ANNA UNIVERSITY COIMBATORE-SYLLABUS

MICROPROCESSOR AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT I 8 BIT MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE 9

8085-Internal Architecture - Addressing modes - Instruction set -Timing diagrams-

Interrupts-Assembly language Programming

UNIT II 16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE 9

8086-Internal Architecture -Memory segmentation -Timing diagram - Interrupts-8086

CPU Hardware design- Maximum mode CPU Module - Minimum mode CPU module

UNIT III 8086 INSTRUCTION SET & ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 9

PROGRAMMING

Addressing modes - Instruction set- Data transfer instructions- String instructions-

Logical Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Transfer of control instructions -Processor
control Instructions -Assembly language programming –Assembler-

UNIT IV SPECIAL PURPOSE SUPPORT DEVICES 9

8255A -Programmable peripheral interface - 8251A USART -8279- keyboard and display
controller -8259 programmable Interrupt controller -8257 DMA controller -8254
programmable interval timer -digital to analog and analog to digital converters

UNIT V MEMORY AND I/O INTERFACING 9

Types of Main memory- SRAM -interfacing- DRAM -interfacing -I/O interfacing-

programmed I/O- Interrupt Driven I/O- DMA Interfacing Microcomputer to high power
devices - Optical Motor shaft Encoders

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Douglas V-Hall “Microprocessor and interfacing “2/E –TMH,2002.

2. Walter A-Tribel & Avtar Singh “The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors
programming -Interfacing -software -Hardware and Application” 4/E
Pearson/PHI 2003.

REFERENCES:

3. John Uffenbeck “Microcomputer and Microprocessors” The 8080-8085 and Z-80

programming –“Interfacin
4. g and Troubleshooting” 3rd Edition- -Pearson Education,2000
5. John Uffenbeck “ The 8086 family Design-programming and interfacing”-3/E-
pearson Education
6. Ramesh Gaonkar-“Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Application
with 8085”-Penram Publications pvt Ltd-5 E/Pearson 2000 .
 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Microprocessor and application

UNIT - I
PART-A
1. What is Microprocessor?
It is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC}, which fetches, decodes and
executes instructions.

2. What are the basic units of a microprocessor?

The basic units or blocks of a microprocessor are ALU, an array of registers and control
unit.

3. What is Software and Hardware?

The Software is a set of instructions or commands needed for performing a
specific task by a programmable device or a computing machine.
The Hardware refers to the components or devices used to form computing machine
in which the
Software can be run and tested. Without software the Hardware is an idle machine.

4. Define bit, byte and word.

A digit of the binary number or code is called bit. Also, the bit is the fundamental
storage unit of computer memory. The 8-bit (8-digit) binary number or code is called byte
and 16-bit binary number or code is called word. (Some microprocessor manufactures refer
the basic data size operated by the processor as word).

5. What is a bus?
Bus is a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals.

6. Why data bus is bi-directional?

The microprocessor has to fetch (read) the data from memory or input device for
processing and after processing, it has to store (write) the data to memory or output device.
Hence the data bus is bi-directional.

7. Why address bus is unidirectional?

The address is an identification number used by the microprocessor to identify or access
a memory location or I / O device. It is an output signal from the processor. Hence the address
bus is unidirectional.

8. What is the function of microprocessor in a system?

The microprocessor is the master in the system, which controls all the activity of the
system. It issues address and control signals and fetches the instruction and data from memory.
Then it executes the instruction to take appropriate action.
9. Define machine cycle.
Machine cycle is defined as the time required to complete one operation of accessing
memory, I/O, or acknowledging an external request. This cycle may consist of three to six T-
states.

10. Define T-State.

T-State is defined as one subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period.
These subdivisions are internal states synchronized with the system clock, and each T-State
is precisely equal to one clock period.

11. What is the need for system clock and how it is generated in 8085?
The system clock is necessary for synchronizing various internal operations or devices
in the microprocessor and to synchronize the microprocessor with other peripherals in the
system.

12.Draw and specify the complete bit configuration of 8085 flag Register?
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY

S- Sign Flag . If D7 =1 , then sign flag is set, otherwise rest.

Z-Zero flag. If ALU operation results in zero, then this flag is set,
Otherwise it is reset.
AC-Auxilliary flag. In an arithmetic operation ,when a carry is generated by
digit D3 and passed on to digit D4, the AC flag is set.
Otherwise it is reset.
P-Parity Flag. If the result of an arithmetic or logic operation has an even
number of 1’s then this flag is set. Otherwise it is reset.
CY-Carry Flag. If an arithmetic operation results in a carry, the carry flag
is set. Otherwise it is reset.

13. List the four operations commonly performed by MPU( Micro processingUnit)?
• Memory Read : Reads data (or instructions) from memory.
• Memory Write: Writes Data (or instructions) into memory.
• I/O Read: Accepts data from input devices.

14. What is the need for timing diagram?

The timing diagram provides information regarding the status of various signals,
when a machine cycle is executed. The knowledge of timing diagram is essential for system
designer to select matched peripheral devices like memories, latches, ports, etc., to form a
microprocessor system.

15. Define opcode and operand.

Opcode (Operation code) is the part of an instruction / directive that identifies a specific
operation.
Operand is a part of an instruction / directive that represents a value on which the
instruction acts.
16. What are the functions of an accumulator?
The accumulator is the register associated with the ALU operations and sometimes
I/O operations. It is an integral part of ALU. It holds one of data to be processed by ALU. It also
temporarily stores the result of the operation performed by the ALU.

17. List the 16 – bit registers of 8085 microprocessor.

Stack pointer (SP) and Program counter (PC).

18. List the allowed register pairs of 8085.

• B-C register pair
• D-E register pair
• H-L register pair

19. Mention the purpose of SID and SOD lines

SID (Serial input data line):
It is an input line through which the microprocessor accepts serial
data.
SOD (Serial output data line):
It is an output line through which the microprocessor sends output
serial data.

20. What is the function of IO/M signal in the 8085?

It is a status signal. It is used to differentiate between memory locations and I/O
operations. When this signal is low (IO/M = 0) it denotes the memory related operations. When
this signal is high (IO/M = 1) it denotes an I/O operation.

21. List out the five categories of the 8085 instructions. Give examples of the instructions
for each group.
• Data transfer group – MOV, MVI, LXI.
• Arithmetic group – ADD, SUB, INR.
• Logical group –ANA, XRA, CMP.
• Branch group – JMP, JNZ, CALL.
• Stack I/O and Machine control group – PUSH, POP, IN, HLT.

22. Explain the difference between a JMP instruction and CALL instruction.
A JMP instruction permanently changes the program counter. A CALL
instruction leaves information on the stack so that the original program execution sequence
can be resumed.

23. Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT.

 The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port into the
accumulator.
 The OUT instruction is used to move data from the accumulator to an I/O port.
 The IN & OUT instructions are used only on microprocessor, which use a
 Separate address space for interfacing.
24. What is the difference between the shift and rotate instructions?
A rotate instruction is a closed loop instruction. That is, the data moved out at one end is
put back in at the other end. The shift instruction loses the data that is moved out of the last bit
locations.

25. What is meant by Wait State?

This state is used by slow peripheral devices. The peripheral devices can transfer the data
to or from the microprocessor by using READY input line. The microprocessor remains in wait
state as long as READY line is low. During the wait state, the contents of the address,
address/data and control buses are held constant.

26. List the four instructions which control the interrupt structure of the 8085
microprocessor.
• DI ( Disable Interrupts )
• EI ( Enable Interrupts )
• RIM ( Read Interrupt Masks )
• SIM ( Set Interrupt Masks )

27. What is meant by polling?

Polling or device polling is a process which identifies the device that has interrupted the
microprocessor.

