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Hicks,
Community College of Southern Nevada
Chapter 4: Histology: The Study of Tissues
I. Tissues and Histology
A. Tissues
1. Tissues are collections of _specialized cells and the _extra cellular substance surrounding
them.___________________
2. The classification of tissue types is based on:
a. ___structure of cells___________________________
b. ___composition of the noncellular substance___________________________
c. ______________________________
3. Name the four primary tissue types:
a. _Epithelial tissue_____
b. _connective tissue___
c. __muscle tissue _________________
d. __nervous tissue__
4. The classification of epithelial and connective tissue is based on:
a. __cell shape__
b. __relationship of cells to one another____________________________
c. __composition of the extracellular matrix____________________________
5. The classification of muscle and nervous tissue is based on:
a. __characteristics and location____________________________
B. Histology
1. What is histology? _microscopic study of tissues

2. What is a biopsy? Process of removing tissue samples from patient surgically or with a needle
for diagnostic purposes.
II. Embryonic Tissue
A. Endoderm
1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the endoderm? _Inner layer____
2. Endoderm will form ____lining of digestive tract and its derivatives.
1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the mesoderm? __middle layer________
2. Mesoderm will form __forms tissue such as muscle, bone, and blood
vessels.___________________________________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
C. Ectoderm
1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the ectoderm? _outer layer__________
2. Ectoderm will form __forms the skin_______
A. General Characteristics of Epithelium
1. Epithelium is composed mostly of _cells___ with very little _extracellular matrix.
2. Epithelium covers _body surface__________________ and forms _glands made from body
surface__
a. On what body surfaces would one expect to find epithelium?
____________Exterior surface__________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Define the following epithelial terms:
a. Free or apical surface _________________________________________
b. Lateral surface ______________________________________________
c. Basal surface _______________________________________________
d. How is a basement membrane formed? ___________________________
______________________________________________________________
e. What does the basement membrane do? __________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What holds adjacent epithelial cells together? _________________________
5. Epithelial tissue is "avascular" since it is not penetrated by blood vessels. So
how do nutrients reach the epithelial cells? ___________________________
a. Where are the most metabolically active cells? _____________________
B. List the Five Major Functions of Epithelia
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
C. Classification of Epithelium
1. Classification is based on ____________________ & ___________________
2. Three major types of epithelium based on number of cell layers:
a. Observing a simple epithelium one would expect to see: ______________
______________________________________________________________
b. Observing a stratified epithelium one would expect to see: ____________
______________________________________________________________
c. Observing pseudostratified columnar epithelium one would expect to see:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
1. Where might you find this type of epithelium? ____________________
3. List and describe the three shapes of epithelial cells:
a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
4. Types of epithelium are given two names based on:
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
5. Describe how "moist stratified squamous epithelium" differs from "keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium": ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Transitional Epithelium
a. Where is it found? ____________________________________________
b. What shape are the cells when they are not stretched? _______________
c. What shape are the cells when they are stretched? _________________
D. Functional Characteristics
1. Cell Layers and Cell Shapes
a. Simple epithelium functions to:
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________
b. Stratified epithelium functions for ______________________________
1. As outer cells are ____________________ they are ______________
c. Flat and thin cells will allow ____________________ and _____________
d. Cuboidal or columnar cells are usually involved in ___________________
2. Cell Surfaces
a. What do smooth surfaces do? __________________________________
b. What do microvilli do for a cell? _________________________________
1. Therefore they are found in cells involved in what? _______________
c. Elongated microvilli are called ____________________
1. They are found where what is an important function? ______________
d. What purpose do cilia serve in the human body? ____________________
3. Cell Connections
a. List the three functions of cellular connections:
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
b. Describe the structure of a desmosome: __________________________
______________________________________________________________
1. What does a hemidesmosome do? ____________________________
c. Tight junctions ____________________ & ____________________
1. Where is the zonula adherens and what does it do? _______________
___________________________________________________________
2. The zonula occludens forms _________________________________
a. The tight seal prevents ___________________________________
d. What does a gap junction do? ___________________________________
1. They are most important in ________________ & ________________
2. In ciliated epithelial cells they may _____________________________
4. Glands
