Chapter 7 Solutions
Chapter 7 Solutions
Conservation of Energy
20 • Water flows over Victoria Falls, which is 128 m high, at an average
rate of 1.4×106 kg/s. If half the potential energy of this water were converted into
electric energy, how much electric power would be produced by these falls?
Picture the Problem The water going over the falls has gravitational potential
energy relative to the base of the falls. As the water falls, the falling water
acquires kinetic energy until, at the base of the falls; its energy is entirely kinetic.
The rate at which energy is delivered to the base of the falls is given by
P = dW / dt = −dU / dt.
Express the rate at which energy is dW dU d
P= =− = − 12 ( mgh )
being delivered to the base of the dt dt dt
falls; remembering that half the dm
= − 12 gh
potential energy of the water is dt
converted to electric energy:
Substitute numerical values and evaluate P:
( ) ( )
P = − 12 9.81 m/s 2 ( − 128 m ) 1.4 × 10 6 kg/s = 0.88 GW
(a) Relate the potential energy stored 2U s
U s = 12 kx 2 ⇒ x =
in the spring to the distance it has k
been stretched:
Substitute numerical values and 2( 50 J )
x= = 10 cm
evaluate x: 1.0 × 10 4 N/m
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(b) Proceed as in (a) with Us = 100 J: 2(100 J )
x= = 14 cm
1.0 × 10 4 N/m
39 • The 3.00kg object in Figure 742 is released from rest at a height of
5.00 m on a curved frictionless ramp. At the foot of the ramp is a spring of force
constant 400 N/m. The object slides down the ramp and into the spring,
compressing it a distance x before coming momentarily to rest. (a) Find x.
(b) Describe the motion object (if any) after the block momentarily comes to rest?
Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth, the block, and the spring.
With this choice there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of
the system. Let Ug = 0 at the elevation of the spring. Then the initial gravitational
potential energy of the 3.00kg object is transformed into kinetic energy as it
slides down the ramp and then, as it compresses the spring, into potential energy
stored in the spring.
(a) Apply conservation of Wext = ∆K + ∆U = 0
mechanical energy to the system to and, because ∆K = 0,
relate the distance the spring is 2mgh
− mgh + 12 kx 2 = 0 ⇒ x =
compressed to the initial potential k
energy of the block:
Substitute numerical values and
x=
( )
2( 3.00 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 ( 5.00 m )
evaluate x: 400 N/m
= 0.858 m
(b) The energy stored in the compressed spring will accelerate the block, launching
it back up the incline and the block will retrace its path, rising to a height of
5.00 m.
51 •• A 0.17kg baseball is launched from the roof of a building 12 m above
the ground. Its initial velocity is 30 m/s at 40° above the horizontal. Assume any
effects of air resistance are negligible. (a) What is the maximum height above the
ground the ball reaches? (b) What is the speed of the ball as it strikes the ground?
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Picture the Problem The figure shows
the ball being thrown from the roof of
the building. Let the system consist of
the ball and the earth. Then Wext = 0.
Choose Ug = 0 at ground level. We can
use conservation of mechanical energy
to determine the maximum height of
the ball and its speed at impact with the
ground.
(a) Apply conservation of Wext = ∆K + ∆U = 0
mechanical energy to obtain: or
K 2 − K1 + U 2 − U1 = 0
Substitute for the energies to obtain: 1
2 mv 22 − 12 mv12 + mgh2 − mgh1 = 0
Note that, at point 2, the ball is v 2 = v1 cosθ
moving horizontally and:
− mgh1 = 0
Solving for H yields: v2
H = h1 −
2g
(
cos 2 θ − 1 )
Substitute numerical values and ( 30 m/s) 2
H = 12 m −
) ( cos )
40° − 1
2
evaluate H: (
2 9.81 m/s 2
= 31 m
(b) Apply conservation of Wext = ∆K + ∆U = 0
mechanical energy to the system to or, because Uf = 0,
relate the initial mechanical energy K f − K1 − U 1 = 0
of the ball to its justbeforeimpact
energy:
Substituting for Kf, K1, and U1 1
2 mvf2 − 12 mvi2 − mghi = 0
yields:
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Substitute numerical values and vf = ( 30 m/s) 2 + 2(9.81m/s2 ) (12 m )
evaluate vf :
= 34 m/s
52 •• An 80cmlong pendulum with a 0.60kg bob is released from rest at
an initial angle of θ0 with the vertical. At the bottom of the swing, the speed of the
bob is 2.8 m/s. (a) What is θ0? (b) What angle does the pendulum make with the
vertical when the speed of the bob is 1.4 m/s? Is this angle equal to 2 θ 0 ? Explain
1
why or why not.
