Passive Devices (3 port network)

S-matrix of 3 port networks  S11 S12 S13 

 S   S 21 S 22 S 23 
 S 31 S32 S33 

(1) All ports are matched and network is reciprocal

0 S12 S13 
 S    S12 0 S 23 
 S13 S 23 0 
(2) can be lossless?   S  T  S  *  U  ?

2 2 2
S12  S13  1, S13* S 23  0,  let S13*  0  S12  1
2 2 2
S12  S 23  1, S 23
*
S12  0,  let S 23
*
 0  S12  1
2 2 2 2
S13  S 23  1, S12* S13  0.  S13  S 23  0  1

3 Port Network can not be

lossless, reciprocal, and match at all port
Matched, lossless, and nonreciprocal 3 port network
0 S12 S13 
Circulator  S    S 21 0 S 23 
 S31 S32 0 
2 2
S12  S13  1, S31
*
S 23  0,
2 2
S 21  S 23  1, S 23
*
S 21  0,
2 2
S31  S32  1, S12* S13  0.
(1) S12  S 23  S31  0, S 21  S32  S 31  1
 0 0 e  j1 
 
  S    e  j 2 0 0 
 0 e  j 3
0 

(2) S 21  S32  S13  0, S12  S 23  S31  1
 0 e  j1 0 
 
 S   0 0 e  j 2 
 e  j 3 0 0 

Reciprocal, lossless, and only 2 ports matched
0 S12 S13 
 S   S12 0 S 23 
2 2
S12  S13  1, S13* S 23  0,  let S13*  0  S12  1
2
 S13 S 23 S 33 
2 2 2
S12  S 23  1, S 23
*
S12  S33
*
S13  0,  let S 23
*
 0  S12  1
2 2 2 2
S13  S 23  S 33  1, S12* S13  S 23
*
S33  0.  S 33  1

 0 e  j 0 
 S   e  j 0 0 

Port 3 is isolated
 0 0 e  j 


Reciprocal, matched, and lossy 3 port network

0 S12 S13 
 S   S12 0 S 23  Lossy power divider
 S13 S 23 0 
 Passive Devices (4 port network)
S-matrix of reciprocal and matched network

0 S12 S13 S14 

S 0 S 23 S 24  S
 S    12
 S13 S 23 0 S 34 
 
 S14 S 24 S34 0 
For lossless, S-matrix must be unitary matrix
2 2 2
(1,1) : S12  S13  S14  1, (1,2) : S13* S 23  S14* S 24  0,
2 2 2
(2,2) : S12  S 23  S 24  1, (3,4) : S14* S13  S 24
*
S 23  0,
2 2 2
(3,3) : S13  S 23  S34  1, (1,3) : S12* S 23  S14* S34  0,
2 2 2
(4,4) : S14  S 24  S34  1, (2,4) : S14* S12  S34
*
S 23  0,
(2,3) : S12* S13  S 24
*
S34  0
*
S 24   
S13* S 23  S14* S 24  S13* S14* S13  S 24
*

S 23  S14* S 24  S13  2 2
0
S12 S*
12 S 23  S14* S34   S S
34
*
S  S34
14 12
*
S 23 S 23 S
12
2
 S34
2
0
 S14  S 23  0
 2 2 2 2 2 2
S12  S13  1, S12  S 24  1  S13  S 24  A2 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
S12  S 24  1, S 24  S 34  1  S12  S 34  B 2
A2  B 2  1
S12  Be  j12 , S34  Be  j34 , S13  Ae  j13 , S 24  Ae  j 24
S12* S13  S 24
*
S34  ABe j (12 13 )  ABe j ( 24 34 )  0
 12  13   24   34   (2n  1)
(1) Symmetric Coupler (2) Antisymmetric Coupler
let 12   34  0, and 13   24   / 2, let 12   34  0, and 13  0,  24   ,
0 B jA 0 0 B A 0 
B 0 0 jA  B 0 0  A
S   S   
 jA 0 0 B A 0 0 B 
   
0 jA B 0 0  A B 0 
 0 B jA 0
B 0 0 jA
S  
 jA 0 0 B
 
0 jA B 0

P1
Coupling  C  10 log  20 log A dB
P3
P3 A
Directivit y  D  10 log  20 log dB
P4 S14
P1
Isolation  I  10 log  20 log S14 dB
P4
I  D  C dB

