Which of the following is a TRUE statement concerning schizophrenia?

a. If one's identical twin has schizophrenia, one's chances of also

developing the disorder is nearly 80%.
b. If treated properly, schizophrenia can be cured.
c. There is a relationship between schizophrenia and socioeconomic status.
d. Schizophrenia does not seem to have any basis in genetics.

Which of the following psychologists would be likely to view depression as a

result of "learned helplessness"?

a. a biological psychologist
b. a psychoanalytic psychologist
c. a cognitive-behavioral psychologist
d. a humanistic psychologist

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of personality disorders?

a. being unpopular
b. maladaptiveness
c. inflexibility
d. impaired functioning

A psychologist who is working with schizophrenics is likely to encounter all of

the following symptoms except

a. the formation of new words that don't exist in the dictionary.

b. strange bodily sensations.
c. hearing voices.
d. compulsive focusing on the things happening around them.

A person complains that her hair is gradually turning into wire and her bones
are slowly falling to her feet. While explaining this, she will sometimes laugh
hysterically and at other times cry. Which form of schizophrenia would be a
likely diagnosis in this case?

a. paranoid
b. catatonic
c. disorganized
d. residual

Bipolar depression differs from major depression in that

a. bipolar depression typically involves periods of mania.

b. bipolar depression involves depression caused by two distinct sources.
c. major depression is less common.
 d. bipolar depression is often complicated by further emotions such as
guilt.

After being rejected by all the medical schools she applied to, Melanie
developed a sad and dejected mood. She had difficulty sleeping, ate much less
than normal, no longer took interest in the hobbies and activities that once gave
her pleasure, and felt that she was worthless. Melanie would be diagnosed as
suffering from

a. bipolar depression.
b. unipolar depression.
c. panic disorder
d. mania.

Sophia suffers from intense bouts of fear whenever she sees a bee. Sophia is
most likely suffering from

a. panic disorder
b. phobic disorder
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. post traumatic stress disorder

Geraldo has lost the feeling in his hand, but his doctors can find no reason for
his paralysis. Geraldo is suffering from

a. somatization disorder
b. hypochondriasis
c. conversion disorder
d. body dysmorphic disorder

Aretha is a behavioral psychologist. How would she view the cause of most
psychological disorders?

a. as stemming from hidden, unconscious desires and conflicts

b. as stemming from some biological malfunction in the body
c. as a result of learning
d. as stemming from the fact that the patient is uncomfortable with his or
her self-concept

Jana often drinks too much alcohol. Which of the following criteria for
abnormality does Jana's behavior MOST likely meet?

a. infrequent behavior
b. maladaptive
c. labeled as abnormal by society
d. perceptual distortion
Which of the following tests is based on Freudian theory?

a. the MMPI test

b. the Myers-Briggs test
c. the Rorschach-Inkblot test
d. the Stanford-Binet test

The purpose of the MMPI is to

a. identify locus of control.

b. help students determine their their learning style.
c. distinguish normal and abnormal groups of subjects.
d. reveal unresolved unconscious conflicts.

Sophia rejects the notion of unconscious forces influencing personality

development, and instead emphasizes how individuals create and shape their
own lives. Sophia would MOST likely be considered a

a. Freudian psychologist.
b. neo-Freudian.
c. humanist
d. trait psychologist.

According to Rogers, the key to self-acceptance is receiving

a. unconditional positive regard.

b. conditional positive regard.
c. unconditional negative regard.
d. conditional negative regard.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of self-actualized individuals?

a. seek guidance from others

b. enjoy spending time alone.
c. focused on the present.
d. follow the norms of society.

Pedro is always the life of the party. He loves being the center of attention.
According to Eysenck, Pedro is a

a. introvert.
b. extrovert.
c. psychotic.
d. neurotic.
According to Allport, compassion and faithfulness are probably what kind of
traits for the Pope?

a. central traits
b. secondary traits
c. cardinal traits
d. source traits

Being reliable, hardworking, and punctual are characteristics of one high in

a. agreeableness.
b. openness.
c. neuroticism
d. conscientiousness.

