t + B cos 10t
Putting the value of iP in (k)
d2 d
[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 3 [A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 2[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] =
dt2 dt
10 sin 10t
-100A sin 10t – 100B cos 10t + 3[10A cos 10t - 10B sin 10t] + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t
= 10 sin 10t
-100A sin 10t – 100B cos 10t + 30A cos 10t - 30B sin 10t + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t =
10 sin 10t
Equating coefficients
Sin
-100A – 30B + 2A = 10
-98A – 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A – 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A – 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10
A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
iP = -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
iP = -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t + [-0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t]

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094 sin 10(0+) - 0.029 cos 10(0+) … (c)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 0.094 sin 0 - 0.029 cos 0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 0.029 (1)
2 = K1 + K2 - 0.029
2.029 = K1 + K2 … (y)
Differentiating eq. (c) with respect to ‘t’
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - 2K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094(10) cos 10(0+) + 0.029(10) sin 10(0+)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 97

dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 - 0.94 cos 0 + 0.029(10) sin 0
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) - 0.94 (1)
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 - 0.94
0.06 = K1 + 2K2
From eq. (y)
K1 = 2.029 – K2
0.06 = [2.029 – K2] + 2K2
0.06 = 2.029 – K2 + 2K2
-1.969 = K2
Putting the value of K2 in (y)
1.029 = K1 + (-1.969)
1.029 + 1.969 = K1
2.998 = K1
i(t) = 2.998e(-1)t + (-1.969)e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

i(t) = 2.998e(-1)t - 1.969e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

(d)
d2q dq
+5 + 6q = te-t … (m)
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
q(t) = qC + qP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get

-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 98

2(1)

-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

Particular solution
qP = (At + B)te-t  multiplied by ‘t’ because e-t is repeating in both iP & iC
Putting the value of iP in eq. m
d2 d
[(At + B)te-t] + 5 [(At + B)te-t] + 6[(At + B)te-t] = te-t
dt2 dt
At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t + Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t + 5[-At2e-t + 2Ate-t - Bte-t + Be-t]
+ 6[At2e-t + Bte-t] = te-t
At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t - Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t - 5At2e-t + 10Ate-t - 5Bte-t + 5Be-t
+ 6At2e-t + 6Bte-t = te-t
Equating coefficients
t2e-t:
A – 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A=0
te-t:
-2A – 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e-t:
2 – B – B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667

When B = 0.5
qP = (0t + (0.5))te-t
qP = 0.5te-t
When B = -0.667
qP = (0t + (-0.667))te-t
qP = -0.667te-t
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t, K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0.5te-t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 99

At t = 0+
q(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) - 0.667(0+)e-(0+), K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) + 0.5(0+)e-(0+)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0, K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1), K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2, K1 + K2 … (y)
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’ at t = 0+
dq
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) -3K2e-3(0+) - 0.667[-(0+)e-(0+) + e-(0+)]
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 -3K2e0 - 0.667[e0]
-1 = -2K1(1) -3K2(1) - 0.667[1]
-1 = -2K1 -3K2 - 0.667
0.333 = 2K1 + 3K2
From eq. (y) K1 = 1 – K2
0.333 = 2[2 – K2] + 3K2
0.333 = 4 – 2K2 + 3K2
0.333 = 4 + K2
K2 = 0.333 - 4
K2 = -3.667
1 = K1 + (-3.667)
K1 = 4.667
q(t) = 4.667e-2t + (-3.667)e-3t - 0.667te-t
q(t) = 4.667e-2t - 3.667e-3t - 0.667te-t
(e)
d2V dV
+5 + 6V = e-2t + 5e-3t … (n)
2
dt dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
V(t) = VC + VP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
s2V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 100

s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
V(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

Particular solution
VP = Ce-2t + Ce-3t
Substituting the value of VP in eq. (n)
d2 d
[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 5 [Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 6[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] = e-2t + 5e-3t
dt2 dt
4Ce-2t + 9Ce-3t + 5[-2Ce-2t – 3Ce-3t] + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t
4Ce-2t + 9Ce-3t - 10Ce-2t – 15Ce-3t + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t
Equating coefficients
e-2t
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
C=0
VP = (0)e-2t + (0)e-3t
VP = 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (k)
At t = 0+
V(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating eq. (k) with respect to ‘t’
dV
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
-1 = -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
-1 = -2K1 - 3K2 … (B)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 101

