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CH 04

A flow can be visualized by plotting the velocity field as velocity vectors at representative locations in the flow as shown in Video V4.2.and Fig. E4.1. A two-dimensional velocity field is given by u = 1 + y and v = 1. Determine the equation of the streamline that passes through the origin. On a graph, plot this streamline.

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28K views65 pages

CH 04

A flow can be visualized by plotting the velocity field as velocity vectors at representative locations in the flow as shown in Video V4.2.and Fig. E4.1. A two-dimensional velocity field is given by u = 1 + y and v = 1. Determine the equation of the streamline that passes through the origin. On a graph, plot this streamline.

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Paul Mj Robertson
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Ft 44 The x and y-components of a velocity field are given by u = ~(Vo/t) xand v = ~(Vo/E) y, where Vp and € are constants, Make a sketch of the velocity field in’ the first quadrant (> 0,y > 0) by drawing arrows representing the fluid velocity Al representative locations, U=-(W/k)x and w =-(Ve/L)y so that Ve Vain = (VNTR HY) =D VRHE Thus, with r= Yx*y* = radjal dictance from the origin, V=(KA)r ; ; Hence, V= VY, on r=h; V22 onr=2h,Ve2y, nr=Zh, ele. Also, the direction of the thid motion relative to the X axis is 8 = arctan (W/u) or y x0 why _y ton 8 = = ax ere u . Thus, on the Xaxis (y=0) tan9=Q or 8<0° or /80 180 for x0) and on the y axis (x=0), tan Q=ts2 of @ = 90' on270'(270' tory?) The velocity field looks as.shown below. In the Iqvadrand, both x>0Oand y>o so that both yal... a 4U<0 and w0, the direction of flow is as shown, 46 4.6 The velocity field of a flow is given by V= (Sz — 30+ (x + 4)f + yh fs, where x Determine the fluid speed at the origin (x the x axis (y = z = 0). Ua 52-3 praxt4, way Thus, at the origin “=-3, W=¥, w=0 so tha t Ve Yew ttw® 2 f-s)*r4* = 5 ft/s Similarly, on the X axis U=-3, wre Xt% wre so that V= fut tart ia = |-3)*4(x4y = [x74 8x 425 16, where x~ ft +3 Ce) 4:7 A flow can be visualized by plotting the velocity field as velocity vectors at representative locations in the flow as shown in Video V4.2.and Fig. E4,1. Consider the velocity field given in polar coordinates by v, = ~10/r and vs = 10/r. This flow approximates a fluid swirling into a sink as shown in Fig, P4.7 Plot the velocity field at locations given by r = 1, 2, and 3 with @ = 0, 30, 60, and 90 deg, With ar. =-l0/r and ng =10/r then = FIGURE Pay Vedngt+ng? = ylior? + (io/r = AM The angle & between the radial direction and the velocity vector is given by tank = 6 10 “Wp -€10/r) Thus, «= 45° for any r,8 Ge. the velocity vector is alway oriented 48° relative to radial lines) Note: Vis indepentent of 8 V=7.07 at r=2 Q0 Ves atr= | V=47atr=3 4-4 48 4.8 The velocity field of a flow is V = 20y(x + = 20x/(2 + yf where x and y are in feet, Determine the fuid speed at points along the x axis; along the y axis. sj ee (x24 yj Thus, VY =u? +v? , ye [roost steor =a) Also, 20x tan @=b= a or OF yD tan@ = - Thus, for (x,y) =(5, 0) tan@=~00 op 8=-90° for (x,y) =(5,5) tan 8 =~] or = — 45° for (x,y) =(0,5) tan = 0 or O= What is the angle between the velocity vector and the x axis at points (x, y) = (5, 0), (5, 5), and (0,5)? 