Project Report

GSM technology can provide a sophisticated voting machine system. The

embedded I/O unit automates manual voting system.
There are two modes in this project one is normal mode and
another one is security mode. In normal mode an authorized
person of a local area can vote and security mode is any one from the whole
country can vote. At that time GSM never send the message to the required
person. If any person tries to call 2 times then is will not accept the vote.

The GSM module is connected with the microcontroller through serial

port. Using ‘AT’ commands the SMS is transferred to the GSM module. The
GSM module converts the digital information into airborne signals. Through
GSM network the SMS is transferred to the required person’s hand phone. This
system offers better solution for the Bank security system and also it will help
you to track the intruder

The embedded microcontroller used here is 89C51 microcontroller. Since, this

microcontroller has in-built peripherals it is called as embeddeded peripheral the
microcontroller has flash memory

INTRODUCTION
1.1.OVERVIEW

This Project focuses onto implement GSM ( Global System for Mobile
Communication) based Banking Security System. This system is implemented
using an embedded microcontroller. The embedded microcontroller used here is
89C51.

Actually, the aim of the project is to implement an Automatic Voting system.

GSM Based voting machine is fully controlled system. There is no chance of any
mistake.

Primarily, the system functions with the help of different technologies like the
Global Positioning System (GPS), traditional cellular network such as Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and other radio frequency medium.
Today GSM fitted Banks, cars; ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are
common sights.

The functional units of our projects are

GSM module
Stepper Motor

LCD Display
Micro Controller 89c51

1.2.GSM MODULE
The GSM module consist of Wireless CPU, SIM card holder and power
LED. It helps to transmit and receive the SMS with UART.
1.3.STEPPER MOTOR
The type of Stepper motor we used here is Brushless shaft. This helps in
smooth rotation. These motors are used to control the Doors.
1.4.LCD DISPLAY

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1.1. DESCRIPTION
The embedded microcontroller used here is 89C51 microcontroller.
Since, this microcontroller has in-built peripherals it is called as embedded
controller. The 89C51 microcontroller is a derivative of 8051 microcontroller
whose architecture and instructions are same as 8051 microcontroller with some
added facilities.
The GSM module is connected with the microcontroller through serial
port. Using ‘AT’ commands the SMS is transferred to the GSM module. The
GSM module converts the digital information into airborne signals. Through
GSM network the SMS is transferred to the required person’s hand phone. This
system offers better solution for the Bank security system and also it will help
you to track the intruder.

2.2. GSM MODULE

GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile

telecom over the last decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband
services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new demands. GSM is an open, non-
proprietary system that is constantly evolving. One of its great strengths is the
international roaming capability. This gives consumers seamless and same
standardized same number contactability in more than 212 countries. This has
been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million GSM subscribers

currently in Europe and Asia. In the Americas, today's 7 million subscribers

are
set to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500 million in population, due to
the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800 MHz band
to have access to GSM technology too. GSM satellite roaming has extended
service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available.

GSM differs from first generation wireless systems in that it uses digital
technology and time division multiple access transmission methods. Voice is
digitally encoded via a unique encoder, which emulates the characteristics of
human speech. This method of transmission permits a very efficient data
rate/information content ratio.

Cellular mobile communication is based on the concept of frequency reuse. That

is, the limited spectrum allocated to the service is partitioned into, for example,
N non-overlapping channel sets, which are then assigned in a regular repeated
pattern to a hexagonal cell grid. The hexagon is just a convenient idealization
that approximates the shape of a circle (the constant signal level contour from
an omni directional antenna placed at the center) but forms a grid with no gaps
or overlaps. The choice of N is dependent on many tradeoffs involving the local
propagation environment, traffic distribution, and costs. The propagation
environment determines the interference received from neighboring co-channel
cells, which in turn governs the reuse distance, that is, the distance allowed
between co-channel cells (cells using the same set of frequency channels).

