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Mathematics (Hons) First Year Real Analysis Notes Edutrix Classes..... Tilak Nagar

These are not full set of notes it contains only few topics and theorems.the whole set of notes can be found if you join our coaching institute EDUTRIX CLASSES. for any KIND of higher mathematics coaching please feel free to contact.at 9899991800, 9711140008,9718445143,

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Sanjeev Shukla
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6K views6 pages

Mathematics (Hons) First Year Real Analysis Notes Edutrix Classes..... Tilak Nagar

These are not full set of notes it contains only few topics and theorems.the whole set of notes can be found if you join our coaching institute EDUTRIX CLASSES. for any KIND of higher mathematics coaching please feel free to contact.at 9899991800, 9711140008,9718445143,

Uploaded by

Sanjeev Shukla
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis – I 1

LECTURE-2(sec – 1)
Definition-: (Bounded above set) - A set S ⊆ IR is called bounded above
set . If there exist a real number µ such that

x ≤ µ ∀ x∈ S

Definition -: (Upper bound of a set) - A real number µ is called an upper


bound of a set S ⊆ IR

Iff x ≤ µ ∀ x∈ S

1 1 1
EX -: S = {1, , ,
2 3 4
} is bounded above by ”1” and hence 1is an upper
bound of S.

1 1 1
Ex -: S = {1, , , …………} is also bounded above by 1
2 3 4

1 1 1
Ex -: S = {-1, − , − , − ………..} is bounded above by 0.
2 3 4

NOTE -: In this example 0 ∉ S

Which means upper bound of a set may or may not belong to


the set .

Bounded below set -: A set S ⊆ IR is said to be bounded below if ∃ a real


number ‘ µ ’ such that
µ ≤ x ∀ x∈ S

Lower bound of a set -: A real number ‘ µ ’ is called a lower bound of a set


S ⊆ IR

If µ ≤ x ∀x ∈ S

Bounded set -: A set S is said to be bounded If it is both bounded below


and bounded above.

Unbounded set -: A set is said to be unbounded if it is not bounded.


Prepared by-: Sanjeev Kumar Shukla
ALPHA
PLUS EDUCATION
9
718445143
Analysis – I 2

EX -: S = {x : x ≥ 0} is bounded below but not above and hence is not


bounded.

Lower bound of S= 0 and has no upper bound

1
EX -: S= { n : n ∈ IN} is bounded above by 1.

NOTE -: A real numbers ‘ µ ’ is not an upper bound of a set S

If ∃ y∈S: y>µ

EX -: S={1,2,3,4,5} µ = 3 is not an upper bound of S as ∃ y = 4 ∈ S : y


=4>3=µ

Few more example -:

(i) n +1 3 4 5 7
{ ; n ∈ IN } ={2, , , , ,........}
n 2 3 4 6

(ii) {(−1) n n : n ∈ IN } = {(1) −1 , (1) −2 2, (1)−3 3.......}

(−1)n 3 2 5 4
(iii) {1 + / n ∈ IN } = {0, , , , .......}
n 2 3 4 5

1 5 10 17
(iv) { n + / n ∈ IN } = {2, , , ,.........}
n 2 3 4

(v) IR+  
→ is bounded below by “0” but is not bounded above

(vi) ]1, ∞ [ is bounded below by “1” but is not bounded above.

(vii) { Ø } is not even a subset of real numbers.

Ans -:
(i) Is bounded above by 2 and bounded below by 1.

Prepared by-: Sanjeev Kumar Shukla


ALPHA
PLUS EDUCATION
9
718445143
Analysis – I 3

(ii) Is not bounded.

(iii) Is bounded below by 0 and bounded above by 3/2.

(iv) Is bounded below by 2 and is not bounded above.

Supremum of a set -: Let S be a non empty bounded above set then a real
number µ is called supremum [ or least upper bound ] of S If and only if.

(i) x ≤ µ ∀ x ∈ S (µ is an upper bound of S).

(ii) If V is any other upper bound of S then µ ≤ v.

And it is denoted by supS = µ

Theorem -: Supremum of a set if it exists is unique .

Proof -: Do yourself

NOTE-: Supremum of a set may or may not belong to the set

1 1 1
Ex -: S = {1, , , …………} supS = 1 ∈ S
2 3 4

Proof -: clearly 1 ≥ x ∀ x ∈ S .Also If ν < 1 then as 1 ∈ S ∴ν cant be


an upper bound of S and hence any number smaller then 1 can’t be an
upper bound of S∴1 is least upper bound of S and hence is supS.