20x "OF + ye of for any x,y 4s 4.4 4.4. The components ofa velocity field are given by w = x + y, v= ay? + 16, and w = 0. Determine the location of any stag nation points (V = 0) inthe flow fel. Ve Puttar? tur? =x ty) Hxy2e6)? <0 uz x4y=0 so that xe-y ann Xy'tl6 =0 so that xy?=-/6 Hence, (-y)y*=-/6, or y=2 Therefore, V=0 at 4.10 44J0 ‘The x and y components of velocity for 4 two-dimensional flow are u = 6y ft/s and v = 3 ft/s, where y isin feet. Determine the equation for the streamlines and sketch representative “streamlines in the upper half plane. 4=6y ,y=3 where streamlines are obtained from yet 2B or Bydy= de which can be integrated tosiv y?=X +0, where C is a constant. Representative streamlines corresponding to different valves ot Care shown below. ee On ee Ses Note that for yO , u>0 (é.e, the flow is from left toright) 4.11 Show that the streamlines for a flow whose velocity components are u = ¢(x* — y2) and v = —2exy, where c is a constant, are given by the equation x*y — y'/3 = coastant. At which point (points) is the flow parallel to the yaxis? At which point (points) is the fluid stationary? “=C(x*-y*) | y=-Zexy Streamlines given by y=f(x) are such that 4 -t Consider the function x*y- ¥°= const, a Note* HH is not easy to write this explicitly as y= ft) However, we can difterentiate Ep.) 40 give 2xydx +x7dy - y7dy =O | or (x*-y?)dy +2xy dx=0 Thus, the lines in the x-y plane given by 9.0) have a slope a dy z Be apy oF tr any constant 6, Bw 20 ve de. the fonction ry -F =const. represents the streanlines of the given flw. The flow is parallel to the x-axis when #0 7 v=d. This occurs when either X=O op y=0 , ée,, the X-axis on the y-axes The flow is paralle| to the y-axis when 4200, o u=0. This occors when X=*y The fluid has zero velocity at x=y =o 42 4.12 velocity field is given by V = xf + x(x — I)(y + 1)f, where w and v are in ft/s and x and y are in feet. Plot the stream: line that passes through x = O and y = 0. Compate ths stream- line with the streakline through the origin. (cts = (tide which when integrated give In(yt) =2X°-X +6 | where C is a constant wo For the streamline that passes throogh the origin X=y-O the valve of Cis found from Ee. as In(\)=C , or C=0 Thus, Inlytl) =4%*-x or y=e This streamline is plotted below. (4x79) ! Note: The streamline is symmetrical about its low point of X=/,, y=- 0.393, At xey=0 the velocity is O. For x<0, u<0 and for X>0, u>0. Thos the fhid flows from the origin (x=y=0), Since the flow is steady, streaklines are the same as streamlines. fo1= Shrradioactive ‘The following wind conditions are expected nuclear power plant ac- Y= 104 — 5] mph for 0 << 3 hi, V = ~Imile andy = 3 miles. 