28. What is meant by interrupt?

Interrupt is an external signal that causes a microprocessor to jump to a specific
subroutine.

29. Explain priority interrupts of 8085.

The 8085 microprocessor has five interrupt inputs. They are TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5,
RST 5.5, and INTR. These interrupts have a fixed priority of interrupt service. If two or
more interrupts go high at the same time, the 8085 will service them on priority basis. The
TRAP has the highest priority followed bye RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5. The priority of
interrupts in 8085 is shown in the table.

Interrupts Priority

TRAP 1
RST 7.5 2
RST 6.5 3
RST 5.5 4
INTR 5

30. What is a microcomputer?

A computer that is designed using a microprocessor as its CPU is called
microcomputer.

31. What are operations performed on data in 8085

The various operations performed are
 • Store 8-bit data
• Perform arithmetic and logical operations
• Test for conditions
• Sequence the execution of instructions
• Store data temporarily during execution in the defined R/W
memory locations called the stack

32. Steps involved to fetch a byte in 8085

i. The PC places the 16-bit memory address on the address bus
ii. The control unit sends the control signal RD to enable the memory chip
iii. The byte from the memory location is placed on the data bus
iv. The byte is placed in the instruction decoder of the microprocessor and the
task is carried out according to the instruction

33. Define instruction cycle, machine cycle and T-state

Instruction cycle is defined, as the time required completing the execution of an
instruction. Machine cycle is defined as the time required completing one operation of
accessing memory, I/O or acknowledging an external request. T- cycle is defined as one
subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period

34. What is an instruction?

An instruction is a binary pattern entered through an input device to command the
microprocessor to perform that specific function

30. What is the use of ALE

The ALE is used to latch the lower order address so that it can be available in T2 and T3
and used for identifying the memory address. During T1 the ALE goes high, the latch is
transparent ie, the output changes according to the input data, so the output of the latch is the
lower order address. When ALE goes low the lower order address is latched until the next ALE.

35. How many machine cycles does 8085 have, mention them
The 8085 have seven machine cycles. They are
• Opcode fetch
• Memory read
• Memory write
• I/O read
• I/O write
• Interrupt acknowledge
• Bus idle

36. Explain the signals HOLD, READY and SID

HOLD indicates that a peripheral such as DMA controller is requesting the use of
address bus, data bus and control bus. READY is used to delay the microprocessor read or
write cycles until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data. SID is used to
accept serial data bit by bit
37. Mention the categories of instruction and give two examples for each
Category?
The instructions of 8085 can be categorized into the following five
 • Data transfer MOV Rd,Rs STA 16-bit
• Arithmetic ADD R DCR M
• Logical XRI 8-bit RAR
• Branching JNZ CALL 16-bit
• Machine control HLT NOP

38. Explain LDA, STA and DAA instructions

LDA copies the data byte into accumulator from the memory location specified by
the 16-bit address. STA copies the data byte from the accumulator in the memory location
specified by 16-bit address. DAA changes the contents of the accumulator from binary to 4-
bit BCD digits.
39. Explain the different instruction formats with examples
The instruction set is grouped into the following formats
• One byte instruction MOV C,A
• Two byte instruction MVI A,39H
• Three byte instruction JMP 2345H
40. What is the use of addressing modes, mention the different types
The various formats of specifying the operands are called addressing modes, it is used
to access the operands or data. The different types are as follows
• Immediate addressing
• Register addressing
• Direct addressing
• Indirect addressing
• Implicit addressing

41. What is the use of bi-directional buffers?

It is used to increase the driving capacity of the data bus. The data bus of a
microcomputer system is bi-directional, so it requires a buffer that allows the data to flow in
both directions.

42. Give the register organization of 8085

W(8) Temp. Reg Z(8) Temp. Reg

B(8) Register C(8) Register
D(8) Register E(8) Register
H(8) Register L(8) Register
Stack Pointer(16)
Program Counter(16)

43. Define stack and explain stack related instructions

The stack is a group of memory locations in the R/W memory that is used for the
temporary storage of binary information during the execution of the program. The stack
related instructions are PUSH & POP
44. Why do we use XRA A instruction
The XRA A instruction is used to clear the contents of the Accumulator and store the
value 00H.

45. Compare CALL and PUSH instructions

CALL PUSH
When CALL is executed the
The programmer uses the instruction
microprocessor automatically stores the
PUSH to save the contents of the register
16-bit address of the instruction next to
pair on the stack
CALL on the stack
When CALL is executed the stack pointer When PUSH is executed the stack
is decremented by two pointer register is decremented by two

46. What is opcode fetch cycle?

The opcode fetch cycle is a machine cycle executed to fetch the opcode of an instruction
stored in memory. Every instruction starts with opcode fetch machine cycle.

47. What operation is performed during first T -state of every machine cycle in 8085 ?
In 8085, during the first T -state of every machine cycle the low byte address is
latched into an external latch using ALE signal.

48. Why status signals are provided in microprocessor?

The status signals can be used by the system designer to track the internal operations of
the processor. Also, it can be used for memory expansion (by providing separate memory
banks for program & data and selecting the bank using status signals).

49. How the 8085 processor differentiates a memory access (read/write)and 1/0 access
(read/write)?
The memory access and 1/0 access is differentiated using 10 I M signal. The 8085
processor asserts 10 I M low for memory read/write operation and 10 I M is asserted high
for 1/0 read/write operation.

50. What is interrupt acknowledge cycle?

The interrupt acknowledge cycle is a machine cycle executed by 8085 processor to get
the address of the interrupt service routine in-order to service the interrupt device.

51. How the interrupts are affected by system reset?

Whenever the processor or system is resetted , all the interrupts except TRAP are
Disabled. fu order to enable the interrupts, El instruction has to be executed after a reset.

52. What is the difference between Hardware and Software interrupt?

The Software interrupt is initiated by the main program, but the Hardware
interrupt is initiated by an external device. In 8085, the Software interrupt cannot be disabled
or masked but the hardware interrupt except TRAP can be disabled or masked.
53. What is Vectored and Non- Vectored interrupt?
When an interrupt is accepted, if the processor control branches to a specific address
defined by the manufacturer then the interrupt is called vectored interrupt. In Non-
vectored interrupt there is no specific address for storing the interrupt service routine. Hence
the interrupted device should give the address of the interrupt service routine.

54. List the Software and Hardware interrupts of 8085?

Software interrupts: RST 0, RSTl, RST 2, RST 3, RST 4, RST 5, RST 6 and RST7.
Hardware interrupts: TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR.

55. What is TRAP?

The TRAP is non-maskable interrupt of8085. It is not disabled by processor reset
or after reorganization of interrupt.

56. Whether HOLD has higher priority than TRAP or not?

The interrupts including mAP are recognized only if the HOLD is not valid, hence
TRAP has lower priority than HOLD.

57. What is masking and why it is required?

Masking is preventing the interrupt from disturbing the current program
execution.When the processor is performing an important
job(process)and if the processshould not be interrupted then all the
interrupts should be masked or disabled. In processor with multiple 'interrupts, the lower
priority interrupt can be masked so as to prevent it from interrupting, the execution of
interrupt service routine of higher priority interrupt.

58. When the 8085 processor accept hardware interrupt?

The processor keeps on checking the interrupt pins at the second T -state of last
Machine cycle of every instruction. If the processor finds a valid interrupt signal and if
the interrupt is unmasked and enabled then the processor accepts the interrupt. The
acceptance of the interrupt is acknowledged by sending an OOA signal to the interrupted
device.