a. Glands that connect to the surface by a duct are called _______________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
b. Glands that do not connect by a duct are called _____________________
1. These glands secrete into the ____________________
2. These glands produce ____________________
c. An exocrine gland consisting of a single cell is called _________________
1. An example would be ______________________________
d. An exocrine gland consisting of many cells is called _________________
1. The duct system of an exocrine gland can be:
a. Simple which means ____________________________________
b. Compound which means _________________________________
c. Tubular (tubule) which means _____________________________
d. Acinar (acini) which means _______________________________
e. Alveolar (alveoli) which means _____________________________
e. Describe how each of the three functional types of exocrine glands work:
1. Merocrine Glands: _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Apocrine Glands: __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. Holocrine Glands: _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
IV. Connective Tissue
A. General Characteristics of Connective Tissue
1. Connective tissue __________ are separated by ______________________
2. Connective tissue structure is __________ and performs ________________
B. List the seven major categories of connective tissue function:
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
7. __________________________________________________
C. Cells of Connective Tissue
1. Define the function that each cell would have based on the suffix:
a. Blasts __________________________________________________
b. Cytes __________________________________________________
c. Clasts __________________________________________________
2. What type of connective tissue does each of the following prefixes refer to:
a. Fibro __________________________________________________
b. Chondro __________________________________________________
c. Osteo __________________________________________________
3. Adipose Cells (adipocytes)
a. What do adipose cells do? _____________________________________
b. What do adipose cells look like? _________________________________
4. Mast Cells
a. Where are mast cells found? ___________________________________
b. What chemicals do they contain? ________________________________
c. What is their function? _________________________________________
5. What cells continuously move into connective tissue? ___________________
6. What do macrophages do? _______________________________________
a. A fixed macrophage ______________________________
b. A wandering macrophage ______________________________
7. Embryonic connective tissue cells that persist in adult tissues are called:
________________________________________
a. Their potential is to ___________________________________________
D. Extracellular Matrix
1. List the three major components of connective tissue matrix:
a. ________________________________________
b. ________________________________________
c. ________________________________________
2. The structure of the matrix is responsible for __________________________
3. Protein Fibers of the Matrix
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Community College of Southern Nevada
a. Collagen fibers are composed of ______________________________
1. Describe the structure of a collagen molecule: ___________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What are the physical properties of collagen?
_______________ & _______________ but ____________________
3. How many types of collagen are there? ________________________
b. Reticular fibers are actually _____________________________________
1. Describe reticular fibers: ____________________________________
2. Functionally reticular fibers __________________________________
c. Elastic fibers contain ________________________________________
1. This protein has the ability to _________________________________
2. Describe an elastin molecule: ______________________________
3. How are elastin molecules arranged in the tissue? ________________
___________________________________________________________
4. Other Matrix Molecules
a. What is ground substance? _____________________________________
b. Describe the shape of hyaluronic acid molecules: ___________________
c. What quality does hyaluronic acid give to fluids? ____________________
d. What are proteoglycan monomers? ______________________________
______________________________________________________________
e. What can proteoglycans do when they trap large quantities of water?
______________________________________________________________
f. What do adhesive molecules do in connective tissue? ________________
______________________________________________________________
V. Classification of Connective Tissue
A. Classification of connective tissue is influenced by:
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
B. Embryonic Connective Tissue
1. It is properly called ______________________________
2. Structurally it is made up of:
a. Irregularly ______________________________
b. Surrounded by ______________________________
c. In which ______________________________
3. Where is mucous connective tissue found? _________________________
C. Adult Connective Tissue
1. Loose Connective Tissue
a. It is sometimes referred to as ______________________________
b. Loose connective tissue consists of:
1. Protein ____________________
2. With numerous ____________________
c. Functionally areolar connective tissue is:
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
d. Structurally it contains __________, __________, & __________ fibers
and a __________ of cells.
2. Dense Connective Tissue
a. Protein fibers form ________________________________________
b. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
1. What does the term "regular" in the name refer to? ______________
2. Dense regular connective tissue has abundant _________________
a. This makes the tissue appear what color? __________________
3. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue forms:
