SDH Overhead Bytes

SDH Overhead Bytes

 SDH Frame: Overhead Bytes

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

2. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 Regenerator Section Overhead Bytes

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

3. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 A1, A2 Framing

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Provide a frame (F) B1

D1
E1

D2
F1

D3
B3

C2

alignment pattern H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

A1 = 11110110 D4 D5 D6 H4

A2 = 00101000 D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

Provided for each STM-1 S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

signal within an STM-n

SDH Overhead Bytes

 J0 Regenerator Section Trace
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

Transmits a fixed pattern
D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1
repetitively

Used by the section
receiver to verify its
continued connection to
the intended transmitter

SDH Overhead Bytes

 J0 Regenerator Section Trace

The Trace (pattern) is an assigned string
(either 16 or 64 bytes in length) with an
included ending CRC byte

The Trace is sent a byte per frame

Both ends of a link set their own unique
transmit values and compare the received
values with the expected
Send : “…NE A send” Send : “Expect NE B…”
Expect : “Expect NE B…” Expect : “…NE A send” ?


NE A NE B NE C
 
Send : “…NE B send” Send : “Expecting NE C…”
Expect : “Expecting NE C…”Expect : “…NE B send”
Receive : “…different message…”
SDH Overhead Bytes
 B1 8-bit Parity Check
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

Provides an 8-bit wide bit- D1 D2 D3 C2

interleaved even parity check H1 H2 H3 G1

for error performance B2 K1 K2 F2

monitoring at the D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3
regenerator section level
D10 D11 D12 K3

The parity check is computed S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

for all bytes of the previous

STM-N frame after scrambling

The computed value is placed in this byte before
scrambling

Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an STM-N

SDH Overhead Bytes

B1 8-bit Parity Checking
Byte # Tx Value Rx Value
76543210 76543210
1 01010110 01010110
2 10110110 (…Noise…) 11111111
3 10101010 10101010
4 … …
… … …
2429 11001101 11001101
2430 01100110 01100110
–––––––– ––––––––
BIP(e) 11100001 Mismatch 10101000
–––––––– ––––––––
Changes across one byte can always be detected
Double bit changes (2 “0”s going to 2 “1”s) down a bit column
cannot always be detected
Noise corruptions would affect several/many bytes

SDH Overhead Bytes

 E1, E2 Orderwire Channels
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Provide a local orderwire B1 E1 F1 B3

channel for voice D1 D2 D3 C2

communication H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

E1 is part of the RSOH D4 D5 D6 H4

and may be accessed D7 D8 D9 F3

at regenerators D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

E2 is part of the MSOH and may be

accessed at Multiplex Section terminations

Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an

STM-N

9. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 F1 User Channel
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Allocated for user’s B1 E1 F1 B3

purposes D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

Terminated at all B2 K1 K2 F2

regenerator section-level D4 D5 D6 H4

equipment D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

Provided for the first S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

STM-1 signal within an

STM-N

10. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 D1-D3, D4-D12 Datacom Channel (DCC)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Provide a message-based B1 E1 F1 B3
data communications D1 D2 D3 C2

channel, including H1 H2 H3 G1

administration, B2 K1 K2 F2

monitor, alarm and D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3
maintenance functions D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

D1-D3 define a 192 Kbps channel in the RSOH

D4-D12 define a 576 Kbps channel in the MSOH

Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an STM-N

11. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes
 AU Pointer Bytes

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

12. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 H1-H3 AU Pointers
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Provide indications and B1 E1 F1 B3

flags regarding the frame D1 D2 D3 C2

contents H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

Define the start position D4 D5 D6 H4

of the VC-4 within the D7 D8 D9 F3

STM-1 frame D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

Provide a method for letting the VC-4

“float” within the AU-4 frame

Provide an indication of AU-4 concatenation

13. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 H1-H3 Contents

In the STM-0 frame (a single VC-3) the

relevant overhead bytes total 3 bytes
Justification
NNNN S S I D I D I D I D I D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516

H1 H2 H3

In the STM-1 frame (a VC-4 (i.e. three VC-3

frames), the same information bits are
spread over 9 bytes with the infill bits preset
NNNNXX I D 1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 I D I D I D I D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Justification
123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
14. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes
 H1-H3 Contents

10-bit pointer value

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D Negative justification opportunity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516

H1 H2 H3

I = Increment Negative justification :

D = Decrement Invert 5 D-bits, accept majority vote
N = New data flag (from 0110 to 1001)
Positive justification :
Pointer value (b7-b16) : Invert 5 I-bits, accept majority vote
Normal range is 0-782 (for AU-4)

SS bits = 10 / AU-4,AU-3 structure

15. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 Link Between Section Overhead and VC

F F F F
Frame “N” Frame “N+1”

Pointer Bytes
J1
Section Overhead
Frame “N” Virtual

Container
Pointer Bytes
Section Overhead
Frame “N+1”

16. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 AU-4 Pointer Adjustment: Positive Justification