Hybrid Coupler(3 dB Coupler)

A B
Symmetric hybrid coupler Antisymmetric hybrid coupler
0 1 j 0  0 1 1 0
   0  1
1 1 0 0 j  1 1 0
S  S 
2  j 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1
   
0 j 1 0  0  1 1 0
 Even-Odd Mode Circuit Analysis

•If circuit can be decomposed into the superposition of an even-mode excitation and
odd-mode excitation
•Adding two sets( even & odd) of excitations produces the original excitation

1 1 1 1
B1  e  o , B2  Te  To ,
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
B3  Te  To , B4  e  o ,
2 2 2 2
 3-Port Network: Power Divider

(1) Reciprocal and Lossless

-> some ports mismatched
#2
rt
Lossless Power Divider: Pin  P1  P2 Po P1
Port #1
Input Admittance at Input Port Yin
P in
1 1
Yin  jB  
Z1 Z 2
for Input Port Matching, B=0 and Po
r P2
1 1 1 t#
Yin    3
Z1 Z 2 Z o
1 Vo2 1 Vo2 1 Vo2
Ex) 1:2 divider (with B=0 & Port #1 matched:S11  0 ) Pin  , P1  , P2 
2 Zo 2 Z1 2 Z2
P2  2 P1  Z1  2 Z 2
 P1 : P2  Z 2 : Z1
1 1 3 1
    Z1  3Z o  150, Z 2  75
Z1 Z 2 Z1 Z o

50 75  150
Reflection at Port #2: 1 
50 75  150
 0.666 S 22

50 150  75
Reflection at Port #3: 2 
50 150  75
 0.333 S33
(2)Resistive Divider – All ports are matched
- output ports are not isolated S 23  0

Zo  Zo Z 
Z in     Zo   o  Zo   Zo
3  3  3 
2Z o
3 2
V  V1  V1
Zo 2Z 3
 o
3 3
Zo 3 1
V2  V3  V  V  V1
Z 4 2
Zo  o
3
1
 S 21  S31 
2
0 1 1 
1
 S   1 0 1
2
1 1 0
1 V12 1 V22 1 V12 1
Pin  , P2  P3    Pin
2 Zo 2 Zo 8 Zo 4
1
 P2  P3  Pin  Pin
2
Wilkinson Power Divider( equal power division)
Resistive divider -all ports are matched

-out-ports are isolated

P2

Pin

Pin  P2  P3 P3

Microstrip Equivalent Circuit

Wilkinson Power Divider
Wilkinson Power Divider

Vg 2  V g 3  2 even mode

Vg 2  Vg 3  2

odd mode

Equivalent Circuit in normalized and symmetric form

Wilkinson Power Divider: even mode

Z ine
Z2
Z e
in  Z  2 for matching( S 22,e  0, S 33,e  0)
2
Voltage on transmission line V (x)
V ( x )  V  e  j  x  V  e j x  V  (e  j x   e j x )
1
V ( x  0)  V  (1  )  V2  1,  V  
1 
 1
V ( x   4)  V1  V  ( j  j)  jV  (  1)  j
 1
1 2 2
V1   j 
2 2 2
V 1
S12 ,e  S13 ,e  1   j   j 0.707
V2 2
S 32,e  S 23,o  0 ( port open)
Wilkinson Power Divider: odd mode

Z ino

r
Z ino   r  2 for matching ( S 22,o  0, S33,o  0)
2
V1  0  port 1 is shorted
V1
 S12,o  S13,o  0
V2
S32,o  S 23,o  0 ( port short )

All power from Port #2 is delivered to r/2 resister, and all dissipated
No power is delivered to Port #1
Wilkinson Power Divider: input port

Z in

Z in

Z 
in
 2 2

2
1
Z in  Z in Z in  1  in  0  S11  0

Wilkinson Power Divider: S-matrix

 0  j  j •All ports are matched

 S    j 0 0   •Symmetric
•Not Unitary
•Reciprocal
•Lossy
 j 0 0  •Output ports are isolated
Wilkinson Power Divider: unequal power division

