DRAFT April 12, 2008

STANDARDS / MANUALS / GUIDELINES FOR

SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT

SPONSOR:
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

CIVIL WORKS

GUIDELINES FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN

OF SHP PROJECTS

LEAD ORGANIZATION:
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE
 CONTENTS

ITEMS PAGE NO

CHAPTER-I CIVIL WORKS FOR SHP PROJECTS: GUIDELINES 1

FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1 General 1
2 Structures for River-off Type Small Hydro Projects 1
3. Structures for Canal Type Small Hydro Projects 1
4. Basic Data for Structural Design 1
5. References: Appendix I 1

CHAPTER-II DESIGN DETAILS FOR STRUCTURES FOR RIVER – 3

OFF TYPE SHP PROJECTS

1. Intake Structures 3
2. Feeder Channel and Power Channel 8
3. Desilting Tank (Settling Basin) 12
4. Forebay Tank 12
5. Penstocks and Their Supports 18
6. Powerhouse Building 23
7. Machine Foundation 27
8. Tailrace Channel 27

CHAPTER-III DESIGN DETAILS FOR STRUCTURES FOR CANAL 30

TYPE SHP PROJECTS
1. Canal Walls 30
2. Powerhouse Building 34

APPENDIX-I REFERENCES 38

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works- Guidelines for Structural Design of SHP Projects    

 
 
 CHAPTER-I

CIVIL WORKS FOR SHP PROJECTS:

GUIDELINES FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

1. General

The SHP projects can be of River-off type or Canal type. The structures to be
designed will depend upon the type of project. Typical Layout of River- off project
giving necessary structures is shown in fig. 1 and for Canal type project is given in
fig. 2. The structures to be designed will be using either R.C.C. / PCC or steel. The
relevant standards with the latest versions are to be used. Limit state design
philosophy will be used in general, unless otherwise specified. For water retaining
structures No crack basis of Design will be used. Earthquake resistant design for
earthquake prone areas is necessary.

2. Structures for River-off type Small Hydro Projects

(a) Intake Structures.

(b) Feeder and Power Channels.
(c) Cross Drainage works.
(d) Settling Basin - Desilting Tank.
(e) Forebay Tank
(f) Penstock Supports.
(g) Power Housing Building.
(h) Machine Foundations.
(i) Tail Race Channel.

3. Structures for Canal type Small Hydro Projects

(a) Canal
(b) Power House.
(c) Bridge, if any

4. Basic Data for Structural Design

(a) Soil Properties : Angle of Repose (φ) , Coefficient of Friction (µ) , Bearing
Capacity, Density, Details of Soil Strata at various depths. Ground water level
(b) Earthquake related Data : Importance factor, Zone of earthquake.
(c) M 20 Concrete and Fe 415 reinforcement will be used in general for R.C.C. work,
unless otherwise specified, and 1:3:6 Mix will be used for P.C.C.

5. References: Appendix I

(a) Codes
(b) Books

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 6. The detailed design requirements/ details for each structure depending upon type of
Small Hydro Project are given in subsequent chapters.

Fig 1:

Fig 2:

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 CHAPTER II

DESIGN DETAILS FOR STRUCTURES FOR RIVER – OFF TYPE SHP PROJECTS

1. INTAKE STRUCTURES: The Intake Structures comprise of following elements:

(see fig. 3)

(a) Trench Weir

(b) Cut off Walls.
(c) Intake Chamber
(d) Abutments.

Trench Weir

This structure is built across the river bed and therefore runs a risk of heavy boulder
striking during floods, even though full pitching is done on both sides up to the top of weir. It
is a normal practice to provide thicker walls. The design is nominal with nominal skin
reinforcement as per IS:3370 Cl. 7.1. A typical section is shown in Fig. 3.

Cut off Walls

In all three cut off walls are to be provided, first on upstream side of Trench weir and
two on downstream side. All these walls are fully buried in the ground and therefore soil
pressure from the either side would almost neutralize. Nominal sections and nominal
reinforcement are therefore provided. Typical details of a cut off wall are given in Fig. 3.