K1 = 2 – K2
-1 = -2[2 – K2] - 3K2 … (B)
-1 = -4 + 2K2 - 3K2
-3 = K2
1 = K1 + (-3) … (A)
4 = K1
V(t) = 4e-2t + (-3)e-3t … (k)
V(t) = 4e-2t - 3e-3t

Q#6.21: Solve the differential equation

d3i d2i di
2 +9 + 13 + 6i = K0te-tsint … (u)
dt dt dt
2s3i + 9s2i + 13si + 6i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
2s3 + 9s2 + 13s + 6 = 0
We can find roots using synthetic division

2 9 13 6

-1 -2 -07 -6

2 7 6 0 Remainder is zero.

s = -1
So s + 1 is a factor.
(s + 1)(2s2 + 7s + 6) = 0
2s2 + 7s + 6 = 0
A 2
B 7
C 6

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-7  72 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  25
s1, s2 =
2(1)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 102

-7  5
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 5)/2, (-7 – 5)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-12)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -6
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-6t

So –1, -1, -6 are roots of the X-TICS equation.

General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t … (i)
Particular olution
iP = Fte-tcos t + Gte-tsin t
Putting the value of iP in (u)
Here in eq. (u) i = iP
Simplification
Ist derivative of iP:
= F(1)e-tcos t + Ft(-e-t)cos t + Fte-t(-sin t) + G(1)e-tsin t + Gt(-e-t)sin t + Gte-tcos t

= Fe-tcos t - Fte-tcos t - Fte-tsin t + Ge-tsin t - Gte-tsin t + Gte-tcos t

2nd derivative of iP:

= F[-e-tsin t – e-tcos t] – F[e-tcos t - te-tcos t - te-tsin t] – F[e-tsin t - te-tsin t + te-tcos t] +
G[e-tcos t – e-tsin t] – G[e-tsin t - te-tsin t + te-tcos t] + G[e-tcos t - te-tcos t - te-tsin t]

= -2Fe-tsin t – 2Fe-tcos t + 2Fte-tsin t + 2Ge-tcos t – 2Ge-tsin t - 2Gte-tcos t

3rd derivative of iP:

= -2F[e-tcos t – e-tsin t] - 2F[-e-tsin t – e-tcos t] + 2F[e-tsin t - te-tsin t + te-tcos t]
+ 2G[-e-tsin t – e-tcos t] – 2G[e-tcos t – e-tsin t] – 2G[e-tcos t - te-tcos t - te-tsin t]

= 6Fe-tsin t – 2Fte-tsin t + 2Fte-tcos t – 6Ge-tcos t + 2Gte-tcos t + 2Gte-tsin t

2[6Fe-tsin t – 2Fte-tsin t + 2Fte-tcos t – 6Ge-tcos t + 2Gte-tcos t + 2Gte-tsin t] +

9[-2Fe-tsin t – 2Fe-tcos t + 2Fte-tsin t + 2Ge-tcos t – 2Ge-tsin t - 2Gte-tcos t] +

13[Fe-tcos t - Fte-tcos t - Fte-tsin t + Ge-tsin t - Gte-tsin t + Gte-tcos t] +

6[Fte-tcos t + Gte-tsin t] = K0te-tsin t

12Fe-tsin t – 4Fte-tsin t + 4Fte-tcos t – 12Ge-tcos t + 4Gte-tcos t + 4Gte-tsin t

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 103

- 18Fe-tsin t – 4Fe-tcos t + 4Fte-tsin t + 4Ge-tcos t – 4Ge-tsin t - 4Gte-tcos t +

13Fe-tcos t - 13Fte-tcos t - 13Fte-tsin t + 13Ge-tsin t - 13Gte-tsin t + 13Gte-tcos t +

6Fte-tcos t + 6Gte-tsin t = K0te-tsin t

Comparing coefficients
e-tsin t:
12F – 18F – 4G + 13G = 0
-6F + 9G = 0
-2F + 3G = 0 … (7)
te-tsin t:
-4F + 4G + 4F – 13F – 13G + 6G = K0
-3G – 13F = K0 … (8)
From eq. (7) F = 1.5G put in (8)
-3G – 13(1.5G) = K0
-3G – 19.5G = K0
-22.5G = K0
G = -0.045K0
Put in (7)
-2F + 3(-0.045K0) = 0
-2F – 0.135K0 = 0
F = -0.068K0
iP = (-0.068K0)te-tcos t + (-0.045K0)te-tsin t
iP = -0.068K0te-tcos t - 0.045K0te-tsin t
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t + (-0.068K0te-tcos t - 0.045K0te-tsin t)