The cell size determination is usually based on the local traffic

distribution and demand. The more the concentration of traffic demand in the
area, the smaller the cell has to be sized in order to avail the frequency set to a
smaller number of roaming subscribers and thus limit the call blocking

probability within the cell. On the other hand, the smaller the cell is sized, the
more equipment will be needed in the system as each cell requires the
necessary
transceiver and switching equipment, known as the base station subsystem
(BSS), through which the mobile users access the network over radio links. The
degree to which the allocated frequency spectrum is reused over the cellular
service area, however, determines the spectrum efficiency in cellular systems.
That means the smaller the cell size, and the smaller the number of cells in the
reuse geometry, the higher will be the spectrum usage efficiency. Since digital
modulation systems can operate with a smaller signal to noise (i.e., signal to
interference) ratio for the same service quality, they, in one respect, would
allow smaller reuse distance and thus provide higher spectrum efficiency. This
is one advantage the digital cellular provides over the older analogue cellular
radio communication systems. It is worth mentioning that the digital systems
have commonly used sectored cells with 120-degree or smaller directional
antennas to further lower the effective reuse distance. This allows a smaller
number of cells in the reuse pattern and makes a larger fraction of the total
frequency spectrum available within each cell. Currently, research is being done
on implementing other enhancements such as the use of dynamic channel
assignment strategies for raising the spectrum efficiency in certain cases, such
as high uneven traffic distribution over cells.

2.2.1. GSM SPECIFICATION

Device Name
: Wavecom
ROM (Flash)
: 16Mb
RAM
: 2Mb
Operating Voltage
: 3.1 – 4.5 V
Receiving Frequency
: 925 – 960 MHz
Transmitting Frequency : 880 – 915 MHz
2.2.2. GSM BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.2.3. GSM NETWORK

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose

functions and interfaces are specified. The GSM network can be divided
into
three broad parts.
The Mobile Station is carried by the subscriber.

The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station.
The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services
Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile
users, and between mobile and fixed network users.
The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not shown is the
Operations and Maintenance Center, which oversees the proper operation and
setup of the network. The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem
communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio
link. The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services
Switching Center across the A interface.

2.2.3.1. Mobile Station:

Mobile Equipment (ME) such as hand portable and vehicle mounted unit.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), which contains the entire customer related
information (identification, secret key for authentication, etc.). The SIM is a
small smart card, which contains both programming and information. The A3
and A8 algorithms are implemented in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
Subscriber information, such as the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber

Identity), is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The Subscriber

Identity Module (SIM) can be used to store user-defined information such as
phonebook entries. One of the advantages of the GSM architecture is that the
SIM may be moved from one Mobile Station to another. This makes upgrades
very simple for the GSM telephone user. The use of SIM card is mandatory in
the GSM world, whereas the SIM (RUIM) is not very popular in the CDMA
world.

2.2.3.2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of
base Station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).
2.2.3.3. Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) contains the equipment for

transmitting and receiving of radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and
equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with the Base Station
Controller (BSC). A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC. Typically a BTS
for anything other than a picocell will have several transceivers (TRXs), which
allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in
the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via
the Base Station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete
unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF provides
an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection to the Network
Management System (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as
well as software handling and alarm collection.

2.2.3.4. Base Station Controller (BSC):

The BSC controls multiple BTSs and manages radio channel setup, and
handovers. The BSC is the connection between the Mobile Station and
Mobile
Switching Center. The Base Station Controller (BSC) provides, classicaly,
the
intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has 10s or even 100s of
BTSs
under its control. The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives
 measurements from the mobile phones, controls handovers from BTS to
BTS. A
key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different
low
capacity connections to BTSs become reduced to a smaller number of
connections towards the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (with a high level
of
utilisation). Overall, this means that networks are often structured to have
many
BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to
large
centralised MSC sites.

The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not
only a BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as
an SS7 node with connections to the MSC and SGSN. It also provides all the
required data to the Operation Support Subsystem (OSS) as well as to the
performance measuring centers. A BSC is often based on a distributed
computing architecture, with redundancy applied to critical functional units to
ensure availability in the event of fault conditions. Redundancy often extends
beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used in the power supplies
and in the transmission equipment providing the A-ter interface to PCU.
The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier frequencies,
frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell border
calculation, are stored in the BSC.

2.2.3.5. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS):

Network Switching Subsystem is the component of a GSM system that

carries out switching functions and manages the communications between
mobile phones and the Public Switched Telephone Network. It is owned and
deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate
with each other and telephones in the wider telecommunications network. The
architecture closely resembles a telephone exchange, but there are additional
functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.
There is also an overlay architecture on the GSM core network to provide
packet-switched data services and is known as the GPRS core network. This
allows mobile phones to have access to services such as WAP, MMS, and
Internet access. All mobile phones manufactured today have both circuit and
packet based services, so most operators have a GPRS network in addition to
the standard GSM core network.