59. When the 8085 processor will disable the interrupt system?
The interrupts of 8085 except TRAP are disabled after anyone of the following
operations
1. Executing El instruction.
2. System or processor reset.
3. After reorganization (acceptance) of an interrupt.

60. How the vector address is generated for the INTR interrupt of 8085?
For the interrupt INTR, the interrupting device has to place either RST opcode or
CALL opcode followed by l6-bit address. I~RST opcode is placed then the corresponding
vector address is generated by the processor. In case of CALL opcode the given l6-bit address
will be the vector address.
 61. How clock signals are generated in 8085 and what is the frequency of the internal
clock?
The 8085 has the clock generation circuit on the chip but an external quartz crystal or
L C circuit or RC circuit should be connected at the pins XI and X2. The maximum internal
clock frequency of 8085A is 3.03 MHz.

62. What happens to the 8085 processor when it is resetted?

When the 8085 processor is resetted it execute the first instruction at the 0000H
location. The 8085 resets (clears) instruction register, interrupt mask bits and other registers.

63. What are the operations performed by ALU of 8085?

The operations performed by ALU of 8085 are Addition, Subtraction, Logical AND,
OR, Exclusive OR, Compare Complement, Increment, Decrement and Left I Right shift

64. What is a flag?

Flag is a flip flop used to store the information about the status of the processor and the
status of the instruction executed most recently.

65. Where is the READY signal used?

READY is an input signal to the processor, used by the memory or I/O devices to get
extra time for data transfer or to introduce wait states in the bus cycles.

66. What is HOLD and HLDA and how it is used?

Hold and hold acknowledge signals are used for the Direct Memory Access (DMA)
type of data transfer. The DMA controller place a high on HOLD pin in order to take control
of the system bus. The HOLD request is acknowledged by the 8085 by driving all its tristated
pins to high impedance state and asserting HLDA signal high.

67.What is Polling?
Polling is a scheme or an algorithm to identify the devices interrupting the processor.
Polling is employed when multiple devices interrupt the processor through one interrupt pin of
the processor.

68. What are the different types of Polling?

The polling can be classified into software and hardware polling. In software polling
the entire polling process is govern by a prograrn.1n hardware polling, the hardware takes care
of checking the status of interrupting devices and allowing one by one to the processor.

69. Define stack

Stack is a sequence of RAM memory locations defined by the programmer.

70. What is program counter? How is it useful in program execution?

The program counter keeps track of program execution. To execute a program the
starting address of the program is loaded in program counter. The PC sends out an address to
fetch a byte of instruction from memory and increments its content automatically.
71. How the microprocessor is synchronized with peripherals?
The timing and control unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operations with clock
and generates control signals necessary for communication between the microprocessor and
peripherals.

72. What is a minimum system and how it is formed in 8085?

A minimum system is one which is formed using minimum number of IC chips, The
8085 based minimum system is formed using 8155,8355 and 8755.

73.Give some examples of port devices used in 8085 microprocessor based system?
The various INTEL I/O port devices used in 8085 microprocessor based system are 8212,
8155, 8156, 8255, 8355 and 8755.

74.Write the uses of microprocessors in Medical Instrumentation field?

Patient Monitoring in Intensive Care Unit, Pathological Analysis and the measurement of
parameters like blood pressure and temperature.

75. Define Real Time Systems :

Real Time Systems are those in which timeliness is as important as the correctness of the
outputs, although this does not mean that they have to be “fast systems”.

76. List the limitations of 8 bit microprocessor:

 Lower Execution Speed
 It can address less memory size
 Few instructions are available

77. What do you mean ‘ Data Width’?

Data Width is the width of the ALU. An 8 bit ALU can add / subtract/ multiply etc..
two 8 bit numbers . In many cases, the external data bus is the same width as the ALU, but
not always. The 8088 had a 16 bit ALU and 8 bit bus , while the modern Pentiums fetch data
64 bits at a time for their 32 bit ALUs.
Part B

1. Draw and Explain the operation of 8085 and its architecture?

2. Draw and Explain the pin configuration of 8085?
3. Explain the instruction set with example?
4. Draw the timing diagram for LDA address and LHLD address?
5. Draw and Explain the Interrupt structure of 8085?
6. Write a program to transfer a block of data from one location to the other?
7. Write an ALP to convert a two digit BCD data to Binary data?
8. Write a program to sort the numbers in ascending and descending order?
9. Name the different Addressing modes used in 8085 instruction set and explain about each
one with suitable example?
10. Write a program to generate a delay of 0.6 sac for the given crystal frequency of 5 Mhz?
 Unit - II
Part A

1. What is the purpose of segment registers in 8086?

There are 4 segment registers present in 8086. They are
1. Code Segment (CS ) register
2. Data Segment (DS ) register
3. Stack Segment (SS ) register
4. Extra Segment (ES ) register
The code segment register gives the address of the current code segment. ie. It
will points out where the instructions, to be executed, are stored in the memory. The data
segment register points out where the operands are stored in the memory. The stack
segment registers points out the address of the current stack, which is used to store the
temporary results. If the amount of data used is more the Extra segment register points
out where the large amount of data is stored in the memory.

2. Define pipelining?
In 8086, to speedup the execution of program, the instructions fetching and execution of
instructions are overlapped each other. This technique is known as pipelining. In pipelining,
when the n th instruction is executed, the n+1 th instruction is fetched and thus the processing
speed is increased.

3. Discuss the function of instruction queue in 8086?

In 8086, a 6-byte instruction queue is presented at the Bus Interface Unit
(BIU). It is used to prefetch and store at the maximum of 6 bytes of instruction code from
the memory. Due to this, overlapping instruction fetch with instruction execution increases
the processing speed.

4. What is the maximum memory size that can be addressed by 8086?

In 8086, an memory location is addressed by 20 bit address and the address bus is 20
bit address and the address bus is 20 bits. So it can address up to one mega byte (2^20) of
memory space.

5. What is the function of the signal in 8086?

BHE signal means Bus High Enable signal. The BHE signal is made low when
there is some read or write operation is carried out. ie . When ever the data bus of the
system is busy i.e. whenever there is some data transfer then the BHE signal is made low.

6.What are the predefined interrupts in 8086?

The various predefined interrupts are,
DIVISION BY ZERO (type 0) Interrupt.
SINGLE STEP (type 1) Interrupt.
NONMASKABLE (type2) Interrupt.
BREAK POINT (type 3) Interrupt. OVER
FLOW (type 4) Interrupt.

7. List the various addressing modes present in 8086?

 There are 12 addressing modes present in 8086. They are,
(a) Register and immediate addressing modes
Register addressing modes
Immediate addressing mode
(b) Memory addressing modes.
Direct addressing modes
Register indirect addressing modes
Based addressing modes
Indexed addressing modes
Based Indexed addressing modes
String addressing modes
(c) I/O addressing modes
Direct addressing mode
Indirect addressing mode
(d) Relative addressing mode
(e) Implied addressing mode

8. How single stepping can be done in 8086?

By setting the Trace Flag (TF) the 8086 goes to single-step mode. In this mode, after
the execution of each instruction s 8086 generates an internal interrupt and by writing some
interrupt service routine we can display the content of desired registers and memory locations.
So it is useful for debugging the program.

9. State the significance of LOCK signal in 8086?

If 8086 is working at maximum mode, there are multiprocessors are present. If the
system bus is given to a processor then the LOCK signal is made low. That means the
system bus is busy and it cannot be given of any other processors. After the use of the
system bus again the LOCK signal is made high. That means it is ready to give the system bus
to any processor.