1) Indicating H1 H2 H3
the mismatch

2) Changing
the I/D flag
H1 H2 H3
1
3) Pushing the
VC-4 for 3 H1 H2 H3 2+3
bytes span

4) Pointing to
the new H1 H2 H3 4
pointer value
17. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes
 AU-4 Pointer Adjustment: Negative Justification

1) Indicating H1 H2 H3
the mismatch

2) Changing H1 H2 H3
1
the I/D flag

3) Pulling the
VC-4 for 3 H1 H2
2+3
bytes span

4) Pointing to H1 H2 H3 4
the new
pointer value
18. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes
 Multiplexer Section Overhead Bytes

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

19. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 B2 24-bit Parity Check
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

Include a 24-bit wide bit-
H1 H2 H3 G1
interleaved even parity B2 K1 K2 F2

check, for error D4 D5 D6 H4

performance monitoring D7 D8 D9 F3

at the multiplexer D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1
section level

The check is computed for all bytes of the previous
STM-N frame, except those located in the RSOH

Provided for each STM-1 signal within an STM-N

20. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 B2 24-bit Parity Checking
Byte #
76543210 76543210 76543210
1 01010110 11001101 01010110
4 10110110 10011001 11111111
7 10101010 01100110 10101010
10 … …
… … …
2398 11001101 11100111 11001101
2401 01100110 00110010 01100110
–––––––– –––––––– ––––––––
BIP-24 (e) 11100001 11100111 10101000
–––––––– –––––––– ––––––––
Changes affecting adjacent across several bytes are more likely to be
detected. Double bit changes (2 “0”s going to 2 “1”s) down a bit column
cannot always be detected Noise corruptions would affect several/many
bytes
SDH Overhead Bytes
 K1 Multiplexer Protection Switching (MPS)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Provides MPS signaling B1 E1 F1 B3

between multiplexer D1

H1
D2

H2
D3

H3
C2

G1

section terminating B2 K1 K2 F2

equipment D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

Provided for the first D10 D11 D12 K3

STM-1 signal within an S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

STM-N

22. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 K2 Remote Defect Indication (RDI)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

Used to return an indication D1 D2 D3 C2

to the transmit end that the H1 H2 H3 G1

received end has detected B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4
an incoming section defect D7 D8 D9 F3
or is receiving AIS D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

Provided for the first STM-1 signal within an

STM-N

23. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 S1 Quality of Synchronization

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

Indicates the type of clock D1 D2 D3 C2

source used to time the H1 H2 H3 G1

transmitted signal D4
B2 K1

D5
K2

D6
F2

H4

The indications are one of D7 D8 D9 F3

the four synchronization D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1
levels agreed to by the
ITU-T, or that the source should not
be used

24. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 S1 Contents

Code Stratum Synchronization level

0010 1 1 x 10-11 PRC (primary reference clock)

0100 2 5 x 10-9 SSU-T (synch. source unit - transit)

1000 3 1 x 10-7 SSU-L (synch. source unit - local)

1011 4 4.6 x 10-6 SEC (SDH equipment clock)

1111 DNU (do not use)

25. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 M1 Remote Error Indication (REI)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

Used to send error H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2
performance information D4 D5 D6 H4

from multiplexer section D7 D8 D9 F3

receiving equipment to D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1
the originating equipment

Conveys the count of interleaved bit blocks
detected in error by the B2 byte

26. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 Path Overhead Bytes

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

27. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 J1 Path Trace

Provides a unique message A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3
set up for each path in the D1 D2 D3 C2

SDH network H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

Supports continuity testing D4 D5 D6 H4

between any location on a D7 D8 D9 F3

transmission path and the D10 D11 D12 K3

path source location S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

Provided for each VC-4 frame in the frame

28. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 B3 8-bit Parity Check
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

Includes an 8-bit wide D1 D2 D3 C2

bit-interleaved parity H1 H2 H3 G1

check that provides B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4
error performance D7 D8 D9 F3

monitoring at the D10 D11 D12 K3

VC-4 level S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

The parity check is computed for all bytes of the

previous VC-4 before scrambling

The computed value is placed in this byte
before scrambling

29. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 C2 Signal Label
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Provides an indication of B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2
the payload construction H1 H2 H3 G1

by means of a value label B2 K1 K2 F2

assigned from a list of 11 D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3
possibilities D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

Indicates what type of payloads are mapped

within the virtual container

30. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 C2 Content
Standard binary values for C2 are :

0000 0000 Unequipped

0000 0001 Equipped, non-specific

0000 0010 TUG structure

0000 0011 Locked TU-n

0000 0100 34 Mbps or 45 Mbps into C-3
asynchronous

0001 0010 140 Mbps into C-4 asynchronous

0001 0011 ATM mapping

0001 0100 MAN (DQDB) mapping

0001 0101 FDDI mapping

1111 1110 Test signal, O.181 specific mapping

1111 1111 VC-AIS

31. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 G1 Path Status
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Sends status and per- B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2
formance monitoring H1 H2 H3 G1

information from the B2 K1 K2 F2

receiving terminating D4 D5 D6 H4

equipment to the D7

D10
D8

D11
D9

D12
F3

K3
originating equipment S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

Bits 1-4 convey the count of errors detected by

B3

Bit 5 indicates a path Remote Defect Indication
(RDI)
32. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes
 F2, F3 User Channel
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

