Stability Analysis for Power Swing Protection

H. Askarian Abyaneh,* M. Marjanmehr** and M. Meshkin*

* Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University,
Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
e-mail: [email protected]
**Pajooheshgah Niro, Tehran, Iran

Abstract References [4-7] have analyzed power swing

performance. References [8, 9] focused on the new
A transmission line trip during a power swing may ways of detection of power swing. In reference [10]
cause instability of a power system. It is necessary steady -state security control using sensitivity
to recognize the power swing from fault. Based on approach is described.
stability boundary, the power swing blocking relays In this paper, first the change of the parameters are
must be set. To do that, first power swing should be specified and sensitivity coefficients both for
analyzed. Second a way of probability of occurrence transmission lines and generators are identified.
of fault must be found. Third, the critical condition Then the way of minimization of distance between
under which the stability of a power system hasn’t load impedance and the last zone of protection is
been disturbed is recognized. Finally the settings of given. This procedure for outage of the influenced
the power swing relays are calculated. In this paper line is done. Finally a computer simulation for the
analysis of the power swing occurrence has been approach and whether power swing exists or not,
made. By defining transmission s and generators has been developed. If power swing occurs the
sensitivities coefficients, the way of making the line settings of the power swing relays are calculated.
under consideration full load is found. The way of The computer program was tested on some real
minimization of distance between load impedance power system networks including Azarbayjan
and the last zone of distance protection is given and network, and final result showed that the method
the settings of the power swing relays are was successful. Some useful results plus analysis
calculated. will be given below [4, 10].
Keywords: Power system stability, Power swing
protection, Sensitivity analysis. 2 The stability

1 Introduction To analyze power swing, it is necessary to simulate

the network such that the transmission line under
After clearance of a fault on a line of a power consideration carries maximum load. If the load
current is maximum, the relevant impedance seen
system network, the line is isolated and power
swing may occur. As an example it can be by distance relay move to the third zone boundary
mentioned the isolation of Azarbayjan network from of the relay. Also, the most important part of a
power system network for power swing is
Iran power system because of occurrence of power
swing. In this example short circuit fault occurred generators. When a disturbance occurs on a part of a
on Rajaee-Tabriz line and the protection on this line power system, the generators being close to the
disturbance or fault start swings. Therefore the
ordered to isolate the line, then two transmission
lines named Poonel-Taghidize and Miane-Zanjan transmission lines which are near to the generators
tripped by distance relays. Finally one unit ofTabriz will have power swing. To analyze the suitable
Power Station tripped and Azarbayjan network power swing for the purpose of the setting of the
became unelectricited[1]. In order to prevent such power swing relay s it is necessary, (a) Firstly to find
unwanted protection, it is necessary to specify faults the generators having more influence on the power
from power swing. In other word power swing swing of the line. (b) Secondly to make the line
blocking elements must be set such that the distance under consideration full load and find the line its
relays are allowed to operate the fault and prevented outage can make the most onerous power swing.
to operate the power swing. Many attempts have
been made in the past to analyze the power system 3 Generators influence coefficient
stability and compute the settings of power swing
Generation Sensitivity Coefficient which is shown
relays [2, 3].
by a Li is defined by:
 ∆PL (1) done by generator power change or outage of
a Li = generator or outage of a line. Direct load flow can
Pi
show the effects of the generators or lines [2,3].
where, Li and i are transmission and busbar indices For outage of a line a sensitivity coefficient called
respectively ∆PL denotes line L power variation by distribution outage coefficient is defined.
busbar generation variable ∆Pi in busbar i ∆P (4)
d Lk = L
generation. It is assumed that the generation pk
variation ( ∆ Pi ) is compensated by opposite d Lk is distribution outage coefficient for
generation in the reference busbar and generation in supervision on line L because of line outage k.
other generat ors are constant. There ore, a Li shows ∆PL is power variation in line L and Pk is power
the line L sensitivity per power generation of of line K before outage. If power flow in lines L and
busbar i. K before outage is known, the power of line L after
Therefore, if outage of a large power station out age of K is computed easily by d Lk :
occurred, it can be said;
∆Pi = −Pi (2) ∆P (5)
d Lk = L
Where Pi is the lost power. The new transmission L
Equation (6) which is extracted from load flow
power of each line can be calculated using a Li as study for n busbar network is given by[4] :
follows: Xk (6)
(3) ( X in − X jn − X im + X jm )
f * = f + a ∆P
L L Li i X
* d Lk = L
In this equation f L is transmitted power in line L X k − ( X nn + X mm − 2 X nm )
after generator outage in busbar i and f L Where:
transmitted power before the outage. X k is the line reactance of K.
* X L is the line reactance of L.
f L can be compared with its load limit. Therefore
the line load can be increase to reach maximum i,j are sending and receiving buses of line L and m,n
possible one by the change of the generation are sending and receiving buses of line K.
amount. The flowchart of the procedure is given mi is the mth element of vector ∆θ in the equation:
below. ∆θ = [X ]∆P (7)
Read Present
Here, it is necessary to explain the role of the outage
Condition of the lines on power swing. If the distribution
coefficient of the line K is compared with the
coefficients of the lines for example for the line has
the biggest value, it means if a fault occurs on the
i=1
line is tripped, the power swing in line L would be
i=i+ 1 onerous. Therefore if the relay setting installed on L
is computed according to this power swing
L=1
condition, certainly any fault on the lines R or K
will not arrive in the protection zone. In other word,
∆Pi = − Pi L= L+1 line setting of power swing relay for the line L is set
Last according to the line outage of S after happiness of
f L * = f L + aLi ∆Pi line? the fault on it. In the following section the computer
N
Y algorithm for this theory is given.