10. What are the functions of bus interface unit (BIU) in 8086?
(a) Fetch instructions from memory.
(b) Fetch data from memory and I/O ports. (c)
Write data to memory and I/O ports.
(d) To communicate with outside world.
(e) Provide external bus operations and bus control signals.

11. What is the clock frequency of 8086?

8086 8086-2 8086-4
Internal clock Frequency 5 MHz 8MHz 4MHz
External Clock Frequency 15MHZ 24MHZ 12MHZ
12. What are the two modes of operations present in 8086?
i. Minimum mode (or) Uniprocessor system
ii. Maximum mode (or) Multiprocessor system

13. Explain REPEAT-UNTIL statements

REPEAT-UNTIL statements allow executing a series of instructions repeatedly
 until some condition occurs. The REPEAT defines the start of the loop & UNTIL
the end of the loop. UNTIL has a condition when the condition is true the loop is
terminated

14. What are the modes in which 8086 can operate?

The 8086 can operate in two modes and they are minimum (or uniprocessor) mode and
maximum (or multiprocessor) mode.

15. What is the data and address size in 8086?

The 8086 can operate on either 8-bit or 16-bit data. The 8086 uses 20 bit address to
access memory and 16-bit address to access 1/0 devices.

16. Explain the function of M/IO in 8086.

The signal M/IO is used to differentiate memory address and 1/0 address When
the processor is accessing memory locations MI 10 is asserted high and when it is accessing 1/0
mapped devices it is asserted low.

17. Write the flags of 8086.

The 8086 has nine flags and they are
1. Carry Flag (CF) 6. Overflow Flag (OF)
2. Parity Flag (PF) 7. Trace Flag (TF)
3. Auxiliary carry Flag (AF) 8. Interrupt Flag (IF)
4. Zero Flag (ZF) 9. Direction Flag (DF)
5. Sign Flag (SF)

18. How clock signal is generated in 8086? What is the maximum internal clock frequency
of 8086?
The 8086 does not have on-chip clock generation circuit. Hence the clock
generator chip, 8284 is connected to the CLK pin of8086. The clock signal supplied by
8284 is divided by three for internal use. The maximum internal clock frequency of8086 is
5MHz.

19. Write the special functions carried by the general purpose registers of 8086.
The special functions carried by the registers of 8086 are the following. Register
Special function
1. AX 16-bit Accumulator
2. AL 8-bit Accumulator
3. BX Base Register
4. CX Count Register
5. DX .Data Register

20. What are the functional units available in 8086 architecture?

The bus interface unit and execution unit are the two functional units available in 8086
architecture.

21. List the segment registers of 8086.

The segment registers of 8086 are Code segment, Data segment, Stack segment and
Extra segment registers.

22. What is the difference between CPU bus and system bus?
The CPU bus has multiplexed lines but the system bus has separate lines for each
signal. (The multiplexed CPU lines are demultiplexed by the CPU interface circuit to form
system bus).

23. How do 8086 interrupts occur

An 8086 interrupt can come from any of the following three sources
• External signals
• Special instructions in the program
• Condition produced by instruction

24. What are the 8086 interrupt types

Dedicated interrupts
• Type 0: Divide by zero interrupt
• Type 1: Single step interrupt
• Type 2:Non maskable interrupt
• Type 3: Breakpoint
• Type 4: Overflow interrupt
Software interrupts
• Type 0-255

25. What is interrupt service routine

Interrupt means to break the sequence of operation. While the CPU is executing a
program an interrupt breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions & diverts its
execution to some other program. This program to which the control is transferred is called the
interrupt service routine.

26. When the 8086 processor is in minimum mode?

The processor 8086 is in minimum mode when its MN/MX pin is strapped to +5 V

27. When the 8086 processor is in maximum mode?

The processor 8086 is in maximum mode when its MN/MX pin is grounded.

28. List the functions of Bus Interface Unit in 8086.

• Sends out addresses
• Fetches instructions from memory
• Reads data from ports and memory
• Writes data to port and memory

29. Write any two advantages of segment registers in 8086

a. It allows the memory capacity to be 1MB even though the address
associated with individual instructions are 16 bits wide.
b. It allows the instruction,data, or stack portion of a program to be more than
64KB long by using more than one code, data, or stack segment

30. What is the use of Instruction pointer in 8086 ?

 Instruction pointer holds the 16 bit address of the next code byte within the code
segment. The value contained in the IP is called effective address or offset. It contains the
distance from the base address to the next instruction byte to be fetched.

31. Write about the auxiliary carry flag used in 8086 ?

It is set if there is a carry out of bit 3 during an addition or a borrow by bit 3 during a
subtraction. This flag is used exclusively for BCD arithmetic.

32. When the Overflow flag is set ?

For addition of 16 bits, this flag is set when there is a carry into the MSB and no carry
out of the MSB.

Part B

1. Draw and explain the functions of 8086 architecture

2. Explain the minimum mode & maximum mode signal?
3. Draw and explain the timing diagram minimum mode & maximum mode signal?
4. Explain the interrupts with interrupt structure?
5. State the function of direction flag in 8086?

UNIT – III
Part A

1.Define Register Relative Addressing Mode.

Register Relative Addressing Mode : The Effective Address is Calculated by the sum
of 8- or 16 bit displacement and the contents of a base Register or an index Register.
E.A. = content of(BX or BP or SI or DI) + (8 bit displacement (sign
extended ) or 16 bit displacement
Physical Address = E.A +(DS)*1610

2. Define Immediate Addressing.

An 8 bit or 16 bit immediate data follows the instruction. For e.g MOV AX,5020H
instruction transfers a word 5020H to the AX register
.
3. Define EQU directive in 8086 assembly language?
It is used to assign a name to constants used in the programs. Consider the statement
‘corr EQU 07H’ , this would tell the assembler to insert the value 07H everytime that it
finds the name corr in the program statement.
4. Write the use of Assume directive in 8086 assembly language using one example?
Assume CS: code_here, DS:data_here It tells the assembler that the logical segment
code_here contains the instruction statements for the program and should be treated as a code
segment. It also tells the assembler that it should treat the logical segment data_here as the
data segment for this program.

5. Define EXTRN directive in in 8086 assembly language?

The EXTRN directive is used to inform the assembler that the names or labels
following the directive are in some other assembly module.

6. What is the use of TEST instruction in 8086?

Test instruction is the same as the AND instruction except that ite does not put the result
anywhere. Like the CMP instruction , it is used only to set the flags.

7. Define LAHF and SAHF instructions in 8086.

LAHF : Load the 8085 equivalent flags into the AH register.
SAHF: Store the AH register into the low order byte of the flag register.

8. While handling the interrupt instructions in 8086. What are the internal operations may be
carried out by the stack?
(i)SP =SP-2 , stack Push flag reg. Contents, IF =0 , TF =0
(ii) SP=SP-2, Stack CS Reg. Contents, Address of Interrupt pointer = Interrupt
type * 4 , CS Register Contents Second word of Interrupt pointer (iii) SP=SP-2,
Stack IP, IP First word of Interrupt pointer

9. Write an ALP program in 8086 to add two 16 bit numbers.

MOV AX,1236H
MOV BX,8765H
ADD AX,BX HLT

10. What is assembler

The assembler translates the assembly language program text which is given as input to
the assembler to their binary equivalents known as object code. The time required to translate
the assembly code to object code is called access time. The assembler checks for syntax errors &
displays them before giving the object code.

11. What is loader

The loader copies the program into the computer’s main memory at load time and
begins the program execution at execution time.

12. What is linker

A linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large
object file. For large programs it is more efficient to divide the large program modules
into smaller modules. Each module is individually written, tested & debugged. When
all the modules work they are linked together to form a large functioning program.