2.2.3.6. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC):

The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is a sophisticated telephone

exchange, which provides circuit-switched calling, mobility management, and
GSM services to the mobile phones roaming within the area that it serves. This
means voice, data and fax services, as well as SMS and call divert. In the GSM
mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data
information is sent directly digitally encoded to the MSC. Only at the MSC is
this re-coded into an "analogue" signal. There are various different names for
MSCs in different context, which reflects their complex role in the network, all

of these terms though could refer to the same MSC, but doing different things at
different times.

A Gateway MSC is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the
subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also interfaces with the
Public Switched Telephone Network. All mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to
mobile calls are routed through a GMSC. The term is only valid in the context
of one call since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the
Visited MSC function, however, some manufacturers design dedicated high
capacity MSCs which do not have any BSCs connected to them. These MSCs
will then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle.

The Visited MSC is the MSC where a customer is currently located. The VLR
associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it. The Anchor MSC is
the MSC from which a handover has been initiated. The Target MSC is the MSC
toward which a Handover should take place. An MSC Server is a part of the
redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 5.

2.2.4.FREQUENCY BAND USAGE:

Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method

must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible.
The method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time- and Frequency-Division
Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by
frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies
spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies are assigned to each
base
station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA
scheme. The fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst
period and it lasts 15/26 ms (or approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periods are
grouped into a TDMA frame (120/26 ms, or approx. 4.615 ms), which forms the

basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one
burst period per TDMA frame.

Channels are defined by the number and position of their corresponding

burst periods. All these definitions are cyclic, and the entire pattern repeats
approximately every 3 hours. Channels can be divided into dedicated channels,
which are allocated to a mobile station, and common channels, which are used
by mobile stations in idle mode. A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry
speech and data traffic. Traffic channels are defined using a 26-frame
multiframe, or group of 26 TDMA frames. The length of a 26-frame multiframe
is 120 ms, which is how the length of a burst period is defined (120 ms divided
by 26 frames divided by 8 burst periods per frame). Out of the 26 frames, 24 are
used for traffic, 1 is used for the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
and 1 is currently unused. TCHs for the uplink and downlink are separated in
time by 3 burst periods, so that the mobile station does not have to transmit and
receive simultaneously, thus simplifying the electronics. In addition to these
full-rate TCHs, there are also half-rate TCHs defined, although they are not yet
implemented. Half-rate TCHs will effectively double the capacity of a system
once half-rate speech coders are specified (i.e., speech coding at around 7 kbps,
instead of 13 kbps). Eighth-rate TCHs are also specified, and are used for
signalling. In the recommendations, they are called Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channels (SDCCH).

Organization of bursts, TDMA frames, and multiframes for speech and data
GSM is a digital system, so speech which is inherently analog, has to be
digitized. The method employed by ISDN, and by current telephone systems for
multiplexing voice lines over high speed trunks and optical fiber lines, is Pulse
Coded Modulation (PCM). The output stream from PCM is 64 kbps, too high a
rate to be feasible over a radio link. The 64 kbps signal, although simple to
implement, contains much redundancy. The GSM group studied several speech
coding algorithms on the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity
(which is related to cost, processing delay, and power consumption once
implemented) before arriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited -- Linear
Predictive Coder (RPE--LPC) with a Long Term Predictor loop. Basically,
information from previous samples, which does not change very quickly, is
used to predict the current sample. The coefficients of the linear combination of
the previous samples, plus an encoded form of the residual, the difference
between the predicted and actual sample, represent the signal. Speech is
divided
into 20 millisecond samples, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total
bit rate of 13 kbps. This is the so-called Full-Rate speech coding. Recently, an
Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR) speech-coding algorithm has been implemented by
some North American GSM1900 operators. This is said to provide improved
speech quality using the existing 13 kbps bit rate.
2.2.5. WORKING

The GSM module is connected with the controller. As the controller is

keep on monitoring the doors and locker key, when the door get opened, the
microcontroller sends the command “AT” to initiate the module. Now the
module sends an sms as “Theft Occurred” to the already fed mobile number.
Thus the information is passed from the module to the Authorized person.
Whenever it receives the correct password from the mobile, it will inform the
microcontroller to open the door.