In India, the Hindus believe in Karma, or the belief that one cannot control
one's present destiny, but one's present actions will influence one's future lives.
The Hindus' beliefs indicate that they tend to have

a. an internal locus of control.

b. an external locus of control.
c. internal and external loci of control.
d. no locus of control.

Wilma cries in her crib. Her mother comes and picks her up. This comfort
makes Wilma feel better and she stops crying. This scenario illustrates

a. self-efficacy.
b. reciprocal determinism.
c. external locus of control.
d. neuroticism.

Which of the following statements about the structure of personality would

Freud MOST likely endorse?

a. The ego and the id are irrational.

b. The id and superego are irrational.
c. The superego and ego are rational.
d. The id and ego are rational.

Arron, a four-year-old male, sees Jordan playing with an airplane. Arron wants
to play with the airplane. According to Freud, if Arron has a well-adjusted
personality, what is he likely to do?
 a. grab the toy from Jordan without asking
b. wait until Jordan has finished playing with the airplane before playing
with it himself
c. try to get Jordan interested in another toy so he can play with the
airplane
d. Arron is equally likely to engage in any of the above behaviors.

According to Freud, a sociopath, such as Charles Manson, who disregards the

rights and welfare of others would be MOST likely to have an

a. underdeveloped superego.
b. overdeveloped id.
c. overdeveloped superego.
d. underdeveloped id.

Defense mechanisms resolve conflicts generated between the

a. id and ego.
b. id and superego.
c. ego and superego.
d. conscious and unconscious.

"I know that I should wear my seat belt in the car, but I don’t." This person
probably experiences

a. external attribution.
b. the self-serving bias.
c. prejudice.
d. cognitive dissonance.

Claire must try to convince the other executives in her company to invest in a
major real estate venture. She knows that her colleagues are not initially in
favor of the idea. Claire should

a. present both sides of the argument.

b. present one side of the argument.
c. present a message from a non-credible source.
d. start by suggesting that they not make the investment in the hope that
she will get some opposition to the idea.

At Pedro’s office a number of men start wearing Hawaiian shirts on Fridays.

Soon Pedro begins wearing a Hawaiian shirt on Fridays. Pedro’s behavior is an
example of

a. consistency.
b. conformity.
 c. compliance.
d. obedience.

Imagine that you have been put in charge of a fundraising campaign for your
community organization. You decide to try the foot-in-the-door technique.
Which of the following strategies would you use?

a. Ask potential donors to contribute a fairly large sum of money and,

when they refuse, say you will settle for a lessor amount.
b. Ask the same potential donors repeatedly until they give in and
contribute.
c. Ask potential donor for a small contribution and then go back a few
weeks later and ask for more.
d. Offer potential donors a number of benefits and then ask them for a
contribution to your cause.

The results of Milgram’s obedience experiments demonstrated that

a. most people will not obey orders to harm others in the lab.
b. males but not females will obey orders to shock another person.
c. a majority of people will obey orders that they know are reasonable.
d. psychiatrists overestimate the percentage of individuals who will follow
orders to harm others in laboratory experiments.

Adam is driving past the scene of an automobile accident. He sees that there are
a lot of other people around, so he doesn’t feel that he needs to stop. Adam’s
behavior is an example of

a. conformity.
b. nonconformity.
c. low balling.
d. diffusion of responsibility.

Maria watches her mother "smack" her little brother Julio to get him to shut up.
Later when Julio begins screaming, Maria smacks him. Which theory on
aggression BEST explains Maria’s behavior?

a. social learning
b. frustration-aggression
c. innate
d. none of the above

An implication of research on attraction is that Sergei, a 30-year-old man from

Russia, is MOST likely to marry someone who
 a. has different, but complementary views relative to himself.
b. is a stranger to him.
c. is Russian.
d. is much more attractive than himself.

