Linearization= L(x,y)=f(a,b)+fx(a,b)(x-a)+fy(a,b)(y-b)

Tangent Plane=z=L(x,y)
Gradient=ΔF={fx(a,b),fy(a,b)} at P=(a,b)
Chain Rule for Paths= d/dt f(c(t))= Δ f(c(t))∙c’(t)
Critical Point at point P=(a,b) = fx(a,b)=0 and fy(a,b)=0 or don’t exisit
Second Derivative Test, P=(a,b) = D=D(a,b)=fxx(a,b)fyy(a,b)-fxy(a,b)^2 D>0 then f(a,b) is … fxx(a,b)>0 is min…fxx(a,b)<0
is max D<0 saddle point D=0 inconclusive
Lagrange Multipliers g(x,y) is min or max at P(a,b) then Δfp=¥Δgp
Fubini’s Theorum for Triple Intergrals for f(x,y,z) at B=[a,b]x[c,d]x[p,q]
b d q

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f ( x , y , z ) dzdydx
x=a y=c z= p
❑ θ2 r 2
Double Intergral in Polar Coordinates ∬ f ( x , y ) dA=∫∫ f ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
R θ1 r 1
θ 2 B (θ) z 2 (r ,θ)
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates ∫ ∫ ∫ f ¿¿¿¿
θ 1 r =a(θ) z= z 1(r ,θ )
θ2 φ 2 p 2(θ ,φ)
Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates ∫∫ ∫ f ¿¿ ¿ ¿
θ 1 φ=φ 1 p= p 1(θ ,φ)

dϕ dϕ
Jacobian Determinant Φ ( u , v ) =(ϕ ( u , v ) , ψ ( u . v ) )

dx dx
| |
Jac ( Φ )= du
dψ
du
dv
dψ
dv

❑
General Change of Variables ∬ f ( x ( u , v ) , y ( u , v ) )
D0
du
dy dy
du dv
| |
dv dudv

Cross Partials of a Gradient Vector Field are Equal : F= ⟨ F 1, F 2 , F 3 ⟩ the cross products
dF 1 dF 2 dF 2 dF 3 dF 3 dF 1
= = = must equal.
dy dx dz dy dy dz
b
Computing a Scalar Line Integral: ∫ f (c ( t ) )‖c ' (t)‖dt
a
b
Computing a Vector Line Integral: ∫ F (c ( t ) )∙ c ' (t)dt
a
❑
Fundamental Theorum for Gradient Vector Fields: if F=∇ φ then ∫ F ∙ ds=φ ( Q ) −φ(P)
C
Potential Function: If cross Prartials of F are equal, then F=∇ φ∨∫ F=φ
Surface Integrals and Surface Area: Let Φ (u , v) be a parameterization of a surface.

∬ f ( x , y , z ) dS=∬ f ¿ ¿ ¿
Surface Area is Area ( S ) =∬‖n (u , v)‖ dudv n=jacobian
Φ ( θ , z )=( Rcosθ , Rsinθ , z ) , 0 ≤θ ≤ 2 π ,−∞≤ z ≤ ∞
n ( P )=n ( u , v )=Tu x Tv
Area ( S )=‖n(u , v)‖
2 2
Surface Intergral over a graph= ∬ f ( x , y , g ( x , y ) ) √ 1+ g x + g y dxdy
Gravitational Potential of a Uniform Hollow Sphere: the gravitation potential φ due to a hollow sphere of radius R with uniform
mass distribution of total mass m at P located at a distance r from the center
−Gm

{
φ ( P )= r
−Gm
R
if r > R (P outside Sphere)

if r< R (P inside Sphere)

n
Vector Surface integral: ∬ F ∙ dS=∬ ( F ∙ e n ) dS e n=en ( u , v )=‖n‖
Vector Surface integral: n(u,v) is a normal vector ∬ F ∙ dS=∬ F ( Φ ( u , v ) ) ∙ n ( u , v ) dudv

Flow Rate across S(voliume per unit time)= ∬ v ∙ dS

Flux = ∬ F ∙ dS
❑
Green’sTheorum= ∮ Pdx +Qdy=∬
dD
( dQdx − dPdy ) dA
dQ dP
Curl or scalar curl: curl z ( F ) = −
dx dy
1
xdy− ydx
2∮
Area(D) =

Strokes Theorum = ∮ F ∙ ds=∬ curl( F)∙ dS