m Resources are materials that can be used to

satisfy human needs.

 

 



Ô ¬


. Biotic Resources
à Resources obtained from the biosphere
à Examples: Animals, Birds, Fish
à Coal and petroleum are also considered biotic resources
because they were formed from decayed organic matter

2. Abiotic Resources
à Comprise of non-living things
à Examples: land, water, air, gold, iron, copper, silver


 




Ô ¬

 
. Potential Resources
à Resources which exist in a region and may be used in the future.
à Example: Mineral oil that exist in many parts of India is
considered potential resources until it is drilled out and put into
use.

2. Actual Resources
à Resources which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality
determined and are being used in present times.
à Examples: The petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained
from the Bombay High Fields.
 

 





Ô ¬
   
. Renewable Resources
à Resources which can be replenished or reproduced easily
à Examples: sunlight, air, wind (continuously available and not
affected by human consumption)

2. Non-renewable Resources
à Resources formed over very long geological periods.
à These cannot be replenished once they get depleted.
à Only metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling.
à Others cannot be recycled.
à Examples: Minerals, fossils, coals and petroleum.
 M

 





1. Solar power
Solar power is the technology of obtaining usable
energy from the light of the sun. Solar energy has
been used in many traditional technologies for
centuries and has come into widespread use where
other power supplies are absent, such as in remote
locations and in space.
1. Solar Energy
refers to energy that is collected from sunlight.
It can be applied in many ways, including:
m To generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells
m To generate electricity using concentrated solar power
m To generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates
turbines in a Solar updraft tower
m Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar design
m Heat foodstuff, through solar ovens
m Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating
needs using solar-thermal panels
m Heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys
Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity
at the atomic level. Some materials exhibit a property known
as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb
photons of light and release electrons. When these free
electrons are captured, an electric current results that can be
used as electricity.




     


 
 
 



 
 


  

   

   

      

  


  





 
      





 


 

×. Wind Power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy
into more useful forms, usually electricity using
wind turbines.
Wind power is used in large scale wind farms for
national electrical grids as well as in small individual
turbines for providing electricity to rural residences
or grid-isolated locations.
 Saint Anthony Falls A watermill in Belgium.

Undershot water wheels on the

Orontes River in Hama, Syria

ë. Hydroelectric power/Wave power

Hydropower or hydraulic power is the force or
energy of moving water. It may be captured for some
useful purpose.
Hydropower was used for irrigation, and operation
of various machines, such as watermills, textile
machines, and sawmills.
 ºrafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland

. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping
the heat of the earth itself, usually from kilometres
deep into the Earth's crust.
this energy derives from radioactive decay of
elements like uranium and thorium in the Earth's core.
This means that geothermal energy it is not a really a
renewable source of energy at all; it just happens to
be a very long-lived source.
 M

 





1. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are hydrocarbons found
within the top layer of the earthƞs crust. They range
from very volatile materials with low carbon: hydrogen
ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to non-volatile
materials composed of almost pure carbon, like
anthracite coal.
Often fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and
natural gas are considered non-renewable resources,
as they do not naturally re-form at a rate that makes
the way we use them sustainable.
 

Ô Black or blackish mineral substances formed from
the compaction of ancient plant matter in tropical
swamp conditions.

Ô Used as fuel and in chemical industry

Classification of Coal according to carbon content:


    ÿ shiny with 90% carbon
 ¬  
ÿ shiny and dull patches with 75%
carbon
 
  ÿ woody, grading into peat about 50%
carbon
Ã 

Ô 700 ÿ Britain was the world¶s largest coal
producer
Ô  00 ÿ coal was carbonized commercially to
produce coal gas for gas lighting and coke for
melting iron ore.
Ô Half of 9th century ÿ study of by products such
as coal tar, pitch and ammonia formed the basis
of organic chemistry
Ô 20th century ÿ study of coal in organic chemistry
led to the development of the plastic industry.
3 
Ô Natural mineral oil, a thick greenish-brown
flammable liquid found underground in permeable
rocks.

Ô Consists of hydrocarbon mixed with oxygen,

sulphur, nitrogen and other elements in varying
proportions.

Ô Formed from the remains of marine plant and

animal life which existed many millions of years
ago.
 Ã 

Ô Products from crude petroleum:
. Fuel oil
2. Petrol
3. Kerosene
4. Diesel
5. Lubricating oil
Ô Petroleum products and chemicals are used in
large quantities in the manufacture of detergents,
artificial fibres, plastics, insecticides, fertilizers,
pharmaceuticals, toiletries and synthetic rubber.
Wyoming coal mine. Coal, along with many other resources is A temporary oil drilling rig in Western Australia
harvested at a vastly unsustainable rate.

×. Mineral resources
One of the major kinds of non-renewable
resources. Mineral resources are not uniform
throughout the earth.