Intake Chamber

A key plan of the intake chamber along with one typical section is shown in fig 4.The
four vertical walls and top and bottom slabs are monolithic. The roof slab has a manhole
opening. The walls and slabs are designed as per available dimensions and boundary
conditions for water pressure / soil pressure for worst conditions on no crack basis. In this
chamber wall A has a large opening almost extending to full width of the chamber where
trench weir joins the chamber. Similarly all B has an opening for the outlet to feeder channel.
This opening is extending to about little less than half the width of wall B. These large
openings would change the behavior of these walls in particular and hence should be
accounted for in the analysis.

The moments in individual walls are obtained using coefficients from Reynolds
handbook (27). A typical calculation of design moments in wall C is given below:

Wall C: dimensions 2.9 m x 5.85 m

Height of standing water = 4.95m

1x = 2.9 m, 1z = 5.85 m

giving k = 0.5
max. moment in the wall using Coeff. from Reynold’s handbook.

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 Fig: 3

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 Fig 4: Details of Intake Chamber

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Vertical direction –
-ve moment at base = 0.012 x 49.5 x 5.852 = 20.3 kN m/ m
-ve moment at top = 0.004 x 49.5 x 5.852 = 6.8 kN m/m
+ve moment near centre = 0.004 x 49.5 x 5.852 = 6.8 kN m/m

Horizontal direction –
-ve moment at edges = 0.05 x 49.5 x 2.92 = 29.8 kN m/m
+ve moment at midspan = 0.024 x 49.5 x 2.92 = 10.3 kN m/m

Tension in walls A&C = 24 wa2 = 58.8 kN/m

Abutments

The stability of Abutment has to be checked for both conditions i.e. minimum water
from inside and full earth pressure from out side, as well as maximum water from inside and
earth pressure from outside. Normally Masonry Abutments are provided but if needed R. C.
C. abutments may be provided.

A typical Design calculation with Stability Analysis is given below.

Design of Abutment

Considering 1 m length of the abutment, whose section is shown in fig. 5(a).

(i) Dry earth on outer side and no water on the other side (fig. 5(b)).
(ii) Maximum water pressure from inside and full earth pressure on outside. This is
approximately equal to 50% water pressure from inside with no earth on the outer
side. (fig 5(c)).

Case I – The forces acting are as shown

density of masonry = 21 kN / m3
density of soil = 16.85 kN/m3
Total vertical weigh, W = W1 + W2 + W3

= 83.8 + 237.4 + 190.4

= 511.6 kN

Total overturning moment = 205.8 kN m

Restoring moment about B
= (83.8 x 0.3 + 23.74 x 1.733 + 190.4 x 2.87
= 983 kN m
F.O.S. against overturning = 4.78
.

.     .
F.O.S. against sliding = 2.80
. .
eccentricity where resultant strike the base

.
= 0.48     
.

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Soil Pressure

. .
= 1
= 220 and 36.0 kN / m2

Case II – The force acting are as shown

Restoring moment = 848 kN m

Overturning moment = 165.0 kN m

F.O.S. against over turning = 5.14

.     .
F.O.S. against sliding = = 1.86
.
Distance where resultant strike the base

e=2  
.
= - 0.086 m <
There is no uplift under the base.

Fig 5: Stability Analysis of Abutment

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2. FEEDER CHANNEL AND POWER CHANNEL

(a) Feeder Channel: Feeder channel, if provided below ground level will be
designed as a box section having side walls, base slab and top slab, monolithic.
The side earth pressures, top vertical burden and uplift from below, as well as
water pressure from inside will be considered along with self weights and various
load combinations will be considered to consider worst effects. Typical section fo
feeder channel and design form is given in fig. 6.

(b) Power Channel: Power channel is usually of trapezoidal shape with or without
top cover slab. The earth pressure from outside and water pressure from inside
will be considered with worst combinations. Fig 7 shows typical section through
power channel. (uncovered section) and fig 8 shows typical section through power
channel (covered section). If a covered section is to be provided, the top cover
slab will be sloping and in that case the section may be designed as equivalent
rectangular box section.

(c) Cross Drainage Works: Super Passages and Aqueducts have to be designed
during the length of the power channel. For design of Super passage, a rolling
load of boulder has to be considered and top slab will be separate and resting on
existing power channel with dowels to avoid slipping.. For design of Aqueduct,
the level of top of abutment should be higher than water level and top of aqueduct
should be designed for pedestrian traffic. The aqueduct is analyzed for both
transverse and longitudinal bending and designed on no crack basis. The
longitudinal analysis may be done by simple beam theory, limiting the maximum
tensile stress to permissible bending stress. The transverse analysis may be done
by moment distribution method and accordingly thickness and reinforcement are
provided. Edge beams are to be provided at supports. The abutments and wing
walls are to be provided at supports.

