FllTRAZlONE CONDIZIONAMENTO RISCALDAMENTO

Symbols

M.U.

A" Average synthetic dust weight
arrestance %
5" Average atmospheric dust spot
efficiency 0j
10
E; Initial fractional efficiency %
E Filtration efficiency %
L'.p Pressure drop Pa
q. Nominal air fiow m3Jh, rril/s
VI Frontal velocity m/s
DHC Dust holding capacity g
MPPS Most penetrating particle size iJm The air that we breathe is a mixture of oxygen (21 %), nitrogen (78%), carbon dioxide, water vapours, argon and other rare gases: however it contains notable quantities of contaminants, mostly taking the form of minute solid particles known as atmospheric dust. These particles have diverse shapes and dimensions, with diameters between 0,1 and 100 urn, the major part of these particles remain suspended in the air as their weight is lao light to allow them to settle on the ground.

Their nature could be mineral (rock, metal, sand) vegetable (seeds, pollen, spore, wood fibre and cotton) animal (wool, fur, etc) or they could be formed 01 micro-organisms.

Apart from inert particles, air contains numerous live micro-organisms. Bacteria with dimensions nearly always greater than 0,5 pm are present in the air with a numerical concentration which averages equal to a thousandth 01 that of solid particles.

r,\;
'S~
2
-. lIm
J~
~
'"
OJ
Ol
~
f3
q'
c;_
'"
t:
f!
·c
'i?
'"
cS
'"
~
'"
en
@
n:
Cl
u, Dnst concentration

0,1

10

1600

10000 mym"

F.C.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) Ilalia - Tel. 02617981 . Fax 0261798300 ... Area code 0039/ .. - E-malllcr@lcrit - hupJiwww.fcr.il

TJ.1.1

FILTERS

division

An efficient filtration of air reduces the number of particles and micro-organisms to levels, which do not effect health, and defends against environmental pollution.

The basis of air filtration, for applications in both civil and industrial sectors, is the necessity to separate dust or other particles found in the air by means of a porous septum (filter media) which can have very d iHerent characteristics depend ing on the use and the design requirements.

When the air loaded with dust particles meets a filter media it divides itself in a multitude of fluid lines or micro-currents which cross the fibre or material destined to capture the dust. The particles transported by these micro-currents are subjected to continuous direction changes until the moment when they are "captured" and held.

During the journey through the filter media the particles can be held by four elementary types of mechanisms: straining, interception, inertia and diffusion effect.

The result of the combination of these mechanisms stabilises the overall efficiency of an air filter.

Straining effect

Interception effect

Inertia effect

Diffusion effect

The drawing shows the efficiency relative to the four principal mechanisms of dust filtration and their cumulative effect, as a function of the particle diameter and determined at an air velocity typical for a high efficiency bag filter.

100
80
~
".
"
'" 60
'"
·0
~
c:
.2 '10
li!
""
u:
20
0 i c~r" J !1. p~'
.:f$
I ..... _ ........ '. .............
i ,·.·.·.·.1.· .• ,·.·.·. /lv . ....
!
.......... . '~, , ..... - i l"f,.~
1············· - .. i. ... " .~- ,,..... D·1J< ,. j.
I···· .~ ,I ,.
........ ....... ..... > ....... .•• ,.7 ,. , ..... V'
I·· . _ _ ... ..... _ , ~ .. ~<:f ............... V ..
.... f ,: .. :J""., ... " ..... ' .. "' ...... ~ .
._- 1.,;;·"" t··············· r .... · ~~+~,~~ ................ ,. I •
__.,... ,.
....... 0.01

0.02

0,1 0,06

0.1

0,2

0,4 0,6 0,8 1

?

4

6 8 10

Particle diameter (I'm)

