U.S.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Open-File Report 2004-1336

Online Only

Lime Kiln Dust as a Potential Raw Material in Portland Cement

Manufacturing

By M. Michael Miller and Robert M. Callaghan

2004

Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
Government.
 In the United States, the manufacture of portland cement involves burning in a rotary kiln a finely ground proportional mix of raw
materials. A rotary kiln is a long cylindrical kiln with a refractory lining, inclined at a slight angle, rotating at a slow speed, and fired
by fuel at the lower end. The raw material mix provides the required chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron, and
small amounts of other ingredients. The majority of calcium is supplied in the form of calcium carbonate (commonly limestone,
although other calcareous materials such as chalk or marl may be used). Two different processes “dry” and “wet” are used in the
manufacture of portland cement. In the dry process, a mixture of raw materials are ground, mixed, and fed into the kiln in a dry state.
In the wet process, the mixture of raw materials are ground with water, thoroughly mixed, and then fed into the kiln in the form of a
slurry. In other respects, the two processes are essentially alike. The raw materials are heated to a sintering temperature of between
1,400º C and 1,500º C causing a series of chemical reactions that forms portland cement clinker (Johnson, 1985; Portland Cement
Association, undated).
The design of the raw material mix takes into account only the chemical oxide composition of the ingredients and basically ignores
their mineralogical or physical form. Therefore, rocks such as limestone are usually selected as the principal source of calcium (or
lime, CaO) simply because of their widespread availability. Other sources including waste materials or byproducts from other
industries can be used to supply CaO, provided they have sufficiently high CaO content, have low magnesia (MgO) content (less than
5 percent), and are competitive with limestone in terms of cost and adequacy of supply (Mishulovich, 2003).
The production of high-calcium lime utilizes essentially the same calcination process, but involves only the burning of limestone
(although at a lower temperature of between 1,000º C and 1,350º C). The most common lime kiln design used in the United States is
the rotary kiln, with or without a preheater. Preparation of lime kiln feed involves mining or quarrying the limestone and crushing to a
graded size that is usually between 9.5 millimeters (mm) (0.375 inches) and 6.3 centimeters (2.5 inches) in diameter.
During the stone’s trip through the kiln, significant amounts of lime kiln dust (LKD) are generated, which is collected by dust
control systems. Different types of dust control equipment are used, but basically the systems can be classified as either wet or dry.
The chemical composition of LKD from high-calcium lime plants varies widely depending on factors such as the physical and
chemical characteristics of the limestone used, the type of kiln used, whether a preheater is used, operating parameters of the kiln,
reactivity of the lime produced, and analysis of the fuel used. The LKD material may contain roughly equal amounts of free/available
CaO and uncalcined calcium carbonate, and lesser amounts of impurities such as MgO derived from the limestone. Just as the
chemical analysis shows great variability, a physical analysis displays a particle size gradation that may range from 0.005 mm to
2.0 mm. The bulk of the material will be very fine; typically 75% of the LKD is 0.03 mm or smaller.
It is estimated that about 2.5 million metric tons of high-calcium LKD is produced annually in the United States. There are a
number of established uses for LKD, but nationally supply has always exceeded demand by a wide margin. Regardless of the use,
LKD has a low unit value and the distance to its potential consumption site is the controlling factor in its use. Since other competing
materials are usually available, transportation costs become prohibitive if the distance between the lime plant and the use site are too
great. In general, the chemical and physical characteristics of most high-calcium LKDs make these materials suitable for use as a
supplemental source of CaO in the cement raw material mix. The potential use of LKD by an individual cement plant will depend on
the chemistry of the LKD, adequacy of supply, and cost of the LKD. As a result, a map and table were developed showing the
location of cement plants and high-calcium lime plants in the conterminous United States. The circles shown on the map (figure 1)
show areas where cement and lime plants are within 25 linear miles of each other. These areas are identified on the map by letter
codes, which are listed alphabetically in table 1 so that plants can be located by region and the specific distance relationships
examined. In some cases, multiple operations are located within a particular circle and more than one cement plant may be associated
with each lime plant, alternatively, more than one lime plant may be associated with each cement plant. Table 2 lists the cement-lime
plant pairs sorted by distance, from closest to farthest, up to 50 linear miles. Each table also indicates whether the cement is operating
a dry or wet process and whether the lime plant is operating a dry or wet LKD recovery process.