154 + 8] mph for 3 <¢< 10 hr, and V = ‘i mph for 1 > 10 hr. Draw to scale the expected streakline of the steam for ¢ = 3, 10, and 15 hr For Oohr , u=Simph and V=0 The streakline is the location (af timet) of sleam released earlier. Al t=3hr steam is still being released. From £0 fot<3he if has traveled in the direction 2¢ 2% =-5 --o.5 and the nas aye First of the steam is atx =-lni+(lomph)(Shn) = 29m and y= amis(-Smph)(2hr)=-/2mi al b= 3hr cident located at x See figure below. b) At t=Shr steam release stops. From £= Shr to t= 5 hr the steams travels X= U at =(/5mph)(S-Dhr =30mi “east” and ay = vat=(8mph)(S-3)hr = 16 mi “north” See figure below For £>5hr the streakline dees not row’ (ce.,n0 more steamreleased ), it merely maintains its shape it hhad at E- She (3% = 39 = 3 = $0) and translates. From b= Shr fo t=10 hr if moves ax= Wat=(iSmph)(10-S)he = 75mi farther “east” and DY = vat =(8 mph)10-S)hr = 40 mi farther ‘rorth See figure below. ©) Forlo h. Plot the shape of the streamline that passes through the origin for values of up/v, = 0.5, 1, and 2. FIGURE P4.17 U=Uy ,v=Vo(I-#) for 0 ie * sn We aH tua = 0 + (VoA)K(Y/B) 40 = (Ve/LYX and aye Ue tad 20 +0 +(-lWollly)(-Veif) =\V/byy This, = agh tAyf = (Vo /AS [xi + yf] 4.22 4.23 _ A velocity field is given by w = cx? and v = cy, where c is a constant. Determine the x and y components of the acceleration. At what point (points) in the flow field is the acceleration zero? ar = (€x?)(2exX) = 2c*x? a, = 3 tudgev et ¥ = (¢y*)(2ey) = Thus, G=al+a,f =o at (x,y) 4H 4.24 Determine the acceleration field for a three-dimensional flow with velocity components u = —x, v = 4x*y*, and wexny. U=-X are tx¥y?, and wr =X-y So that a, “Ht + ust tart sur} 2 OFEX)CI+ pias +(x -y)lo) = Ya ave an Oy = 5 Sas tory tary =O) Be nec +(x-y)(o) = Bx 4 a2xty? = Bxty*(4x4y-/) ay TEE tarde a OL Pe ean 1) #(x-y)(0) = x Fary? Thus, Bayt tayp + agk = x2 + exty* (Heyl) -(xaHey?) k 4-20 4.26 4.26. The velocity of air in the diverging pipe shown in Fig, P4.26 is given by V, = 4rft/s and V3 = 2r ft/s, where ris in seconds, (a) Determine the local acceleration at points (1) and (2). (b) Is the av. erage convective acceleration between thes? two points negative, zero, or positive? Explain, a) H| ~ 4 and H] 22h a @ b) convective acceleration along the Pipe =U 4b where >. At any time, 4, heh. Ths, between (1) and (2) de we Me Vico Hence, u # <0 or the average convective acceleration is negative. 4.27 — Water flows ina pipe so that its velocity triples every 20s. At = Oithas u = ft/s. That is, V = u(t)i = 5 (3)i ft/s. Determine the accieration when ¢ = 0, 10, and 20's. Was GUE) s eo | twa a= eV = 347 since VevV 20 because Vis not a a function of x,y, orz. £20 1 (3) zs] = 0.275 (3%) with E~s Since 3 =5[3 if follows that G@ = 0.27508 gt t-0 a = 0.4767H af t=l05 and @ - 0.02524 at [=208 428 4.28 When a valve is opened, the velocity of water in a certain pipe is given by u = 10{1 — e~'),v = 0, and w = 0, Where w isin f/s and i in seconds. Determine the maximum velocity and maximum acceleration of the water Va fut +v24w® = 10(1-e°*) 50 that HY 106 *>0 for all ¢ Thus, Voy = V[ = 10# ees Also, @ = af where ay= it +u$$ with iy <0 Thus, Oy = uo = Joe* so that ae | feo 4,29 4.24 The velocity of the water in the pipe shown in Fig. P4,29is given by Vj = 0.501 m/s and V; = 1.01 m/s, where ris in seconds. De- termine the local acceleration at points (1) and (2). Is the average convective acceleration be- teen these two points negative, zero, or posi- tne? Explain y- Y= 0.501 os 1.01 mye @ a FIGURE 4.29 Since V,>V, it follows that 4¢>0, Also, V>0 so that the convective acceleration , V4¥ , is positive. 