Inertia

Total efficiency

Fil1ration due

to inertia

Diffusion

Interception

~~~~~~.~--~---~"------------------~----------~

and straining effect

EC.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) 11alia - Tel 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ . E-mail: fcr@fcrit - http://wv,w.fcr.it

TJ.1.2

FILTERS

CEN the "European Committee for Standardisation" with the final draft of the revision of EN 779 (1-2000) have defined the classification of filters in twa groups as a function of their filtration efficiency after a discharging procedure of material loaded electrostatically. Filters for coarse dusts (group G) were submitted to a gravimetric test while filters for fine dusts (group F) were tested by the spectral method.

Depending on the average efficiency value, respectively arrestance or fractional efficiency with particular reference to particles of 0,4 urn, the filters were then sub-divided in filtration classes with numerical values from 1 to 9.

The standard UNI 10339 defines the filters from class 1 to 4 as average efficiency (M) filters and the ones from class 5 to 9 as high efficiency (A) filters, specifying that the latter ones must be used only when proceeded by filters of the previous cateqory.

Filter class Average synthetic Average atmospheric Filter Filtration
dust weight dust spot efficiency class efficiency
arrestance O,4!Jrn
EN 779 Am% Em% UNIIUTl9
G1 Am < 65 tv]
, .......
G2 65:s Am < 80 2 ~Jl
-----_ .. _------_ .. _----_." .. _-
G3 80::: Am < 90 3 M
....
G4 90 s Arn 4 M
F5 40::; Em < 60 5 A
...
F6 60 <; Ern < 80 6 I,.
.. _--_ ......... _ ...... __ . . .............. _-_.- ---------_. __ ._._-_ .... _._------_ .. _ .... -
F7 80:s Ern < 90 I A
............................................................................................................. _ .......... ....... - ..... _ ..... ...................................
Fa 90::; Ern < 95 8 A
F9 95sEm 9 /, Representation of filter test rig for general ventilation in the Test and Research Laboratory of F.C.R. SpA.

EC.R. S.p.A .. Via Fermi, 3·20092 Cinisello B (Mil Italia . Tel. 02617981 . Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039!. - E-mail: [email protected] . http://www.fecit

T.I.1.3

FILTERS

division

The curves shown in the chart have been drawn after a series of tests on different types of air filters at an independent European laboratory which participated in a "Round Robin" test to define the standard prE!\j 779 Rev E

During the test a DEHS polidlspersed aerosol and an air sample collecting system comprising a particle counter laser connected 10 a computer capable of measuring 16 sizes of particles between 0,1 and 7,5 urn,

,------------------------""----~-----------------~---- .. -_._-

Ei (%) 100

~
g__
>- 60
o
!::
Ql
'0
;;:::
Q;
"iii
c
0
:;:;
o
Ol 40
.J::
:E
c:
20 80

o

Particle dimensions {I-Im}

Synthetic fibre for plane filters class G3

Synthetic fibre for bag filters class F5

Synthetic fibre for bag filters class FB

Glass fibre paper for rigid bag filters class F9

F.C,R S.p,A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello B (MI) Ilalla - lei. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ .. - E-mail: [email protected] - http://wlftMl.fcr.it

T.t 1.4

The classification of absolute filters is defined by CEf'-J in the new standard Ef'J 1822 (1998) consisting of five parts: the new test method allows the filtration efficiency to be measured in two phases for particles with the most critical dimension.

The first phase of the test examines the performance of the filter media at a determined velocity corresponding to the real working conditions of the filter and consists of determining the critical size of the particles with maximum penetration (MPPS)

The second phase consists in testing the filter in a way to determine the efficiency of filtrarion in respect to the particles of maximum penetration MPPS: in this way the absolute filter can be classified as HEPA (H) or ULPA (U) in accordance with the table shown below.

Class Hi 0 and H 11 filters must be tested for global efficiency: filter elements belonging to class H 12 are also submitted to an individual check to control eventual losses.

For filters with an efficiency superior to H12 it is instead necessary to undertake individual scanning tests searching for losses through an attentive verification of local penetration determining the integral efficiency. Through this method 8 grades of filtration efficiency are defined.

The standard U~~110339 (under revision by CTI) defines the filter elements at very high efficiency also as absolute filters (AS) and recommends that they are installed with pre-filters of class M and A as defined previously.

Filter class G!oballintegral Global/integral Local Local Filter Filtration
efficiency penetration efficiency penetration class efficiency
MPPS MPPS MPPS MPPS
E% po;; E% p"' UNIHJ:l3c}
m fiLTERS

HEPA nad ULPA filter test rig in the Test and Reseatch Laboratory of F.C.R. SpA housed in a clean room

--------------------~ -------------~~~~~~ .. ~-~.~

TJ.1.5

Ee.A. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinlsello B. (Mil Italia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/.. - E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.fcr.il

FilTERS

The standard UNI 10339 titled "lrnpianti aeraulici ai fini di benessere" currently being revised by SC5 of TCI concerning filtration efficiency, acoustic requirements and design data states that, for conditioning and ventilation units, the filtration should be undertaken on both external and recycled air.

lt also recommends a particular care in filter position III the circuit, which should be such that it does not effect, in the presence of contamination sources, the air quality downstream of the filter element itself.