References

Johnson, Wilton, 1985, Cement, in Mineral Facts and Problems 1985: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 121-131.

Mishulovich, Alex, 2003, Alternative materials: International Cement Review, January, p. 59-62.

Portland Cement Association, [undated], History & manufacture of portland cement, web site at http://www.cement.org/basics/

concretebasics_history.asp. Accessed July 28, 2004.

2
 Figure 1

Cement Plants in the Conterminous United States that are Within 25 Miles of a High-Calcium Lime Plant

C
I J
D K
3

L
E

F N
G
H
Legend
High-calcium lime plant (48)
Cement plant (114)
A Shows 25-mile radius around lime plant; letter is map code in tables
 TABLE 1
CEMENT AND LIME PLANT PAIRS SORTED BY MAP CODE

Linear Distance Lime Kiln Dust

Map Code (miles) Commodity Company Site State County Cement Kiln Type* Control Type*

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC SEATTLE PLANT WASHINGTON KING Wet
A 19
LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC TACOMA LIME PLANT WASHINGTON PIERCE Dry

CEMENT ASH GROVE CEMENT CO SEATTLE PLANT WASHINGTON KING Dry

A 20
LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC TACOMA LIME PLANT WASHINGTON PIERCE Dry

CEMENT ASH GROVE CEMENT CO MONTANA CITY PLANT MONTANA JEFFERSON Wet
B 25
LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC INDIAN CREEK LIME PLANT MONTANA BROADWATER Dry

CEMENT HOLCIM (US) INC TRIDENT PLANT MONTANA GALLATIN Wet

B 29
LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC INDIAN CREEK LIME PLANT MONTANA BROADWATER Dry

CEMENT GCC DACOTAH INC RAPID CITY PLANT SOUTH DAKOTA PENNINGTON Dry and Wet
C 4
LIME PETE LIEN & SONS INC RAPID CITY LIME PLANT SOUTH DAKOTA PENNINGTON Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE CORPORATION DAVENPORT PLANT IOWA SCOTT Dry

D 4
LIME LINWOOD MINING & MINERALS CORP LINWOOD LIME PLANT IOWA SCOTT Dry

CEMENT BUZZI UNICEM USA INC SELMA PLANT MISSOURI JEFFERSON Dry
E 18
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO STE GENEVIEVE PLANT MISSOURI STE GENEVIEVE Dry

CEMENT BUZZI UNICEM USA INC SELMA PLANT MISSOURI JEFFERSON Dry
E 26
LIME MISSISSIPPI LIME CO STE GENEVIEVE LIME PLANT MISSOURI STE GENEVIEVE Dry and Wet

CEMENT TXI CORP MIDLOTHIAN PLANT TEXAS ELLIS Dry and Wet
F 23
4

LIME US LIME & MINERALS - TEXAS LIME CO CLEBURNE LIME PLANT TEXAS JOHNSON Dry and Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO WACO PLANT TEXAS MCLENNAN Wet

F 26
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO CLIFTON LIME PLANT TEXAS BOSQUE Wet

CEMENT ASH GROVE TEXAS CEMENT MIDLOTHIAN PLANT TEXAS ELLIS Wet
F 26
LIME US LIME & MINERALS - TEXAS LIME CO CLEBURNE LIME PLANT TEXAS JOHNSON Dry and Wet

CEMENT HOLCIM (US) INC MIDLOTHIAN PLANT TEXAS ELLIS Dry

F 27
LIME US LIME & MINERALS - TEXAS LIME CO CLEBURNE LIME PLANT TEXAS JOHNSON Dry and Wet

CEMENT TEXAS - LEHIGH CEMENT CO BUDA PLANT TEXAS HAYS Dry

G 22
LIME AUSTIN WHITE LIME CO MCNEIL LIME PLANT TEXAS TRAVIS Dry and Wet

CEMENT CEMEX USA BALCONES PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

H 2
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT TXI CORP HUNTER PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