4-23 4,30 4.30 A shock wave is a very thin layer (ihickness = €) in a high- speed (supersonic) gas flow across which the flow properties (velocity, density, pressure, etc.) change from state (1) to state vi % —F Shock wae (2) as shown in Fig. P4.30. If V, = 180) fps, V2 = 700 fps, and Ly £= 10"*in,, estimate the average deceleration of the gas as it Yi flows across the shock wave. How many g’s deceleration does i this represent? | ceases | jenn a FIGURE P430 B= +V-2V co with V-uint, a= a0 2uite Wahout knowing the actual velocity distribution, u=ucx), the acceleration can be approximated as = ude ~ (ith) (VY-M) _ (1800+700)fps (700-1800) fos ag hip = A) (eels oe ea a = 1.65 x10" a Gy =-165x10" This is Se whiter? ie gg chs 4-24 [432] 2 */-—___ 2 —____+ 4.22 Asavalveisopened, water lows through Be the diffuser shown in Fig. P4.32 at an increasing | ssc flowrate so that the velocity along the centerline is given by V = ui = V,(1 — e-*) (1 — x/€)i, where us, c, and Care constants. Determine the — acceleration as a function of x and t. If Vp = w= Voll ~ e=*9 10 ft/s and (= 5 ft, what value of c (other than ¢ = 0) is needed to make the acceleration zero for any x at / = 1s? Explain how the acceleration ” can be zero if the flowrate is increasing with time. FIGURE P4.32 G=Ab VV with weu(x,t) , y=0, and w=0 this becomes ‘i Ga (tude sal , where u=Ve(i-e“)U-F) Thus, oct Oy = BUI Fc eye -P-P) or 4 0) is precisely balanced by the convective deceleration (34 <0), The flowrate increases with time, but the fluid tlows to an area of lower velocity. 4.33 A Suid flows along the x axis with a velocity given by V = G/di, where x isin feet and 1 in seconds. (a) Plot the speed for 0 *sin(wt))] With ,=8# , a=005, b=02 , and w= 50 24 this becomes ay = 0.4 &°?"[-50 cos(S0t) — 1.8 sin (Sot) (+005 F°?*Gin(sot))] ® where t~s and x~ ft Plot ay from £p,(2) for O< b= © with x=0,1,2,3,4, ands #4. An Excel Program was used fo calavlate ay trom Ey. 2). The resus are shown on the next page (con't) 4-34 FH0x (con't) ts 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.080 0.085 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.080 0.095 0.100 0.105 0.110 0.115 0.120 0.125 x=0ft 20.00 19.22 17.24 14.18 10.24 5.67 0.74 4.23 “8.93 13,08 16.42 18.73 19.89 19.81 18.51 -16.06 “1261 8.37 -3.62 1.36 6.26 10.77 14.61 17.54 19.38 20.01 ‘Acceleration at various x locations, f/s"2 xt ft 18.37 15.73 14.11 11.61 239 465 ost 3.46 7.31 10.71 13.44 “18.34 18.29 18.22 15.15 “13.14 -10.32 685 -298 412 5.13 882 11.98 14.38 1587 16.38 Acceleration, a,, vs Time, t x=2ft 13.41 12.88 11.56 951 6.87 3.81 0st 2.83 5.98 876 “11.00 “12.56 13.33 13.28 12.41 “10.76 “8.45 “5.61 2.42 0.92 4.20 7.22 9.80 11.76 12.99 13.41 x3 ft 10.98 10.55 9.46 7.79 5.63 312 0.42 2.31 4.90 27 “9.01 10.28 -10.92 “10.87 10.16 8.81 6.91 4.59 1.98 