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Tribals refer to indigenous groups in India who share common ancestry and culture. Birsa Munda was a prominent tribal leader in the late 19th century who led a movement against the British Raj in modern-day Bihar and Jharkhand. Jhum cultivation is a method of slash and burn agriculture practiced by tribes in northeast India that involves clearing land and rotating crops. Hunter-gatherer societies directly procure plants and animals from the wild without domestication, obtaining most food through gathering. Herders are semi-nomadic workers who care for domestic animals as they wander pasture lands, such as the Van Gujjars, Labadis, and Gaddis in India. The British arrival in India reduced

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13 views

Presentation 1

Tribals refer to indigenous groups in India who share common ancestry and culture. Birsa Munda was a prominent tribal leader in the late 19th century who led a movement against the British Raj in modern-day Bihar and Jharkhand. Jhum cultivation is a method of slash and burn agriculture practiced by tribes in northeast India that involves clearing land and rotating crops. Hunter-gatherer societies directly procure plants and animals from the wild without domestication, obtaining most food through gathering. Herders are semi-nomadic workers who care for domestic animals as they wander pasture lands, such as the Van Gujjars, Labadis, and Gaddis in India. The British arrival in India reduced

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TRIBAL

S
WHO ARE TRIBALS ?
A unit of sociopolitical organization
consisting of a number of families, clans, or
other groups who share a common ancestry
and culture and among whom leadership is
typically neither formalized nor permanent.
BHAGWAN BIRSA MUNDA

Birsa Munda (1875–1900) was a tribal leader and a folk hero,


belonging to the Munda tribe who was behind the Millenarian
movement that rose in the tribal belt of modern day Bihar,
and Jharkhand during the British Raj, in the late 19th century
making him an important figure in the history of the Indian
independence movement.
JHUM CULTIVATION
1. Jhum cultivation is a local name for Slash and burn agriculture
practiced by the tribal groups in the north-eastern states of India
like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland also
in districts of Bangladesh like Khagrachari , Sylhet.

2.This system involves clearing of a piece of land by setting fire or


clear felling and using the area for growing crops of agricultural
importance such as rice or fruits.

3. After a few cycles, the land loses fertility and a new area is
chosen.
HUNTERS AND GATHERERS
•A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method
involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from
the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the
domestication of either.

•Hunter-gatherers obtain most from gathering rather than hunting;


up to 80% of the food is obtained by gathering.

•The demarcation between hunter-gatherers and other societies


which rely more upon domestication is not clear-cut, as many
contemporary societies combine both strategies to sustain their
population.
HERDERS
A herder is a worker who lives a possibly semi-nomadic life, caring
for various domestic animals, in places where these animals wander
pasture lands.

Some of the herders are


VAN GUJJARS
LABADIS
GADDIS
BAKARWALS
COLONIAL RULE
AFFECTING TRIBAL
LIVES
1.BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF BRITISH THE TRIBAL CHIEFS
ENJOYED A CERTAIN ECONOMIC POWER AND HAD THE
RIGHT TO ADMINISTER AND CONTROL THEIR
TERRITORIES.

2.WHEN THE BRITISH OFFICILAS CAME TO INDIA THEY


LOST THEIR MUCH OF THEIR
POWER AND WERE UNABLE TO CELEBRATE THEIR
TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS.

3. BRITISH MADE THE TRIBALS AS PEASANT CULTIVATORS


FOREST LAWS AND THEIR
IMPACTS.

BRITISH DECIDED TO GIVE TRIBALS A PATCH


OF LAND TO CULTIVATE CROPS FOR THE JHUM
CULTIVATORS MANY TRIBALS DISOBEYED THE
FOREST LAWS AND STARTED PROTESTED
AGAINST BRITISH SUCH AS THE REVOLT OF
SONGRAM
IN 1906.
THANK YOU
SLIDES BY
P.ANANTHA KRISHNAN

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