P3
Let K 2  , P2
P2
1 K 2
Z o3  Z o ,
K 3 Pin
 
Z o2  K 2 Z o3  Z o K 1  K 2 ,
 1 P3
R  Z o  K  .
 K

Wilkinson Power Divider: N-way Divider

 4-Port Network: Quadrature Hybrid

3 dB Directional Coupler with Quadrature Phase Difference betw

een two output ports
0 j 1 0
Reciprocal, Lossless, and all ports are matched.  
1  j 0 0 1
S 
2 1 0 0 j 
 
0 1 j 0
Even-mode

 A B   1 0  0 j / 2  1 0 1   1 j 
C D    j 1     
   j 2 0   j 1 2  j  1

A  B  C  D   1  j  j  1 / 2
e   0
A  B  C  D   1  j  j  1 / 2
2 2 1
Te    1  j 
A  B  C  D   1  j  j  1 / 2 2
Odd-mode

 A B   1 0  0 j / 2   1 0 1 1 j 
C D    j 1     
   j 2 0   j 1 2  j 1

A  B  C  D 1  j  j  1 / 2
e   0
A  B  C  D 1  j  j  1 / 2
2 2 1
To    1  j 
A  B  C  D 1  j  j  1 / 2 2
 e  o
S11   0,
2
T T 1
S 21  e o   j ,
2 2
T T 1
S31  e o   ,
2 2
e  o
S 41  0
2

0 j 1 0
 
1  j 0 0 1
S 
2 1 0 0 j 
 
 0 1 j 0 
Coupled Line Theory

Propagating Modes on Symmetric Coupled Line

ground

Even Mode Odd Mode

Even Mode

Line Characteristics for even mode propagation

•Capacitance per unit length w/o dielectrics: Cea  C11a  C22 a
•Inductance per unit length: L   o o / Cea
•Capacitance per unit length with dielectrics: Ced  C11d  C22 d   eff Cea
e

•Characteristic Impedance: Z o  L Ced

•Propagation Constant:    LCe    o o eff
e e
 Odd Mode

Line Characteristics for even mode propagation

•Capacitance per unit length w/o dielectrics:Coa  C11a  2C12 a  C22 a  2C12 a
•Inductance per unit length: L   o o / Coa
•Capacitance per unit length with dielectrics: Cod  C11d  2C12 d
 C22 d  2C12d   eff
o
Coa
•Characteristic Impedance: Z o  L Ced
•Propagation Constant:  o   LCo   o o effo
(1)Voltage and Current Waves of Even Mode Excitation

Z oe ,  e


  j e z  j e z
v1 ( z )  V e
1e V e
1e

e e V1e  j e z V1e j e z
i1 ( z )  I1e e  j z  I1e e j z
 e  e
Z oe Z oe
  j e z  j e z
v2 ( z )  V e 2e V e 2e

e e V2e  j e z V2e j e z
i2 ( z )  I 2e e  j z  I 2e e j z
 e  e
Z oe Z oe
V1e  V2e , V1e  V2e
(1)Voltage and Current Waves of Odd Mode Excitation

Z oo ,  o


  j o z  j o z
v1 ( z )  V e1o V e
1o

  j o z  j o z V1o  j o z V1o j o z
i1 ( z )  I e
1o I e
1o  e  e
Z oo Z oo
  j o z  j o z
v2 ( z )  V e2o V e 2o

o o V2o  j o z V2o j o z
i2 ( z )  I 2o e  j z  I 2o e j z
 e  e
Z oo Z oo
V1o  V2o , V1o  V2o
 Voltage and Current Waves on Coupled Lines

v2 ( z ), i2 ( z )

Z oe ,  e ,  Z oo ,  o 
v1 ( z ), i1 ( z )

(1)Voltage and Current Waves on Line #1 (2)Voltage and Current Waves on Line #2

e e o o e e o o
v1 ( z )  Ve e  j z  Ve e j z  Vo e  j z  Vo e j z
v2 ( z )  Ve e  j z  Ve e j z  Vo e  j z  Vo e j z

e e o o
  j e z
i1 ( z )  I e 
I e j e z
I e   j o z
I e j o z i2 ( z )  I e e  j z  I e e j z  I o e  j z  I o e j z
e e o o