075 3.44 5.92 8.02 9.63 10.64 10.98 x=4ft 8.99 864 7.78 6.38 461 2.55 0.34 1.89 4.01 587 737 8.42 8.94 -8.90 “8.32 724 “5.66 “376 “1.62 0.62 2.82 4.84 6.57 7.88 an 8.99 x=5ft 7.38 7.07 6.34 5.22 377 2.09 0.28 1.55 3.28 a1 6.04 6.89 7.32 729 6.81 “5.90 463 -307 “1.32 0.51 2.31 3.97 5.38 6.45 7.13 7.36 4-35 4H 4.1 Water flows over the crest of a dam with speed Vas shown in Fig. P4.4l. Determine the speed if the magnitude of the normal acceleration at point (1) is to equal the acceleration of aravity,g. FIGURE Pad! + or with q,= 922 , V=|a R = (32.2 )(2tt) = 8.02 ft 4-36 Lae. 4.42. Assume that the streamlines for the wingtip vortices from an airplane (see Fig. P4.19 and Video V4.6) can be approximated by citcles of radius r and that the speed is V = K/r, where Kis 0 Constant. Determine the sueamline acceleration, a, and the normal acceleration, ay for this flow, a : 5, w a | x a u ue 4-37 [44s J 4.43 A fluid flows past a sphere with an upstream velocity of Vo ~ 40 m/s as shown in Fig. P4.43 From a more advanced y theory itis found thatthe speed of the lid along the front part of the sphere is V = $V sin 6, Determine the streamwise and ag ‘normal components of acceleration at point A if the radius of ae 1S the sphere is @ = 0.20 m. VV, sind =$ (402) sind = 60 sino 2 ao . 0) m> a= = (62 sin ior Se SHPO T SE = 7440 and aia av 26 a Vik = (60sin6) , Where at 8 From Eq.()), 2% = 60 cos Also $= 08 =0,20 m, where 0~rad, so that 28 = x Thus, for = 40° a, = (60 sin 40°2)(60cos 40°) (sam) = 8860 % “EE "4.44 — For flow past a sphere as discussed in Problem 4.43, plot a graph of the streamwise ac- celeration, a,, the normal acceleration, a,, and the magnitude of the acceleration as a function of 0 for 0 = 0 = 90° with Vy = 50 ft/s anda = =a 0.1, 1.0, and 10 ft. Repeat for V) = 5 ft/s. At what point isthe acceleration a maximum; a min- imum? sin?6 a) wos where 44° = 2%, cos® and s=a@ , 38 26 or 36 = 4 2 = HE sind cose re) Hence the magnitude of the acceleration is Ia] = Jayne ag ca eca kee a 2 aye ° (2 Jal= ga 808 Thus, |B lyin =O af 0-0 , Il, = SE af = 90 2 2 Ste $in"6 + sin*® castO = ie SinO y sin*6 +0036 An &xcel Program was wed to calculate ag, an, and 4 trom Egns. (1),2) and (3). The results are shown befan. The resitts for other valves are similar if the factor V;*/a is accoumled for. The Following data is fer Yo =5 Hs, ae! tf @,deg a, fis’ a,, fs’ a, fs? 0 00 09 00 Acceleration vs Angular position 5 04 49 49 Mo 47 se 98 L Vo=Sft/s 15 38 (14.1 146 20 66 181 192 25 100 «215 236] + 30141 24d 281 | Syo} | 35 185 «264 «323 40 232 277-362 45° 281 281 308 50 330 27.7 431 55 377 284 48.1 | 60 422 244 487 65 462-215 510 70 497 181 529 Q=ltt | normal acca, st streamwise accel fist? acceleration, l= = = accel, fust2 7 825 141 54.3 coiaete) ceed 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 8 558 49 560 6, deg 90 563 00 6563 ¥-3t 4S '*4,45. The velocity components for steady flow through the nozzle shown in Fig. P4.45 are u = -Vyx/€ and v= Vo[1 + (/6)], where Vp and € are constants, Determine the ratio of the magnitude of the acceleration at point (1) to that at point (2). BFIGURE P4.45 