H 10
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT ALAMO CEMENT CO PLANT 1604 (SAN ANTONIO) TEXAS BEXAR Dry
H 15
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT CAPITOL AGGREGATES LTD CAPITOL CEMENT (SAN ANTONIO) PLANT TEXAS BEXAR Dry and Wet
H 24
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

* Cement kilns use raw materials that are either a mixture of "dry" materials or a slurry of "wet" materials. The lime kiln dust (LKD) control processes used at lime kilns consist mainly of systems using fabric filters,
electrostatic precipitators, or scrubbers. Fabric filters (baghouses) and electrostatic precipitators produce "dry" LKD, which would be a suitable raw material in "dry" process cement kilns. Scrubbers produce
"wet" LKD, which would be a suitable raw material in "wet" process cement kilns.
 TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)
CEMENT AND LIME PLANT PAIRS SORTED BY MAP CODE

Linear Distance Lime Kiln Dust

Map Code (miles) Commodity Company Site State County Cement Kiln Type Control Type

CEMENT TEXAS - LEHIGH CEMENT CO BUDA PLANT TEXAS HAYS Dry

H 32
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT ST MARY'S CEMENT DETROIT PLANT MICHIGAN WAYNE Dry

I 2
LIME CARMEUSE LIME RIVER ROUGE LIME PLANT MICHIGAN WAYNE Dry

CEMENT HOLCIM (US) INC DUNDEE PLANT MICHIGAN MONROE Wet

I 36
LIME CARMEUSE LIME RIVER ROUGE LIME PLANT MICHIGAN WAYNE Dry

CEMENT CEMEX USA WAMPUM PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LAWRENCE Dry

J 22
LIME MERCER LIME & STONE CO BRANCHTON LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet

CEMENT ARMSTRONG CEMENT & SUPPLY CORP CABOT PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet
J 27
LIME MERCER LIME & STONE CO BRANCHTON LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC BESSEMER PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LAWRENCE Wet

J 28
LIME MERCER LIME & STONE CO BRANCHTON LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO YORK WHITE CEMENT PLANT PENNSYLVANIA YORK Wet
K 19
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH CEMENT CO UNION BRIDGE PLANT MARYLAND CARROLL Dry

K 21
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO YORK WHITE CEMENT PLANT PENNSYLVANIA YORK Wet
K 27
5

LIME CARMEUSE LIME MILLARD LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LEBANON Dry

CEMENT ST LAWRENCE CEMENT CO (HOLCIM, LTD) HAGERSTOWN PLANT MARYLAND WASHINGTON Dry
K 34
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH CEMENT CO EVANSVILLE PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BERKS Dry

K 36
LIME CARMEUSE LIME MILLARD LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LEBANON Dry

CEMENT RIVERTON CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) RIVERTON PLANT VIRGINIA WARREN Dry
L 10
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC STRASBURG LIME PLANT VIRGINIA SHENANDOAH Dry and Wet

CEMENT CAPITOL CEMENT CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) MARTINSBURG PLANT WEST VIRGINIA BERKLEY Wet (likely to be converted to
L 15
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK dry within the next 5 years) Dry

CEMENT RIVERTON CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) RIVERTON PLANT VIRGINIA WARREN Dry
L 22
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK Dry

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC FREDERICK PLANT MARYLAND FREDERICK Wet

L 31
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK Dry

CEMENT CAPITOL CEMENT CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) MARTINSBURG PLANT WEST VIRGINIA BERKLEY Wet (likely to be converted to
L 35
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC STRASBURG LIME PLANT VIRGINIA SHENANDOAH dry within the next 5 years) Dry and Wet

CEMENT ST LAWRENCE CEMENT CO (HOLCIM, LTD) HAGERSTOWN PLANT MARYLAND WASHINGTON Dry
L 36
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK Dry

