Prepared By

Blesson Varghese
Jignesh modi
Asmita Pandit
Rajendra Gupta
Neha Hardwane
Priya palan
Amit Palliwal
• Introduction
• Agriculture
• Education
• Telecom Sector
• Transportation
• Social Dimension
• Peace
• Health forecasts
• Food security & Nutrition
• Financial Sector
• Social Defense
• TRENDS IN FERTILITY, MORTALITY, NUTRITION
• Sustainability of India's Material Resources
• Government and peoples participation
• Rural Development
• Water management
• India’s Trade
• Conclusion
 Introduction
 Started in June 2000 – Dr. S.P Gupta
 Committee consist 30 experts from their respective areas
 After 2 year’s committee examined some important issues
such as :
◦ Employment & Education
◦ Access to food & healthy Life to all citizens
 Later on continued by A.P.J Abdul Kalam in 2002 prepared
by TIFAC with the team of 500 experts
 Agriculture and food processing - a target of doubling the
present production of food and agricultural products by
2020
 Infrastructure with reliable and quality - electric power
including solar farming for all parts of the country, providing
urban amenities in rural areas and interlinking of rivers
 Education and Healthcare - To provide social security and
eradication of illiteracy and health for all
 Information and Communication Technology - ICT can be
used for tele-education, tele-medicine and e-governance to
promote education in remote areas, healthcare and also
transparency in the administration
 Critical technologies and strategic industries - witnessed the
growth in nuclear technology, space technology and defence
technology
Agriculture Policy
 Increased agricultural productivity and rapid industrial growth
in the recent years have contributed to a significant reduction
in poverty level, from 55 percent in 1973 to 26 percent in
1998.

 To meet the projected demand in the year 2020, country

must attain a per hectare yield of 2.7 tons for rice, 3.1 tons
for wheat, 2.1 tons for maize, 1.3 tons for coarse cereals, 2.4
tons for cereal, 1.3 tons for pulses, 22.3 tons for potato, 25.7
for vegetables, and 24.1 tons for fruits. The production of
livestock and poultry products must be improved 61% for
milk, 76% for meat, 91% for fish, and 169% for eggs by the
year 2020 over the base year TE 1999. Average yields of most
crops in India are still rather low.
 Main Issues
• Population pressure and demographic transition
• Resource base degradation and water scarcity
• Investment in agriculture, structural adjustment and impact on the
poor
• Globalization and implication on the poor
• Modern science and technology and support to research and
technology development
• Rapid urbanization and urbanization of poverty, and deceleration
in rural poverty reduction
addressing the above issues
• Conservation of natural resources and protection of environment
• Vast untapped potential of our soil and water resources, and
farming systems
• Technology revolution especially in the areas of molecular biology,
biotechnology, space technology, ecology and management
• Revolution in informatics and communication and the opportunity
of linking farmers, extension workers and scientists with the
national and international databases
1. Enhancing Yield of Major Commodities :
2. Integrated nutrient management:
3. Arresting deceleration in total factor productivity:
4. Bridging Yield Gaps:
5. Water for Sustainable Food Security :
6. Emphasis on Rain-fed Ecosystem :
7. Accent on Post-Harvest Management, Value Addition
and Cost-Effectiveness :
8. Increased Investment in Agriculture and Infrastructures
9. Accent on Empowering the Small Farmers :
10.Disaster management
11.Exploiting Cyberspace
Education
• Knowledge is the single most important economic resource today.
• India spends 3.2% of its GDP on education.
• Reverse brain drain.
• Emerging Educational hub.
• Education as an Engine of Development
 Rebuilding villages education
◦ India lives in its villages. It is there that our producers live, voters
live, the poor and illiterate live.
 The second vision statement is contained in Article 45 of the
Constitution of India: The state shall endeavour to provide within a
period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution,
for free and compulsory education for all children until they
complete the age of fourteen years.
 Thrust Area
◦ Elementary education becoming
◦ School curriculum should not unnecessarily load students
◦ Adult education will be of comprehensive nature encompassing,
functional, literary, post literacy programmes and life long
continuing education.
◦ Teacher education programmes
 Strategies
◦ Networking school-level resource institutions
◦ Building strong educational information management system
◦ Making available parent education programmes round the clock
◦ Offering special programmes for gifted and talented students
◦ Special Programmes for Girls Education
◦ Education of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other
disadvantaged groups
◦ Curriculum: Review, Revision and Development
Telecom Sector
 . Reforms and Performance
◦ gradual approach to telecom sector reform through
selective privatization and managed competition in
different segments of the telecom market.
 Economic Structure
 Telecom and IT
 Competition with privatization
 Independent regulator?
 Competition Policy
 Technology trend
W A IT IN G L IS T ,D E L A
D E M A N D ( m illio n
DEL: SUPPLY AND DEMAND
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