13. Explain ALIGN & ASSUME

The ALIGN directive forces the assembler to align the next segment at an address
divisible by specified divisor. The format is ALIGN number where number can be 2, 4, 8 or 16.
Example ALIGN 8.
The ASSUME directive assigns a logical segment to a physical segment at any
given time. It tells the assembler what address will be in the segment registers at
execution time. Example ASSUME CS: code, DS: data, SS: stack

14. Explain PTR & GROUP

A program may contain several segments of the same type. The GROUP directive
collects them under a single name so they can reside in a single segment, usually a data
segment. The format is Name GROUP Seg-name,…..Seg-name
PTR is used to assign a specific type to a variable or a label. It is also used
to override the declared type of a variable.

15. Explain about MODEL

This directive provides short cuts in defining segments. It initializes memory
model before defining any segment. The memory model can be SMALL, MEDIUM,
COMPACT or LARGE.
Model Code segments Data segments
Small One One
Medium Multiple One
Compact One Multiple
Large Multiple Multiple

16. Explain PROC & ENDP

PROC directive defines the procedures in the program. The procedure name must
be unique. After PROC the term NEAR or FAR are used to specify the type of procedure.
Example FACT PROC FAR. ENDP is used along with PROC and defines the end of the
procedure.

17. Explain SEGMENT & ENDS

An assembly program in .EXE format consists of one or more segments. The starts of
these segments are defined by SEGMENT and the end of the segment is indicated by ENDS
directive. Format Name SEGMENT Name ENDS

18. Explain TITLE & TYPE

The TITLE directive helps to control the format of a listing of an assembled
program. It causes a title for the program to print on line 2 of each page of the
program listing.
Maximum 60 characters are allowed. Format TITLE text.
TYPE operator tells the assembler to determine the type of specified variable
in bytes. For bytes the assembler gives a value 1, for word 2 & double word 4.

19. Define SOP

The segment override prefix allows the programmer to deviate from the default
segment
Eg : MOV CS : [BX] , AL
20. Define variable
A variable is an identifier that is associated with the first byte of data item.
In assembly language statement: COUNT DB 20H, COUNT is the variable.

21. What are procedures

Procedures are a group of instructions stored as a separate program in memory and
it is called from the main program whenever required. The type of procedure depends on
where the procedures are stored in memory. If it is in the same code segment as that of
the main program then it is a near procedure otherwise it is a far procedure.

22. Explain the linking process

A linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large
object file. The linker produces a link file which contains the binary codes for all the
combined modules. It also produces a link map which contains the address information
about the link files. The linker does not assign absolute addresses but only relative address
starting from zero, so the programs are relocatable & can be put anywhere in memory to be
run.

23. What are libraries

Library files are collection of procedures that can be used in other
programs.These procedures are assembled and compiled into a library file by the LIB
program. The library file is invoked when a program is linked with linker program. when
a library file is linked only the required procedures are copied into the program. Use of
library files increase s/w reusability & reduce s/w development time.

24. Write about EVEN directive in 8086 ALP.

It forces the address of the next byte to be even. 8086 words can be accessed in less
time if they begin at even address.

25. Write about the following instruction : Call

WORD PTR [BX]
Offset of the first instruction of procedure is in two memory addresses in
DS. It replaces the contents of IP with contents of word memory locations in DS
pointed to by BX.

26. Define Direct Addressing mode :

A 16 bit offset address of the data memory location is specified with reference to the
DS segment starting address.
For.E.g MOV [1020H],5020H instruction transfers a word 5020H to the data memory
location at 11020H if DS=1000H.

27. Define Relative based indexed addressing mode:

Relative Based Indexed Addressing Mode : Effective Address is calculated by the
sum of 8- or 16 bit displacement and a based indexed address.
E.A.= (BX or BP) + (SI or DI) +( 8 bit displacement (sign extended ) or 16 bit
displacement)
Physical Address= E.A + (DS)*1610
28. List the branch related addressing mode:
• Intra segment Direct
• Intra segment Indirect
• Inter segment Direct
• Inter Segment Indirect

29. Define Register addressing mode:

Datum is in the register that is specified by the instruction
E.g : MOV CX,AX (16 bit operand)
MOV CL,AL ( 8 bit operand)

30. Define Register Indirect Addressing mode:

Effective address of the datum is in the base register BX or an index register
that is specified by the instruction.

31. Define Register relative addressing mode:

The effective address is the sum of an 8- or 16 bit displacement and the contents of
a base register or an index register.

32. Define Based Indexed addressing mode:

The effective address is the sum of a base register and an index register , both of
which are specified by the instruction. It is also called as Base related Indexed
addressing.

33. Define Intra segment direct addressing mode:

The effective branch address is the sum of an 8- or 16 bit displacement and the
current contents of IP.

34. Define Intra segment Indirect addressing mode:

The effective branch address is the contents of a register or memory location
that is accessed using any of the data related addressing modes except the immediate mode.
The contents of IP are replaced by the effective branch address.

35. Define Inter segment addressing mode:

It replaces the contents of IP with part of the instruction and the contents of CS
with another part of the instruction.

36. Define Inter segment Indirect addressing mode:

It replaces the contents of IP and CS with the contents of two consecutive words in
memory that are referenced by using any of the data related addressing modes except
immediate and register modes.

37. What is the use of PUSHF instruction used in 8086 ?

It pushes the flag register contents to the top of the stack. No flags are affected.

38. Define XLAT instruction used in 8086.

It translates a byte in AL using a table in memory. The offset address is calculated
by adding the 8 bit contents of the AL register and the contents of BX register. BX
register contains the starting offset address of the Lookup table. After execution ,
corresponding data memory contents of the lookup table are loaded into the AL register.

39. What is DAS instruction ?

DAS : Decimal Adjust After Subtraction
This instruction converts the binary result of a SUB or SBB instruction in
AL to Packed BCD format. It operates only on AL Register.

40. What is Packed BCD Format?

Packed BCD Format: Packed BCD Numbers are stored in two digits to a byte, in
4 bit groups referred to as nibbles. ALU is capable of performing only binary addition and
subtraction, but by adjusting the sum or difference the correct result in packed BCD
format.

41.What is the value of ‘AX’ after executing following instructions?

MOV AH,00
MOV AL,’7’
ADD AL,’3’
AAA
Ans : AX= 0100H

42. What is difference between DIV and IDIV instruction in 8086 ?

DIV : It operates only on unsigned number.
IDIV : It operates only on signed numbers.

43. Write about the following instruction : MOV CS:[BX], DL

MOV CS:[BX],DL - It copies a byte from DL Register. Effective Address for
the memory location is contained in the BX Register. Normally an effective address in
BX will be added to the data segment base in DS to produce the physical memory
address. In this instruction CS: indicates that we want the BIU to add the effective
address to the code segment base in CS to produce the physical address.
content of(BX+(CS) * 1610) = (DL)

44. What is Programmed I/O ?

Programmed I/O : It consists of continually examining the status of an Interface
and performing an I/O operation with the Interface when its status indicates that it has
data to be input or its data- out buffer register is ready to receive data from the CPU.

45. What is the use of Directives in 8086 ?

Directives in 8086 give directions to the assembler during the assembly process
but are not translated into machine instruction.

46. What is AAS instruction in 8086 ?

AAS: Adjust Result of ASCII Subtraction
This instruction adjusts the binary result of SUB or SBB instruction.
47. What is Unpacked BCD Format?
Unpacked BCD Format: In Unpacked BCD, there is only one digit per byte and
because of this, unpacked multiplication and division can be done. Binary operations act
on single bytes and the results are adjusted. For Division, the adjustment is done before the
binary division.