Classification of buildings by category UI\jll0339

Residential buildings and similar:

· Civil habitation, colleges, care homes - Prisons. barracks, convents

· Hotels. hostels

Hospitals, clinics, cure homes and similar: - Staying rooms (2-3 beds), wards

-- Sterile rooms

- Maternity. anaesthetic and radiation

- Operating rooms

- Clinics, medical visiting rooms

- Waiting and physical therapy

Buildings for recreation and religion: - Cinemas, theatres. congress halls

- Museums, libraries

- Churches

Dance halls .. Pubs

- Cales restaurants · Kitchens

Commercial activities and similar: - Large warehouses. general shops Particular shops:

- Food

- Chemists

- Public zones in banks

- Exhibition centres

BUIlding for sporting activities:

... Swimming pools, saunas and similar - Gyms and similar

Buildings for scholastic activities: - f'-Jursery and primary schools

- General halls

- Other areas:

- Music and language halls

- Laboratories

Filter class Filtration
min. max. efficiency
4 7 M*, ~MA
4 7 M". M+A
5 7 M+A M+J\ M+A+AS M+A+AS M+A+AS

M+A M+A

6 8
10 12
10 12
12 14
6 8
6 8
5 6
7 9
4 6
3 5
5 6
,.., 5
J
2 4
4 6
5 6
5 6
4 6
2 3 M+A M+A M*, M+A.

M', M+A ~J1+A M*, ~I1+A M

M+A M+A M', M+I1.

M

M', M+A M

7 5

9

6

M+A

6

7

6

7

; Used for filters up to class 4.

Important note: depending 011 the atmospheric and recycled air quality as well as the conditioning unit, the treatment of external and recycled air can be differentiated.

Ee.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) llalia - Tel 02617981 . Fax 0261798300 . Area code 0039/.. E-mail: [email protected] - Iltlp://www.tcr.it

1.1.1.6

FILTERS

division

Model Filter Initial fractional efficiency (%) of a clean filter for the various dimensions
class
EN 779 0,35-0A5 I1mIO,45-0,60 IJm 0,60-0,75 urn I 0,75-1,0 urn 1,0-1,5 urn I 1,5-2,0 I-Im 2,0"3,0 urn
SAC~FLO Mod. MTS-8 G3 - - - 5-10 10-15 25-30 50-55
.. ~" ... ".~"."~,,~ . • ~ ." ~"'~"'n" ""~"'O . ..... _ ... - ........ _ . ... _-_._------- .. -
SAC-FLO Mod. MTS-9 G4 - - 5-10 10-15 20-25 40-45 65-70
. - ----- 'F5 1015 ... ........ •.....
SAFE-PAK Mod.5SP 5-10 S-12 15-20 25-30 55-60 75-80
..... ........... , .................. ._-
SAFE-PAK Mod.6SP F6 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 40-45 60-65 80-85
... i··········· ...... .....
MULTI~PAK Mod.6RT F6 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 45-50 65-70 SO-85
---- _.- ........ 1······ ........................ _---_._--- ---_._- . -_._- --_ .... _ ... _ .. _ ..... .. .... ..........
SAFE-PAK Mod.8SP F7 25-30 30-35 40-45 50-55 65-70 85-90 95-98
....... .. ~" .. . ............. _--- . ...
MULTI-PAK Mod.8RT F7 50-55 60-65 65-70 75-80 85-90 90-95 97-99
----- ......• ...... _--_._._ ._----_._--_ ... __ ._--- ....
MULTI-PAK Mod.8RTH F7 55-60 65-70 70-75 80-85 90-95 95-98 97-99
------------- • ~ _".~. n ~ " ••• " •••• " ••• ~ ..... ..... _--_._ .. _ 97-99'
SAFE-PAK Mod.9SP F8 50-55 65-70 70-75 75-80 85-90 95-98
------- - ----- -- -_._--
AIROFLO-V Mod. MPV F8 55-60 . __ {)o .. ~.LJ .. 70-75 80-85 90-95 95-98 97-99
1--------- ------- ----- ------------------- ..................... __ ._._-----
MULTI~PAK Mod.9RT F8 55-70 .. !?-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-98 97-99
---------_._ .. _. ------ -- -- -_ .. _-_.- .. _ .. _- ...... _ ......... _ ........ _ .....
SAFE~PAK Mod.10SP F9 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-98 97-99 99-100 9~=.~9g
-------_. --.--.------_ -----_._. ----_._- ... ~ '"~ '~'"~"","'" .......................... _ .. __ .
MULTI-PAK Mod. 10RT F9 90-95 95-98 95-98 97-99 99-100 99-100 99-100 It is important to remember that in the ASHRAE 62-19S9R standard currently under revision (Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality) it is specified that in common air supply systems used with humidifiers, cooling towers, heating or cooling coils the use of a filter with an efficiency ~ 60% for particles of 3 urn is required.

For a better lAO (Indoor Air Quality) it is necessary to Use a filter with an efficiency> 65% for particles sized from 1 and 3 urn: while in the presence of an elevated number of sub-microscopic particles an efficiency of> 65% for particles> 0,3 um is required.

It is necessary to also remember that 99.9% of the particles present in the atmosphere have dimensions inferior to 1 urn.

To define better the current evolution in the field of indoor air quality the European Community has contributed to the draught publication prEN 13779 "Ventilation for buildings - Performance requirements tor ventilation and air-conditioning systems" which indicates the type of filters to use in order to improve the quality of air in buildings, summarised in the following table.

External air category IDA 1 IDA2 IDA 3
(ODA) Excellent Medium Poor
ODA 1 - Pure air with a temporary presence of natural F8 F7 F5
contaminants (e.g. pollens)
---------- .... - _. __ .. -
ODA2- Air with an elevated concentration of dusts G4/F8 G3/F7 G3/F6
--_ ... - -._-_ .... __ . ......
ODA3- Air with an elevated content of gaseous G4/F8 F7 F6
pollutants (C02, CO, N02 and S02)
---_._- . - - ... --_._-_ .. ..........
ODA 4 - Air with an elevated concentration G4/F8 G3/F7 G3/F6
of dust and gas
".~-----. .......
ODA 5 • Air with very high concentration of dust or gas G4/GF*/F9 G4/GF*/F8 G3/F6 GF* = filters for gaseous pollutants (carbon filter or alumina impregnated filter).

EC,R. S_p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello S, (MI) Italia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/. - E-mail: fcr@fcrit - htlp:/Iwww.fcril

T.I.1.7

FILTERS