2.2.6. FEATURES
Performance
Fast with high real throughput
Integrity
Secure controlled data transfer
Network Access
Quick and consistent
Contention Control
Avoid conflicts and collisions
Installation
Simple quick installation
Frequency Choice
Choice of RF bands to suit different terrains
Network Diagnostics
For ease of maintenance and cost saving
2.3.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATION

Stepper motor operate much differently from normal DC motors, which

simply spin when voltage is applied to their terminals. Stepper motor effectively
have multiple “Toothed” electromagnets arranged around a central metal gear.
To make the motor shaft turn, first one electromagnet is given power, which
makes the gear’s teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnets teeth.
When
the gear’s teeth are thus aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly
offset from the electromagnet. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and
the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with next one, and from
there the process is repeated. Each of those slight rotation is called a “Step”.

The top electromagnet (1) is charged, attracting the topmost four teeth of a
sprocket.
.3.3. APPLICATIONS

Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms
of positioning systems, particularly when digitally controlled as part of a
servosystem. Stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives ,flatbed,
scanners,printers, plotters and many more devices note that the hard
drives no
longer use stepper motors to position the read\write heads instead
 utilizing a
voice coil and servo feedback in head positioning.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is
prized by engineers because it uses very small amounts of electric power and is
therefore suitable for use in battery powered electronic devices.

Each pixel of an LCD consists of a layer of perpendicular

molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes and two
polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to
each other with no liquid crystal between the polarizing crystals

The surfaces of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid
crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules
in a particular direction this treatment typically consists of a thin
polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using a cloth.

Before applying the electric field, the orientation of the liquid

crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces. In a
twisted pneumatic device ,the surface alignment directions at the two
electrodes are perpendicular and so the molecules arrange themselves
in a helical structure or twist. Because the liquid crystal material is
birefringent, light passing through the liquid crystal, allowing it to
[pass through the second polarized filter.

When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, torque acts to

align the liquid crystal molecules parallel to the electric fields,
distorting the helical structures. This reduces the rotation of the
polarization of the incident light, and the device appears grey. If the

applied voltage is the polarization of the incident light is not rotated

and it passes through the crystal layer.

With a twisted pneumatic liquid crystal device it is usual to

operated the device between crossed polarizes, such that it appears
bright with no applied voltage. With this setup, the dark voltage-on
state is uniform. The device can be operated between parallel
polarizes, in which case the bright and dark states are reversed.

Both the liquid crystal material and alignment layer material

contain ionic components. If an electric field of one particular polarity
is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to
the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided by
applying either an alternating current, or reversed by the polarity of
the electric field as the device is addressed.
MICROCONTROLLER
AND SERIAL
COMMUNICATIOn

2.5. MICROCONTROLLER AND SERIAL COMMUNICATION

MICROCONTROLLER 89C51
The microcontroller used here is P89C51RD2BN. The expansion of the
part number of this microcontroller is given below.
Fig. 1.3 89C51 part number expansion

The P89C51RD2BN contains a non-volatile 64KB Flash program

memory that is both parallel programmable and serial In-System and In-
Application Programmable. In-System Programming (ISP) allows the user to
download new code while the microcontroller sits in the application. In-
Application Programming (IAP) means that the microcontroller fetches new
program code and reprograms itself while in the system. This allows for remote
programming over a modem link. A default serial loader (boot loader) program
in ROM allows serial In-System programming of the Flash memory via the
UART without the need for a loader in the Flash code. For In-Application
Programming, the user program erases and reprograms the Flash memory by
use of standard routines contained in ROM.

The device supports 6-clock/12-clock mode selection by programming a

Flash bit using parallel programming or In-System Programming. In addition,
an SFR bit (X2) in the clock control register (CKCON) also selects between 6-
clock/12-clock mode. Additionally, when in 6-clock mode, peripherals may use
either 6 clocks per machine cycle or 12 clocks per machine cycle. This choice is
available individually for each peripheral and is selected by bits in the CKCON
register. This device is a Single-Chip 8-Bit Microcontroller manufactured in an
advanced CMOS process and is a derivative of the 80C51 microcontroller
family. The instruction set is 100% compatible with the 80C51 instruction set.
The device also has four 8-bit I/O ports, three 16-bit timer/event counters, a
multi-source, four-priority-level, nested interrupt structure, an enhanced UART
and on-chip oscillator and timing circuits. The added features of the
P89C51RD2BN make it a powerful microcontroller for applications that require
pulse width modulation, high-speed I/O and up/down counting capabilities such
as motor control.