48. What is the value of AL after executing the following instructions.

MOV AL,35H
ADD AL,49H
DAA
Ans : AL= 84

49. Define Segment Override Prefix.

Segment Override Prefix : To permit exceptions to the Segment Register usage, a
special one byte instruction called a segment override prefix is available . It is of
the form :
XXX XX XXX
Mod REG R/M

50. Write the difference between CBW and CWD instruction in 8086.
CBW : Convert a byte to a word, sign extend AL Register into a AH Register.
CWD : Convert a word to a double word ,sign extend the AX Register into the
DX Register.

51. Write about the following instruction : LES CX, [3483H]

Copy the contents of memory at the displacement of 3483H in DS to CL,
contents of 3484H in DS to CH, and copy the contents of memory at displacement
of 3485H and 3486H in DS to ES Register.

52. What is the output modes used in 8279?

8279 provides two output modes for selecting the display options.
1.Display Scan
In this mode, 8279 provides 8 or 16 character-multiplexed displays those
can be organized as dual 4-bit or single 8-bit display units.
2.Display Entry
8279 allows options for data entry on the displays. The display data is
entered for display from the right side or from the left side.

53. What are the modes used in keyboard modes?

1. Scanned Keyboard mode with 2 Key Lockout.
2. Scanned Keyboard with N-key Rollover.
3. Scanned Keyboard special Error Mode.
4. Sensor Matrix Mode.
54. What are the modes used in display modes?
1. Left Entry mode
In the left entry mode, the data is entered from the left side of the display
unit..
2. Right Entry Mode
In the right entry mode, the first entry to be displayed is entered on the
rightmost display.

55. What is the use of modem control unit in 8251?

The modem control unit handles the modem handshake signals to coordinate the
communication between the modem and the USART.

Part B

1. Explain the instruction set with example?

2. Name the different Addressing modes used in 8086 instruction set and explain about
each one with suitable example?
3. Describe the difference between the instructions MOV AX, 2437H and MOV
AX,[2437H].

Unit – IV
Part A
1. What are the basic modes of operation of 8255?
There are two basic modes of operation of 8255, viz.
1. I/O mode.
3. BSR mode.
In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while
In BSR mode only port C (PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual
port bits. Under the IO mode of operation, further there are three modes of
operation of 8
255, So as to support different types of applications, viz. mode 0, mode 1 and
mode 2. Mode 0 - Basic I/O mode
Mode 1 - Strobed I/O mode
Mode 2 - Strobed bi-directional I/O

2. Write the features of mode 0 in 8255?

1. Two 8-bit ports (port A and port B) and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower)
are available. The two 4-bit ports can be combined used as a third 8-bit port.
2. Any port can be used as an input or output port.
3.Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched.
4. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O
configurations are possible.
3. What are the features used mode 1 in 8255?
Two groups – group A and group B are available for strobed data transfer.
1. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port.
2. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input or output port. The
inputs and outputs both are latched.
 3. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 is used to generate control signals for
port B and
PC3=PC5 are used to generate control signals for port A. The lines PC6,
PC7 may be used as independent data lines.

4. What are the features used mode 2 in 8255?

The single 8-bit port in-group A is available.
1. The 8-bit port is bi-directional and additionally a 5-bit control port is
available.
2. Three I/O lines are available at port C, viz PC2-PC0.
3. Inputs and outputs are both latched.
4. The 5-bit control port C (PC3=PC7) is used for generating/accepting
handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A.
5.What is the need for interrupt controller?
The interrupt controller is employed to expand the interrupt inputs. It can handle
the interrupt request from various devices and allow one by one to the processor.

6. List some of the features of INTEL 8259 (Programmable Interrupt Controller)

1. It manage eight interrupt request
2. The interrupt vector addresses are programmable.
3. The priorities of interrupts are programmable.
4. The interrupt can be masked or unmasked individually.

7. What is a programmable peripheral device ?

If the functions performed by a peripheral device can be altered or changed by a
program instruction then the peripheral device is called programmable device. Usually the
programmable devices will have control registers. The device can be programmed by
sending control word in the prescribed format to the control register.

8. What is synchronous data transfer scheme?

For synchronous data transfer scheme, the processor does not check the readiness
of the device after a command have been issued for read/write operation. In
this scheme the processor will request the device to get ready and then read/W1.ite
to the device immediately after the request. In some synchronous schemes a small
delay is allowed after the request.

9. What is asynchronous data transfer scheme?

In asynchronous data transfer scheme, first the processor sends a request to
the device for read/write operation. Then the processor keeps on polling the status of
the device. Once the device is ready, the processor executes a data transfer instruction to
complete the process.

10. Explain the working of a handshake output port

In handshake output operation, the processor will load a data to port. When the
port receives the data, it will inform the output device to collect the data. Once the
output device accepts the data, the port will inform the processor that it is empty. Now
the processor can load another data to port and the above process is repeated.

11.What are the internal devices of 8255 ?

The internal devices of 8255 are port-A, port-B and port-C. The ports can be
programmed for either input or output function in different operating modes.

12. How DMA is initiated?

When the I/O device needs a DMA transfer, it will send a DMA request
signal to DMA controller. The DMA controller in turn sends a HOLD request to the
processor. When the processor receives a HOLD request, it will drive its tri-stated pins
to high impedance state at the end of current instruction execution and send an
acknowledge signal to DMA controller. Now the DMA controller will perform DMA
transfer.

13.What is Block and Demand transfer mode DMA?

In Block transfer mode, the DMA controller will transfer a block of data and
relieve the bus for processor. After sometime another block of data is transferred by
DMA and so on.In Demand transfer mode the DMA controller will complete the entire
data transfer at a stretch and then relieve the bus to processor.

14. What is USART?

The device which can be programmed to perform Synchronous or Asynchronous
serial communication is called USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter). The INTEL 8251A
is an example of USART.

15. What are the functions performed by INTEL 8251A?

The INTEL 825lA is used for converting parallel data to serial or vice versa. The
data transmission or reception can be either asynchronously or synchronously. The 8251A
can be used to interface MODEM and establish serial communication through MODEM
over telephone lines.

16. What is an Interrupt?

Interrupt is a signal send by an external device to the processor so as to request
the processor to perform a particular task or work.

17. What are the control words of 8251A and what are its functions ?
The control words of 8251A are Mode word and Command word. The mode
word informs 8251 about the baud rate, character length, parity and stop bits. The
command word can be send to enable the data transmission and reception.

18. What are the information that can be obtained from the status word of 8251 ?
The status word can be read by the CPU to check the readiness of the transmitter
or receiver and to check the character synchronization in synchronous reception. It also
provides information regarding various errors in the data received. The various error
conditions that can be checked from the status word are parity error, overrun error
and framing error.
19. What are the tasks involved in keyboard interface?
The task involved in keyboard interfacing are sensing a key actuation,
Debouncing the key and Generating key codes (Decoding the key). These task are
performed software if the keyboard is interfaced through ports and they are
performed by hardware if the keyboard is interfaced through 8279.

20. How a keyboard matrix is formed in keyboard interface using 8279?

The return lines, RLo to RL7 of 8279 are used to form the columns of keyboard
matrix. In decoded scan the scan lines SLo to SL3 of 8279 are used to form the rows
of keyboard matrix. In encoded scan mode, the output lines of external decoder are
used as rows of keyboard matrix.

21. What is scanning in keyboard and what is scan time?

The process of sending a zero to each row of a keyboard matrix and reading the
columns for key actuation is called scanning. The scan time
is the time taken by the processor to scan all the rows one by one starting from
first row and coming back to the first row again.