The common conviction that filtration decreases with the reduction 01 particle size is not the truth. The efficiency of a filter element is In fact obtained by adding the combined effect of the four

straining, interception, inertia and diffusion effect,

In particular, the last mechanism is very significant with very 10'1" through velocities compared with particles having dimensions smaller Ulan 0, 15 urn

The global run is therefore represented by a curve which presents a critical point of minimum efficiency prior to that of the interception ettect increasing filtration efficiency; as a consequence the curve assumes the classic "hunchback" form with

Efficiency spectral curve

Penetration ({~:;: j

0.01

MPPS -~+------'rl"""'" DOP ----~---------f~

fu n d amental

mechanisms:

o.oooi

O/!D001

o.oa o.os 0,

(.2 r. ,:3 ),5

dia~'j"l(;lor (urn)

IIIlPPS

0,12 pm

NaGI DOP

a critical maximum penetration point corresponding to a determined particle size called "Most Penetrating Particle Size" (MPPS). In simple terms, the MPPS particles represent the most difficult size to treat. Depending on the filter media and the air velocity through the filler, the critical MPPS particles congregate in a field between 0,15 and 0,25 urn: therefore not at 0,12 urn as wrongly believed until today. Measurements with medium values 0, 15 (field 0, 1-0,2 urn) are also incorrect It is also not possible to compare the efficiency test with a MPPS method and the DOP test at 0,3 urn or with [\laC! because they are not absolutely equivalent; in fact the NaCI method is less severe than DOP, which is again less severe than the efficiency check of the MPPS particles

With the term "global efficiency" we intend a filtration efficiency measured with two sensors positioned in the centre of a test duct installed upstream and downstream of the filter being tested (~JaCI. DOP at 0,3 urn , Er'~ 1822-5 for classes Hi 0, H 11 and H 12).

Local efficiency values represents a more severe filtration efficiency measure point for point across the whole filter. This type of test also allows to check that the filter is absolutely without local leaks (EN 1822-4 for classes H13, H14, U15, U16 and U17)

Integral efficiency represents the efficiency determined as the arithmetic mean of all the local efficiency values measured point for point on a filter without leaks.

Scanning test probe connected to 2 CPCs to check local efficiency

r.t t.e

F.C.R S.p.A. - Vic) Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello B. (Mil Ilalia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 00.'39/ .. - E-mail fcr@fcrit - http://wwwJcr.lt

FilTERS

division

The standard UNI ENV 1631 (1998) defines the requirements of controlled contamination zones and relative equipment for air filtration, it also gives guidelines for the construction and installation of clean rooms. The document defines design criteria, installation, certification, function, maintenance and handling of sterile rooms and clean rooms. Examples of classification are given for areas of aseptic filling in industrial fields with particular reference to the fabrication of sterile products in the pharmaceutical industry (EEC~ GMP 1997) which are simplified in the tale below.

Maximum number of particle for m3, I Maximum number of
equal or superior to the dimensions indicated I micro-organisms
I in CFU* per m3
Grade 0,5 L 5IJm r5,m J 5,m Actived area
- ------
non active area _3~~~~ed a:~o~
A . - -3500- .J 0 < 1
I· ......
S 3500 0 10
•••••••••••••••••••••••• c •• c ..... <oc •• c. -- - I 3500000 2oob-o-~ -- - -- - ••••• _ •••••• c.
C 350000 2000 100
............... _ ... _ .. _-_ ... _. -- --------- ---- 120000 I NOT DEFINED .........
0 3500000 NOT DEFINED 200 CFU' ~ Colony Forming Unils

With regard to the micro-electronic industry, four zones are defined:

Isolated areas with barriers normally consisting of passive systems which respond to specific requirements

Clean rooms in which, depending on production requirements, the quality grade of the air could be equal to 1000, 100, 10, 1 or 0,1 particle per m3 with dimensions of :::- 0,5 prn,

Grey areas with lower requirements than those of clean room production, in which the quality grade of air could be 100.000 or 1000 particles per m3 with dimensions :::- 0,5 IJm

Black areas not under the standard UNI ENV 1631, but which must respond to particular requirements regarding for example ambient pollution.

Definitions for the qualification of clean rooms and considerations on the various air filtration and diffusion concepts are represented schematically in the following paragraphs.

The new standard ISO 14644-1 (Cleanroons and Associated Controlled Environments. Part 1:

Classification of Air Cleanlines) is based on the appliance of metric volume measures (rn") of tested air rather than the Anglo Saxon (CFM) previously always used when defining ambient and controlled contamination zones.

Nine grades of air quality grades are defined corresponding to eight particle sizes with dimensions between 0,1 and 5 urn .

Air quality Maximum concentration in numbers of particles per m3
classification with dimensions equal or larger than those indicated in the table
I 0,1 0,2 urn 0,3 IJm I 0,5 ~ I 5 IJm
150146441 FS.209E IJm IJm I 1 IJm i
... ~ ISOl I 10 2
I _. ________ .... c •• ,'c - -----
IS02 I 100 24 10 4
---_ .. _---------_ .. _ ... _ .. _--_ ..... I'
IS03 1 1000 237 102 35 8
,_ ............. ............. _---- --~~- ............
IS04 10 10000 2365 1 018 352 83
----, .... " .. • ~ .m .. wo··~o'w" .. . ........ __ ..... ..... .
IS05 100 100 000 23 651 10 176 3517 832 29
--_ ......... .. _-_._ • n~ .n~ n _. n~ _ .............. ------- ...
IS06 1 000 1 000000 236 514 101 763 35 168 8318 293