YEAR ENDING M ARCH 31

Rank Country/Region Number of telephone lines

—   Worldwide 1,268,000,000
1  China 313,680,000
2  United States 150,000,000
3  Germany 48,700,000
4  Japan 47,579,000
5  Russia 44,200,000
6  Brazil 41,497,000
7  India 36,760,000
 Recent Policies
◦  All the villages shall be covered by telecom facility by the end of 2002.
◦ The Communication Convergence Bill 2001introduced in the Parliament on
August 31, 2001 is presently before the Standing Committee of Parliament
on Telecom and IT.
◦ The International Long Distance Services (ILDS) have been opened to
competition.
◦ Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) has been introduced for providing telephone
connections in urban, semi-urban and rural areas promptly.
◦ Guidelines have been issued by the Government to open up Internet
telephony (IP).
 Going Forward
◦ A mobile revolution is in the offing in India
◦ The next points of crossover will be between data and voice, and between
mobile and fixed-line Internet.
◦ E-commerce, for instance, is still in relative infancy and is expected to
boom in coming years
◦ Complete transition into digital switching and transmission, VoIP,
broadband and 3G.
Transportation
 ROAD TRANSPORT

• Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in india today.

• They carry about 90% of the countries passengers and 65% of freight.
• The growth of road transport has arisen from the proliferation of the road
network in the last 50 years, from 400,000 kms in 1951 to 3,300,000 by
2000.
National Highways 52000 kms
State Highways 1,28,000 kms
District Roads, Other 29,20,000* kms
Urban Roads 200,000 kms
• Only 4% of the National Highways have four lane (or more)
• 66% are two lane while 30% is still one lane and the state highways have
1% four lane, 19% two lane and 80%, single lane.
 Total number of on roa d ve hicle s
m illion
800

GDP growth 6%
700
GDP growth 8%

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

From 60 million vehicles in 2005

225 million in 2020(9% annual growth)
460 million in 2020 (10% annual growth)
•RAILWAY TRANSPORT

•Indian Railways is one of the worlds largest rail network with 64,105 kilometers
•Indian railways carried 19 million passengers and 2.29 million tonnes of freight
each day in 2008 – 2009.

Indian Railways has come out with INDIAN RAILWAY VISION 2020.
• Add 25000 Kms of Lines by 2020 with Govt funding & PPP.
• Increasing Passengers Train speed from 110-130KMPH to 160-200KMPH
• Capacity creation through Doubling and Quadrupling of lines
• Freight corridor between Delhi to Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai & Mumbai to
Kolkata
• Electrification of 14000 Kms
• Reinventing of Passengers Services with CHANGE FOR
BETTER TOMORROW Will include double decker trains,
• Bullet  Train Services with speed of 250-300 KMPH  on six corridors.  
The corridors will not cover the  Karnataka.
• Six  dedicated freight corridor
Airport Infrastructure by 2020.

The Indian air industry is one of the fastest growing industry in the world

Challenges:
1. Modernization of the airlines fleet to handle the pressure of competition in
the aviation industry.
2. Rapid expansion plans for the major airports for the increased flow of air

traffics.
3. Development for the growing regional airports.
4. Waving of tax exemption on leasing from government.
5. Cost pressures (Staff Cost and ATF Prices)

The domestic aviation sector is expected to grow at a rate of 9.10% to reach a

level of 150 to 180 million passengers by 2020.
Investment opportunities of US $ 110 billion envisaged upto 2020 with US $ 80
billion in new aircraft and US $ 30 billion in development of airport infrastructure
WATER TRANSPORT:

• Current
 It’s a cheaper mode for transportation of bulk commodities.
 Despite 14500 kms of rivers and canals and three major waterways, the
Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the West Coast Canal, the traffic carried on
this subsector is only 1.5 billion tonnes km a year
•Vision
 The envisaged connection of the tributaries of the rivers through a network
of canals will provide an opportunity and an impetus to increase the
potential and growth of Inland water transport.
•Future Trends in Transport
· Improvement in the length, quality and speed of transport networks.
· Higher frequency and quality of services.
· Better control of air and noise pollution.
· Increased mobility for commuters, business and recreational travel.
· Improved urban transport systems.
· Corresponding improvements in rural transport.
· Fewer transport constraints to trade.
· Better energy efficiency.
· Improved safety with fewer accidents.
.
Social Dimension
Demand for achievement of targets:
 Replacement level of population, Health, for all

 Rehabilitation facilities for the disabled

 Empowerment of women

 Total elimination of child labour

 Protection of all types of minorities.