Typical details of Super passage & Aqueduct are given in fig 9. Fig 10 shows
equivalent section to be adopted for simple beam analysis.

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AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works - Guidelines for Structural Design of SHP Projects    9 
 Fig 9:

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 Fig 10: Section of Aqueduct

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3. DESILTING TANK (SETTLING BASIN)

General Arrangement

Desilting tank acts as a settling basin to remove the silt from the water entering the
power channel. It is a R.C.C. rectangular basin open at top and is rectangular in shape with
transitions both at the entrance and exit points. Water from feeder channel enters the tank
through a transition. The splinter walls are provided (see fig. 11) to regulate the flow of water
through the transition. Floor. Desilting tank is divided in to suitable no. of parts. Each part is
made in the form of a hopper (figs. 12 & 13). Arrangement is made to flush out the silt from
the bottom of the hopper base through a pipe. This arrangement is operated from outside the
tank.

Design Philosophy

Desilting tank, being a water retaining structure will be designed on no crack basis.
The walls are designed for earth as well as water pressures, while base slab should also
consider uplift.

4. FOREBAY TANK

General Arrangement

Forebay Tank is a water retaining structure normally with two portions, one shallow
and other deeper portion. The water from Desilting Tank enters the shallow portion and goes
to Penstocks from deeper portion. The tank may be constructed above or below ground level
and sometimes partly above ground level (fig 14).

Design Philosophy

It is designed as water retaining structure. Each wall is designed for bending in both
horizontal as well as vertical direction depending upon aspect ratio and support conditions.
Stability of the walls is checked as retaining walls with relevant forces. An expansion joint is
provided for connecting these walls to base slab for which nominal thickness and
reinforcements are provided. The walls are designed for both conditions viz. Tank full with
dry earth pressure from outside and Tank empty with full earth pressure from outside. While
considering earth pressures both static as well as Dynamic parts are to be considered for
underground tanks. Forces to be considered on various walls are given in figs. 15 & 16.

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 Fig 11: Typical Details of Desilting Tank

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 Fig 12: Desilting Tank – General Arrangement

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 Fig 13: Details of floor of Desilting Tank

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 Fig 14: General Arrangement of Forebay Tank

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 Fig 15: Forces on Wall A

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 Fig 16: Forces on Wall C.D (Tank Full)

5. PENSTOCKS AND THEIR SUPPORTS

General Arrangement

The Penstocks carry water to Power House Building. The Diameter and thickness of
Penstocks are designed from the considerations of Head of water and Amount of Water
(Discharge), as well as spacing of Saddle supports. Normally Mild Steel Penstocks are used.
The Penstocks are supported above ground surface on concrete blocks called Anchors/ Saddle
supports. The anchors are provided at all horizontal and vertical bends along the alignment of
the penstock. Saddle supports are provided along the straight length at regular intervals which
will govern the thickness and diameter of penstock.

Design Philosophy

The forces acting on the anchor are computed as per IS; 5330 code and combinations
of forces are considered for both expanding and contracting conditions for both Penstock full
and Penstock empty conditions. The design of the anchor is done for over turning, sliding as
well as maximum and minimum base pressures. The design of Saddle supports is also done to
satisfy stability requirements of Overturning, sliding and maximum and minimum base
pressures.

Figs. 17, 18, 19 and 20 give typical details of penstocks, (Plan & longitudinal
section), anchor blocks and saddle supports respectively.

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 Fig 17: Typical Plan Showing Penstock & Anchor Blocks

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 Fig 18: Typical Longitudinal Section of Penstock

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 Fig 19: Typical Details of Anchor Block

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 Fig 20: Typical Details of Saddle Supports

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6. POWER HOUSE BUILDING

General Arrangement

The Power House Building is normally a Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure, with
the columns having isolated or combined footings. The Power House Building houses the
Turbines and Generators. Roofing is normally of Corrugated sheets supported on sloping
beams of the frame/ Roof Trusses. Service bay and Control Room portions may have R.C. C.
Slab. Masonry walls/ Concrete Block walls are provided as filler walls to provide the
enclosure. Walls are normally non load bearing elements. An Over head Travelling Crane is
provided in the machine area, which moves on R.C. Gantry Girders supported on brackets
attached to the columns.