· ____ ···· .. ~.·.·.~o ... ~oooO· .. ·O'.·· .. · .. · .. ···· .. .. _-_ ... _- ________ ••• , ca. , _____ • __ • ••• _._ •••• c •• c •
IS07 10000 351 676 83 176 2925
----_._----_ ... _ .....
IS08 100 000 3516757 831 764 29251
_____ •• ___ .",c .• c.·, ._ •••• 'c<c ......•. 0····_·· __ ..........• ..........•• ........ - ............ _._ .. ____ ••• __ ,···,"c,._'c'c· .• ,'"
IS09 35 167572 8317638 292 511 F.C.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello B. (Mil ltalia ~ Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/. - E-mail: [email protected] - http//WWW.fcr.it

TJ.1.9

FILTERS

division

--------"~~

TJ.l.10

EXTERNAL AiR

0:

<: c w ...I U >U UI 0:

SUPPLY AIR

FIUER MODULE WITH Ff,N

AND PRE FllfER

FINAL FILTER MODULE

CONTROLLED CONTAMINATION ENVIRONMENT

CONTROLLED CONTAMINATION ZONE

Air i Air Air ! Sequence of filter classes for the Pecentage of
quality quality changes various stages area used by
class grade final fi Iter'
0 G (3) I ~ I G
ISO 14644-1 FS 209E I vollh I 0'
I (0
IS03 , G4 U17 90 - 100
1 360 ~ 600 F8 H 12
--------"-" ..... _. I ...... 1-_····_-
IS04 10 300 ~ 540 G4 F8 HlO U 16 90 ~ 100
...............•.. ---
IS05 100 240 ~ 480 G4 F7 F9 U 15 20 ~ 50
-- . ....... ......... I···· ..........
IS06 1000 40 ~ 120 G3 F7 F9 H 14 10 - 20
... .. ........... ~-
IS07 10000 20 ~ 40 G3 F6 F8 H 14 10 - 20
. .... I ._- .- I·
IS08 100000 10 ~ 20 G3 F6 F8 H 12 5 ~ 10 *Percentage of area used by the final filter distributed along the false ceiling in respect to the total surface of the clean room.

Ee.R. S.pA - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) Ilalla ~ Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ .. - E·mail: tcr@fcrit " htlpl/www.[c[~

FILTERS

UNIDIRECTIONAL AIR FLOW

Vertical type with an air filter diffusion integrated in the false ceiling and return from the floor. Class 1,10 and 100 (Fed. Std. 209E) and class ISO 3, 4, 5 (ISO 14644-1)

UNIDIRECTIONAL AIRFLOW

Horizontal type with air filter diffusion integrated in a wall facing the opposite wall. Class 100 (Fed. Std. 209E) and class ISO 5 (ISO 14644-1).

UNIDIRECTIONAL AIRFLOW

Vertical type with terminal filter modules with air diffusion integrated in false ceiling, continuous return on the perimeter walls in line with the floor.

Class 100 (Fed. Std. 209E) and class ISO 5 (ISO 14644-1)

EC.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) Italia . Tel. 02617981 . Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ .. - E-mail: [email protected] - http://Www.teLit T.I. 1.11

FILTERS

division

MULTIDIRECTIONAL AIRFLOW

Vertical type with terminal filter modules with air diffusion distributed along the false ceiling, return on the perimeter walls in line with the floor.

Class 1000 and 10000 (Fed. Std. 209E) and class ISO 6 and 7 (ISO 14644-1)

MULTIDIRECTIONAL AIRFLOW

Vertical type, with ducted final filter and air diffusion with conventional air outlets, return on the perimeter walls or in line with the floor.

Class 10000 and 100000 (Fed. Std. 209E) and class ISO 7 and 8 (ISO 14644-1)

MIXED FLOW

Contaminant controlled area with vertical mixed flow air zones and return on the walls or in line with the floor.

Class 100,1000 and 10000 (Fed. Std. 209E) and class ISO 5,6 and 7 (ISO 14644-1)

TJ.1.12

F.C.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3·20092 Cinisello B. (MI) Italia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ .. - E-mail: [email protected]· http://vvINw.fcr.it

CONFINED AREAS

Uncontaminated zones with vertical air flows limited by perimetral curtains, carried out by fan modules and pre-filters.

MICRO-ENVIRONMENT Uncontaminated confined spaces in which local control of environment conditions and the isolation of the process (including operating personnel) is achieved with respect to surrounding areas.

The microenvironment includes also sealed containers for the protection of products for the transport through the isolation door system.

Isolation

of the process

MINI-ENVIRONMENT Uncontami nated confined spaces requiring local control of environment conditions and isolation of equipment and instrumentation used in the process with respect to personnel and surrounding areas. The system must allow the intermittent access from the operating and maintenance personnel.

Isolation of equipment and instrumentation

FILTERS

division

F.C.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cnisello B. (Mil ltalia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/.. - E-mail: fcr@fcril http://WINW.tcr.it TJ. 1" 13

FILTERS

division

The air treating system with absolute fillers today is one of the principal methods of control for micro-biotic contamination in operating theatres. In fact one of the most important components of the final system is the absolute filtration (grade HEPA) and the air diffusion which are defined improperly as turbulent flows (multidirectional) or as laminar flows (unidirectional).

TURBULENT FLOW

Helicoidal flow or 4 way ceiling differs with a high induction rate.

Air quality grade with a bacteriological level between < 200 and < 500 CFU/m:l (Colony Forming Units « Particles which carry bacteria forming colonies).

TRANSVERSAL FLOWS

Angled diffuser with adjustable /combined unidirectional transversal flow.

Air quality grade with a bacteriological level < 175 CFU/m:' (Colony Forming Units "" Particles which carry bacteria forming colonies).

UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW

Laminar flow diffuser situated on the ceiling above the operating area.

Air quality grade with a bacteriological level < 1 0 CFU/m" (Colony Forming Units = Particles which carry bacteria forming colonies)