CEMENT CEMEX USA KNOXVILLE PLANT TENNESSEE KNOX Dry

M 20
LIME GLOBAL STONE TENN LUTTRELL INC LUTTRELL LIME PLANT TENNESSEE UNION Dry
 TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)
CEMENT AND LIME PLANT PAIRS SORTED BY MAP CODE

Linear Distance Lime Kiln Dust

Map Code (miles) Commodity Company Site State County Cement Kiln Type Control Type

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 3
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO O'NEAL LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 0
LIME SOUTHERN LIME CO ROBERTA LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 5
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO MONTEVALLO PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 8
LIME CARMEUSE LIME LONGVIEW LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 9
LIME CHENEY LIME & CEMENT CO LANDMARK LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 10
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO ALABASTER PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 26
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO ALABASTER PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 27
LIME CHENEY LIME & CEMENT CO LANDMARK LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 27
6

LIME CARMEUSE LIME LONGVIEW LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 32
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO O'NEAL LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 34
LIME SOUTHERN LIME CO ROBERTA LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 34
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO MONTEVALLO PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC RAVENA PLANT NEW YORK ALBANY Wet
38
LIME SPECIALTY MINERALS INC ADAMS LIME PLANT MASSACHUSETTS BERKSHIRE Wet

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC FREDERICK PLANT MARYLAND FREDERICK Wet

42
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT ROANOKE CEMENT CO ROANOKE PLANT VIRGINIA BOTETOURT Dry

42
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO LIME PLANT #1 VIRGINIA GILES Dry

CEMENT TXI CORP HUNTER PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

44
LIME AUSTIN WHITE LIME CO MCNEIL LIME PLANT TEXAS TRAVIS Dry and Wet

CEMENT ST LAWRENCE CEMENT CATSKILL PLANT NEW YORK GREENE Wet

48
LIME SPECIALTY MINERALS INC ADAMS LIME PLANT MASSACHUSETTS BERKSHIRE Wet

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC FREDERICK PLANT MARYLAND FREDERICK Wet

49
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC STRASBURG LIME PLANT VIRGINIA SHENANDOAH Dry and Wet
 TABLE 2
CEMENT AND LIME PLANT PAIRS SORTED BY DISTANCE

Linear Distance Lime Kiln Dust

Map Code (miles) Commodity Company Site State County Cement Kiln Type* Control Type*

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 0
LIME SOUTHERN LIME CO ROBERTA LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT ST MARY'S CEMENT DETROIT PLANT MICHIGAN WAYNE Dry

I 2
LIME CARMEUSE LIME RIVER ROUGE LIME PLANT MICHIGAN WAYNE Dry

CEMENT CEMEX USA BALCONES PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

H 2
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 3
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO O'NEAL LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE CORPORATION DAVENPORT PLANT IOWA SCOTT Dry

D 4
LIME LINWOOD MINING & MINERALS CORP LINWOOD LIME PLANT IOWA SCOTT Dry

CEMENT GCC DACOTAH INC RAPID CITY PLANT SOUTH DAKOTA PENNINGTON Dry and Wet
C 4
LIME PETE LIEN & SONS INC RAPID CITY LIME PLANT SOUTH DAKOTA PENNINGTON Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 5
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO MONTEVALLO PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 8
LIME CARMEUSE LIME LONGVIEW LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 9
7

LIME CHENEY LIME & CEMENT CO LANDMARK LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT RIVERTON CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) RIVERTON PLANT VIRGINIA WARREN Dry
L 10
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC STRASBURG LIME PLANT VIRGINIA SHENANDOAH Dry and Wet

CEMENT TXI CORP HUNTER PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

H 10
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC ROBERTA PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry
N 10
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO ALABASTER PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Wet

CEMENT ALAMO CEMENT CO PLANT 1604 (SAN ANTONIO) TEXAS BEXAR Dry
H 15
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT CAPITOL CEMENT CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) MARTINSBURG PLANT WEST VIRGINIA BERKLEY Wet (likely to be converted to
L 15
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK dry within the next 5 years) Dry