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
c. Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
1. Composed of bundles of _______________ & abundant __________
a. This makes the tissue appear what color? __________________
2. Dense regular elastic connective tissue forms __________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
3. Functionally when stretched they ____________________________
d. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
1. Contains protein fibers arranged _____________________________
2. Functionally forms sheets that have __________________________
3. Where would you find dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?
________________________________________
4. Where would you find dense irregular elastic connective tissue?
________________________________________
3. Connective Tissue with Special Properties
a. Adipose Tissue
1. Consists of adipocytes containing __________________________
2. Adipose is composed of ___________________ cells and a small
amount of ____________________ that consists of _______________
3. Functionally adipose is:
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
b. Reticular Tissue
1. Forms the ____________________ of lymphatic tissue.
2. Characterized by a network of _______________ & _______________
4. Cartilage
a. Cartilage is composed of cells called ____________________ that are in
spaces called _____________ inside an ________________________
b. The matrix of cartilage contains __________, __________, & __________
c. The proteoglycans can trap ______________________________
1. This allows cartilage to __________________________________
d. The collagen fibers give cartilage ______________________________
e. What is the perichondrium? ___________________________________
f. Why does cartilage heal slowly? _______________________________
g. Hyaline Cartilage
1. It has large amounts of ___________________ & ________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
2. Where would you find hyaline cartilage?
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. It also covers ______________________________
h. Fibrocartilage
1. It has more ____________________ than ____________________
2. Functionally it is slightly _______________ & ___________________
3. Where would you find fibrocartilage? __________________________
i. Elastic Cartilage
1. It has __________ fibers in addition to __________ & __________
2. Where would you find elastic cartilage? _______________________
5. Bone
a. Bone consists of ____________________ & ____________________
b. The organic portion consists of __________ fibers, primarily __________
c. The inorganic portion consists of ______________________________
1. What minerals to they contain? ______________ & ______________
d. Bone cells are called _______________ & are located in ____________
e. Cancellous or Spongy Bone
1. Composed of plates called ______________ surrounding __________
f. Compact Bone
1. What is a lamellae? _______________________________________
g. Why does bone repair so easily? _______________________________
6. Hemopoietic Tissue and Blood
a. Why is blood unusual among connective tissues? __________________
b. What does hemopoietic tissue do? ______________________________
c. What is yellow bone marrow composed of? ____________________
d. What is red bone marrow composed of? ____________________
VI. Muscle Tissue
A. The main characteristic of muscle tissue is _____________________________
B. Muscle Tissue Structure
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Community College of Southern Nevada
1. What does striated mean? ______________________________
2. Therefore nonstriated would mean? ______________________________
C. Muscle Tissue Function
1. What does voluntary mean? ______________________________
2. What does involuntary mean? ______________________________
D. Based on structural and functional classification (B & C above):
1. Skeletal muscle is ______________________________
2. Cardiac muscle is ______________________________
3. Smooth muscle is ______________________________
VII. Nervous Tissue
A. Nervous tissue has the ability to ____________________________________
B. Describe each of the major parts of a neuron:
1. Cell body: __________________________________________________
2. Nerve cell processes consist of _________________________________
2. Dendrite: __________________________________________________
a. A dendrite __________ the action potential and ____________________
3. Axon: __________________________________________________
b. An axon usually conducts ______________________________
C. Describe the structure of the three types of neurons:
1. Multipolar neurons have ________________________________________
2. Bipolar neurons have ________________________________________
3. Unipolar neurons have ________________________________________
D. Neuroglia are ________________________________________
1. Functionally neuroglia:
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
c. ____________________
VIII. Membranes
A. Mucous Membrane
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Community College of Southern Nevada
1. It consists of ____________________, ____________________, a thick
____________________, & sometimes, ____________________
2. Mucous membranes line ________________________________________
3. Functions include _______________, _______________, & _____________
B. Serous Membrane
1. It consists of ____________________ called ____________________,
its ____________________ & ______________________________
3. Serous membranes line ________________________________________
4. The membrane is moistened by __________ which ____________________
5. Functionally serous membranes:
a. Protect ________________________________________
b. Help ________________________________________
c. Act as ________________________________________
C. Synovial Membrane
1. It is composed of ________________________________________
2. Synovial membranes line ________________________________________
3. They produce a fluid rich in ______________________________ which
makes ____________________ thereby ___________________________
IX. Inflammation
A. The inflammatory response:
1. Mobilizes ______________________________
2. Isolates ______________________________
3. Removes ______________________________
B. List the five major manifestations (symptoms) of an inflammatory response:
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
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Community College of Southern Nevada
C. Mediators of inflammation include:
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________ & others
D. Why is dilation of blood vessels beneficial? ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________
E. What does increased permeability of blood vessels do? ____________________
___________________________________________________________________
F. What is edema and why does it occur? _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
G. The site of injury is "walled off" from surrounding tissues by _________________
X. Tissue Repair
A. Tissue repair is the substitution of ________________ for _______________
B. Which type of repair results in normal function? ____________________
C. Which type of repair will produce scar tissue? ____________________
D. Classification of Cells
1. What group of cells continues to divide throughout life? ________________
2. What group of cells divides only in response to injury? ________________
3. What group of cells has a very limited ability to divide? ________________
E. ____________________ heals wounds when the edges are close together.
F. ____________________ heals wounds when the edges are far apart.
XI. Tissues and Aging
A. In older people cells ______________________________
B. In older people collagen fibers ______________________________
1. Collagen connective tissue becomes less __________ & more __________
C. Elastic fibers __________, bind to __________, & become _________________