Ve  j e z Ve j e z Vo  j o z Vo j o z Ve  j e z Ve j e z Vo  j o z Vo j o z

 e  e  e  e
 e  e  e  e Z oe Z oe Z oo Z oo
Z oe Z oe Z oo Z oo
 I1   1 1 1 1   I e 
 I  e  j e L  
e  j L e j L e j L   I o 
o e o

 2  
I3   1 1 1  1   I e 
    j e L o e o  
 I 4  e  e  j L e j L  e j L   I o 
V1   1 1 1 1  Ve 
V  e  j e L e  j o L e j e L e j o L    
 2    Vo 
V3   1 1 1  1  Ve 
    j e L  j o L j e L j o L    
V
 4  e  e e  e  Vo 
 1 1 1 1   Z oe 0 0 0   I e 
 e  j  e L e  j o L e j e L e j  o L   0 Z  
0 0   I o 
  oo

 1 1 1  1  0 0  Z oe 0   I e 
  j e L o e o   
e  e  j L e j L  e j  L   0 0 0  Z oo   I o 
 Z oe Z oo  Z oe  Z oo   I e 
 Z e  j e L  
 Z oe e j L   I o 
o e o
Z oo e  j L  Z oe e j L
  oe
 Z oe  Z oo  Z oe  Z oo   I e 
 o  
 j e L o e

 Z oe e  Z oo e  j L  Z oe e j L  Z oo e j L   I o 
 Impedance Matrix Z11 = Z22=Z33= Z44

 I1   1 1 1 1   I e 
V1  0   e  j e L  
e j L   I o 
o e o
Z11   I1  0, I 2  I 3  I 4  0   e  j L
e j L

I1 Ik
k 1
0 0  1 1 1  1   I e 
    j e L o e o  
 0  e  e  j L e j L
 e j L   I o 
I e  I o  I e  I o  I1 , e o

   
let β o  β e & e  j L
 e  j L
 e  j
I  I  I  I  0,
e o e o

I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  0,
I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  0.
I e   I e e  j 2 , I o   I o e  j 2
I e 1  e  j 2   I o 1  e  j 2   0  I e  I o
I1  e  j 2
I 1  e   I 1  e   I1  I  I  2 1  e  j 2 , I e  I o  2 1  e  j 2
  j 2   j 2  1  I1  
e o e o

V1  Ve  Ve  Vo  Vo

 1  e  j 2  Z oe  Z oo 
  
 Z I Z I Z I Z I  I1
1  e  j 2
oe e oe e oo o oo o
2

 Z11 
V1
j
 Z oe  Z oo  cot 
I1 Ik 0
2
k 1
 Impedance Matrix Z12=Z21=Z34=Z43

0  1 1 1 1   I e 
 I   e  j  
Z12 
V1
 I 2  0, I1  I 3  I 4  0  2   e  j e j e j   I o 
I2 Ik 0 0  1 1 1  1   I e 
k 2
    j  
 0  e  e  j e j  e j   I o 

I e  I o  I e  I o  0,
I e  I o  I e  I o  I 2 ,
I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  0,
I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  0.
I e   I e e  j 2 , I o   I o e  j 2
I e 1  e  j 2   I o 1  e  j 2   0  I e   I o
I 2  e  j 2
I 1  e   I 1  e   I 2  I   I  2 1  e j 2 , I e   I o  2 1  e  j 2
  j 2   j 2  1 I2  
e o e o

V1  Ve  Ve  Vo  Vo

 1  e  j 2 Z oe  Z oo
  
 Z I Z I Z I Z I  I2
1  e  j 2
oe e oe e oo o oo o
2

 Z12 
V1
j
 Z oe  Z oo  cot 
I2 Ik 0
2
k 2
Impedance Matrix Z13 = Z31 = Z24 = Z42
0  1 1 1 1   I e 
V  0   e  j e  j e j   
e j
Z13  1  I 3  0, I1  I 2  I 4  0   I o 
I3 Ik 0 I3   1 1 1 1   I e 
k 3
    j  
 0  e  e  j e j  e j   I o 

I e  I o  I e  I o  0,
I e  I o  I e  I o  0,
I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  I 3 ,
I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  0.
I e   I e , I o   I o
I e  e  j  e j   I o  e  j  e j   0  I e  I o