AX
<= fL <= fLMA The last 5 Computer algorithm
Generat N
N Y As mentioned in section 2, first the line under study
is made full load by tripping of the relevant
Message transmission lines or generators. Then, the
END impedance characteristic curve seen by the relay
under study is obtained . After that if the variation
Figure1: The flowchart of the transmission impedance can arrive in both starter and third zone
maximum load by generation influence. of the distance relay, power swing blocking time
setting (TO) will be the time taken the curve passes
power swing blocking and starter characteristics. It
4 S wing and transmission lines means if the passing time is greater than TO, the
distance relay operation is blocked. If the swing
When a line is selected for power swing protection curve can not arrive in the third protective zone of
study, it is necessary to make it full load. This is
distance relay, the swing has no occurred and power given in sections 2&3, time settings of the relays are
swing blocking unit is not applicable. calculated as follows:
(i) Calculation of the important
6 Test result Generations coefficients for Poonel -
Taghidize and Rasht -Poonel to make
As mentioned in introduction when a fault occurs on them full loads (T able 1).
Rajaee-Tabriz transmission line of Fig. 1, two (ii) Computation of transmission lines
different lines namely Poonel- T aghidize and Rasht- coefficients of Poonel-Taghidize and
Poonel are tripped by power swing relays [1]. Now Rasht -Poonel to recognize the line creating
by using sensitivity coefficients and the approach the most onerous power swing.