am at x +Ay*, where ae = USE 4a Hh =(-Meyy(—Me) + yg 14 27 (0) <(¥)x and ay =a wif = t 4 ory, F](4 (¥ytAty) Thus, from Eg. (1), a(R) feet so that, a= (4 fF = ee and Hence, o 4-HO Fb “4.46 A fluid flows past a circular cylinder of radius a with an upstream speed of Vp as shown in Fig. P4.46. A more advanced the- cry indicates that if viscous effects are negligible, the velocity of the \ Beer ae A ‘uid along the surface of the cylinder is ziven by V = 2V, sin, aS =r Determine the streamline and normal components of acceleration ee ‘on the surface of the cylinder as a function of Ve, a, and @ and plot graphs of a, and a, for 0< = 90° with Vj = 10m/s and .01, 0.10, 1.0, and 10.0 m. M FIGURE P4.46 V2 _ (2¥osine _ 4VE cintg OER a a and a= VIVE | where B22, ces and s=06 or Thos, a, = (2% sin9)(2%e cos) = These results with Y= 102 and a= 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, and 10.0m are plotted below. 01ma=0.10ma=1.0m a=10m a=0.10ma=0.10ma=1.0m a=10m 8.deg a, fis’ ay, fs? a, fs? a, fs? ay fis? — ap, fUs? ay, fs? a, fis? 0 O 0 oO 0.00 oO 0 0 0,00 5 3473 347 36 3.47 304 30 3 0.30 10 6840 684 68 6.84 1206 121 12 1.21 18 10000 1000 100 10.00 2679 268 27 2.68 20 12856 1286 129 12.86 4679 468 47 468 25 15321 1532 153 16,32 7144 714 71 7.14 30 17321 1732 173 17.32 10000 1000 100 10.00 3518704 1878188 18.79, 131601318132, 13:16 40 19696 1970 “97 19.70 18527 1653 165 16.53 45 20000 2000 200 20.00 20000 2000 200 20.00 50 19696 1970 197 19.70 (23473 (2347 235 23.47 55 18794 1879 188 18.79 26840 2684 268 26.84 60 17321 1732 173. 17.32 30000 3000 300 30.00 65 18321 1832 153 15.32 32856 3286 329 32.86 70 12856 1286 129 12,86 36321 3532 363 36.32 75 10000 1000 100 10.00 37321 3732 373 37.32 80 6840 684 68 6.84 38794 3879 388 38.79 85 3473 347 35 3.47 39696 3970 397 39.70 80 ° ° 0 0.00 40000 4000 «= 400 40.00 (con't) 4-41 “46 (con't) amis? ‘100000 +1000 10 50 100 8, deg aq mis ‘100000 1000 100 10 anvs8 447 4.47 Determine the x and y components of acceleration for the flow given in Problem 4./).If c > 0, is the particle at point x = x, > 0 and y = 0 accelerating or decelerating? Explain. Repeat if x» < 0. Since u= 6? -y?) and v= -2exy it follows that a= at “ad, where an $F ude + v9e = C(x" )(2cx) +-2exy)-2ey) 07x (x*+y2) ay= ae tude Hyde =C(x*-y2) -2cy) +-2exy)-2cx) oe 2. 2, 2 Gy = 2c*y(x*+y4) For X=Xp and y=0 we obtain: U=CXP , v=O and Qp= 207xXs , ay=0 Thus, with 6>0 and X,70 tt follows that U>0, a0; 48, the fluid is accelerating. With ©>0 and X,<0 it follows that u>0, <0; ¢.6, the fluid is decelerating. 443 FB 4.48 When flood gates in a channel are opened, water flows along the channel downstream of the gates with an increasing speed given by V = 4(1 + 0.1) fis, for0 = = 205s, wheres isin seconds. Fors > 20 s the speed is a constant V = 12 ft/s Consider a location in the curved channel where the radius of curvature of the streamlines is 50 ft. For 1 = 10 determine (a) the component of acceleration along the streamline, (b) the component of acceleration normal to the streamline, and (e) the net acceleration (magnitude and direction). Repeat for 1= 0s, V= ¥(140.14) His for 