When the 89C51 microcontroller is connected to a crystal oscillator and is

powered up, we can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pins using the
oscilloscope. The time to execute the instruction is calculated by using the
following expression,

State
1
State 2
State 3
State 4
State 5
State
6

MC→ Number of Machine Cycles for an instruction to execute and

Cn is the number of clock cycles for one machine cycle. For
89C51RD2BN the number of clock cycles for one machine cycle is
12. For example, If the number of machine cycles to execute a
instruction is 1 and the oscillator frequency used is 11.0592MHz,
the time to execute an instruction is 1.085µ s.

2.5.2.Basic Features of 89C51

• 80C51 Central Processing Unit
• On-chip Flash Program Memory with In-System Programming (ISP) and
In-Application Programming (IAP) capability
• Boot ROM contains low level Flash programming routines for
downloading via the UART
• Supports 6-clock/12-clock mode via parallel programmer (default clock
mode after Chip Erase is 12-clock)

• 6-clock/12-clock mode Flash bit erasable and programmable via ISP

• 6-clock/12-clock mode programmable “on-the-fly” by SFR bit
• Peripherals (PCA, timers, UART) may use either 6-clock or 12-clock

mode while the CPU is in 6-clock mode

• Speed up to 20 MHz with 6-clock cycles per machine cycle (40 MHz
equivalent performance); up to 33 MHz with 12 clocks per machine cycle

• Fully static operation

• RAM expandable externally to 64 kilo bytes
• Four interrupt priority levels
• Seven interrupt sources
• Four 8-bit I/O ports
• Full-duplex enhanced UART

 Framing error detection

 Automatic address recognition
Power control modes

Clock can be stopped and resumed

Idle mode

Power down mode

Programmable clock-out pin

Second DPTR register
Asynchronous port reset
Low EMI (inhibit ALE)
Programmable Counter Array (PCA)
PWM
Capture/compare
2.5.2.1Pin Description

Examining the following figure, note that of the 40 pins a total of 32 pins are set
aside for the four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3, where each port takes 8 pins. The rest
of the pins are designated as Vcc, GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST, EA,

ALE, and PSEN. Of these 8 pins, all 8051 derivatives use six of them. In other
words, they must be connected in order for the system to work.
Fig. 1.5. Pin Diagram of 89C51 Microcontroller
1–8: P1.0 to P1.7 (Port 1): Each of these pins can be used as either input

or output according to your needs. Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with
internal pull-ups on all pins. Port 1 pins that have 1s written to them are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 1 pins
that are externally pulled low will source current because of the internal pull-ups.
Each pin of Port1 has an alternate function

•
Pin 1: T2 (P1.0)
Clock input of counter 0
Pin 2: T2EX (P1.1) - Timer/Counter 2 Reload / Capture / Direction
Control
•
Pin 3: ECI (P1.2) - External Clock Input to the PCA
•
Pin 4: CEX0 (P1.3) - External I/O for PCA module 0
•
Pin 5: CEX1 (P1.4) - External I/O for PCA module 1
•
Pin 6: CEX2 (P1.5) - External I/O for PCA module 2
•
Pin 7: CEX3 (P1.6) - External I/O for PCA module 3
•
Pin 8: CEX4 (P1.7) - External I/O for PCA module 4
9: RST (Reset Signal): High logical state on this input halts the MCU

and clears all the registers. Bringing this pin back to logical state zero starts the
program a new as if the power had just been turned on. In another words,
positive voltage impulse on this pin resets the MCU. Depending on the device's
purpose and environs, this pin is usually connected to the push-button, reset-
upon-start circuit or a brown out reset circuit.

10-17: P3.0 to P3.7 (Port 3): As with Port 1, each of these pins can be
used as universal input or output. However, each pin of Port 3 has an
alternative function:
•
Pin 10:RxD(P3,0)
Serial input for asynchronous
communication
•
Pin 11:TxD(P3.1)
Serial output for asynchronous
communication
•
Pin 12:INT0( P 3.2) - Input for interrupt 0
•
Pin 13:INT1( P 3.3) - Input for interrupt 1
•
Pin 14:T0(P 3.4)
Clock input of counter 0
•
Pin 15:T1(P 3.5)
Clock input of counter
Pin 16:WR(P3.6)
Signal for writing to external RAM
memory
•
Pin 17:RD(P3.7)
Signal for reading from external RAM
memory
18-19: XTAL2 and XTAL1 (Crystal input and output): Input and
output of internal oscillator. Quartz crystal controlling the frequency
commonly connects to these pins.
20: VSS:Gr ound
21- 28: P2.0 to P2.7 (Port 2): If external memory is not present, pins of

Port 2 act as universal input/output. If external memory is connected, this is the

location of the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8 – A15. It is important to
note that in cases when not all the 8 bits are used for addressing the memory
(i.e. memory is smaller than 64kB), the rest of the unused bits are not available
as input/output.