In the document 2025 (Health Technical Ventilation in Health Core Premises 1994) the English sanitary body NHS stated that the grade of microbial contamination (bacteria or fungi) in conventional operating theatres at the level of the operating table must not exceed 35 CFU/m" (Colony Forming Units = Particles which carry bacteria forming colonies). This value was determined in rest conditions, that is in an area with closed doors with all operating equipment but no personnel and with the ventilation system working for at least one hour. Under normal operaling conditions the level must not exceed 180 CFU/m3 for a period of five minutes. Where ultra pure filtration systems are requested the air leaving the terminals must not contain more than 0.5 CFU!m3

The bio-contamination level of the operating area within 300 mm of the wound must not exceed 10 CFU/m" depending an the clothing of the operating staff. During an intervention the area around the operating field must not contain more than 10-20 CFU/ rn" depending on the clothing used. While testing for bacteria a high percentage of fungi could be the sign of an inadequate filtration of the ventilation system.

Reference values "at rest" conditions
< 70 CFU/m' ACCEPTABLE
.-
< 30 CFU/m:l GOOD
< 10 CFU/m3 VERY GOOD EC.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinsella B. (MI) Ilalia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/. - E-mail: fcr©fcr.it - http://www.fcr.rt

TJ.1.14

FILTERS

division

WRONG

RECOMMENDED

L

............... :.-

L<lD

WRONG

CL <l

r

5: o ::;:::

~

.Cij

E 2

({) >. (fJ

System pressure

.6.0

..••. C)'

+

J

I

l

I

t

Q

L

L>1 D

-..ooC .

..-.-)100-

RECOMMENDED

/

A

FAN SELECTION

The choice of a fan is determined by the characteristics of the system, the variation of initial and final pressure drops of the filter and as a consequence the variation of air flow acceptable to the system. A good rule is to observe the fan curve on which is displayed: the theoretic system curve with the design air flow and medium filter pressure drop; the minimum air flow with an exhausted filter, and the maximum air flow with a clean filter and to check the acceptability.

It is possible, if necessary, to maintain a constant air flow in the system while varying the pressure using adjustable dampers or better variable flow or variable speed fans.

B

D (A) System curve with !'.p
medium.
(8) System curve with clean
filter
(C) System curve with
exhausted filter
(D) Fan curve F.C,R. S,p,A. - Via Fermi, 3 ~ 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) 11alia - Tei. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ .. - E-mail: [email protected] - hl1p://WNW,lcr.i! TJ.1.15

FILTERS

... __ . "-~-
COARSE DUST FINE ABSOLUTE FILTERS HEPA & ULPA*
FILTERS DUST FILTERS
Average arrestance Average fractional medium Classification and Classification as per
efficiency (E) for EUROVENT 4/4 (EU)
(Am) efficiency for 0,4 pm particles maximum penetration and global efficiency (E)
(Em) particles for particles
Synthetic dust weight
method Spectral method MPPS O,31Jm
-T" ~ ..... -r--r-r-: ......... .....................•...•..•....•...•. _.-
Series and Model Class Em% i Series and Model E%~ocall Class E%~ntegral) EU Ei% Series and Model
...... ~~"'~.~,-~~ ~- 1--- ....... I··
G1 PRE·AL MMC. 1111#, MMX 85 95
PRHIL MMF sp. 23, MMZ 40 MULTlCEL·X XCN. XCL
65 1·············· I ...... MULTlCEL·X m, iL. xpn
! ...... MAHLO MF55G
PRE·FIL MI~F sp, 48 rnrn SAFE·PAK 5SP Hi0 AIR·XtvlK
G-LINE GLC 5p 2,1 nrn 95 EUi0 ss ~JQ:KCDR
PAHLOtvlTf, !
G2 MAT-R.O MF·1Q SPRAVLAM LFX
MAT.Q.AS MFV·25, 00 MINIPAKXMK
......................... 99,9
MAT-GLAS MFv50P Hii
00 EU1i
i····························· I
PRE·FIL Mer e MCZ 99,5
G·lINE GLe so ,,8 mm ............................. .... 99'.95 1····················
G·I.INE Gll EUi2
MAT -FLO MF·20, MF25R F5 ................... 99,99
MAT·GLAS MFV50. MULTlCEl·H HCN, HCL
MAT-GLAS tvlFV50R MULTlCEL·H HN,HL, HPN
G3 SAC·FLO MTS-8 Hi2 MICROFlO MA, MV
EUi3 MINIPAKHMA
99,75 99,95 ..... 99.'.999. f
90 60
......................... I
PRE·FIL MOF MOZ SAFE·PAK 6SP
PRE·Al MEF. MEZ MULTI·PAK 6RT
W·UNE WLC, WLP, Wl.7 THERMOLAM LFT Hi3
MAT·FLO MF-30
MAT·FLO MHO F6
G4 SAC·FlO 1,1TS9
95 00 99,975 1······ 99,995 99,9995
.. MINILAMLFA
SAFE·PAK SSP
MULT~PAK8RT MODULAIRBFA
F7 PAHLOMTR COMPACTCFA
ABSOlUTE EU14 VENTILAM VlA
FILTERS ULPA** H14
1···········
90 SAFE.pAK 9SP
Efficiency (E) MPPS MULTI·PAK 9RT
Fa PAULO MTG
E%(lncal) Class E% (integral) AIROFlO·V IvlPV 99,9975 .... 99,9995 99,9999

,- .. 95 SAFE·PAK MICROLAM LFD
MULTI-PAK WRT MOOULAIR BFD
99,99975 U16 99,99995 COMPACTCFD
VENTI LAM VLO
F9 Ui5
~-
99,9999 U17 99,999995
99,99975 .......... 99,99995 Note

* No direct comparison exists between EUROVENT and EN 1822 classes -'Consult our technical office for these filter types

TJ.1.16 F.CR S,p.A,· Via Fermi, 3·20092 Cinisello B. (Mil ltalia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Nea code 0039/. - E-mail: fcr@fCLit - httpJ/wwwfcrit

flLTRAZIONE CONDIZIONAMENTO RISCALDAMENTO

------
Symbols M.U.
A", Average synthetic dust weight
arrestance %
Em Average atmospheric dust spot
efficiency %
E, Initial fractional efficiency %
E Filtration efficiency %
6.p Pressure drop Pa
q- Nominal air flow fTil/h, ffil/s
VI Frontal velocity m/s
DI-C Dust holding capacity g
MPPS Most penetrating particle size un Ammonia

CH3COOH NH3

................... __ ._ __ .. _-----------1---_._ .. __ _ .

N02

.................... -- .. ---- .. -.--------+----.--~.- .. - .....

MAXIMUM LIMIT OF EXPOSURE:

I--··--·---------~-y~~--··---·----- HC HO

Carbon disulphide CS2

Styrene C6 Hs CH = CH2

. ~. ~" •.. ~" .. ~" ... ~" •...................... _-------_._------_ .. _._-_._-_.

EXPOSURE LEVEL PER OCCUPANT:

Deodorization consists of reducing the concentration of odorous substances in their gas phase below the olfactory threshold, or in the case of pollution to reduce the level to values normally acceptable.

These processes are obtained by air purification systems using elements containing activated carbon granules or activated alumina.

These elements attach the odorous or pollutant substances to the face of their pores under the effect of molecular attraction.

This capacity of "physical adsorption" is a function of various parameters for example: nature of the substance, concentration, contact time, temperature, relative humidity etc.

If the grade of filtration necessary for a gaseous contaminant is insufficient, it can be increased through impregnation of the granular filter media using suitable chemicals in order to obtain the correct reaction: in this case "chemical absorption" is obtained,

The table below shows for diverse odorous products and gas pollutants, reference values of acceptable concentrations published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) with reference to the workplace of an adult person in a good state of health.

Long period Short period
iT"n mgfrri' J+TIl I mgkri'
2 2,5 2 2,5
...... . .........•
10 30
."" 1············ ...._--_ ..... c----- ......
100 420 250 1.050
....
. ......
10 25 15 37
."
25 18 35 27
I···· .......
3 5 5 9
5.000 9.000 15.000 2700D
2 5 5 13
j.
50 55 300 330
······i······
10 14 15 21
50 335 150 1.000
100 375 150 560 ...................... _--_._--_ .. _._-----_. __ ._---_.---1._ --.- .

Acetic acid

Nitrogen dioxide Carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide

t---~--------- .. --.- - - -------------+-----------.-- .

Carbon monoxide CO

Hydrogen sulphide H2S

Tetrachloroeth.y:.II.e. __ n __ e·· __ C_C_L_2~·_·- C -C_ ..... L.=-? =- .. - ... -._ .. _ .. - ... ~ ..... ~~~ .... ~ .... ~ .... ~ ..... - ... -~·-~=_ .. __ .... _I ..

Toluene C6 Hs CH3

F.C.R. S.p.A. - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Ciniselio B. (MI) ltalia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ .. - E-mail: lcr@fcril - http://WWiN.fcr.il

TJ.2.1

FILTERS

division

@9(S!OOOOOOOOOO @00;)000000000 @RJ@9CvOOOOOOOOO @9@~OOOOOOOOO OO@)<$tOOOOOOOO

L

Mass transfer

.....0;(_. __ .• _.. . ..... >-

The use of simple or impregnated activated carbon filters forces to optimise the relationship between maximum removal efficiency of pollution substances and the lowest possible pressure drop. This result can be obtained by increasing the contact time of the air carrying the pollution substances and the carbon filter bed.

Filters are made as plane cells (CARS-FLO) with thickness of 18, 24, 48 or 98 mm supplied with meshes on both faces or as co-axial cylinders (P-CARS); the activated granular carbon bed is contained internally. The cells can be mounted inside a metallic frame with a multi-V construction (CARS-MED and MULTI-CARS).

A recent technique consists of permanently depositing a certain quantity of activated carbon micro-granules on an expanded polyurethane foam support; in this case the panels are mounted inside a plastic frame with a V shape creating a series of rigid pockets (CARB-PAK).

In this case good adsorption efficiencies and minimal pressure losses can be obtained but the operating life is shorter in respect to the previous solutions because of the smaller quantity of activated carbon used.

ADSORPTION GRAPH

Concentration ppm

IMPREGNATED ACTIVATED CARBON

-

LOW EFFICIENCY ACTIVATED CARBON

MEDIUM EFFICIEr~CY ACTIVATED CARBON

HIGH EFFICIENCY ACTIVATED CARBON

Time

The travel process of contaminated air through an activated carbon filter cell (simple or impregnated) is shown in the diagrams. The air flow progressively penetrates through the filter and strikes growing layers of activated carbon which adsorbs the pollution that it contains. The mass transfer zone is defined as the thickness of activated carbon in which the concentration of pollutants reduces to a design level (for example 1 % of the initial value).

During its operational function and while the air flow crosses the activated carbon bed, the curve of the concentration of pollutant gases moves through its layers. In practise three zones in the activated carbon bed can be determined:

the first is that in which the carbon has already adsorbed contaminants; the second in which absorption is underway and the pollution concentration curve emerges; the last one in which integral carbon remains (momentarily). Therefore if the thickness of the activated carbon bed is higher in respect to the mass transfer zone, the efficiency will remain higher than 99% for the most part of the filter operating life,

1

@O®OC3tOOOOOOO @O®O®vOOOOOO ©®®OOCDOOOOOO ®OOO©~OOOOOO ®©©000&,OOOOO

3

2

--------11-

Used Adsorption

carbon zone

....... >-~' -.-,~ .

Used carbon

......:( _-_ .. _-_.-

Adsorption

Availabje carbon

zone

.... =--

F.C.R. S.p.A .. Via Fermi, 3· 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) ltalia - Tel. 02617981- Fax 0261798300 . Area code 0039/ .. - E-mail: [email protected] . httpllwww.fcr.il

TJ.2.2

FILTERS

The following table shows for some odorous substances, harmful and toxic adsorption capacities of "standard" activated carbon expressed in retention percentages with respect to its weight in

accordance with the following adsorption index:

1 = HIGH ADSORPTION: capacity from 20 to 50% in weight (medium capacity 33%) 2 = MEDIUM ADSORPTION: capacity from 10 to 15% in weight (medium capacity 17%)

3 = LOW ADSORPTION: capacity lower than 10% in weight

4 = VERY LOW ADSORPTION: capacity lower than 5% in weight