Helga dislikes yogurt. Which of the following are possible behaviors for
Helga, given her dislike of yogurt?

a. Helga will eat yogurt anyway.

b. Helga will avoid yogurt.
c. Helga will eat yogurt if it is served at a friend's house.
d. All of these behaviors are possible.

We are most likely to make what kind of attribution in cases where the person's
behavior is very socially undesirable?

a. situational
b. external
c. personal
d. self-perception

An experienced waiter can tell very quickly if a customer is a potential big

tipper and then serve the customer accordingly. To do this, the waiter would
probably rely on a(n)

a. self-schema.
b. person schema.
c. event schema.
d. mere exposure effect.

Which of the following statements is the BEST example of the fundamental

attribution error?

a. People live in ghettos because they lack the motivation to make anything
of themselves.
b. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
c. Prison guards are not mean people, they are just victims of a very
difficult situation.
d. There but for the grace of God go I.

Emmanuel, a construction worker, fell off a platform and hit his head on a cross
bar. Emmanuel cannot remember what he was doing prior to his fall.
Emmanuel is suffering from

a. retrograde amnesia.
b. anterograde amnesia.
 c. repression.
d. proactive interference.

Which of the following statements about the capacity of long-term memory is

TRUE?

a. We now know that the amount of information in long-term memory

while immense, is limited.
b. We now know that there is no limit to the capacity of long-term
memory.
c. We now know that the amount of episodic information is unlimited in
long-term memory, but the amount of semantic information has a limit.
d. For the present, it is impossible to judge the limits of long-term memory.

Which of the following is the process of gaining access to information that has
been stored in memory?

a. encoding
b. storage
c. retrieval
d. repression

Which of the following conditions would render one unable to retrieve

information which is stored in short-term memory?

a. proactive interference
b. retroactive interference
c. decay
d. all of the above

Mnemonics help most with the

a. encoding of information.
b. maintenance of information.
c. retrieval of information.
d. decay of information.

Yan learns the words to "Yankee Doodle" while intoxicated at a frat party.
Under which conditions will Yan be LEAST likely to remember the words to
"Yankee Doodle"?

a. when he is drunk
b. when he is at the frat house
c. when he is with his frat buddies at school
d. when he is at work
Sue has recently moved to Georgia from Oklahoma. Now she catches herself
writing her old Oklahoma address on her letters. She is experiencing

a. proactive interference.
b. retroactive interference.
c. decay.
d. cue-dependent forgetting.

Camile is at a party with her boyfriend, where she is introduced to many of his
friends. Each time she is introduced to someone new, she repeats his/her name
as frequently as she can. These new names MOST likely reside in which part
of Camile's memory?

a. sensory
b. short-term
c. long-term
d. iconic

According to the three-stores model of memory, information first enters

a. long-term memory.
b. short-term memory.
c. sensory memory.
d. the hippocampus.

What happens to the information in our sensory memory?

a. It is quickly transferred to long-term memory.

b. It is quickly lost from our sensory memory.
c. It is held in the sensory memory about one minute.
d. It is held in the sensory memory indefinitely.

Storing the word "dog" as an animal would be an example of which of the

following types of encoding?

a. acoustic
b. verbal
c. categorical
d. semantic

Humberto studies his vocabulary words by using the words in sentences. Sol
studies his vocabulary words by rhyming them with other words. All other
factors being equal, who will do better on a test on the meanings of the
vocabulary words?
 a. Humberto
b. Sol
c. Both will do equally well.
d. One cannot tell given the available information.

When Blanca asks a question in kindergarten, her teacher smiles at her. For
Blanca, the teacher's smiling serves as a

a. positive reinforcer. c. negative reinforcer.

b. neutral stimulus. d. punisher.