Design Philosophy

The R.C. Frame of the Power House Building is analyzed using Stiffness approach for
various loads and load combinations. Design of individual members is done using Limit State
Design method. Design of C.G.I. sheets and steel Purlins is also done using relevant I.S.
Standards. The Gantry Girder is designed using the available data, and the loads are
transferred on the columns through brackets. The Frame is then analyzed using the software
for various loads and their combinations. The wind effect is also transferred from Roof and
walls. The earthquake effects are also considered in earthquake prone areas. The members are
then designed including Columns and foundations. If part of the Power House Building is
below ground level, the walls are designed as R.C. Retaining walls.

Figs. 21, 22 and 23 give typical details of Power House Building.

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 Fig 21: Typical Details of Power House Building Plan of Ground Floor Level

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 Fig 22: Section Showing Details of RC Frame

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 Fig 23: Typical Details of Power House Building

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7. MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

General

Depending upon the type of Turbine, Rated capacity, Operating Speed, Runaway
Speed and using the available data of loads from Turbine, Generator and the soil properties,
the type of Machine foundation is decided. For a Block type foundation under a rotating type
machine, the prime consideration of the foundation design is that Resonance has to be
avoided. This requires that the natural frequency of the foundation should be 20 % away from
the generating frequency of the machine. Still further, if one of the natural frequency of the
foundation is lower than the operating frequency, hen during start up or shut down of the
machine, the same would be crossed. A proper check has to be made for the build up of
Amplitudes during the small fraction of time when natural frequency is crossed.

Design Philosophy

The dimensions of the block foundation are chosen and the computations for the
natural frequency and the amplitude are done. The soil pressures are then checked. To reduce
the cost sometimes hollow portions inside the block are filled by boulders.

Figs. 24 and 25 give typical details of machine foundation and tail race channel.

8. TAIL RACE CHANNEL

General

The tail race Channel may consist of some covered portions and some open portions
to finally discharge the water on the downstream of the river.

Design Philosophy

The tail race channel in the covered portion is designed as box section subjected to
various forces. The loads to be considered include u.d.l. from top, wt. of walls and top and
bottom slabs, u.d.l. and triangular earth pressure from outside, water pressure from inside
including wt. of water. The open sections are designed for maximum earth pressure from
outside and the same thickness and reinforcement is usually provided on both faces of walls
and base.

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 Fig 24: Plan of Machine Foundation

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 Fig 25: Typical Sections of Machine Foundation

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 CHAPTER III

DESIGN DETAILS FOR STRUCTURES FOR CANAL TYPE SHP PROJECTS

1. CANAL WALLS

General

Canal walls may be of following types:

1. Stand alone T –shaped.
2. Counter fort type.
3. Trough section.
4. Flared walls.

Load Conditions

1. Canal Empty – Outside earth dry/ submerged.

2. Canal Full – Outside earth dry (always present)/ submerged.

Earth pressures should be active with surcharge ( if any ). Passive earth pressures are
to be used where warranted. Account should be taken for submerged earth where necessary.
Dynamic earth pressures should be considered where necessary as per IS: 1893 Cl. 8.2. Water
pressure should include free board to accommodate worst condition during floods. Uplift
pressure will be considered if water level exists below base of wall. Secondary effects Viz.
Temperature , shrinkage, creep will be taken care by minimum reinforcement clause of
relevant IS code.

The expressions to be used for earth pressures in various conditions are given below.

Loads:

Earth Pressure (Dry Earth)

P = CP wh
Where CP = φ = Angle of repose
w = density of earth

with surcharge angle of δ

CP =

Pressure due to uniform surcharge – where applicable

Passive earth pressure to be used where warranted

Dynamic Earth Pressure – IS 1893 Cl. 8.1

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Earth Pressure (Submerged Earth)

Ref. JK & OPJ Vol I.

′
P = w1h + (w-w1) –
′
w1= wt. of water/ m3
φ’ = value of φ (Submerged)

′ ′
Cp’ = –         ,   
′

See figure below-

Dynamic effect – IS 1893 Cl 8.2

FIG. 26

Water Pressure

P = w1 h w1 = density of water

Note Include free board in h to accommodate worst condition during floods.