 Population
 Employment
◦ proportion of educated (matric and above) job seekers
through the employment exchanges has gone well
beyond 50% and could go even up to 80%, if the
experience of metropolitan cities like Delhi can be
considered pointer to the future.
 Child Labour
 Older Persons
◦ There are no private retirement pension plans and the
existing efforts to start them are developing rather
slowly, major interventions from the society are
required for the benefit of 65+ by 2020
 Gender equity
◦ The gender development index prepared by the UNDP
places India at the 108th rank amongst 174 countries
 Every democratic society has to cope up with the care of
those who cannot care for themselves un-aided

 For these groups considerable work has been done by various

government organizations and various Commissions have
been set up under the constitution to supervise all such
government funded actions.

 The government also has the responsibility of assistance to

the minorities:
◦ Area intensive Programme for educationally backward minorities
◦ Financial assistance for education
◦ Community polytechnics in minority concentration area
◦ Setting up of a corporation
◦ Coaching classes for competitive exams
 Challenges to peace
◦ A single fundamental idea defines the conceptual
framework for India's security, that is,the idea of equality of
human beings
◦ National Security
 protection and preservation of the core values and vital
interests critical to the nation-state from external and
internal challenges and threats
◦ Defence and development as concurrent goals
◦ Economic disparities and social inequities
◦ Idea of equality of human beings
◦ National comprehensive power is necessary if the country is
to ensure an environment of peace in which to pursue
human development unhindered by negative impulses.
 State responsibility for health care after independence was
free medical care for all (and not merely to those unable
to pay)

 The inadequate priority to public health, poor investment

in safe water culminating in the persistence of diseases
like Cholera

 the rural health structure should be strengthened and

funded and managed efficiently in all States by 2005. This
can trigger many dramatically changes over the next
twenty years in neglected aspects or rural health and of
vulnerable segments.
 Non communicable diseases and injuries
◦ Cancer cardiovascular diseases and renal conditions - and neglect
in regard to mental health conditions
 Health financing issues
◦ Public expenditure levels Health spending in India at 6% of GDP
◦ Finally it has been established that between 2/3rds to 3/4ths of all
medical expenditure is spend on privately provided care.
◦ Every household on the average spends up to 10% of annual
household consumption in meeting health care needs.
 How far can health insurance help?
◦ New insurance product will be putout to expand business than
widening risk covered
◦ Protection against huge hospitalization expenses
◦ The insurable population in India has been assessed at 250 million
and at an average of Rs 1000/- per person the premium amount
per year would be Rs 25,000/- crores and is expected to treble in
ten years.
 India achieved Self Sufficiency till the seventies but could not
solve the problem of chronic household food insecurity
 Change in the concept of Food Security in recent years
 common practice to estimate the number of food insecure
households by comparing their calorie intake
 It is suggested that the assessment of malnutrition should be
based on outcome measures rather than input measures as those
are more closely related to health & functional capacity.
 Food policy distinguish between transient and chronic food
security
 The limitation is not food supply, but food distribution
 Substantial human resources are wasted due to malnutrition
related diseases.
 TRENDS IN FOOD PRODUCTION

Year Food Production population Growth Rate

1963-1973 2.11 -0.1
1973-1983 3 0.84
1983-1993 3.77 1.62
1993-2003 2.72 0.9
2003-2009 2.75 1.0
 FOOD EXPENDITURE. FOOD CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIE
INTAKE
◦ Increase in consumption expenditure did not reflect in food
expenditure
◦ consumption of non-cereal food items could not compensate
the loss of energy intake due to fall in cereal consumption
during this period
 NUTRITIONAL STATUS
◦ NNMB - The National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau
◦ NFHS - National Family Health Survey
 PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (PDS - a producer price-support-
cum-consumer subsidy programme)
◦ large programme of public food distribution through fair price
shops
 WTO AND FOOD SECURITY
◦ India is facing the problem of disposing off huge foodgrains
stocks. It is basically due to the weak purchasing power of the
poor and improper food distribution.
◦ India should diversify its agriculture and get a foothold in the
world food market.
 FOOD DEMAND
◦ driven by income and population growth, urbanization, food
prices and income distribution