22. What is scanning in display and what is the scan time?

In display devices, the process of sending display codes to 7 -segment LEDs to
display the LEDs one by one is called scanning ( or multiplexed display). The scan
time is the time taken to display all the 7-segment LEDs one by one, starting from first
LED and coming back to the first LED again.

23. What is settling or conversion time in DAC?

The time taken by the DAC to convert a given digital data to corresponding analog
signal is called conversion time.

24. What are the different types of ADC?

The different types of ADC are successive approximation ADC, counter type
ADC flash type ADC, integrator converters and voltage- to-frequency converters.

25. Write a short note on INTEL 8255?

The INTEL 8255 is a I/O port device consisting of 3 numbers of 8 -bit parallel I/O
ports. The ports can be programmed to function either as a input port or as a output port in
different operating modes. It requires 4 internal addresses and has one logic LOW chip
select pin.

26.What are the steps required to get data from keyboard?

i) Detect a key press
ii) Debounce the key press
 ii) Encode it
27.What is key bouncing?
Mechanical switches are used as keys in most of the keyboards. When a key is
pressed the contacts bounce back and forth and settle down only after a small time
delay (about 20 ms). Even through a key is actuated once, it will appear to have been
actuated several times. This problem is called key bouncing

28.What is meant by keyboard debouncing?

Key bouncing may cause multiple entries made for the same key. To overcome this
problem after a key press is sensed the device is made to wait for few milliseconds. Then
the key is checked again to ensure it is still pressed. If it is still pressed it is taken as
a valid key press. This process is called keyboard debouncing

29. List the major sections of the 8279 keyboard/display interface

i)Keyboard section
ii) Scan Section
iii)Display section
iv) CPU interface section
Part B

1. Draw and explain the internal block diagram for 8253.

2. Draw control bit format of 8255 for BSR mode. Illustrate an example, where it can be
used
3. Specify handshaking signals and their functions if port A of 8255 is set-up B as out-
put port in mode 1.
4. Explain mode 0 and mode 1 of 8253
5. Write a short note on 8251.
6. Write a short note on 8253.
7. Write a short note on 8257.
8. Write a short note on 8259.
9. Write a short note on 8279.
10. Write a short note on bus contention
11. Specify handshaking signals and their functions if port A of 8255 is set-up as out-put
port in mode 1.
12. Specify handshaking signals and their functions if port A of 8255 is set-up as input port
in mode 1.
13. Explain mode 0 and mode 1 of 8253
14. With neat diagram explain how the memory is interfaced to 8086 as odd and even page.
ii) Write an 8086 subroutine to test a system in address 00200H- 07FFFH.
15. With neat sketch explain the functions of 8255 PPI.
16. With neat sketch explain the function of DMA contoller.
17. With neat sketch explain the function of Programmable Interrupt Controller.
18. With neat sketch explain the function of Keyboard and display controller.
19. With neat sketch explain the function of A/D converter.
20. With neat sketch explain the function of D/A converter.

Unit – V
Part A

1. Basic concepts in memory interfacing

The primary function of memory interfacing is that the microprocessor should
be able to read from and write into a given register of a memory chip. To perform these
operations the microprocessor should
• Be able to select the chip
• Identify the register
• Enable the appropriate buffer

2. List the components of microprocessor (single board microcomputer) based system

The microprocessor based system consist of microprocessor as CPU,
semiconductor memories like EPROM and RAM, input device, output device and
interfacing devices.

3. Why interfacing is needed for 1/0 devices?

Generally I/O devices are slow devices. Therefore the speed of I/O devices does
not match with the speed of microprocessor. And so an interface is provided between
system bus and I/O devices.

4.What does memory-mapping mean?

The memory mapping is the process of interfacing memories to
microprocessor and allocating addresses to each memory locations.

5.What is interrupt 1/0?

If the 1/0 device initiate the data transfer through interrupt then the 1/0 is called
interrupt driven 1/0.

6. Why EPROM is mapped at the beginning of memory space in 8085 system?

In 8085 microprocessor, after a reset, the program counter will have 0000H
address. If the monitor program is stored from this address then after a reset, it will
be executed automatically. The monitor program is a permanent program and stored in
EPROM memory. If EPROM memory is mapped at the beginning of memory space, i.e.,
at 0000H, then the monitor program will be executed automatically after a reset.

7. What is the need for Port?

The I/O devices are generally slow devices and their timing characteristics do not
match with processor timings. Hence the I/O devices are connected to system bus through
the ports.

8.What is a port?
 The port is a buffered I/O, which is used to hold the data transmitted from the
microprocessor to I/O device or vice-versa.

9.What is the drawback in memory mapped I/0?

When I/O devices are memory mapped, some of the addresses are allotted to I/O
devices and so the full address space cannot be used for addressing memory (i.e., physical
memory address space will be reduced). Hence memory mapping is useful only for small
systems, where the memory requirement is less.

Part B

1. Explain the i/o mapped i/o addressing scheme.

2. Explain the memory mapped i/o addressing scheme.
3. Draw a diagram to interface a 4K ROM and a 2K RAM consecutively with
microprocessor 8085, starting with ROM interfacing at address 0000 H. Explain.
4. Draw a diagram to interface a 6K ROM and a 2K RAM consecutively with
microprocessor 8085, starting with ROM interfacing at address 8000 H.
5. Interface a 2K ROM with microprocessor 8085, starting with ROM interfacing at
address 0000 H.
6. Interface a 8K RAM consecutively with microprocessor 8085, starting with ROM
interfacing at address 8000 H.
7. Draw a diagram to interface a 2 chips of 8K ROM and 2 chips of 8K RAM
consecutively with microprocessor 8085.
 B.E. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC331 - MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 100
Answer all Questions

PART - A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)

1. State the function of HOLD pin in 8085.
2. Write 8085 assembly language instructions to store the contents of the Flag Register in
memory location 2000H.
3. Explain DJNZ instructions of Intel 8031 Micro controller.
4. Determine the contents of the accumulator after the execution of the following program
segments
MOV A,# 3CH
MOV R4,66H
ANL A,R4
5.State the function of Direction flag in 8086
6. Describe the difference between the instructions MOV AX, 2437H and MOV AX,
[2437H]
7. How does Port C of 8255 differ from ports A and B.
8. Explain the function of in-service register in 8259 programmable interrupt controller.
9. Draw a circuit to interface a stepper motor winding to a microprocessor port bit using
power MOSFET
10. Why Gray code is used in Shaft angle encoder.

PART - B (5 x 16 = 80 Marks)

11.a) Draw the circuit diagram of an 8085 system having a 4 KB EPROM and 8 KB RAM
ICs. The starting address of the EPROM is 0000H and that of RAM is 8000H. The address
decoder circuits should be clearly shown.
(OR)
11.b) Write a subprogram using 8085 assembly language to multiply two 8 bit binary
numbers by repeated addition.

12.a)i) Determine the value of the accumulator after the execution of instructions A:,B:, C:
and D:
MOV 40H , #88H
MOV R0 , #40H
A: MOV A , R0
B: MOV A, @R0
C: MOV A, 40H
D: MOV A, #40H
ii) With neat diagram explain the timer / counter functions in 8051 Micro Controller.
(OR)
12.b) Using ports P0 and P1 of 8051 micro controller design an 8 digit 7 segment
multiplexed display system. Use suitable driver circuit and give flowchart for the software
involved.

13.a)i) With neat diagram explain how the memory is interfaced to 8086 as odd and even
page.
ii) Write an 8086 subroutine to test a system in address 00200H- 07FFFH.
(OR)
13.b) Describe in detail the memory management functions in Intel 80286/80386 Processor

14.a) With block diagram describe the working of a DMA controller.