29: PSEN (Program Store Enable): MCU activates this bit (brings to

low state) upon each reading of byte instruction from program memory. If
external ROM is used for storing the program, PSEN is directly connected to its
control pins.

30: ALE (Address Latch Enable): Before each reading of the external

memory, MCU sends the lower byte of the address register (addresses A0 – A7)
to port P0 and activates the output ALE. External Chip (eg: 74HC373),
memorizes the state of port P0 upon receiving a signal from ALE pin, and uses it
as part of the address for memory chip. During the second part of the MCU
cycle, signal on ALE is off, and port P0 is used as Data Bus. In this way, by
adding only one integrated circuit, data from

SIMULATION CODES
//*****************BANK LOCKER SYSTEM USING
GSM*********************
//**********************Password is
11253**************************
#include<reg51.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
//*****************PREPROCESSOR
DIRECTIVES**************************
sbit security_sw=P3^2;
sbit locker=P3^3;
sbit sw1=P1^3;
sbit sw2=P1^4;
sbit red_led=P1^5;
sbit green_led=P1^6;

//*****************PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES FOR

LCD********************
sbit RS=P1^0;
sbit RW=P1^1;
sbit EN=P1^2;

//*****************PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES FOR

KEYS*******************

sbit key1=P3^7; sbit key2=P3^6; sbit key3=P3^5; sbit key4=P3^4; sbit

enter=P1^7;

//**************VARIABLE
DECLARATION*********************************
unsigned char init[]= "AT";
unsigned char text[]="AT+CMGF=1";
unsigned char read[]="AT+CMGR=1";
unsigned char no[]= "AT+CMGS=\"9486163383\"";
unsigned char sms[]= "THEFT OCCURED";
unsigned char del_all[]="AT+CMGD=1,4";
unsigned char del[]="AT+CMGD=1";
unsigned char clockwise1[4]={0x09,0x05,0x06,0x0A};
unsigned char clockwise2[4]={0x90,0x50,0x60,0xA0};
unsigned char anticlockwise1[4]={0x0A,0x06,0x05,0x09};
unsigned char anticlockwise2[4]={0xA0,0x60,0x50,0x90};
unsigned char valid_data[10],c[10],rec[80],check=0,chk_msg=0;

//******************VARIABLE DECLARATION FOR

LCD*****************
unsigned char code command1[5]={0x38,0x01,0x06,0x0c,0x80};

unsigned char key[10],count;

/*********FUNCTION TO TRANSMIT THE DATA THROUGH
SERIAL PORT***********
void transmit(unsigned char array[])
{unsigned int i;

TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xFD;
TL1=0x00;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
for(i=0;array[i]!='\0';i++)
{SBUF=array[i];

while(TI==0);
TI=0;
}SBUF=0x0d;

while(TI==0);
TI=0;
}//**************************DELAY

FUNCTION*************************
void delay(unsigned long int y)
{

int x;
for(x=0;x<y;x++);
}//********FUNCTION TO AUTOMATE THE STEPPER

MOTOR******************
void stepper(unsigned char array[])
{unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<13;i++)
{for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{P0=array[j];
delay(800);
}
}
}/*************************DELAY**************************
*************/
void busy_check()
{unsigned char z;
for(z=0;z<1000;z++);
}
/****************** LCD COMMAND
FUNCTION********************************/
void lcd_command()
{unsigned int i;
RS=0;RW=0;EN=0;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
P2=command1[i];
EN=1;
busy_check();
EN=0;

}
}
//*************** LCD DISPLAY

FUNCTION*****************************/
void lcd_display(unsigned char array[])
{

unsigned char i;
for(i=0;array[i]!='\0';i++)
{

RS=1;
P2=array[i];
EN=1;

busy_check();
EN=0;
}
}//**************************LCD SINGLE

COMMAND************************/
void lcd_com(unsigned char code c)
{

RS=0;RW=0;EN=0;

P2=c;
EN=1;
busy_check();
EN=0;

}//**************************LCD SINGLE

COMMAND************************/
void lcd_data(unsigned char code d)
{

RS=1;RW=0;EN=0;

