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Keypad

The DTMF keypad uses a 4x4 matrix with rows representing low frequencies and columns representing high frequencies. Pressing a button generates two tones, one low and one high frequency, that are decoded by switching centers to identify the button. Standard tone frequencies are used for dial, busy, and ringback signals with some variation allowed. The tone frequencies are selected to avoid harmonics and interference.

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Praveen Sharma
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30 views

Keypad

The DTMF keypad uses a 4x4 matrix with rows representing low frequencies and columns representing high frequencies. Pressing a button generates two tones, one low and one high frequency, that are decoded by switching centers to identify the button. Standard tone frequencies are used for dial, busy, and ringback signals with some variation allowed. The tone frequencies are selected to avoid harmonics and interference.

Uploaded by

Praveen Sharma
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Keypad

1209 Hz on 697 Hz to make the 1 tone

Main article: Telephone keypad


The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 4×4 matrix, with each row representing
a low frequency, and each column representing a high frequency. Pressing
a single key (such as '1' ) will send a sinusoidal tone for each of the two
frequencies (697 and 1209 hertz (Hz)). The original keypads had levers
inside, so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the
reason for calling the system multifrequency. These tones are then
decoded by the switching center to determine which key was pressed.

DTMF keypad frequencies (with sound clips)

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz

697 Hz 1 2 3 A

770 Hz 4 5 6 B

852 Hz 7 8 9 C

941 Hz * 0 # D
[edit]Special tone frequencies
National telephone systems define additional tones to indicate the status of
lines, equipment, or the result of calls with special tones. Such tones are
standardized in each country and may consist of single or multiple
frequencies. Most European countries use a single frequency, where the
United States uses a dual frequency system presented in the following
table.

Low
Event High frequency
frequency

Busy signal 480 Hz 620 Hz

Ringback
440 Hz 480 Hz
tone (US)

Dial tone 350 Hz 440 Hz

The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise Tone Plan, are selected


such that harmonics and intermodulation products will not cause an
unreliable signal. No frequency is a multiple of another, the difference
between any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies, and
the sum of any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies. The
frequencies were initially designed with aratio of 21/19, which is slightly
less than a whole tone. The frequencies may not vary more than ±1.8%
from their nominal frequency, or the switching center will ignore the signal.
The high frequencies may be the same volume as – or louder than – the
low frequencies when sent across the line. The loudness difference
between the high and low frequencies can be as large as 3 decibels (dB)
and is referred to as "twist." The duration of the tone should be at least 70
ms, although in some countries and applications DTMF receivers must be
able to reliably detect DTMF tones as short as 45ms.
As with other multi-frequency receivers, DTMF was originally decoded by
tuned filter banks. Late in the 20th century most were replaced with digital
signal processors. DTMF can be decoded using the Goertzel algorithm.

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