CEMENT BUZZI UNICEM USA INC SELMA PLANT MISSOURI JEFFERSON Dry
E 18
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO STE GENEVIEVE PLANT MISSOURI STE GENEVIEVE Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO YORK WHITE CEMENT PLANT PENNSYLVANIA YORK Wet
K 19
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC SEATTLE PLANT WASHINGTON KING Wet
A 19
LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC TACOMA LIME PLANT WASHINGTON PIERCE Dry

* Cement kilns use raw materials that are either a mixture of "dry" materials or a slurry of "wet" materials. The lime kiln dust (LKD) control processes used at lime kilns consist mainly of systems using fabric filters,
electrostatic precipitators, or scrubbers. Fabric filters (baghouses) and electrostatic precipitators produce "dry" LKD, which would be a suitable raw material in "dry" process cement kilns. Scrubbers produce
"wet" LKD, which would be a suitable raw material in "wet" process cement kilns.
 TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)
CEMENT AND LIME PLANT PAIRS SORTED BY DISTANCE

Linear Distance Lime Kiln Dust

Map Code (miles) Commodity Company Site State County Cement Kiln Type Control Type

CEMENT CEMEX USA KNOXVILLE PLANT TENNESSEE KNOX Dry

M 20
LIME GLOBAL STONE TENN LUTTRELL INC LUTTRELL LIME PLANT TENNESSEE UNION Dry

CEMENT ASH GROVE CEMENT CO SEATTLE PLANT WASHINGTON KING Dry

A 20
LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC TACOMA LIME PLANT WASHINGTON PIERCE Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH CEMENT CO UNION BRIDGE PLANT MARYLAND CARROLL Dry

K 21
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT RIVERTON CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) RIVERTON PLANT VIRGINIA WARREN Dry
L 22
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK Dry

CEMENT TEXAS - LEHIGH CEMENT CO BUDA PLANT TEXAS HAYS Dry

G 22
LIME AUSTIN WHITE LIME CO MCNEIL LIME PLANT TEXAS TRAVIS Dry and Wet

CEMENT CEMEX USA WAMPUM PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LAWRENCE Dry

J 22
LIME MERCER LIME & STONE CO BRANCHTON LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet

CEMENT TXI CORP MIDLOTHIAN PLANT TEXAS ELLIS Dry and Wet
F 23
LIME US LIME & MINERALS - TEXAS LIME CO CLEBURNE LIME PLANT TEXAS JOHNSON Dry and Wet

CEMENT CAPITOL AGGREGATES LTD CAPITOL CEMENT (SAN ANTONIO) PLANT TEXAS BEXAR Dry and Wet
H 24
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT ASH GROVE CEMENT CO MONTANA CITY PLANT MONTANA JEFFERSON Wet
B 25
8

LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC INDIAN CREEK LIME PLANT MONTANA BROADWATER Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 26
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO ALABASTER PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO WACO PLANT TEXAS MCLENNAN Wet

F 26
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO CLIFTON LIME PLANT TEXAS BOSQUE Wet

CEMENT BUZZI UNICEM USA INC SELMA PLANT MISSOURI JEFFERSON Dry
E 26
LIME MISSISSIPPI LIME CO STE GENEVIEVE LIME PLANT MISSOURI STE GENEVIEVE Dry and Wet

CEMENT ASH GROVE TEXAS CEMENT MIDLOTHIAN PLANT TEXAS ELLIS Wet
F 26
LIME US LIME & MINERALS - TEXAS LIME CO CLEBURNE LIME PLANT TEXAS JOHNSON Dry and Wet

CEMENT ARMSTRONG CEMENT & SUPPLY CORP CABOT PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet
J 27
LIME MERCER LIME & STONE CO BRANCHTON LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 27
LIME CHENEY LIME & CEMENT CO LANDMARK LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 27
LIME CARMEUSE LIME LONGVIEW LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO YORK WHITE CEMENT PLANT PENNSYLVANIA YORK Wet
K 27
LIME CARMEUSE LIME MILLARD LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LEBANON Dry