Mrs. Klopeck wants her son Uri to be a neat person. Last week when Uri made
his bed, Mrs. Klopeck rewarded him by not making him take out the trash that
night (a chore he doesn't like). Mrs. Klopeck is using what kind of operant
conditioning strategy?

a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. She isn't using operant conditioning, she is using classical conditioning.

Ian wants his dog to stop sitting on the couch. Every time he sees his dog on
the couch he hits the dog with a rolled-up newspaper. Ian is using what kind of
learning procedure?

a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. negative reinforcement and punishment

Mr. Teng wants to teach his son to stop swearing. Which of the following
methods would be MOST effective in accomplishing this goal?

a. punishing the child every time he swears

b. rewarding the child for not swearing
c. ignoring the child
d. using classical conditioning to change the behavior

Louisa has a mental disorder called obsessive compulsive disorder. She feels
compelled to wash her hands hundreds of times a day. If she is prevented from
washing her hands, she becomes extremely anxious and distraught. For Louisa,
hand washing is a

a. CS. c. positive reinforcer.

b. CR. d. negative reinforcer.
Tomas works at a factory that manufactures tennis shoes. For every 100 pairs
of tennis shoes that Tomas makes in a day, he is paid $25.00. Tomas' employer
is using what kind of learning technique on her employees?

a. variable ratio c. fixed ratio

b. variable interval d. fixed interval

In classical conditioning, learning occurs through the pairing of a(n)

a. conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response.

b. conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
d. unconditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus.

Joan recently received a phone call with the very sad news that her father had
died. Now every time the phone rings, Joan feels fearful and sad. In this
example, the "news that her father had died" served as the

a. CS. c. UR.
b. US. d. CR.

Juan is conducting an experiment. He is trying to condition his fish to swim to

the surface when he turns on the aquarium light. Because his fish normally
swim to the surface when they see food, Juan has started turning on the
aquarium light just before he feeds the fish. In this example, what is the CR?

a. the fish eating food when they are hungry

b. the fish eating food when the light is on
c. the fish swimming to the surface when they see food
d. the fish swimming to the surface when they see the light

Fernando was bitten by a dog when he was a small child. Now whenever he
sees a dog he becomes fearful. Fernando's behavior is a good example of

a. extinction.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. generalization.
d. discrimination.

A major difference between college males' and females' reactions to sexual

activity is

a. males reported more sexual partners.

b. males reported a greater need for commitment for engaging in sexual
intercourse.
c. females were more dissatisfied with lack of opportunity for a variety of
partners.
d. females experienced less guilt and fear over sexual activity.

During a long airplane flight, Jack thinks of his girlfriend Juanita and soon
notices that he has an erection. Jack is in which sexual response stage?

a. plateau
b. resolution
c. orgasm
d. excitement

A sexual disorder among females that is characterized by a persistent delay or

absence of experiencing orgasm after arousal is called

a. inhibited desire.
b. inhibited excitement.
c. anorgasmia.
d. inhibited plateau.

After reviewing studies that included several million subjects, researchers Hyde
and her colleagues found which of the following to be TRUE about
mathematical ability?

a. Males perform better in elementary school while the performance of

females is higher in high school.
b. Females perform better in elementary school while the performance of
males is higher in high school.
c. Males have superior mathematical achievement throughout the school
years.
d. Females have superior mathematical achievement throughout the school
years.

Paula is just learning to walk. However, she exhibits a great deal of hesitancy
whenever her mother is not right by her side. According to Erikson, Paula is
struggling with

a. trust vs. mistrust.

b. autonomy vs. shame & doubt.
c. initiative vs. guilt.
d. industry vs. inferiority.

Daniella got caught stealing a cookie from the cookie jar. Because her mother
punished her, Daniella believes that she was wrong in stealing the cookie.
Daniella is MOST likely at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
 a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. post conventional
d. interpersonally normative

Difficult babies

a. eventually become slow-to-warm-up babies.

b. adapt to new situations quickly.
c. display less intense reactions.
d. develop more serious emotional problems.