shafa
rasht
ahar taghidize poonel ramsar
rasht s hom ali

oroomieh
moghan
azar sikle tarkibi gilan
G

sardrood
sefidrood
miandoab

takmadash mianeh zanjan loshan alborz

G

tabriz

shahid rajaee

sikle tarkibi shahid rajaee

G

Figure 2: Configuration of network

Table 1:Generation coefficient for Poonel- Taghidize As can be seen in the above tables some lines
Generation Gilan Shahid Tabriz Power coefficient relative to lines Poonel-Taghidize and
coefficient Power Rajaee Power Station
Station Station Rasht -Poonel are 1. It can be shown that in network
Poonel-Taghidize 0.619 0.592 0.51 Azarbayjan if a fault occurs on a line with the
coefficient 1, the relative power system become
Table 2:Generation coefficient for Rasht-Poonel radial.
Generation Loshan Shahid Tabriz Power For example, if a fault occurs on Poonel- Rasht and
coefficient Power Rajaee Power Station
Station Station this line trips, Poonel-Taghidize becomes radial.
Rasht -Poonel 0.450 0.490 0.51 Therefore no power swing will exist. This is
V
Table 3: Transmission lines coefficients of P oonel- Taghidize because Z = and oscillation of both V&I are
Lines coefficient Poonel - Ahar- Shahid I
Taghidizeh taghidize Rajaee- created by one source, so they are synchronized and
Tabriz the value of Z is constant.
Poonel-Taghidize 1.00 1.00 0.436 Now, to make lines Poonel-Taghidizeand Rasht-
Table 4: Transmission lines coefficients of Rasht-Poonel Poonel full loads According to the above
Lines coefficient Poonel - Rasht- Shahid coefficients, simulation is made such the by outage
Taghidizeh Gilan Rajaee- of one unit of Tabriz power station with (320MW),
Tabriz The loads of the lines becomes larges. After this
Rasht-Poonel 1.00 1.00 0.620
procedure, loads of Poonel-taghidize increases from
82 to 121 MW and Rasht -Poonel from 120 MW to
131 MW. Now by choosing Shahid Ragaiee-Tabriz 1995. Iran Dispatching Report, Tavanir
which has largest coefficient after the two other Company, 1995.
lines and putting a fault on the line. The following [2] W. Cong, Z. Pan, Z. Yun, and R. Zhong, The
process will result. Two distance protection of the method of detecting asynchronous power
relays at buses Tabriz and Shahid-Rajaee tripped in swing based on the variation of active power,
200 and 320 ms (Zones 1 and 2) and power swing Power System Management and Control, IEE
occurred on the lines Rasht-Poonel and Poonel- Conference, April 2002, pp. 297-302
Taghidize. [3] S. Jiao, Zh Bo, W. Liu, and Q. Yang, New
Figures 2 and 3 show the variation impedance principle to detect fault during Power swing,
curves for the relays. The times taken that IEE Development in Power System
impedance curves passes from the blocking zone to Protection, No. 479, pp. 515-518
the starter zone are calculated. These times are time [4] M. Marjanmehr, Power swing protection
setting of blocking units and for the lines Poonel- settings using analysis of power swing of
Taghidize 40ms and Rasht-Poonel 780ms. networks, MSc. Thesis, Amirkabir Univ. of
Tech., Tehran, Iran 1998.
[5] A J. Wood , and Bruce F. W. Berg, Power
generation, operation and control, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993.
[6] M. Noroozian, M. Ghandhari, G. Anderson,
J. Gronquist, and I. Hiskens, A robust control
strategy for shunt and series r eactive
compensators to damp electromechanical
oscillations, IEEE Transactions an Power
Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 4, October 2001.
[7] K.E. Wilson, Power system stability, Vol. 3,
1962.
Figure 3: Simulation of power swing for Poonel- [8] A. Mechraui, and D. W. P. Thomas, A new
Rasht blocking principle with phase and earth fault
detection during fast power swings for
distance protection, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 3, July 1995.
[9] A new power swing block in distance
protection based on a microcomputer-
principle and performance analysis, IEE, ,
Vol. 2, pp. 843-7, 1992.
[10] C. L. Cha ng, Steady-s tate s ecurity control
using a s ensitivity based approach , Electrical
Power System Research, 1990.

9 Biographies

Professor Askarian Abyaneh was born in

Figure 4: simulation of power swing for Poonel- Abyaneh, Iran, in 1953. He received his BS and
Taghidize MSc degrees from Iran. His PhD degree was
obtained from UK (UMIST). He published 75
7 Conclusions papers in international journals and conferences.
His employment experience included Moshanir
In this paper the analysis of the critical power Power Eng. Company, Amirkabir University of
swing condition was discussed Also, the way of Technology and Zanjan University. He adopted as
computation of power swing blocking time the professor of the year among all professor of
setting were described. A computer simulation the Universities of Iran.
based on the approaches described in this paper Mr. Meshkin was born in Esfahan, Iran, in 1978.
was developed. The computer program was tested He received his BS and MSc degrees from Iran.
by various power system configurations and cas es He is pursuing the PhD degree at Amirkabir
and the results showed that the development was University. His research interest is power system
successful. protection.

8 Refrences

[1] Isolation of Azarbayjan network from

IraniInterconnected power s ystem on 17 Feb.