I e  e  j  e j   I o  e  j  e j   I 3  I e  I o 
I3   I3
, I  I  
2 e  j  e j  2 e  j  e j 
e o

V1  Ve  Ve  Vo  Vo

Z oe  Z oe
 Z oe I e  Z oe I e  Z oo I e  Z oo I o  I3
e  j  e j
Z oe  Z oo
 j I3
2 sin 
V1 Z oe  Z oo
 Z13   j
I3 Ik 0
2 sin 
k 3
Impedance Matrix Z14 = Z41 = Z32 = Z23
0  1 1 1 1   I e 
 0   e  j  
V
  e  j e j e j   I o 
Z14  1  I 4  0, I1  I 2  I 3  0
I4 Ik 0 0  1 1 1  1   I e 
k 4
    j  
 I 4  e  e  j e j  e j   I o 

I e  I o  I e  I o  0,
I e  I o  I e  I o  0,
I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  0,
I e e  j  I o e  j  I e e j  I o e j  I 4 .
I e   I e , I o   I o
I e  e  j  e j   I o  e  j  e j   0  I e   I o

I e  e  j  e j   I o  e  j  e j   I 4  I e   I o 
I4 I
, I e   I o    j 4 j
2 e  e 
 j j
2 e  e 
V1  Ve  Ve  Vo  Vo
Z oe  Z oo
 Z oe I e  Z oe I e  Z oo I o  Z oo I o  I4
e  j  e j
Z oe  Z oo
 j I4
2 sin 
V1 Z oe  Z oo
 Z14   j
I4 Ik 0
2 sin 
k 3
 Z oe ,  e ,  Z oo ,  o 

Let  e L   o L  

 Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo 
 tan  
tan  sin  sin   I
V1   Z Z Z  Z oo Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo   1 
V    oe oo
 oe I 
 2  j  tan  tan  sin  sin    2 
V3  2  Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo Z  Z oo Z  Z oo   I 3 
   oe  oe
V
 sin  sin  tan  tan    I 
 4  Z Z Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo   4 
 oe oo
  
 sin  sin  tan  tan  
4-Port Network: Coupled Line Coupler
 Single Section Coupled Line Coupler


Boundary Condition at each Port

E1  I1Z o  V1  V1  E1  I1Z o ,
V2   I 2 Z o ,
V3   I 3 Z o ,
V4   I 4 Z o
 

Z in V  V  V , I  I  I
k ke ko k ke ko

Z in ,e Z in ,o
Z o  jZ oe tan  Z o  jZ oo tan 
Z in ,e  Z oe Z in ,o  Z oo
Z oe  jZ o tan 
Z oo  jZ o tan 
Z in ,e V
V1e  V , I1e  Z in ,o V
Z in ,e  Z o Z in ,e  Z o V1o  V , I1e 
Z in ,o  Z o Z in ,o  Z o

V1 V  V1o Z Z  Z o   Z in ,o  Z in ,e  Z o 
Z in   1e  in ,e in ,o
I1 I1e  I1o Z in ,e  Z in ,o  2 Z o
Z in ,e Z in ,o  Z o2
 Zo  2 for port #1 matching:Z in  Z o
Z in ,e  Z in ,o  2 Z o
 Z in ,e Z in ,e  Z o2
 for Z in ,e Z in ,e  Z o2

t  tan 
Z o  jZ oet Z  jZ oot
Z in ,e Z in ,e  Z oe Z oo o
Z oe  jZ o t Z oo  jZ o t

 Z oe Z oo
 Z o  jZ oet  Z o  jZ oot 
 Z oe  jZ ot  Z oo  jZ ot 
Z o2  Z oe Z oot 2  jZ o  Z oe  Z oo  t
 Z oe Z oo V3  V3e  V3o  V1e  V1o
Z oe Z oo  Z o2t 2  jZ o  Z oe  Z oo  t
 Z in ,e Z in ,o 
Z  Z oe Z oo
2 V   
o
 Z in ,e  Z o
 Z in ,o  Z o 