0¢t8208 and V=12 fhe for 1 >208 a= VIE where Heo Thus, 5 a, = 4 and a = ¥ , where R=50f4 (1) For t =/05* (a) age ee 4 (ol) 20.45, (8) ay = V*/R = LH 1401010))] F1/6? /(S0H) = 1.28 #2 and ‘ he (2) a=(ap tae) el o# EY +(a0e) |” = Lakh (2) For ¢ =30s: (0) Since Vlas «condant #0 and *¥ <0 so that a Vie tit a a 2 - A Q=4,R +48, where Ont =0 since R= (ie, the streamlines are straight) 44162 or Va 2 where h~m 451 4.51 Air flows from a pipe into the region isk 4 between two paralle! circular disks as shown in A dee iH Fig. P4.5/. The fluid velocity in the gap between @LLIZLZZZZIZIAZZZZZZIZZZZ a oY the disks is closely approximated by V = V,R/r, =o ES E where R is the radius of the disk, r is the radial © j KE v Pive coordinate, and V, is the fluid velocity at the edige of the disk. Determine the acceler: 1,2, 03 ftif V, = 5 ft/s and R = ion for r = ft. FIGURE P4.51 = y? . . =dnt+as = <0 02 (¢.e, the streamlin Z=ant ae , where G=Z ae RK i ites teen es Also, a,=V3e=V%L, where V= oe Since Y= 54 and R=3H, Ve SSH where rot This, PR? 5 £)*(3 4)" 22. a ae Yeh). Web) - MR. Ee _ a fr ft Atr=3ft, a= -asadh 447 MSE 4.52 Air flows into @ pipe from the region between a circular disk and a cone as shown in Fig. 4,52. The fnid velocity inthe ‘ap betvieen the disk and the cone is closely approximated by cope V= VoR'/, where R is the radius of the disk, ris the radial coordinate, and Vs is the fluid velocity atthe edge ofthe disk. Determine the acceleration for r= 0.5 and 2ftif Vy=Sf/s OK and R = 2ft 4 BFIGURE Paso 2 Fa a hras, where a= <0 since Rew (ie. the streamlines eve yay eda ee. Also, a= Vs =-Vap since r ands are pointed in opposite directions. Thus, with V=YeR'/r? if follows that 0, =~ (VeRPr*)(-2Y RU) = 2 RU re =2 (st) (2HN/ré = 800/r§ 4 where r~ tf Atr= 0.51, a, = 800/0.5)° # = 25 400 ft Mra2t a, = e00/2.0y # = 25H 4,53 4.53 _Air flows steadily through a long pipe with a speed of u = 50 + 0.5x, where xis the distance along the pipe in feet, and. vis in fls. Due to heat transfer into the pipe, the air temperature, T, within the pipe is 7 = 300 + 10x °F Determine the rate of change of the temperature of air particles as they flow past the section at x=ft iS persia pe PR eT DT ult twit ) where u=50+05x, w=0, ur=0, and T =300+10x S| This, - Peo tudx 040 bt = (50 +0.5x) (/0) = 50045 x aa Where Rott Hence, at X=5 #4 FP - 500455) 2 52576 SH 4.54 A company produces a perishable product in @ factory located at x = 0 and sells the product along the distribution route x > 0. The selling price of the product, P, is a function of the lenght of time after it was produced, r, and the location at which it is sold, x. That is, P = P(x, 2) At a given location the price of the product decreases in time (itis perishable) according to 4P/a1 = —8. ollars/it. In addition, because of shipping costs the price increases with distance from the factory according to @P/dx = 0.2 dollars/mi. [fthe manufacturer wishes to sell the product for the same 100-l0 ft Ths, 10 10 3 - off (i Edy + fists] ef ee | ray =0,00238 SBT 750 a” +2250 5 He = 21eteelt arnt Ub ] ° 4-H

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