One difference between a securely attached infant and one who is insecurely
attached is that securely attached infants

a. explore their environments more freely.

b. nurse less.
c. show more indifference toward their mothers.
d. are less active and alert.

Seven-year-old Alyssa only plays with girls, thinks that boys are weird, and
attends second grade. She is MOST likely in which of Freud's psychosexual
stages?

a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency

Authoritarian parents tend to have adolescent girls who are

a. more competent.
b. achievement oriented.
c. less socially assertive.
d. dependent and submissive.

One of the problems with medical treatment for the dying that emphasizes
aggressive treatment rather than comfort care, is that is prolongs which of
Kubler-Ross' stages of dying?

a. bargaining
b. denial
c. depression
d. acceptance
Which of these tasks most clearly makes use of crystallized intelligence?

a. learning to speak a new language

b. finding hidden figures in a drawing
c. creating unusual, challenging art work
d. using the right word to express an idea

Habib has spent his entire life on his parents' goat farm which is located in a
remote mountain village. Because of his family's isolation, Habib has never
seen any animal except his parents' goats. Today his family has installed a
satellite dish and Habib is watching a National Geographic special on wild
boars. When Habib sees his first boar, he says, "Look mommy, it's a goat!"
Habib's behavior is an example of

a. disequilibrium
b. assimilation
c. accommodation
d. schematizing

Willie and his brother Jake are having breakfast. Their mother pours each boy
an equal amount of orange juice in his favorite glass. Jake's glass is short and
wide whereas Willie's glass is tall and skinny. After their mother pours the
juice, Jake begins to cry because he feels that Willie has more juice. Jake's
behavior reflects

a. object permanence.
b. egocentrism.
c. a lack of conservation.
d. abstract reasoning.

The ability to think about one's "ideal self" would be seen in which of Piaget's
stages of cognitive development?

a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations

Regarding the sensory development of the newborn, research has indicated that
newborns

a. can discriminate between odors.

b. do not distinguish between sounds until they are 6 months old.
 c. have no inborn preferences for taste.
d. can not smell the difference between their mother and a stranger.

Which of the following is an example of a male secondary sex characteristic?

a. growth of the penis

b. the voice change
c. testosterone
d. the production of sperm

The ruling by an Iowa court to put baby Jessica back with her biological
parents implies that _______ is more significant over __________ in
development.

a. nature; nurture
b. nurture; nature
c. genotype; phenotype
d. phenotype; genotype

Dr. Tims is a developmental psychologist. She has been tracking the cognitive
development of a class of children from the time they started kindergarten until
the time they graduated from high school. What kind of research design is Dr.
Tims using?

a. cross-sectional
b. longitudinal
c. differentiated
d. cross-sequential

Which of the following is unlikely at 8 weeks post-conception?

a. The embryo would have a face.

b. The embryo would have male or female genitalia
c. The embryo would have functioning lungs.
d. The embryo would have a functioning heart.

Consider the following dream description: "I am riding on a train that is going
much too fast. We enter a tunnel and suddenly everything goes dark. I wait and
wait but we never come out of the tunnel. There is no light at the end of it.
Then, I wake up. According to Freud, which of the following represents the
latent content of the above dream?

a. the person is very anxious about a trip that he must take

b. the person recalls dreaming about a train ride
c. the train entering the tunnel represents intercourse and the dream is
indicative of sexual problems
 d. the person is a design engineer who has designed something that may not
work and he is anxious about it.

On television you see an infomercial selling a "hypnosis kit." You hear the
announcer claim that hypnosis has been successfully used to reduce pain,
decrease tension, stop overeating, and quit smoking. It was also said that people
who are highly susceptible to hypnosis respond more favorably. What did the
announcer say that you know to be FALSE?

a. Hypnosis is not at all successful at reducing pain.

b. Reduction in tension has not generally occurred with hypnosis.
c. Susceptibility only refers to the induction of hypnosis, not to benefitting
from hypnosis.
d. Hypnosis has not had as much success dealing with smoking and
overeating as the other problems.