Self Weight

Concrete (reinforced) = 25 kN/m3

Concrete ( PCC) = 24 kN/m3
Water = 10 kN/m3

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 Compacted earth – as per soil report or 18 kN/m3 (assumed)
Earthquake effect on self wt. – IS 1893

Design Philosophy

Stand alone T- shaped – Check for stability

Sliding - µ = 0.5, minimum FOS = 1.2, provide shear key if necessary.
Overturning- Minimum FOS = 1.5, Resultant within middle third- no uplift,
Maximum base pressure ≤Allowable ( soil report ), for seismic load combination allow
increase by 33.3 %, Structural design of vertical slab, heel and toe for moment and shear.

Counter fort type –check for stability, structural design for vertical slab, heel, toe,
front counter fort, back counter fort.

Trough Section – Base Slab continuous

Monolithic construction of slab and side walls, Filters to release uplift effect ( 50 %
only ), Base slab design for moment + l force.

Trough Section- Base Slab Discontinuous

Walls treated as stand alone, Central portion of base treated separately, Provide wall
projection out side for economy.

Flared Walls

Wall slope from vertical to 1 H: 1V- Design as stand alone, walls will be constructed
in lifts of app. 1-2m, before constructing the next lift, compacted back fill will be placed
behind the portion constructed.

Wall slope from 1 H: 1 V to 1.5 H: 1 V- Walls will be constructed with compacted

back fill used as form work.

In each of above two cases (from vertical to 1.5 H: 1 V) the wall will be designed for
all forces including earth pressure and self weight.

Wall slope from 1.5 H: 1 V or flatter than this- Wall assumed to rest on earth, provide
minimum thickness (500 mm) and minimum nominal reinforcement.

Typical design details from M 20 concrete and Fe 415 reinforcement are given below:

Materials used

Reinforced concrete M20

Plain concrete (PCC) M10
Steel Reinforcement Fe415

Materials quality – IS 456/IS 3370/IS1786

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 Design on no crock basis (IS-3370) if the tension face is generally in contact of water.
Permissible stresses σct = 170 kg/ cm2

Total depth D =
σ  

σcb = 700 N/ cm2

σst = 15 kN/cm2
m = 13.33
N = 0.384
j = 0.872
Q = 1.172
Compute Ast with σst as 15 kN/cm2

Design on crack basis (IS: 3370) if tension face is not in contact of water.

Permissible stresses

σcb = 7 N/mm2
σst = 190 N/mm2
m = 13.33
N = -0.329
j = 0.890
Q = 1.025

Effective depth d =
Compute Ast with σst as 190 N / mm2

Minimum value of total thickness (D) adopted 500 mm for requirement of durability
unless decided otherwise.

Check for shear – IS: 456 Cl. 47.2 (WSD)

Tcmax = 1.8 N/mm2

Development length / splices/ detailing – as relevant IS Code

For Beams

Minimum tension reinforcement IS:456 Cl. 26.5.1.1

Minimum shear reinforcement IS:456 Cl.26.5.1.6
Side face reinforcement IS:456 Cl.25.5.1.3

For Walls/ Slabs

Minimum reinforcement IS:456 Cl. 26.5.2.1

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 For members designed on no crack basis (IS-3370), the minimum reinforcement in
vertical and horizontal direction on each face governed by IS:3370 Cl. 7.1

Min. Reinforcement for TOR Steel

IS:456 – 0.12% on each face and each direction

IS:3370-For D>450 mm, 0.16% in each direction divided equally on two faces.
IS:3370 (draft) – 0.35% of 250 mm on one face
0.35% of 100 mm on one face

Where thickness of wall varies, the min. reinforcement based on percentage of wall
thickness shall be varied by curtailment or changing the spacing/ dia as appropriate.

2. POWER HOUSE BUILDING

General

Types of Structures are as given below:

1. Main Area- Isolated R. C. Columns, with filler walls, Raft Foundation ( in general ),
R. C. Gantry Girder, Steel Roof Truss- I.S. rolled sections/ steel tubular sections with
welded connections, CGI sheets.