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t - 0.068K0te-tcos t - 0.045K0te-tsin t … (9)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-1(0+) + K3e-6(0+) - 0.068K0(0+)e-(0+)cos (0+) - 0.045K0(0+)e-(0+)sin (0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0 + K3e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1) + K3(1)

1 = K1 + K2 + K3
Differentiating eq. (9) with respect to ‘t’
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - K2e-1(0+) - 6K3e-6(0+) - 0.068K0[e-(0+)cos (0+)
dt
– (0+)e-(0+)cos (0+) – (0+)e-(0+)sin (0+)] - 0.045K0[e-(0+)sin (0+) – (0+)e-(0+)sin (0+) + (0+)e-
(0+)
cos (0+)]
After simplification
-1 = -K1 – K2 – 6K3 - 0.068K0[1]
-1 = -K1 – K2 – 6K3 - 0.068K0

1 = K1 + K2 + 6K3 + 0.068K0
Q#6.22: A special generator has a voltage variation given by the equation V(t) = t V,
where t is the time in seconds and t  0. This generator is connected to an RL series
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 104

circuit, where R = 2  and L = 1 H, at time t = 0 by the closing of a switch. Find the

equation for the current as a function of time i(t).

K L
+
- V(t) i
R

At t  0
According to KVL
di
L + iR = V(t) … (c)
dt
Putting corresponding values
di
+ 2i = t
dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
V(t) = VC + VP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
si + 2i = 0
s+2=0
s = -2
iC = Kest
iC = Ke(-2)t
iC = Ke-2t
Particular solution
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn
iP = At + B … (ii)
Putting the value of iP from (ii) into eq. (c)
d
[At + B] + 2[At + B] = t
dt
After simplifications
A + 2At + 2B = t
Equating coefficients
t:
2A = 1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 105

A = 0.5
Constants:
A + 2B = 0
0.5 + 2B = 0
B = -0.25
iP = 0.5t + (-0.25) … (ii)
iP = 0.5t - 0.25

i(t) = Ke-2t + 0.5t - 0.25

At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-2(0+) + 0.5(0+) - 0.25
0 = Ke0 - 0.25  i(0+) = i(0-) = 0 (due to inductor)
0 = K(1) - 0.25
K = 0.25
i(t) = 0.25e-2t + 0.5t - 0.25

Q#6.23: A bolt (flash of lighting) of lightning having a waveform which is

approximated as V(t) = te-t strikes a transmission line having resistance R = 0.1 
and inductance L = 0.1 H. Find i(t) =?
Solution:

+
-

At t  0
According to KVL
di
L + iR = V(t)
dt
Putting corresponding values
di
(0.1) + (0.1)i = te-t … (h)
dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
V(t) = VC + VP
Complementary solution
Characteristic equation is
0.1si + 0.1i = 0
s+1=0
s = -1
iC = Kest
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 106

iC = Ke(-1)t
iC = Ke-1t
Particular solution
From table 6.2
Particular solution
iP = (At + B)te-t  multiplied by ‘t’ because e-t is repeating in both iP & iC
Putting the value of qP in eq. (h)
0.1[-At2e-t + 2Ate-t - Bte-t + Be-t] + 0.1[At2e-t + Bte-t] = te-t
-0.1At2e-t + 0.2Ate-t – 0.1Bte-t + 0.1Be-t + 0.1At2e-t + 0.1Bte-t] = te-t
Equating coefficients:
t2e-t:
-0.1A + 0.1A = 0
te-t:
0.2A – 0.1B + 0.1B = 1
0.2A = 1
A=5
e-t:
0.1B = 0
B=0
iP = (5t + 0)te-t
iP = 5t2e-t
i(t) = Ke-1t + 5t2e-t
i(t) = Ke-t + 5t2e-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-(0+) + 5(0+)2e-(0+)
0 = Ke0
0=K
i(t) = 0e-1t + 5t2e-t
i(t) = 5t2e-t
i(0+) = i(0-) = 0 (due to inductor)

Q#6.24: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 with the
capacitor initially unenergized. For the numerical values given, find i(t).