Remark -: Greatest member of a set, If it exists, is always the supremum of


the set .But sup of a set may not be a greatest member of set.

1 1 1
EX -: S = { − / n ∈ IN } = {−1, − , − ,.........}
n 2 3

0 = supS

1
Let µ < o we can choose n ∈ IN : µ < − < 0
n

Prepared by-: Sanjeev Kumar Shukla


ALPHA
PLUS EDUCATION
9
718445143
Analysis – I 4

1 1
As − ∈ S & − > µ ⇒ µ is not upper bound of S as µ < 0 being
n n
arbitrary, we get no real numbers less than ‘0’ is an upper bound of S. or o
≤ every upper bound of S.

⇒ 0 = supS.

Infimum -: Let S be a non empty bounded below set. Then a real number t
is said to be Infimum of S, if and only if.

(i) t ≤ s ∀s ∈ S .

(ii) If α is any lower bound of S then t ≥ α.

Infimum of a set S is denated by Inf(S)

Theorem -: Infimum of a set if it exists is unique.

Proof -: Do yourself.

Lemma -: A number µ is the supremum of a non-empty set of S Iff µ


satisfies the conditions.

(i) s ≤ µ ∀ s ∈ S

(ii) If ν < µ , then there exists s ' ∈ S such that ν < s ' .

Proof -: First assume µ = supS

⇒ s ≤ µ ∀ s∈S

If ν < µ as µ is supS ⇒ µ is l.u.b and hence ν is not an upper bound

⇒ ∃ s '∈ S : ν < s '

Conversely assume (i) and (ii) hold

then (i) ⇒ µ is an upper bound of S also, (ii) ⇒ no number smaller than µ


can be an upper bound of S, ⇒ µ = l.u.b of S ⇒ µ = supS.

Prepared by-: Sanjeev Kumar Shukla


ALPHA
PLUS EDUCATION
9
718445143
Analysis – I 5

Lemma -: An upper bound µ of a non empty set S in IR is supremum of S Iff


∀ ∈> 0 ∃ s∈ ∈ S such that µ − ∈< s∈ .

Proof-: frist let us assume that ∀ ∈> 0 ∃ s∈ ∈ S such that


µ − ∈< s∈ to show that µ is Sup ( S )

i.e to show that

(1) µ is an upper bound of S

(2) Is least upper bound of S

µ is an upper bound of S this follows from the given statement.

Now let ν be any other upper bound of S

Then to show that µ ≤ ν Let If possible µ > ν then µ −ν > 0

Let ∈= µ −ν > 0 then by given condition there exists S∈ ∈ S :

S∈ > µ − ∈= µ − ( µ −ν )

⇒ S∈ > ν which is a contradiction as ν is upper bounded of S.

∴ Our assumption that µ > ν is wrong and hence ( µ > ν )

Conversely assume that µ is sups then (i) µ is an upper bound of S and next
we need to show that ∀ ∈> 0 ; ∃ s∈ ∈ S such that s∈ > µ − ∈ Let ∈ > 0 be given;
as µ = supS

⇒ µ − ∈ can’t be an upper bound of S (Q sups is least upper bound of


S.)

⇒ ∃ s∈ ∈ S : s∈ > µ − ∈ .

Prepared by-: Sanjeev Kumar Shukla


ALPHA
PLUS EDUCATION
9
718445143
Analysis – I 6

Definition -: (Greatest element of a set ) – Let S be any non empty subset


of real numbers then the Greatest element of S is an element g of S such
that

x≤g ∀ x ∈ S.

Definition -: (least element of a set) – Let S be any non empty subset of


real numbers then an element l ∈ s is called least element of S

If x ≥ l ∀ x ∈ S .

Question -: Every finite set has a greatest element and a least element .

Proof -: Let S = { x1, x2……….xn } be any finite set . Let xi ∈ S be any element

If xi is greatest element then we are done if not then ∃ xj ∈ S :


x j > xi If x j is greatest element of S then we are done. If not
∃ xk ∈ S : xk > x j > xi continuing like this we’ll get our greatest element. (Q
this process will stop somewhere as S is finite set ).

IIlr proof can be given for least element of S.

Prepared by-: Sanjeev Kumar Shukla


ALPHA
PLUS EDUCATION
9
718445143

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