Alternatively- R.C. rigid Gable Frames with vertical columns, horizontal intermediate
beams and top inclined ( gable )beams, steel Purlins and CGI sheets

2. Service Area- R.C. slab, beams, columns, appropriate foundation.

Loads

1. Dead load including truss, purlins, roof sheeting.

2. Live Load
3. Wind load- Wind direction parallel and perpendicular to ridge with normal
permeability.
4. Earthquake load
5. Snow load ( where applicable )
6. Earth / Hydrostatic Pressure.

Load Combinations

DL + LL
DL ±WL
DL ±EQ
DL + LL/ Snow ±WL
DL + LL/ Snow ± EQ

Add Secondary effects as appropriate

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Design Philosophy

Steel Truss is analyzed as normal Practice ( pin-joints ) using software, members and
joints (welded joints) as per relevant IS codes.

Isolated R. C. Columns taken as bottom fixed and top free (normally), with effective
length 1.25 L, Loads and moments coming from Crane added.

Rigid Frame analysis is done using Stiffness approach.

Design of members is done using Limit State Design concept

Expressions for limit state design as per IS:456:2000 are given below

Material used

Reinforced concrete M20

Plain/Lean Concrete M10
Steel Reinforcement Fe415

Materials Quality - IS:456:2000

Modulus of elasticity – effect of creep to be considered where necessary

Design of individual members of reinforced concrete structure will be carried out

using limit state design concept (IS:456-2000). Design Aids SP-16 will be used wherever
necessary.

• Maximum depth of neutral axis is taken as 0.48d where d is the effective depth of the
section
• Limiting moment with respect to concrete is taken as

Mlim = 0.36 σck b x z = 0.36 σck bxm (d-0.42 xm)

= 0.138 σck b d2
• Limiting moment with respect to steel is taken as

Mlim = 0.87 σy At (d-0.42 xm)

Gantry Girder is analyzed as a continuous beam supported on Column brackets using

the available data (Maximum Capacity of crane, Total Crane Girder weight, Weight of
Trolley and Crab, Minimum clearance of Crab from center line of Rail , and Impact factor )

Machine Foundation is designed as Block and/ or Raft, considering uplift ( if present )

using the available data.

3. Bridge

GENERAL: Relevant IRC Codes

IRC-5- 1998
IRC-6- 2000

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 IRC-21-2000
IRC-83-1987
Standard Plans for Highway Bridges- RCC Slab Superstructure,
MOST Publication 1991
Geometrical Features

Single Lane – 5 m wide carriageway

Two Lane – 7.5m wide carriageway
Footpath/ Kerb as specified.
Live Loads : One lane of IRC class 70 R or two lanes of IRC class A on
Carriage way, whichever governs ( for two lane bridge )
One lane of class A considered to occupy 2.3 m , the remaining
carriageway width shall be loaded with 5 kN/m2 (for single lane bridge).

Footpath load of 4 kN/sq m for super structure having foot path of kerb 0.6 m or
more.

Wearing coat _ As applicable

Condition of exposure – IRC-21

Design Details

The strength of RCC structural members assessed by commonly employed Elastic

theory (Cl. 304.21 – IRC 21).

Material commonly used : Concrete M 25 grade and Fe 415 reinforcement.

Structural Forms: If the span of the bridge is less than 10 m , The solid slab type
bridge is most appropriate option., analysis to be done by effective width method ( IRC – 21).

For spans more than 10 m, T- beam bridge will be economical. It consists of three
structural elements – Longitudinal Girders, Cross beams and slab. The slab is having two way
action generally and may be designed using Pigeud’s Curves. The load distribution among
longitudinal girders may be obtained by Courban’s method subject to fulfillment of
assumptions. Standard software may also be used for analysis.

Bearings: Bearings are provided in bridges to transmit the load from super structure to
sub structure in such a manner that bearing stress induced in the sub structure are within
permissible limits and also to allow for certain movements of the super structure. Fixed
bearing permits rotation only, while expansion bearing permits rotation as well as translation.

Bearing for slab bridges- For high level bridges with slab spans, no special bearings
are usually provided. A thick layer of kraft paper is inserted between the slab and the sub
structure at supports. This arrangement is sufficient to allow for small longitudinal
movements. To take care of rotations, each bearing area should be beveled or rounded at the
edge.