Which of the following is classified as a central nervous system stimulant?

a. alcohol
b. nicotine
c. seconal
d. heroin

The psychoactive drug that is MOST often linked to assaults, homicides, and
suicides is

a. PCP
b. cocaine
c. alcohol
d. marijuana

Terry is a "short sleeper." She sleeps an average of 4.5 hours a night. Which of
the following will Terry likely encounter?

a. paranoia
b. frequent colds
c. memory loss
d. no symptoms

As we move from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep, the brain emits successively

a. smaller, faster waves.

b. larger, faster waves.
c. smaller, slower waves.
 d. larger, slower waves.

"Wow, look at that guy," David remarks looking at a picture of a man standing
over 8 feet tall. "This guy must have had a dysfunctional ____________ gland.

a. adrenal
b. pituitary
c. thyroid
d. pancreas

Florence was bitten by a black widow spider, and now she is experiencing
paralysis of her muscles. Which of the following neurotransmitters is MOST
likely being blocked by the black widow venom?

a. acetylcholine
b. dopamine
c. serotonin
d. GABA

Lorena has Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS is associated with the destruction of

the myelin sheath. What effect will this destruction have on Lorena's
neurological functioning?

a. Lorena will experience few neurological deficits from her MS.

b. Lorena's neural impulses will be facilitated due to the lack of myelin.
c. Lorena will suffer from seizures due to cerebral malfunction.
d. Lorena's neural impulses will be slowed down and possibly jumbled due
to the lack of myelin.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement concerning neuron

communication?

a. At the synapse, the action potential of the first neuron sparks across the
gap and immediately starts an action potential in the next neuron.
b. Prior to reaching the synapse, the action potential of the first neuron
often dies out.
c. At the synapse, the action potential of the first neuron causes the release
of neurotransmitters into the synapse.
d. Neurons have unlimited action potentials.

Case study research is more likely to be concerned with the ethical

consideration of:

a. deception
 b. physical harm
c. psychological harm
d. confidentiality

Kate is studying the effects of sleep deprivation on task performance. She has
randomly assigned her subjects to one of two groups. In group one, the
subjects are deprived of a normal night's sleep. In group two, the subjects are
allowed to sleep for the normal 8 hours. In the morning, all subjects are given a
hand-eye coordination task to complete and the number of errors they make is
recorded. In this research, the independent variable is:

a. the amount of sleep.

b. hand-eye coordination.
c. the number of errors recorded.
d. group two.

Which of the following research questions would be BEST answered using the
survey method?

a. How do chimps establish dominance hierarchies in the wild?

b. Among the elderly, does caffeine help problem solving ability?
c. How many past Presidents were Democrats?
d. Did Ritalin help your child with ADHD?

Frank has entered a clinic to help him lose weight. The clinic's program for
losing weight focuses on identifying specific situations in Frank's environment
that cause him to overeat. The clinic's program MOST emphasizes which
psychological perspective?

a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. behavioral
d. cognitive

Professor Kramer recently published an article in a scientific journal entitled,

"The development of prejudices among recent immigrants." Which type of
psychologist is Professor Kramer?

a. social
b. experimental
c. clinical
d. developmental
Suppose that you wanted to understand how a baby recognizes his/her mother's
face over other women's faces. If you were a functionalist, you would:

a. analyze how the baby compares the size, shape, color, and other features
of his/her mother's face to other women's faces.
b. focus on what purpose this distinction serves the baby.
c. study all the stimuli the baby associates with the mother that has resulted
in this learning.
d. look for unconscious desires that may be fulfilled by acquiring this
knowledge.