+
-

Here
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 107

&
10e-(0+) sin (0+) u(0+)
i(0+) =
10
10e0 sin (0) u(0+)
i(0+) =
10
i(0+) = 0 Amp.
For t  0, KVL
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t u(t)
(10(10-6))
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t
-6
(10(10 ))
After simplification
i + 104idt = e-t sin t
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
di
+ 104i = e-t (cost - sin t) … (1)
dt
It is a nonhomogeneous differential equation
Characteristic equation is
si + 104i = 0
s + 104 = 0
s = -104
Therefore complementary function is
iC = Ke-10, 000t
The form of particular integral is
From table 6.2
iP = (Acost + Bsint)e-t
Putting the value of iP in eq. (1)
After simplification
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000[(Acost + Bsint)e-t] = e-t (cost - sin t)
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000Acoste-t + 10, 000Bsinte-t
= e-t cost - e-t sin t
Equating coefficients
e-tsint:
-A – B + 10, 000B = -1
-A + 9999B = -1 … (2)
e-tcost:
-A + B + 10, 000A = 1
B + 9999A = 1 … (3)
From (2)
A = 1 + 9999B
B + 9999[1 + 9999B] = 1 … (3)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 108

B + 9999 + 9999(9999)B = 1
B + 99980001B = -9998
B[1 + 99980001] = -9998
B[99980002] = -9998
B = -10-4
A = 1 + 9999(-1/10000)
A = 1 – 0.9999
A = 10-4
iP = (10-4cost + (-10-4)sint)e-t
iP = (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
Complete solution is
i(t) = Ke-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-10, 000(0+) + (10-4cos(0+) - 10-4sin(0+))e-(0+)
0 = Ke0 + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))e0
0 = K(1) + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))(1)
0 = K + 10-4
K = -10-4
i(t) = (-10-4)e-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t

Q#6.25: In the network shown in the accompanying figure, a steady state is reached
with the switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values given,
determine the current, i(t) for t  0.
Solution:

0.5 F
R = 1000 
+ 100 sin 377 t
- L=1H

Equivalent circuit before switching:

By phasors:
V = 10000
jXL = jL
jXL = j(377)(1)
jXL = j377
1
-jXC = -j
C
-jXC = -j5305.04
Therefore
V
I=
R + jXL - jXC
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 109

After simplification
I = 0.019878.530
That is
i(t) = 0.0198sin(377t + 78.530)
Also
VC = I(-jXC)
VC = (0.019878.530)(5305.04-900)
VC = 105.040-11.470
Therefore
VC(t) = 105.040sin(377t + (-11.470))

VC(t) = 105.040sin(377t - 11.470)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = 0.0198sin(377(0+) + 78.530)
i(0+) = 0.0198sin(78.530)
i(0+) = 0.0198[0.981]
i(0+) = 0.019 amp
At t = 0+
VC(0+) = 105.040sin(377(0+) - 11.470)
VC(0+) = 105.040sin(-11.470)
VC(0+) = 105.040[-sin(11.470)]
VC(0+) = 105.040[-0.199]
VC(0+) = -20.903 Volts
For t  0
According to KVL
di 1
L + idt = 100sin377t … (d)
dt C
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
d2i i
L + = 100(377)cos377t
dt2 C
d2i i 37700cos377t
+ =
dt2 LC L
d2i i 37700cos377t
+ =
dt2 (1)(0.5(10-6)) 1
d2i
+ 2(106)i = 37700cos377t … (5)
2
dt
s2i + 2(106)i = 37700cos377t
Complementary solution:
s2 + 2(106) = 0
s = j1414.21
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 110

iC = K1cos1414.21 t + K2sin1414.21 t
Particular solution:
iP = Acos377t + Bsin377t
Putting the value of iP in eq. (5)
After simplification
-(377)2Acos377t – (377)2Bsin(377)t + 2(106)[Acos(377)t + Bsin(377)t] = 37700cos377t
-(377)2Acos377t – (377)2Bsin377t + 2000000Acos377t + 2000000Bsin377t =
37700cos377t
Equating coefficients:
cos377t:
-(377)2A + 2000000A = 37700
-142129A + 2000000A = 37700
1857871A = 37700
A = 0.020
sin377t:
–(377)2B + 2000000B = 0
B=0
iP = 0.02cos377t + (0)sin377t
iP = 0.02cos377t
Complete solution:
i(t) = K1cos1414.21 t + K2sin1414.21 t + 0.02cos377t … (Q)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1cos1414.21(0+) + K2sin1414.21(0+) + 0.02cos377(0+)
0.019 = K1cos(0) + 0.02cos(0)
= K1(1) + 0.02(1)
= K1 + 0.02
K1 = 0.019 – 0.02
K1 = -0.001
Differentiating eq. (Q) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -1414.21K1sin1414.21 t + 1414.21K2cos1414.21 t + 0.02(-377s)sin377t
dt
From differential eq. (d) at t = 0+
di(0+)
+ VC(0+) = 100sin377t … (d)
dt
di(0+)
+ VC(0+) = 100sin377(0+)
dt
di(0+)
+ (-20.903) = 0
dt

di(0+)
= 20.903
dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 111

20.903 = -1414.21K1sin1414.21(0+) + 1414.21K2cos1414.21(0+)