CEMENT HOLCIM (US) INC MIDLOTHIAN PLANT TEXAS ELLIS Dry

F 27
LIME US LIME & MINERALS - TEXAS LIME CO CLEBURNE LIME PLANT TEXAS JOHNSON Dry and Wet
 TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)
CEMENT AND LIME PLANT PAIRS SORTED BY DISTANCE

Linear Distance Lime Kiln Dust

Map Code (miles) Commodity Company Site State County Cement Kiln Type Control Type

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC BESSEMER PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LAWRENCE Wet

J 28
LIME MERCER LIME & STONE CO BRANCHTON LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BUTLER Wet

CEMENT HOLCIM (US) INC TRIDENT PLANT MONTANA GALLATIN Wet

B 29
LIME GRAYMONT WESTERN US INC INDIAN CREEK LIME PLANT MONTANA BROADWATER Dry

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC FREDERICK PLANT MARYLAND FREDERICK Wet

L 31
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK Dry

CEMENT TEXAS - LEHIGH CEMENT CO BUDA PLANT TEXAS HAYS Dry

H 32
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO NEW BRAUNFELS LIME PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 32
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO O'NEAL LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT ST LAWRENCE CEMENT CO (HOLCIM, LTD) HAGERSTOWN PLANT MARYLAND WASHINGTON Dry
K 34
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 34
LIME SOUTHERN LIME CO ROBERTA LIME PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH PORTLAND CEMENT CO LEEDS PLANT ALABAMA JEFFERSON Dry

N 34
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO MONTEVALLO PLANT ALABAMA SHELBY Dry and Wet

CEMENT CAPITOL CEMENT CORP (ESSROC CEMENT CORP) MARTINSBURG PLANT WEST VIRGINIA BERKLEY Wet (likely to be converted to
L 35
9

LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC STRASBURG LIME PLANT VIRGINIA SHENANDOAH dry within the next 5 years) Dry and Wet

CEMENT HOLCIM (US) INC DUNDEE PLANT MICHIGAN MONROE Wet

I 36
LIME CARMEUSE LIME RIVER ROUGE LIME PLANT MICHIGAN WAYNE Dry

CEMENT ST LAWRENCE CEMENT CO (HOLCIM, LTD) HAGERSTOWN PLANT MARYLAND WASHINGTON Dry
L 36
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC WINCHESTER LIME PLANT VIRGINIA FREDERICK Dry

CEMENT LEHIGH CEMENT CO EVANSVILLE PLANT PENNSYLVANIA BERKS Dry

K 36
LIME CARMEUSE LIME MILLARD LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA LEBANON Dry

CEMENT LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC RAVENA PLANT NEW YORK ALBANY Wet
38
LIME SPECIALTY MINERALS INC ADAMS LIME PLANT MASSACHUSETTS BERKSHIRE Wet

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC FREDERICK PLANT MARYLAND FREDERICK Wet

42
LIME CARMEUSE LIME HANOVER LIME PLANT PENNSYLVANIA ADAMS Wet

CEMENT ROANOKE CEMENT CO ROANOKE PLANT VIRGINIA BOTETOURT Dry

42
LIME CHEMICAL LIME CO LIME PLANT #1 VIRGINIA GILES Dry

CEMENT TXI CORP HUNTER PLANT TEXAS COMAL Dry

44
LIME AUSTIN WHITE LIME CO MCNEIL LIME PLANT TEXAS TRAVIS Dry and Wet

CEMENT ST LAWRENCE CEMENT CATSKILL PLANT NEW YORK GREENE Wet

48
LIME SPECIALTY MINERALS INC ADAMS LIME PLANT MASSACHUSETTS BERKSHIRE Wet

CEMENT ESSROC MATERIALS INC FREDERICK PLANT MARYLAND FREDERICK Wet

49
LIME GLOBAL STONE CHEMSTONE INC STRASBURG LIME PLANT VIRGINIA SHENANDOAH Dry and Wet