(OR)
14.b) With a neat diagram describe how the DAC 1408 can be interfaced to the micro
controller 8031.Using this hardware write 8031 assembly language to generate a Triangular
wave.

15.a) Using DC servomotor and shaft angle encoder as sensor design a Microprocessor
based position control system.
(OR)
15.b) Describe how a closed loop microprocessor based process control system can be
implemented by using digital PID control algorithm.
 Anna University
BE - ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
EC1303-Microprocessor and its Applications
(Common to B.E (Part-time) Fourth Semester Regulation 2005)
Time:Three hours Maximum:100 marks

Answer ALL questions

PART A –(2*10=20marks)

1. What are the classifications of instruction set according to word size?

2. Name the modes available in 8255 A control word format.
3. What are the methods used for communication in 8055?
4. List the control words of RS-232 C.
5. What are the segment registers of 8086?
6. Name any four flags of 8086.
7. What are the addressing modes of 8051?
8. List the interrupts in 8051.
9. What are the functions of assembler and linker in 8051?
10. What are the commonly used ADC’s and DAC.

PART-B(16x5=80)

11.(a) Draw and explain the pin details of 8085A briefly. [Marks 16]
Or
(b)(i) What are the flags affected by ALU in 8085? Explain briefly. [Marks 10]
(ii) Draw the schematic diagram of memory interfacing in 8085. [Marks 6]

12.(a)(i)Draw and explain the control word format of 8255A for ADC
operation. [Marks 8 ]
(ii)Give a brief note on the following [Marks 8 ]
(1) 8251 I/O device
(2) GPIB Bus
Or
(b) Draw and explain the logic diagram of 8279 [Marks 16]

13.(a)(i) Draw the pin diagram of 8086 CPU with its control signals. [Marks 8 ]
(ii) Explain how an interrupt is responded by 8086 CPU. [Marks 8 ]
Or
(b)(i) Write a program in 8086 to find an average between two temperatures. [Marks 8 ]
(ii) Describe data transfer instructions of 8086 CPU. [Marks 8 ]

14.(a)(i) Explain the features of 8051 microcontroller [Marks 6]

(ii) Draw and explain the connection diagrams of 8051 with external ROM. [Marks 10]
Or
(b)(i) Explain the basic structure of assembly language program of 8051. [Marks 8 ]
(ii) Explain the memory organization of 8051. [Marks 8 ]
15.(a)(i)List and explain conditional jump instructions of 8051 [Marks 6]
(ii) Draw and explain briefly the connection diagram of ADC with peripheral device with
one example. [Marks 10]
Or
(b)(i) What are the features of LCD? How it is interfaced with 8051? [Marks 2+6]
(ii) Write a program in 8051 to transfer letter ‘A’ serially at 4800 bandrate,continuously .
[Marks 8 ]
 B.E. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC331 - MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Time: 3hrs Max Marks: 100

Answer all Questions

PART - A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)

1. State the function of HOLD pin in 8085.

2. Write 8085 assembly language instructions to store the contents of the Flag Register in
memory location 2000H.

3. Explain DJNZ instructions of Intel 8031 Micro controller.

4. Determine the contents of the accumulator after the execution of the following program
segments
MOV A,# 3CH
MOV R4,66H
ANL A,R4

5. State the function of Direction flag in 8086

6. Describe the difference between the instructions MOV AX, 2437H and MOV AX, [2437H]

7. How does Port C of 8255 differ from ports A and B.

8. Explain the function of in-service register in 8259 programmable interrupt controller.

9. Draw a circuit to interface a stepper motor winding to a microprocessor port bit using power
MOSFET

10. Why Gray code is used in Shaft angle encoder.

PART - B (5 x 16 = 80 Marks)
11.a) Draw the circuit diagram of an 8085 system having a 4 KB EPROM and 8 KB RAM ICs.
The starting address of the EPROM is 0000H and that of RAM is 8000H. The address decoder
circuits should be clearly shown.

(OR)

11.b) Write a subprogram using 8085 assembly language to multiply two 8 bit binary numbers
by repeated addition.

12.a)i) Determine the value of the accumulator after the execution of instructions A:,B:, C: and
D:

MOV 40H , #88H

MOV R0 , #40H

A: MOV A , R0

B: MOV A, @R0

C: MOV A, 40H

D: MOV A, #40H

ii) With neat diagram explain the timer / counter functions in 8051 Micro Controller.

(OR)

12.b) Using ports P0 and P1 of 8051 micro controller design an 8 digit 7 segment multiplexed
display system. Use suitable driver circuit and give flowchart for the software involved.

13.a)i) With neat diagram explain how the memory is interfaced to 8086 as odd and even page.

ii) Write an 8086 subroutine to test a system in address 00200H- 07FFFH.

(OR)

13.b) Describe in detail the memory management functions in Intel 80286/80386 Processor

14.a) With block diagram describe the working of a DMA controller.

(OR)

14.b) With a neat diagram describe how the DAC 1408 can be interfaced to the micro controller
8031.Using this hardware write 8031 assembly language to generate a Triangular wave.

15.a) Using DC servomotor and shaft angle encoder as sensor design a Microprocessor based
position control system.

(OR)

15.b) Describe how a closed loop microprocessor based process control system can be
implemented by using digital PID control algorithm.
 Anna University
BE - ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
EC1303-Microprocessor and its Applications

(Common to B.E (Part-time) Fourth Semester Regulation 2005)

Time:Three hours Maximum:100 marks

Answer ALL questions

PART A –(2*10=20marks)

1. What are the classifications of instruction set according to word size?

2. Name the modes available in 8255 A control word format.

3. What are the methods used for communication in 8055?

4. List the control words of RS-232 C.

5. What are the segment registers of 8086?

6. Name any four flags of 8086.

7. What are the addressing modes of 8051?

8. List the interrupts in 8051.

9. What are the functions of assembler and linker in 8051?

10. What are the commonly used ADC’s and DAC.

PART-B(16x5=80)

11.(a) Draw and explain the pin details of 8085A briefly. [Marks 16]

Or

(b)(i) What are the flags affected by ALU in 8085? Explain briefly. [Marks 10]

(ii) Draw the schematic diagram of memory interfacing in 8085. [Marks 6]

12.(a)(i)Draw and explain the control word format of 8255A for ADC

operation. [Marks 8 ]

(ii)Give a brief note on the following [Marks 8 ]

(1) 8251 I/O device

(2) GPIB Bus

Or

(b) Draw and explain the logic diagram of 8279 [Marks 16]

13.(a)(i) Draw the pin diagram of 8086 CPU with its control signals. [Marks 8 ]

(ii) Explain how an interrupt is responded by 8086 CPU. [Marks 8 ]

Or

(b)(i) Write a program in 8086 to find an average between two

temperatures. [Marks 8 ]

(ii) Describe data transfer instructions of 8086 CPU. [Marks 8 ]

14.(a)(i) Explain the features of 8051 microcontroller [Marks 6]

(ii) Draw and explain the connection diagrams of 8051 with

external ROM. [Marks 10]

Or

(b)(i) Explain the basic structure of assembly language program of

8051. [Marks 8 ]

(ii) Explain the memory organization of 8051. [Marks 8 ]

15.(a)(i)List and explain conditional jump instructions of 8051 [Marks 6]

(ii) Draw and explain briefly the connection diagram of ADC with peripheral device with one

example. [Marks 10]

Or

(b)(i) What are the features of LCD? How it is interfaced with 8051? [Marks 2+6]

(ii) Write a program in 8051 to transfer letter ‘A’ serially at 4800

bandrate,continuously . [Marks 8 ]