+ 0.02(-377s)sin377(0+)
20.903 = -1414.21K1sin0 + 1414.21K2cos0 + 0.02(-377s)sin0
20.903 = 1414.21K2(1) + 0
20.903 = 1414.21K2
K2 = 0.015
Therefore

i(t) = -0.001cos1414.21 t + 0.015sin1414.21 t + 0.02cos377t

Q#6.26: In the network shown in figure, a steady state is reached with the switch K
open. At t = 0, the value of the resistor R is changed to the critical value, Rcr defined
by equation (6.88). For the element values given, determine the current i(t) for t  0.
Solution:

L
Rcr = 2
C

Rcr = 2(1414.214)
Rcr = 2828.428 
For t  0
According to KVL
di 1
Rcri + L + idt = 100sin377t … (x)
dt C
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
di d2i i
Rcr + L + = 37700cos377t
dt dt2 C
After simplification
di d2i
2828.428 + (1) + 2(106)i = 37700cos377t … (w)
dt dt2
Characteristic equation is
s2i + 2828.428si + 2(106)i = 0
s2 + 2828.428s + 2(106) = 0
A 1
B 2828.428
C 2(106)

-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 112

Putting corresponding values we get

-2828.428  2828.4282 – 4(1)(2000000)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2828.428  8000004.952 – 8000000
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2828.428  4.952
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2828.428  2.225
s1, s2 =
2(1)
s1, s2 = (-2828.428 + 2.225)/2, (-2828.428 - 2.225)/2
s1, s2 = -1413.102, -1415.326

i(t) = K1e-1413.102t + K2e-1415.326t

Form of particular integral is

iP = Acos377t + Bsin377t
Putting the value of iP in eq. (w)
-(377)2Acos377t – (377)2Bsin377t + 2828.428[-377Asin377t + B377sin377t]
+ 2000000[Acos377t + Bsin377t] = 37700cos377t
-142129Acos377t – 142129Bsin377t - 1066317.356Asin377t + 1066317.356Bsin377t
+ 2000000Acos377t + 2000000Bsin377t = 37700cos377t
Equating coefficients:
cos377t:
-142129A + 2000000A = 37700
A = 0.020
sin377t:
–142129B - 1066317.356A + 1066317.356B + 2000000B = 0
2924188.356B - 1066317.356(0.020) = 0
2924188.356B = 1066317.356(0.020)
2924188.356B = 21326.34712
B = 0.007
iP = 0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t
Complete solution:

i(t) = K1e-1413.102t + K2e-1415.326t + 0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t … (a)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1413.102(0+) + K2e-1415.326(0+) + 0.020cos377(0+) + 0.007sin377(0+)
0.019 = K1e0 + K2e0 + 0.020
0.019 = K1(1) + K2(1) + 0.020
-0.001 = K1 + K2 … (z)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 113

Differentiating eq. (a) with respect to ‘t’ at t = 0+

di
(0+) = -1413.102K1e-1413.102(0+) - 1415.326K2e-1415.326(0+) + 0.020(-377)sin377(0+) +
dt
0.007(377)cos377(0+) … (g)
At t = 0+ eq. (x) gives
di
(0+) = -32.84
dt
-32.84 = -1413.102K1e-1413.102(0+) - 1415.326K2e-1415.326(0+) + 0.020(-377)sin377(0+) +
0.007(377)cos377(0+) … (g)
-32.84 = -1413.102K1e0 - 1415.326K2e0 + 0.007(377)cos 0
-32.84 = -1413.102K1(1) - 1415.326K2(1) + 0.007(377)(1)
-32.84 = -1413.102K1 - 1415.326K2 + 2.639
-32.84 – 2.639 = -1413.102K1 - 1415.326K2
-35.479 = -1413.102K1 - 1415.326K2
35.479 = 1413.102K1 + 1415.326K2
From eq. (z)
K1 = -0.001 – K2
35.479 = 1413.102[-0.001 – K2] + 1415.326K2
35.479 = 1413.102[-0.001] – 1413.102K2 + 1415.326K2
35.479 = -1.413102 + 2.224K2
K2 = 16.588
K1 = -0.001 – 16.588
K1 = -16.589

i(t) = [-16.589]e-1413.102t + [16.588]e-1415.326t + 0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t

