Presentation on

History of Microprocessors
&
Internal Architecture of
Microprocessor 8086
 Microprocessor
Microprocessor is multipurpose, programmable
logic device that reads the binary instruction from
storage device called memory, accepts the binary
data as input and processes data according to those
instructions, and provides the results as output.
Actually microprocessor is a semiconductor chip
consisting of electronic circuit. It is capable of
performing various computing functions and making
decisions to change the sequence of program
execution.
Microprocessor is broadly divided into three parts.
 Arithmetic logic Unit
 Registers
 Control Unit
 History of Microprocessor
As the microprocessor Evolution has gone through various
stages. Each stage is called as Generation of Microprocessor
Which are disused below.
First Generation Of Microprocessors
The first microprocessor introduced in the market
was Intel 4004, a 4-bit PMOS microprocessor by
scientist Fagin in 1971.
This microprocessor was specially designed to
be used for Calculators. It was inadequate for
general purpose computing.
Other 4-bit Microprocessors were
– Intel 4040
– Toshiba’s T3472.
 History of Microprocessor (contd..)
Second Generation of Microprocessor
In 1972, Intel Introduced the 8008, first 8-bit
microprocessor with the development of LSI
Technology with 45 instructions.
Later in 1976 Intel introduced 8085, a 8-bit
Microprocessor. Development of microprocessor has
been in the direction towards the complete
microcomputers system with CPU, RAM, ROM, Clock,
I/O ports, all in the single package.
Other 8-bit Microprocessors were
– Intel 8048
– Motorola’s MC6800.
– Zilog’s Z80 and Z800.
– National Semiconductors NSC800.
– Rockwell International’s PPS-8.
History of Microprocessor (contd..)
Third Generation of Microprocessors
In this generation direction of evolution of
Microprocessor has been towards one which
perform the functions of Minicomputer, which can
work with bytes, string of characters, and
instruction cycle of 1 microsecond.
In the year 1978, Intel introduced the high
performance HMOS 16-bit Microprocessor, 8086.
Now it is called as APX86. It was introduced by
Stephan Mors, Druce Revenal.
Other 16-bit Microprocessors were
– Intel 8086,8088,80186,80188,80286,
– Zilog’s Z8000,Motorola’s 6800 and 6810,Fairchilds 9440.
– National semiconductor’s PACE and INS8900.
– Texas Instrumentation’s TMS9900.
History of Microprocessor (contd..)
Fourth Generation Microprocessor
After Year 1980, many manufacturers introduced 32-bit
microprocessors. Intel Introduced its first 32-bit
microprocessor iAPX432, but it was not became popular and
discontinued in 1985. In year 1981, Intel introduced more
powerful 32-bit microprocessor, 80386 which can address
physical memory up to 4 gigabytes.
Other 32-bit Microprocessors are
– Intel’s 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium MMX, Pentium II,
Pentium II Xeon, Celeron, Pentium III, and Pentium IV.
– Motorola’s 68020,68030,68040 and 88100.
– AMD’s K5,K6-MMX,K7.
– Cyrix’s 586,686 and 6X86MX.
– National Semionductor’s 32032,32332,32C532,
– Zilog’s Z80000, Inmos T414 and T800.
– Motorola, IBM, Apple jointly developed 32-bit RISC processors
PowerPC 601,603,604 and PowerPC 740 and 750.
 Microprocessor 8086
The Intel’s 8086 is 16-bit, N-channel HMOS
microprocessor. HMOS used for High Speed MOS. It
consumes less power. It was introduced in 1978. It
contains the electronic circuitry of 29000 transistors.
It is built on a single chip and packaged in 40 pin IC
package of the type DIP.
This microprocessor contains 20 address lines
and 16 data lines. It can address up to 220=1MB of
physical Memory.
The lower 16 address lines are time multiplexed
with data and 4 higher address lines are time
multiplexed with status signals.
Internal Architecture of 8086
Internal Architecture of Microprocessor
8086
The 8086 CPU is divided into two main parts
– Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
– The Execution Unit (EU)
This two Units are completely Independent of each other and share the
work of CPU. Such a work division speeds up the processing and
reduces the process time.
Tasks of BIU:-
– It sends out the addresses.
– It fetches the instructions from memory.
– Reads & writes the data from memory and ports.
– Takes care of all the operations regarding data and address transfer.
Tasks of EU:-
– It directs the BIU, from where to fetch the data or instructions.
– Decodes the fetched instructions.
– Executes the decoded instructions.
 The Execution Unit
Main function of EU is decode and execute the
instructions. To carry out these operation it has
following Units
– Control Unit:- It is used for directing the internal
operations.
– Decoder:- translation of the instructions fetched from
memory and into series of action.
– Arithmetic Logic Unit:- Performs the arithmetical and logical
operations.
– Flag Register:- There are Nine Active Flag in 8086.
 Conditional Flags- Carry Flag, Parity Flag, Auxiliary Carry Flag, Zero
Flag, Sign Flag, Overflow Flag.
 Control Flags:- Trap Flag, Interrupt Flag, Direction Flag.
– General Purpose Register:- EU Ha 8 General Purpose Registers
 AX,BX,CX,DX,SI,DI,SP,BP.
– Pointer and Index Registers:-
 Base Pointer, Source Index, Destination Index, Stack Pointer.
 Bus Interface Unit
BIU performs all the operation related to the
Bus. It has Following Units
– Instruction Queue:-It is the 6 byte.
– Segment Registers:-
 Code Segment Register
 Stack Segment Register
 Extra segment Register
 Data segment Register
– Instruction Pointer Register:-
– Address generation Bus Control:-