Typical details of Slab type bridge are given in fig. 27.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works - Guidelines for Structural Design of SHP Projects    36 
 Fig 27: Typical Details of Solid Slab Bridge

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works - Guidelines for Structural Design of SHP Projects    37 
 APPENDIX-I
REFERENCES

A. INDIAN CODES OF PRACTICES

1. IS: 456-2000- Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, BIS New Delhi.
2. IS : 800-1984 ( Reaffirmed- 2003 )- Code of Practice for General Construction in
Steel, BIS, New Delhi.
3. IS : 875 ( pts I-V )- 1987- Codes of Practices for Loading Standards, BIS, New Delhi.
4. IS: 1786-1985- Code of Practice for Specifications of High strength Deformed bars,
BIS, New Delhi.
5. IS : 1893-2002- Code of Practice for Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures, BIS, New Delhi.
6. IS : 4326-1993 ( Reaffirmed- 2003 )– Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant
Design and Construction of Buildings, BIS, New Delhi.
7. IS: 3370 ( pts I-IV ) -1967 ( Reaffirmed- 2004 ) - Code of Practice for Design of
Water Retaining Structures, BIS, New Delhi.
8. National Building Code of India – 2005, BIS, New Delhi.
9. IS : 5330-1984, Code of Practice for Anchor Blocks, BIS, New Delhi.
10. IS : 2970 (pts I – IV )- Code of Practice for Design of Machine Foundations, BIS,
New Delhi.
11. IS : 3177-1977- Code of Practice for Electrically Operated Over Head Cranes, BIS,
New Delhi.
12. IS : 6531-1992- Criteria for Hydraulic Design of Canal Head Regulators, BIS, New
Delhi.
13. IS; 7114-1973 – Criteria for Hydraulic Design of Cross Regulators for Canals, BIS,
New Delhi.
14. IS; 11570-1985- Criteria for Hydraulic Design of Canal Intake Structures, BIS, New
Delhi.
15. IS:- 12169-1987- Criteria for Design of Small Embankment Dams, BIS, New Delhi.
16. IS: 6512-1984 – Criteria for Design of Solid Gravity Dams, BIS, New Delhi.
17. IS: 4247-1992- Code of Practice for Structural Design of Surface Hydro- Electric
Power Stations, BIS, New Delhi.
18. IS : 7207-1992- Criteria for Design of Generator Foundations for Hydro- Electric
Power Stations, BIS, New Delhi.
19. IRC-5-1998- Code of Practice for General Features of Design of Road Bridges, Indian
Road Congress, New Delhi.
20. IRC-6 -2000- Code of Practice for Loads and Stresses for Road Bridges, Indian Road
Congress, New Delhi.
21. IS: 807-1978- Code of Practice for Design, Manufacture, Erection and Testing of
Cranes and Hoists, BIS, New Delhi.
22. IS: 3443-1980- Code of Practice for Crane Rail Sections, BIS, New Delhi.
23. IS: 4573-1982-Code of Practice for Power Driven Mobile Cranes, BIS, New Delhi.
24. IRC-21-2000 – Code of Practice for Road Bridges- Section III- Cement Concrete (
Plain & Reinforced ), Indian Road Congress, New Delhi.
25. IRC-83-1987-Part II – Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section IX, Bearings, part
II Elastomer bearings, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi.
26. IRC-83-2002- Part III – Code of Practice for Road Bridges- Section IX POT,POT-
CVME, PTFE,PIN and Metallic guide Bearings, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works - Guidelines for Structural Design of SHP Projects    38 
B. BOOKS

27. Reinforced Concrete Designers Hand Book by C. E. Reynolds & J. C. Steedman

28. Dynamics in Civil Engineering : Analysis & Design by Alexander Major.
29. Hydro Power Structures by R.S. Varshney.
30. The Structural Design of a Hydel Power Station by P. S. Nigam.
31. Plain and Reinforced Concrete , Vol. II by Jai Krishna and O. P. Jain
32. Introduction to Soil Mechanics and Shallow Foundations by Samuel E. French.
33. Hand Book of Machine Foundations by P. Srinivasulu and C. V. Vaidyanathan.
34. Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines, by Arya, O’Neil and
Pincus.
35. Dynamics of Bases and Foundations by D.D. Barkan.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works - Guidelines for Structural Design of SHP Projects    39