Projections of Households food demand - All India

(million tons per annum)
Year 2010 Year 2020
Rice 97.99 118.93
Wheat 72.07 92.37
Other Cereals 14.11 15.57
All Cereals 181.12 221.11
Pulses 14.58 19.53
Food grains 195.69 240.64
Milk & Milk Prod. 106.43 165.84
Edible Oils 7.67 10.94
Meat and Fish 7.25 10.8
Sugar & Gur 17.23 25.07
Fruits & Vegetables 75.21 113.17
 Financial system - strong, functionally diverse and displays
efficiency and flexibility, is critical to our national objectives
of creating a market-driven, productive and competitive
economy
 It includes financial institutions, financial markets, financial
instruments and services
 Two major segments –
◦ Organised Sector – Banking (80%) & Non Banking
◦ Traditional / Informal Sector
 Complex economy
 70-80’s senario
 equity market entered in late eighties
 Other markets remained relatively segmented and
underdeveloped
 Well developed markets should be inter-connected to facilitate
the demand-supply imbalances in one market & grown faster and
more steadily than weaker and closely regulated systems
 India being developing country has no exception
 Govt set up 2 committees in 1991 & 1998
 Govt accepted most of the measures :-
◦ Privatization of banks
◦ Reduced barriers to foreign banks
◦ Deregulated interest rates
◦ Liberalization of branch licensing
◦ SLR & CRR have been reduced
 First Phase - Improved efficiency and transparency in the
financial sector.
 The second phase - target the three interrelated issues viz.
◦ strengthening the foundations of the banking system
◦ streamlining procedures, upgrading technology and human
resource development
◦ structural changes in the system
 A major area to be focused is country’s development policy,
investment in infrastructure
 Private sector entry
 The Government continues to play the role of a facilitator
 Relatively higher risk profile.
 Necessarily requires the commitment of long-term funds (equity)
 Other possible sources – Institutional such as pension, provident
and insurance funds
 Gets Tax Holidays
 Securitization successful in developed countries.
 RBI also supporting banks
 Encourage mutual funds to involve in primary issue market
 Crime Trends
◦ Poverty factor
◦ Cultural and social discrimination
 Correction Strategy
◦ Development
◦ Correctional approach to crime control
◦ Prison Reform
◦ Rehabilation Center
◦ Juvenile Justice
◦ Public Participation
 Population
◦ TFR (Backward States: 4.2,Rest: 2.4)
 Fertility Trend
 Reproductive Health: The maternal mortality rate (MMR) in
India remains very high at over 500 per thousand live births.
◦ Based on NFHS data using weight-for-height index, more than one-third
of women in India are undernourished.
◦ Although age at marriage is rising, early marriage and childbearing are still
common
 CHILD HEALTH
◦ Infant and Child Mortality Rate/Immunisation
 Growing Trends
◦ The 2-Child norm has become stronger
◦ School attendance is improving among young people
◦ Literacy levels are rising
1. Power industry
2. Coal
3. Oil and gas
4. Renewable energy
5. Air
6. Water
7. Land, forests, and biodiversity
8. Forests
9. Biodiversity
 Power industry
◦ The power industry in India has registered significant progress
since the inception of
◦ the economic planning process in 1951. Installed capacity grew
from about 1360 MW in 1947 to about 157392 MW by 31 March
2001.
 Issues
◦ Poor financial condition of the SEBs (state electricity boards)
◦ Insufficient generation of resources on an installed capacity basis
and lack of the right kind of capacity to meet demand. Declining
share of hydro has adversely affected the performance of thermal
plants in some regions.
◦ Inadequate transmission capacity to link different regions.
• Coal Based Power
◦ Coal-based thermal power constitutes 62% of
◦ total power generation, accounting for almost 75% of the total coal
used.
◦ High ash content of Indian coal results not only in poor
performance of thermal power stations and their high O&M
(operation and maintenance) costs, but also production of 7–8
times more ash than in European countries.
 Government and peoples participation

 On governance
 Decentralization and peoples participation
 Institutional Framework sfor Decentralization – The Panchayat
 Distribution of Power between Various Tiers of Governance
 Decentralization – The Process of Learning by Doing
 Direct Democracy - From Panchayat to Gram Sabha
 Financial Devolution
 People’s Participation and Social Change
 Corruption, Transparency and Accountability
 Increasing Awareness, Conflicts and Judicial Recourse
 Concluding Observations
 Abraham Maslow [1] described human needs.

