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BTEC Sport: Anatomy and Physiology

The skeletal system has two main divisions - the axial skeleton which protects the vital organs, and the appendicular skeleton which allows movement. There are four main types of bones - long, short, irregular, and flat. Bones are located throughout the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral parts of the body. There are three main joint types - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The six types of synovial joints each allow different movements. Key functions of the skeletal system include protection, shape, support, movement, and blood cell production. Common movement patterns are flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation.

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262 views

BTEC Sport: Anatomy and Physiology

The skeletal system has two main divisions - the axial skeleton which protects the vital organs, and the appendicular skeleton which allows movement. There are four main types of bones - long, short, irregular, and flat. Bones are located throughout the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral parts of the body. There are three main joint types - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The six types of synovial joints each allow different movements. Key functions of the skeletal system include protection, shape, support, movement, and blood cell production. Common movement patterns are flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation.

Uploaded by

amyhowarth
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BTEC Sport

Anatomy and Physiology


Axial (Protection)
-These are the bones which protect the vital organs in the human
body.
-The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body. It consists of
the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs and the sternum or
breastbone.
Appendicular (movement)
-The appendicular skeleton allows movement around the body.

-The appendicular skeleton consists of the girdles and the skeleton


of the limbs. The upper limbs are attached to the pectoral girdle and
the lower limbs are attached to the pelvic girdle.
Types of bones
• Long bones - Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humorous,
Ulna and radius.
• Short bones – Tarsal, Metatarsals, Carpals and
Metacarpals.
• Irregular bones – Bones of the vertebral column
e.g. Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar vertebrae,
Sacrum and Coccyx.
• Flat bones – Sternum, Scapula, Cranium and
Pelvis.
• Sesamoid bones – Petella.
Location of many bones
Term Meaning
•Anterior To the front or in front of
the body.
•Posterior To the rear or behind the
body.
•Medial Towards the midline of
the body.
Away from the midline.
•Lateral
Three Major Joints
Joints are the articulation or meeting place
of 2 or more bones.

Fibrous joint – (Immovable) Found between the


plates of the Cranium.

Cartilaginous joint – (slightly movable)


Found at the pubic symphsis and between
certain sections of the vertebral column

Synovial joint – (freely movable) This is the most common form of joint
Synovial Joints

These all make up a Synovial joint…


• Cartilage- For protection
• Tendons- Attaches muscle to bone
• Ligaments –Attaches bone to bone
• Synovial fluid- Stops friction
• Synovial membrane- Produces synovial fluid
• Fat pad- Used for cushioning
Six types of synovial joints
Hinge – happens in the elbow joint, the knee joint and
the ankle joint. Allows flexion and extension.
E.g. You when doing a bicep curl you use the hinge
joint to flex and extend your arm.

Condyloid- happens in the wrist and allows Flexion,


Extension, Adduction,Abduction, Circumduction.
E.g. spin bowling in cricket.

Saddle – happens in Fingers


and allows Flexion, Extension, Adduction
Abduction, Circumduction.
E.g. using your fingers in darts
Ball and socket – happens in the shoulder joint or the hip
joint. Allows Flexion, Extension, Adduction,
Abduction. E.g. When swimming doing the stroke ‘back stroke’
you rotate your shoulder to allow your arm to move around.

Pivot - happens in the neck, spin and radioulnar.


Allows rotation E.g. in swimming you pivot your neck to
able you to breath, when doing ‘front crawl’.

Gliding - happens in Metacarpals ( in the wrist joint)


e.g. in hockey when changing direction with your sick
your wrist gild to give you the correct movement.
Skeletal system
Functions of the skeletal system are as followed…

• Protection - The cranium and ribs protect the


brain and vital organs in the chest.

• Shape of body - Gives shape to the body and


makes you tall or short.

• Support - Holds your vital organs in place when


playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body
upright.

• Movement - Muscle are attached to bones, which


are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.

• Blood production - Red blood cells are to carry oxygen


and white blood cells are to protect the body against
infection. These are produced in the bone marrow of
some bones.
Movement patterns
Flexion
Reducing the angle at the joint, for example bending the knee or elbow
is flexion
Extension
Increasing the angle at the joint, for example straightening the knee or
elbow is extension
Adduction
Moving the body part towards the centre of the body, for
example bringing one leg in towards the other is adduction
Abduction
Moving the body part away from the centre of the body,
for example taking one leg away from the other is
abduction.
Rotation
Turning or twisting a body part, either clockwise or anti-clockwise, for
example turning your leg to point the toes outwards
Muscular System
The core
Pectorals minor
Pectorals major

Rectus abdominis
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Arms
Deltoids

Triceps Brachii
Bicep Brachii
Legs

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