Picture the Problem The figure shows
the pendulum bob in its release position
and in the two positions in which it is
in motion with the given speeds. Let
the system consist of the pendulum and
the earth and choose Ug = 0 at the low
point of the swing. We can apply
conservation of mechanical energy to
relate the two angles of interest to the
speeds of the bob at the intermediate
and low points of its trajectory.
(a) Apply conservation of Wext = ∆K + ∆U = 0
mechanical energy to the system to or
obtain: K f − K i + U f − U i = 0.
Because Ki = Uf = 0: K f − U i = 0 (1)
Substitute for Kf and Ui in equation 1
2 mvf2 − mgL(1 − cos θ 0 ) = 0
(1) to obtain:
Solving for θ0 yields: v2
θ 0 = cos −1 1 −
2 gL
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Substitute numerical values and
θ 0 = cos −1 1 −
( 2.8 m/s) 2
2( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.80 m )
evaluate θ0: 2
= 60°
− mgL(1 − cos θ 0 ) = 0
Solving for θ yields : ( vf ') 2
θ = cos −1
+ cosθ 0
2 gL
Substitute numerical values and evaluate θ :
θ = cos −1
(1.4 m/s) 2
+ cos 60° = 51°
2( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.80 m )
2
No. The change in gravitational potential energy is linearly dependent on the
cosine of the angle rather than on the angle itself.
60 • In a volcanic eruption, 4.00 km3 of mountain with an average density
of 1600 kg/m3 was raised an average height of 500 m. (a) What is the minimum
amount of energy, in joules, that was released during this eruption? (b) The
energy released by thermonuclear bombs is measured in megatons of TNT, where
1 megaton of TNT = 4.2 × 1015 J. Convert your answer for Part (a) to megatons of
TNT.
Picture the Problem The energy of the eruption is initially in the form of the
kinetic energy of the material it thrusts into the air. This energy is then
transformed into gravitational potential energy as the material rises.
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(a) Express the energy of the E = mg∆h
eruption in terms of the height ∆h to
which the debris rises:
Relate the mass of the material to its m = ρV
density and volume:
Substitute for m to obtain: E = ρVg∆h
Substitute numerical values and evaluate E:
( )( )( )
E = 1600 kg/m 3 4.00 km 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 500 m ) = 3.14 × 1016 J
(b) Convert 3.14×1016 J to megatons of TNT:
1 Mton TNT
3.14 ×1016 J = 3.14 × 1016 J × = 7.5 Mton TNT
4.2 × 1015 J
66 •• A 20kg girl slides down a playground slide with a vertical drop of
3.2 m. When she reaches the bottom of the slide, her speed is 1.3 m/s. (a) How
much energy was dissipated by friction? (b) If the slide is inclined at 20° with the
horizontal, what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the girl and the
slide?
Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth, the girl, and the slide.
Given this choice, there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of
the system. By the time she reaches the bottom of the slide, her potential energy at
the top of the slide has been converted into kinetic and thermal energy. Choose
Ug = 0 at the bottom of the slide and denote the top and bottom of the slide as
shown in the figure. We’ll use the workenergy theorem with friction to relate
these quantities and the forces acting on her during her slide to determine the
friction force that transforms some of her initial potential energy into thermal
energy.
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(a) Express the workenergy Wext = ∆K + ∆U + ∆Etherm = 0
theorem:
Because U2 = K1 = Wext = 0: 0 = K 2 − U1 + ∆Etherm = 0
or
∆Etherm = U1 − K 2 = mg∆h − 12 mv22
Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆Etherm:
( )
ΔE therm = ( 20 kg ) 9.81m/s 2 ( 3.2 m ) − 12 ( 20 kg ) (1.3 m/s ) = 611J = 0.61kJ
2
Solve for µk to obtain: ∆Etherm
µk = (1)
Fn ∆s
Referring to the figure, relate ∆h ∆h
∆s =
to ∆s and θ: sin θ
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Substitute numerical values and evaluate µk:
µk =
( 611 J ) tan20° = 0.35
( 20 kg ) ( 9.81 m/s2 ) ( 3.2 m )
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