Z o2 (1  t 2 )  jZ o  Z oe  Z oo  t  Z o  jZ oe t Z o  jZ oo t 
Z 2
 Z o2
Z o (1  t )  jZ o  Z oe  Z oo  t V   
o 2 2
 2 Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  t 2 Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  t 
 S11  0 j  Z oe  Z oo  t j  Z oe  Z oo  /  Z oe  Z oo  t
V V
2 Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  t 2 Z o /  Z oe  Z oo   j t
Z oe  Z oo
let C  , 1  C 2  2 Z o /  Z oe  Z oo 
Z oe  Z oo
jCt
V3  V
1  C 2  jt

V3 jC tan 
 
V 1  C 2  j tan 
 for V2  V2 e  V2 o ,

z e  z  0  Z o  Z oe
Z o  Z oe
on line, z  L z 0

V ( z )  Ve e  jz  Ve e jz  Z oe Z oo  jZ oet 

Z oe  
  jz Z o  Z oe jz  Z in,e  Z oe  j Z oe Z oo t 
 Ve 
e  e    
 Z o  Z oe  Z in,e  Z o  Z oe Z oo  jZ oet 
2 cos  z Z oe    Zo
 Ve  Z o  jZ oe tan z  Z  j Z Z t
Z o  Z oe  oe oe oo 

V ( z   L )  V1e 
Z oe  Z oo  j Z oe t 
 Ve
2 cos 
 Z o  jZ oe tan  
Z oe  
Z oo  j Z oe t  Z oe Z oo  Z oe  j Z oo t 
Z o  Z oe

Z oe  Z oo  j Z oe t 
 Ve 
Z o  Z oe V1e Z oe  Z oo  j Z oe t  Z oo   Z oe  j Z oo t 
Z o  jZ oe tan  2 cos 
Z oe Z oo  jZ oet
  
V2 e  Ve  Ve  Ve  1 
Z o  Z oe
 2 Z oe Z oo  j  Z oe  Z oo  t
 Z o  Z oe 
  Z o  jZ oet
Zo V1e 
 2Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  t
Z o  jZ oe tan  cos 
1 Zo Z in ,e V Zo
 V 
cos  Z o  jZ oe tan  Z in ,e  Z o cos  2 Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  tan 
 z Z o  Z oo
o  z  0 
Z o  Z oo
z  L z 0
on line,
V ( z )  Vo e  jz  Vo e jz  Z oe Z oo  jZ oot 
  j z Z  Z oo jz  Z oo  
 Vo   o e  Z in,o  Z oo  j Z oe Z oo t 
e Z  Z   
 o oo 
Z in,o  Z o  Z oe Z oo  jZ oot 
2 cos  z Z oo    Zo
 Ve  Z o  jZ oo tan z  Z  j Z Z t
Z o  Z oo  oo oe oo 

V ( z   L)  V1o  Vo
2 cos 
 Z o  jZ oo tan  

Z oo  Z oe  j Z oo t 
Z o  Z oo
Z o  Z oo
V1o
Z oo  
Z oe  j Z oo t  Z oe Z oo  Z oo  j Z oe t 
 

V 
o
Z o  jZ oo tan  2 cos  Z oo Z oe  j Z oo t

Z oo  Z oe  j Z oo t  Z oe   Z oo  j Z oe t 
Z oe Z oo  jZ oot

 Z o  Z oo  2 Z oe Z oo  j  Z oe  Z oo  t
V2 o  V  V  V 
  
1  Z  Z 

o o

o
 Z o  jZ oot
o oo

Zo V1o 2Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  t

Z o  jZ oo tan  cos 
1 Zo Z in ,o V Zo
 V   V2 e  V2 o
cos  Z o  jZ oo tan  Z in ,o  Z o cos  2 Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  tan 
 V Zo
V2  V2 e  V2 o  2V2 e  2
cos  2 Z o  j  Z oe  Z oo  tan 
2Z o
 V
2 Z o cos   j  Z oe  Z oo  sin 
2 Z o /  Z oe  Z oo 
 V
2 Z o /  Z oe  Z oo  cos   j sin 
1 C 2
 V
1  C cos   j sin 
2

V4  V2 e  V2 o  0


at f o ,   ,
2
V3 jC tan 
 C
V 1  C  j tan 
2

V2 1 C 2 from C 
Z oe  Z oo
and Z o2  Z oe Z oo ,
   j 1 C 2 Z oe  Z oo
V 1  C 2 cos   j sin 
1 C 1 C
V4 Z oe  Z o and Z oo  Z o
0 1 C 1 C
V