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On Degenerative Diseases

This document discusses antioxidants and their role in degenerative diseases. It begins by defining disease and describing types of diseases as infectious or non-infectious. Non-infectious diseases mentioned include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and various forms of cancer. It then describes how oxidants are produced in cells and can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. This oxidative damage can lead to cell damage and disease. Antioxidant defenses in the body attempt to remove excess free radicals, but dietary antioxidants also provide benefits. The document focuses on the roles of superoxide dismutase and catalase as antioxidant enzymes, and how they work together to reduce oxidative stress.

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1K views29 pages

On Degenerative Diseases

This document discusses antioxidants and their role in degenerative diseases. It begins by defining disease and describing types of diseases as infectious or non-infectious. Non-infectious diseases mentioned include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and various forms of cancer. It then describes how oxidants are produced in cells and can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. This oxidative damage can lead to cell damage and disease. Antioxidant defenses in the body attempt to remove excess free radicals, but dietary antioxidants also provide benefits. The document focuses on the roles of superoxide dismutase and catalase as antioxidant enzymes, and how they work together to reduce oxidative stress.

Uploaded by

ckramck
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANTIOXIDANTS IN

DEGENERATIVE
DISEASES

By,
Dr. Ramesh C.K,
Associate Prof & chairman,
Dept of Biotechnology,
Sahyadri Science College (Auto)
Shivamogga -577203,
Karnataka, India.
What is a disease?
Disease is a disorder or malfunction of the mind or body, which leads to
a departure from good health

What are type of diseases?

Diseases

Infectious non infectious


Simply saying diseases that are caused by pathogens

Infectious

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Protozoa
Diseases that are not caused by pathogens

Non Infectious

Alzheimer’s
disease
Mental diseases
Schizophrenia &
Parkinson’s

Cardiovascular
Heart
failure

Atherosclerosis

Ischemic heart
Cancer disease

Sarcoma Carcinoma Lung cancer Leukemia


Oxidants and their relation in diseases

Oxidants are Oxygen free Radicals or those molecules with lone pair of electron

They are produced in normal metabolism of cell and also by environmental


pollutants .

They are very unstable ready to grab electron from surrounding system.

How do they produced in the cell ?

What are the targeting sites by the Free radicals ?


In cells (mitochondria), Electrons can leak from the mitochondrial respiratory
chain, attach themselves to molecules and form free radicals. These free radicals
target cell components and damage the cells (Trouillas et al., 2003). Creating a
stress condition in cell, if untreated than lead to diseased condition
ROS
Targets on

DNA
Lipid Protein (hydroxyl DNA
(peroxidation) (Thiol oxidation) compounds)

Cell
Damage
Oxidation effect on Lipids (peroxidation)

Lipid Hydroperoxides Unsaturated


peroxidation fatty acyl

Malonyldialdehyde
Oxidative stress And
TBARS

Reference (Locatelli et al., 2003).


Tau protein is very important in stabilizing the Neurons by pairing with never cells, In AD,
tau begins to pair with other threads of tau and they become tangled up together. The
defective tau, however, appears to block the actions of the normal microtubules. When
this happens, the microtubules disintegrate, collapsing the neuron’s transport system. This
may result first in malfunctions in communication between neurons and later in the death
of the cells.
Beta amyloid formation is also important phenomena in
alzheimer’s, Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a large nerve-
protecting protein, helps neurons to grow and survive. APP may help
damaged neurons repair themselves and may help parts of neurons grow after
brain injury. In AD, certain enzymes, particularly those called gamma-
secretases, slice APP into pieces called beta amyloid. This process is
controlled by factors called presenilin proteins. High levels of beta
amyloid are associated with reduced levels of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine. ERAB (endoplasmic-reticulum associated binding
protein) appears to combine with beta amyloid, which in turn attracts
new beta amyloid from outside the cells. High amounts of ERAB may
also enhance the nerve destructive power of beta amyloid. As beta
amyloid breaks down it releases unstable chemicals called oxygen-free
radicals. Once released, oxygen-free radicals bind to other molecules
through a process called oxidation. This free radical can cause adverse
effect.
Antioxidants

Living organisms have evolved antioxidant defenses to remove excess free radicals

Exam- Superoxide dismutases, Catalase, glutathione peroxidases and etc

But only these are not enough to control the ROS so dietary in take of antioxidants
Super oxide dismutase plays a major role in the first
line of the antioxidant defense system by catalyzing the
dismutation of superoxide radicals to form hydrogen
peroxide and molecular oxygen. Mechanism of catalase
provided by SOD suggests, that this enzyme is incomplete
antioxidant, which prevent the superoxide anion and
produces the other. Its biological action is connected w ith
catalase via H2O2. Catalase is a ubiquitous enzyme present
in cells of aerobic organism. Catalase converts two
molecules of the strong oxidant, hydrogen peroxide to
molecular oxygen and two molecules of water
(Laszlo et al., 1991). Kono et al. (1982) found that
superoxide anion inhibited these catalase action and the
presence of hydrogen peroxide inhibited the action of
dismutase.

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