The above indicated values refer to CA-1 activated carbon with a grade of adsorption of carbon tetrachloride (CTC) equal to 65% and a benzene index of> 35%,

division

ADSORPTION INDEX OF THE PRINCIPAL ODOURS AND POLLUTANT SUBSTANCES

Acetaldehyde' 3 Ethane 4 Nitrobenzene
Acetic Acid Ether 2 Nitroglycerine
Acetic Anhydride 1 Ethyl Acetate
Acetone 2 Ethyl Alcohol 1 Octane
Acrylic Acid 1 Ethyl Bromide 2 Ozone
Amines* 3 Ethyl Chloride 2
Ammonia 3 Ethylene 4
Amyl Acetate 1 Ethyl Ether 2 Palmitic Acid
Amyl Alcohol 1 Pentyne
Aniline 1 Fertilizer Perchloroethylene
Asphalt Fumes 1 Phenol
Automobile Exhaust 2 Fluorotrichloromethane 2 Phosgene
Formaldehyde 3 Propane
Benzene Formic Acid 2 Propionic Acid
Body Odors Gasoline Propyl Acetate
Bromine 1 Propyl Alchol
Butadiene 2 Propylene
Butane 3 Heptane 1 Pyridine
Butyl Alcohol 1 Hexane 2
Butylene 3 Hydrogen 4 Resins
Butyric Acid 1 Rubber
Incense
Camphor Iodine Sewer Odors
Carbolic Acid 1 Iodoform Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide 3 Isopropyl Acetate Sulfuric Acid
Carbon Monoxide 4
Cheese 1 Kerosene Tetrachloroethane
Chlorine 2 Kitchen Odors
Chlorobutadiene 1 Tetrachloroethylene
Chloroform lactic Acid Tobacco Smoke Odor
Cleaning Compounds 1 Toluene
Coal Smoke 2 Trichlorethylene
Cyclohexane 1 Menthol 1 Trichloroethane
Mercaptans 1
Dichlorobenzene 1 Methane 4 Urea
Dichloroethane 1 Methyl Acetates 2 Uric Acid
Dichloropropane 1 Methyl Alcohol 2
Diethylamine 2 Methyl Butyl Ketone Valerie Acid
Diethyl Ketone Naphthalene Varnish Fumes
Dioxane 1
Nitric Acid 2 Xylene F.C.R. S.pA - Via Fermi, 3 - 20092 Cinisello B. (MI) Ilalia - Tel. 02617981 - Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/ .. - E-mail: [email protected] - http;/fwv,twJcr.it

2 1

2 3 1 1 1 3

2

1 2 1

3

n.2.3

FILTERS

division

Instrumentation is a critical factor in industrial and airport applications, as is the electronic equipment in control centres. This equipment is in fact subject to faults and accidental breakdowns due to the presence of corrosive gas in the area where they are located.

The presence of contaminants represents a serious danger also for the safety of historical, and cultural buildings and objects of art conserved in museums, art galleries, libraries, archives and monuments.

The use of standard activated carbon does not always allow an efficient treatment of pollutant or corrosive substances: in this case it is necessary to utilise impregnated aluminium or activated carbon with which the contaminants combine achieving an instantaneous and irreversible effect in the area concerned.

Type of t! 1* I 's I I is
I 0 m
0 (f) c ..cU) I >.
(f) ..0 (j) I 11 ..Q..(j) , .r::: s c
filter media 0 c m .52. OJ (f) ~1% c, !:s I Ql .'" ::J '0
'c 0 0 nlc (IJ ill Ql ill ~J TI c 1:) .Q
(Jj [2 01 (IJ '128. O1TI ..c"O (jj 0 0
(IJ (f) E m ~2 E
01'- TI 0..2 u .= E O'x ?io...·x E :E -D~CL '0
~ E » 0 (j) ill <.) 0 .~ 0 GiS 0 0 E :f'~ 6 OJ
~ 0 2 E t'2 z
Om I <(If) « «0 z '0 ~IUJ TI ~ « 0:
CA-1 207 E ';!0 i;;0 W;l
!iii: " t;q, 02;; ...................... ... ......
CA-2 ST1-X/209 M 0 0
~"""i .........
CA-3 NUCLEAR 0
•.. •.•....•.... --------_ .. _----- @ ....... 1······ . . . ..........................
CA-4 FORMASORB 0 0 0 0
....... i··············· .. _.- (12; ------ ------
CA-4 AMMONOSORB 0 0 0
................ .'!fJ; zv '!fJt .......... iis, ..... ......... if!;, if}f.' I· '- .................... ---_ ......
CA-4 GUARDIAN 0 0 0
........... . @; i.st! gjl ....... '0;;; r-' ~---~-~.-
CA-4 207C 5 KI/KINA 0 0 0 0
..... - ........ _-_ ... _. __ ." .. _ if;"') ... .. c:::J,t -- -------- ------~-.--
CA-5 MM-1000 0 0 In general the contaminants which are considered more damaging are nitrogen and sulphur dioxide and, as well as sulphur, which in certain ambient conditions submit to chemical reactions forming ozone and acids.

While ozone shows an accelerated action during the oxidisation process, the presence of nitrogen, sulphur oxides and sulphur has a corrosive effect when confronted with metal, plasters, paper and textiles etc

It is therefore necessary to apply, for good air purification, the two fundamental processes when treating gaseous pollutants; physical adsorption and chemical absorption.

In the first case standard activated carbon is utilised while in the second potassium impregnated alumina or activated carbon are used"

The control of air quality when considered as technology for the protection against corrosive agents has come under intensive study by the Instrument Society of America who have developed the standard ISA S71.04 as indicated in the following table.

Primary use

o Secondary use

G1

sweet

G2

moderate

G3

dangerous

GX

severe

Well controlled ambient conditions where corrosion is not a determining factor for equipment safety.

The effects of corrosion are measurable and can be a determining factor for equipment safety. Chemical filters are recommended.

Ambient conditions have a high probability of a corrosive attack. At this level the adoption of a controlled area with chemical filers or the use of specitic or special equipment is recommended.

In these areas only specifically designed or special equipment can survive. The use of chemical filters to achieve an accurately controlled area is recommended.

To design an air purification system with simple or impregnated filter media it is necessary to know the chemical composition and concentration of the contaminants and the parameters of the air to be treated.

In this way the contact time of the pollutant gas, the volume of granular media required and the duration of the operating system can be determined.

TJ.2.4

EC.R. S.p.A. ~ Via Fermi, 3 ~ 20092 Ciniseilo B. (Mil ltalia ~ Tel. 02617981 Fax 0261798300 - Area code 0039/. .. E-mail: fcr@fcut . http://IJ\'W\N.fcr.~