P2=d;
EN=1;
busy_check();
EN=0;

}
//***************TO RECEIVE THE SINGLE
CHARACTER****************
unsigned char single_rx()
{unsigned char ch;

while(RI==0);
RI=0;
ch=SBUF;
return(ch);
}//*************************TO READ THE

MESSAGE******************
void compare()

{
unsigned int i;
unsigned char dat;
while(single_rx()!='+');//CHECK FOR NEW MESSAGE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

{
while(single_rx()!='T');
{

while(single_rx()=='I')

{
delay(1000);
transmit(read);
while(single_rx()!=':');
dat=single_rx();
while(single_rx()!=':');
while(single_rx()!=':');
while(single_rx()!='"');
dat=single_rx();
dat=single_rx();
for(i=0;rec[i-1]!=0x0D;i++)
{

while(RI==0);
RI=0;
rec[i]=SBUF;

}for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
valid_data[i]=rec[i];
}valid_data[i]='\0';

delay(100);
transmit(valid_data);
if((strcmp(valid_data,"open")==0)||(strcmp(valid_data,"Open")==0))
{

stepper(clockwise2);//open the second door

transmit(del);
delay(10000);
check=0;
}else

{transmit(del);
delay(10000);
check=0;
}}}}}

//******************FUNCTION FOR GETTING PASSWORD

FROM THE KEYBOARD***********
void psw(void)
{loop:

if(key1==0)
{
key[count]=0x31;
count=count+1;

lcd_data('*');
delay(3000);
}

else if(key2==0)
{key[count]=0x32;

count=count+1;
lcd_data('*');
delay(3000);

}
else if(key3==0)
{key[count]=0x33;
count=count+1;
lcd_data('*');
delay(3000);
}
else if(key4==0)
 {
key[count]=0x34;
count=count+1;
lcd_data('*');

delay(3000);
}
else if(enter==0)
{key[count]=0x35;
count=count+1;

lcd_data('*');
delay(3000);
}

else
goto loop;
}void security_mode()
{
int i;red_led=1;

lcd_com(0x80);
lcd_display(" Key Open In ");
lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display(" Security Mode ");
delay(10000);
lcd_com(0x80);

lcd_display(" Second door ");

lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display(" Closed

");
stepper(anticlockwise2); //close the 2nd door
lcd_com(0x80);
lcd_display("Message sending ");

lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display("
....

");
delay(500000);
transmit(init);
delay(5000);
transmit(text);
delay(10000);
transmit(no);
delay(10000);
 transmit(sms);
delay(1000);
SBUF=0X1A;
while(TI=0);
TI=0;
lcd_com(0x80);

lcd_display(" Waiting for ");

lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display(" Message ");

compare();// get the control to open the second door through sms
lcd_com(0x80);
lcd_display(" Key Open In ");
lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display(" Security Mode ");
while(security_sw==0);
red_led=0;

}
void check_password()
{lcd_com(0x80);

lcd_display(" Enter Password ");

lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display("

");
lcd_com(0xc6);
do
{psw();

} while(count<5);
key[count]='\0';
count=0;
if(strcmp(key,"11253")==0)
{

lcd_com(0x80);
lcd_display("Allowed to Access");
lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display("

key

");
check=check+1;
stepper(clockwise1);
delay(10000);
}
if(strcmp(key,"11253")!=0)
{
lcd_com(0x80);
lcd_display(" Not allowed to ");
lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display(" Access key ");
delay(10000);
}
}
//*************************MAIN
FUNCTION**************************
void main()

{
int i,j;
red_led=green_led=0;
lcd_command();

lcd_display(" BANK LOCKER ");

lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display(" SYSTEM
");
delay(10000);

transmit(init);
delay(3000);
transmit(del_all);
delay(3000);
green_led=1;
while(1)
{

next:
lcd_com(0x80);
lcd_display(" BANK LOCKER ");
lcd_com(0xc0);
lcd_display(" SYSTEM

");
//**********get the password from the
keyboard to open the first
door*******************

if(sw1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
if(check==0)
check_password();
else
goto next;

}
}while(sw1==0);
check=0;

//********************to close the first

door*****************************
if(sw2==0)
stepper(anticlockwise1);

while(sw2==0);
//*********************check if the system in security
mode***************

if(security_sw==0)
{
if(locker==1)
security_mode();

}
if(locker==1)
red_led=1;

if(locker==0)
red_led=0;
}
}