Chapter 2

Software Architecture of the 8088/8086

Microprocessors

Pipelined architecture of the 88/86 microprocessors

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 ‫‪Execution and bus interface units‬‬
‫‪3/13/2010‬‬ ‫هﺎدﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﯽ ‪ -‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 ‫‪2.2 Software Model of the 88/86 Microprocessors‬‬

‫‪3/13/2010‬‬ ‫هﺎدﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﯽ ‪ -‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 2.3 Memory
y Address Space
p and Data Organization
g

Storing a word in memory

What is the word in (b) in Hex?

Memory
3/13/2010 address space‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﺎر‬- ‫هﺎدﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﯽ‬ 4
‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 ‫‪Little Endian vs Big Endian‬‬

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 ‫‪History of Little Endian vs Big‬‬
‫‪Endian‬‬

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 Aligned and misaligned data word
3/13/2010 Is
‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﺎر‬- ‫هﺎدﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﯽ‬ the word stored in (b) aligned
7 ?
‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 ‫‪Aligned and misaligned‬‬
‫‪3/13/2010‬‬
‫‪double words of data‬‬
‫هﺎدﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﯽ ‪ -‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
‫‪3/13/2010‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺴﺎر ‪Storing‬‬
‫‪double‬‬ ‫‪word‬‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬ ‫‪ in‬ﺧﺎﻧﯽ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ memory‬هﺎدﯼ‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
Example:
How should the pointer with segment base address equal to
A000H and offset address 55FFH be stored at an even
even-
address boundary at 0008H?
Is the double word aligned?

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 2.4 Data Types

Unsigned byte integer

0 - 255

Unsigned word integer

0 – 65,535

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 ‫‪-128 - +127‬‬

‫‪-32,768‬‬
‫‪32 768 - +32,767‬‬
‫‪+32 767‬‬

‫‪Signed integers‬‬
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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 ‫‪Unpacked BCD‬‬

‫‪Packed BCD‬‬

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‫)‪Binary Coded Decimal (BCD‬‬
‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
Example:
The packed BCD data stored at byte address 01000H
equals 100100012. What is the two-digit
two digit decimal
numbers?

100100012 =1001BCD 0001BCD = 9110

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 2.6 Dedicated, Reserved, and General use Memory

Some address locations have dedicated functions and should not be used as
general memory for storage of data or instructions of a program

128 Bytes

3/13/2010
1MB=1,048,576
‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﺎر‬- ‫هﺎدﯼ ﺧﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
16
 2.8 Data Registers

• Normally used for storing temporary results

• Each of the registers is 16 bits wide (AX,
(AX BX,
BX CX,
CX DX)
• Can be accessed as either 16 or 8 bits AX, AH, AL
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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 2.9 Pointer and Index Registers

•All 16 bits wide, L/H bytes are not accessible

•Used as memory pointers
• Example: MOV AH, [SI]
Move the byte stored in memory location whose address
is contained in register SI to register AH
•IP is not under direct control of the programmer
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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 2.10 Status Register (Control Flags)

• Six of the flags are status indicators reflecting properties of the last
arithmetic or logical instruction.
• For example, if register AL = 7Fh and the instruction ADD AL,1
i executed
is t d th
then th
the ffollowing
ll i h happen
AL = 80h
CF = 0; there is no carry out of bit 7
PF = 0; 80h has an odd number of ones
AF = 1; there is a carry out of bit 3 into bit 4
ZF = 0; the result is not zero
SF = 1; bit seven is one
OF = 1; the sign bit has changed
• Can be used to transfer program control to a new memory location;
for example:
p ADD AL,1
,
JNZ 0100h
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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 2.11 Ge
Generating
e at g A Memory
e o y Address
dd ess
• Addresses within a segment can range from address 0 to address
FFFFh. This corresponds to the 64Kbyte length of the segment
• An
A address
dd within ll d an offset
ithi a segmentt iis called ff t or logical
l i l address
dd

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
‫‪Example:‬‬

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
 2.12 The Stack

•The stack is used for temporary storage of information such as data or

addresses; for instance when a CALL is executed the 8088
automatically PUSHes the current value of CS and IP onto the stack.
• Other registers can also be pushed
• Before return from the subroutine, POP instructions can be used to pop
values back from the stack into the corresponding registers

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
‫‪Example for PUSH‬‬

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬
‫‪Example for POP‬‬

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‫زﺑﺎن ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ و اﺳﻤﺒﻠﯽ‬