Allocated for network D1 D2 D3 C2

operator communication H1 H2 H3 G1

between path terminations B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

33. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 H4 Multi-frame

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

Identifies which frame of B1 E1 F1 B3

the multi-frame is present D1 D2 D3 C2

in the current VC-4 H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

(The TU overhead is D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

distributed over four TU S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

frames comprising the

TU multi-frame)

34. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 TU-1/2 Multiframe Indication: Example Using H4

V4
H4 (00) VC-3 / VC-4
Example of TU-1/2 Payload
Multiframe Indication V1
Using H4 Byte H4 (01) VC-3 / VC-4
Payload

V2
H4 (10) VC-3 / VC-4
Payload

V3
H4 (11) VC-3 / VC-4
Payload

V4
H4 (00) VC-3 / VC-4
Payload

35. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 K3 Automatic Protection Switch (APS)

Used to provide path-level protection switching

on individual VC-4 paths

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

D1 D2 D3 C2

H1 H2 H3 G1

B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4

D7 D8 D9 F3

D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1

36. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 N1 Tandem Connection (TC) Monitor
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 J1

B1 E1 F1 B3

Supports end-to-end D1 D2 D3 C2

performance monitoring H1 H2 H3 G1

of a tandem connection B2 K1 K2 F2

D4 D5 D6 H4
(path sub-section) D7 D8 D9 F3

Communicates the D10 D11 D12 K3

S1 Z1 Z2 M1 E2 N1
number of B3 errors

Bits 1-4 serve as incoming error count; Bit 5
serves as a TC-REI Bit 6 serves as an
outgoing error indication Bits 7-8 serve as a
multiframe (TC-APID, TC-RDI, ODI, reserved)

37. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 TU-1/2 Pointers and VC-1/2 Path Overhead

V1
V5

125 µs
V2 J2

250 µs
V3 N2

V4 375 µs K4

500 µs

38. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 V5 Error Checking, Signal Label, Path Status

Bits 1-2 are used for a Bit Interleaved V5

Parity (BIP) check on the previous

VC-2/VC-1 J2

Bit 3 is a path Remote Error Indicator

(REI) N2

Bit 4 is a path Remote Failure Indicator
(RFI) K4

Bits 5-7 provide a VC-2/VC-1 signal
label

Bit 8 is a path Remote Defect Indicator (RDI)

39. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 V5 Detail
BIP-2 REI RFI Signal RDI
V5 functions :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Signal Labels :
0 0 0 Unequipped or supervisory-unequipped
0 0 1 Equipped – non-specific
0 1 0 Asynchronous
0 1 1 Bit synchronous
1 0 0 Byte synchronous
1 0 1 Reserved for future use
1 1 0 Test signal, O.181 specific mapping
1 1 1 VC-AIS

40. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 J2 Path Trace

V5

Used to transmit repetitively a Low Order
Path Access Point Identifier, so that a path
receiving terminal can verify its continued J2
connection to the intended transmitter

Used in the same way as J0 in the SOH N2

K4

41. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 N2 Tandem Connection (TC)

Bits 1-2 are used as an even BIP-2 V5

check for the Tandem Connection

Bit 4 operates as an incoming AIS J2
indicator

Bit 5 indicates errored blocks within the N2
TC

Bit 6 indicates errored blocks of the K4
ingressing VC-n

Bits 7-8 operate in multi-frame as an
access point identifier and as defect
indicators
42. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes
 K4 Automatic Protection Switching (APS)

Bits 1-4 are allocated for APS signaling for

protection at the lower order path level

V5

J2

N2

K4

43. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes

 SDH Basics

RSOH STM-1 : 270 columns x 9 rows

J1 F
AU-3/AU-4 Pointer i TU-3 VC-4 : 261 columns
.Ptr
P xS TU-3 V *TU-3 : 86 columns
MSOH O e T .Ptr C
H dU -
F
F 3
P
X3*
O
H C3=34/45 Mbit/s

N TUG-3 POINTER * TUG-3 : 86 columns

P
I

FIXED
STUFF TU-2
.Ptr

VC-2
POH
X7*
C2=6 Mbit/s
TU-2 Ptr. TU- 2 : 12 columns*

*TUG-2 :12 columns

TU-12
TU-12 : 4
columns Pointer resolution
Ptr.
VC-12
Fixed position
POH
* Byte interleave
44. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes
 ETSI SDH Multiplexing Scheme

Synchronous
port
HPX Plesinchronous port

140
STM-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 Mbps

Assembler LPX

34
VC-4 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 Mbps

TUG-2 TU-2

2
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 Mbps

45. 45 SDH Overhead Bytes