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Chapter 34 Measuring Fasteners

Modern engines use thinner casting and require more precise measuring selectively fit engines All parts are measured and marked according to size Then selectively assembled for optimum clearance.

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shona1412
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61 views

Chapter 34 Measuring Fasteners

Modern engines use thinner casting and require more precise measuring selectively fit engines All parts are measured and marked according to size Then selectively assembled for optimum clearance.

Uploaded by

shona1412
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measuring tools

• Modern engines use thinner casting and require


more precise measuring

Selectively fit engines

• All parts are measured and marked according to size


• Then selectively assembled for optimum clearance

Copyright 2003 Gary Lewis - Dave Capitolo


Tolerance limits

• The minimum and maximum allowable diameters

Specified clearance

• Difference in diameters for


mating parts
• Specified clearance of
replacement part should
be used
Example of tolerance limits for crankshaft and housing bore

• Standard shaft size 1.9995/2.0005 in.


• Housing bore diameter 2.1245/2.1250 in.

Clearances

• Difference between shaft OD and bearing ID


• Minimums and maximums
Maximum bearing inside diameter

Maximum housing bore +2.1250 in.


Bearing thickness -.0615 in.
Bearing thickness -.0615 in.
Max bearing inside diameter 2.0020 in.

Minimum bearing inside diameter

Minimum housing bore +2.1245 in.


Bearing thickness -.0615 in.
Bearing thickness -.0615 in.
Min bearing inside diameter 2.0015 in.
Minimum bearing clearance

Minimum bearing ID +2.0015 in.


Maximum crankshaft diameter - 2.0005 in.
Minimum bearing clearance .001 in.

Maximum bearing clearance

Maximum bearing ID +2.0020 in.


Minimum crankshaft diameter - 1.9995 in.
Maximum bearing clearance .0025 in.
Example of valve stem clearance

Valve stem diameter .3405 - .3415 in.


Stem-to-guide clearance .0015 - .0025 in.
To find valve guide diameter

Minimum clearance .0015 in.


Maximum stem diameter +.3415 in.
Valve guide diameter .3430 in.
Or…

Maximum clearance .0025 in.


Minimum stem diameter +.3405 in.
Valve guide diameter .3430 in.
Thermal expansion

• Engines are assembled at room temperature


• An error at room temperature may cause problems at
operating temperature

Coefficient of thermal expansion

Iron and steel .000006 in.


Aluminum .000012 in.
Example from book

Pin diameter .9000”


Pin bore diameter .9005”
Clearance at room temp .0005”
Pin diameter with 250° F change .9013”
Pin bore with 250° F change .9032
Clearance with 250° F change .0019”

Heat during machining

Rough and finish machining


Measuring tools at room temperature
Units of measure for linear measurement
1 mm = .03937”
.1 mm = .003937”
.01 mm = .0003937”
.001 mm = .00003937”

To convert inches to millimeters


Inches times 25.4 or
Inches divided by .03937

To convert millimeters to inches


Millimeters divided by 25.4 or
Millimeters times .03937
Measuring tools
• Outside micrometer
• Inside micrometer
• Depth micrometer
• Telescoping gauge
• Split ball gauge
• Dial indicator
• Dial bore gauge
• Calipers
Outside micrometer
• Screw pitch of 1/40” or .025” for inch micrometer
• Screw pitch of .50 mm for metric micrometers
• One inch of travel
• Resolution limit of .0001” for inch micrometers
• Resolution limit of up to .001 mm for metric
• Calibrated with standards or gauge blocks
Depth micrometer
• Used for measuring deck clearance, stepped flywheels
• Screw pitches same as outside micrometer
• One inch of travel
• Resolution limit of .001” for inch micrometers
• Scales are read in reverse order
• Calibrated with gauge blocks and surface plate
Inside micrometer
• Used for measuring cylinder bores, housing bores
• Screw pitches same as outside micrometer
• One inch of travel
• Used more often with ‘transfer’ measurements
Transfer measurement
• Adjust inside micrometer to size
• Measure with an outside micrometer
• Other tools include telescoping and split ball gauges
Dial indicators
• Resolution limits printed on dial face
• Used for checking straightness of cams and cranks
• Read TIR (total indicator reading)
• Check out-of-roundness first
Dial bore gauge
• Used for cylinder bores and main bores
• Uses ‘comparative’ measurement
• Set up in a setting fixture or outside micrometer
• Measure differences in the size that was set
Calipers
• Dial and digital calipers
• Lack of rigidity limits accuracy to .002”
• Easy to read
Surface finish
• Crank journals 10 AA micro inches
• Head and block deck surfaces 20–60 AA micro inches
• Cylinder bores 10-15 AA for moly rings
25-30 AA for iron and chrome
Fastener terminology

Major diameter - Largest thread diameter


Minor diameter - Smallest thread diameter
Pitch - Distance between threads
Threads per inch - Number of thread in a linear inch
Grade - A system of grading fastener strength
Threaded fasteners

• Bolts, machine screws, and capscrews stretch


when tightened
• Fasteners have an elastic limit, then fracture occurs
• Below elastic limit, fasteners can be tightened repeatedly
Necked down bolt

• Example of a bolt that has been necked down. Tightening


past its elastic limit
Fastener strength

Cross section of threads


• Minor diameter effects strength
• As pitch increases on external threads, crossection
decreases
• As pitch increases on internal threads, crossection
increases
Fastener strength

Heat treatment
• Low strength fasteners are made of low carbon mild steel
• High strength fasteners have added carbon for heat treating
• SAE fasteners have marks for strength
• Metric fasteners have numbers for strength
Thread identification

• Outside diameter of the threads with a micrometer


• Measure pitch with thread pitch gauge (threads per inch)
• For the machine screw 10-32
Diameter: 10 x .013 + .060 = .190 in.
Pitch: 32 threads per inch = .031 in.

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