Self-
Maslow’s Need
Actualization Ladder
Esteem/
Recognition

Social/Affiliation

Safety/Security Rural communities in developing

countries have their basic needs
Physiological still unsatisfied.
 DRIVING FORCES OF DEVELOPMENT
◦ The Importance of Technology
◦ The East Asian Model
◦ The Swadeshi Issue
◦ Education as a Driving Force
◦ Urbanisation as Driving Force
◦ Constrained vision, Unconstrained Vision
 IMPEDANCES TO DEVELOPMENT
1. Impediment to technological development
2. Economies of Scale and Bottlenecks
3. Fear of Technology Induced Unemployment
4. A Law for Employment Growth
5. Wage Policy and Employment Growth
6. Limitations in Technology Management
7. Lack of Scientific Spirit
8. Impedance to Rational Education
9. The Democratic Challenge
 REALISING TECHNOLOGY VISION

 Objectives of Technology Development

◦ Remedying Defects
◦ Import Bias:
◦ Career Insecurity:
◦ Technical Education
◦ Identifying Talented Children:
◦ Empowering the R&D Laboratories and Academic Institutions
◦ Vocational and Elementary Education
 VISIONARY INFRASTRUCTURE
◦ The Rurban Plan
◦ Empowering Rural Areas to Compete with Cities
◦ Features of the Rurban Habitat
◦ Implementing the Rurban Habitat
◦ Planning for the Future
◦ Importance of Keeping Supply in Excess of Demand
 Alternative Water Policy for India 2020
◦ Information System and Water Resources Assessment
◦ Demand Management and Conservation
◦ Integrated Planning for Maximising Water Usability
◦ Sectoral Water Allocation for Various Uses
◦ River Life, Pollution and Environment
◦ Groundwater Management
◦ Flood Management and Drainage
◦ Resettlement and Rehabilitation Management
 Action Programme and Implementation Schedule
◦ Partnership with Communities in Water Resources Management
◦ Changes in the Institutional Structure
◦ Implementation of Watershed Projects
◦ Legal Changes
◦ Project Implementation
◦ Financing Projects and Water Service Charges
◦ Maintenance and Modernisation
◦ Action Programme and Important Implementation Aspects
◦ Research and Training
 With the liberalization since 1991, the ratio of international
trade to GDP has gone up from 14 per cent in 1980 to
nearly 20 per cent towards the end of the decade of 1990s.
 Factors Affecting the Demand for Exports
◦ Growth Performance of World Economy and Key Trading Regions
◦ World Output and Trade at the Turn of the Century and the
Outlook
◦ WTO Agreements: Since the implementation of the Final Act of the
Uruguay Round in 1995, the WTO Agreements have become
important factors in determining the patterns of world trade
 Agreement on Textiles and Clothing: proposes to phase out the MFA quotas
imposed by the developed countries on the imports of textiles and clothing.
 Agreement on Agriculture (AoA):
 Anti-dumping Regulations
 Tariff Negotiations and New Trade Round
 Trade Preferences for the Least Developed Countries
 Preferential Trade Arrangements/Free Trade Arrangements in Rest of the World
 Regional/Bilateral Free Trade Arrangements
 Factors Affecting the Supply of Exports
◦ Infrastructural Bottlenecks
◦ Growth of Domestic Demand
◦ Inflows of Export-oriented Foreign Direct Investment
◦ Technological Upgrading and Movement along with the
Value Chain
◦ Paying Attention to R&D Activity
◦ Building Indigenous Brands
◦ Overseas Presence
◦ Efficiency Seeking Corporate Restructuring
◦ Supply Constraints on Exports of Knowledge-based
Services
◦ Exchange Rates Alignments
 Factors Affecting the Demand for Imports
◦ India's Growth Performance
◦ Trade Liberalization
◦ Crude Prices
 Software and IT Services1 : A New Field of
Comparative Advantage for India
 Growth Rates and Share in the Global Industry

1994/ 1995/ 1996/ 1997/ 1998/ 1999/20

5 6 7 8 9 00
Growth Rate 34.61 56.14 53.85 44.44 48.65
of Revenue
in US$
Growth Rate 54.46 51.34 47.82 61.29 51.43 50.94
of Exports
in US$
 It has become necessary to not only look at what was
attempted during the process of planned development but also
critically examine what was not achieved despite promises.

 To make sure that citizens of this country at least reach a

minimum decent level of social development, social justice or
whatever other phrases might be used for judging the
performance of a society in the long term

 The examination of various social dimensions in the light of

expected rapid growth of the economy must be seen the large
context of a relatively secure society and peace at the national
border.