Q#6.27: Consider the network shown in figure P6.24. The capacitor has an initial
voltage, VC = 10 V. At t = 0, the switch K is closed. Determine i(t) for t  0.
Solution:
Here
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 10 V
V(t) – VC(t)
i(t) =
10
V(0+) – VC(0+)
i(0+) =
10
-(0+)
V(0+) = 10e sin (0+) u(0+)
V(0+) = 10(1)(0)(1)
V(0+) = 0 Volts
0 – 10
i(0+) =
10
i(0+) = -1 amp.
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 114

For t  0, KVL
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t u(t)
(10(10-6))
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t
(10(10-6))
After simplification
i + 104idt = e-t sin t
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
di
+ 104i = e-t (cost - sin t) … (1)
dt
It is a nonhomogeneous differential equation
Characteristic equation is
si + 104i = 0
s + 104 = 0
s = -104
Therefore complementary function is
iC = Ke-10, 000t
The form of particular integral is
From table 6.2
iP = (Acost + Bsint)e-t
Putting the value of iP in eq. (1)
After simplification
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000[(Acost + Bsint)e-t] = e-t (cost - sin t)
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000Acoste-t + 10, 000Bsinte-t
= e-t cost - e-t sin t
Equating coefficients
e-tsint:
-A – B + 10, 000B = -1
-A + 9999B = -1 … (2)
e-tcost:
-A + B + 10, 000A = 1
B + 9999A = 1 … (3)
From (2)
A = 1 + 9999B
B + 9999[1 + 9999B] = 1 … (3)
B + 9999 + 9999(9999)B = 1
B + 99980001B = -9998
B[1 + 99980001] = -9998
B[99980002] = -9998
B = -10-4
A = 1 + 9999(-1/10000)
A = 1 – 0.9999
A = 10-4
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 115

iP = (10-4cost + (-10-4)sint)e-t
iP = (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
Complete solution is
i(t) = Ke-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-10, 000(0+) + (10-4cos(0+) - 10-4sin(0+))e-(0+)
-1 = Ke0 + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))e0
-1 = K(1) + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))(1)
-1 = K + 10-4
K = -1 - 10-4
i(t) = (-1 - 10-4)e-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t

Q#6.28: The network of the figure is operating in the steady state with the switch K
open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find an expression for the voltage, V(t) for t  0.
Solution:

Equivalent circuit before switching:

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 116

V(0-) = V(0+) = I0sin t [R1 + R2]

Equivalent circuit after switching:

For t  0
According to KCL
dV(t) V(t)
C + = I0sin t
dt R1
dV(t) V(t) I0sin t
+ = … (u)
dt CR1 C
It is a nonhomogeneous differential equation
Characteristic equation is
1
sV(t) + V(t) = 0
CR1
1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 117

s+ =0
CR1
1
s=-
CR1
Therefore complementary function is
VC = Ke-(1/CR1)t
The form of particular integral is
VP = Asin t + Bcos t
Putting the value of VP in eq. (u)
Acos t - Bsin t + [1/CR1][Asin t + Bcos t] = (I0sin t)/C
Acos t - Bsin t + [1/CR1]Asin t + [1/CR1]Bcos t = (I0sin t)/C
Equating coefficients:
cos t:
A + [1/CR1]B = 0  A = -B/CR1
sin t:
-B + [1/CR1]A = I0/C
-B + [1/CR1][-B/CR1] = I0/C

B = I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]

A = -[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1

Complete solution
V(t) = Ke-(1/CR1)t + [-[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1]sin t + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]cos t
At t = 0+
V(0+) = Ke-(1/CR1)0+ + [-[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1]sin (0+) + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]cos
(0+)
I0sin t [R1 + R2] = K(1) + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]
I0sin t [R1 + R2] = K + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]

K = I0sin t [R1 + R2] - [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]

V(t) = [I0sin t [R1 + R2] - [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]]e-(1/CR1)t + [-[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1]sin

t + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]cos t

Q#6.29: Consider a series RLC network which is excited by a voltage source.

Determine the characteristic equation.
Locus of the roots of the equation.
Plot the roots of the equation.
Solution:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 118

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