Pd;sl w¾nqoh fyj;a

lf;da,sl ;%ia;jdoh

úsPs;a wreKisrs nkaÿ,fyajd

 Pd;sl w¾nqoh fyj;a
lf;da,sl ;%ia;jdoh

ish,q ysñlï l¾;D i;=h'

^l¾;D m%ldYkhls&

m<uq uqøKh 2002 wf.daia;=

m<uq ixialrKh 2006 cQks

ISBN 955 - 97869 - 0- 3

úsPs;a wreKisrs nkaÿ,fyajd

l¾;Df.ka'''''''''''''''''''
fuu fmd; ud ,Sùug woyia lf<a wjqreÿ 15 ;siafia rPfha
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska isxy, fn!oaO Pk;djg lrk ,o wmrdO tkï
j| lsÍu iy ukqIH >d;k t<sorõ lsÍug .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla
jYfhks' fuu woyi udf.a is;g we;=¿ jqfha rfÜ fndfyda fn!oaO msßia wm
rfÜ m%Odk m%Yakh lf;da,sl iq¿;rfha n,h úiska nyq;r fn!oaOhska
md,kh lsÍu nj ms<s.kakd nj ug ta;a;= .sh neúks' ug yuqjq fndfyda
mqoa.,hska ta nj ug mjid ;sìKs' úfYaIfhka ud úiska lrk ,o Wmjdihka
j,È uqøKh lrk ,o m;%sld lshùfuka miq taa nj ug fndfyda mqoa.,hska
mjid ;snqKs'

fuu fmdf;ka ud úiska fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh jYfhka y÷kajd

we;af;a rPfhau T;a;= fiajfha msßils' Tjqka fn!oaOhkaf.a wdrlaIdj
fjkqfjka fmks isáh;a nyq;r n,h we;af;a lf;da,sl ks,OdÍkag neúka rfÜ
fn!oaO ck;dj wirK ù isá;s'

fuu fmd; m<lsÍfï§ kka whqßka ug Wmldr l< ieug uu ia;=;s

lrñ' kï jYfhka i|yka lrkafka kï tâukaâ rKisxy" iqrsh .=Kfialr
iy fþ' wd¾ ' mS ' iqßhmafmreu hk uy;ajrekago ug kS;s Wmfoia ,nd ÿka
kS;s{;siai hdmd uy;dgo ud Èßu;a l< u;=.u fifkúrejka iuka
Wlaj;a;" ;s<sK l¨fmreu" Woh isß úl%ur;ak" ufkdaþ wfíër" hk
uy;ajrekago m%PH fnx.uqfõ kd,l ia:úrhkago udf.a f.!rj mq¾jl
ia;=;sh msßkuñ'
mß.Kl wl=re lrKfha§ iyh ÿka fid*aÜ fgdma wdh;kfha frdIdka reúkao
uy;dgo ia;+;sh mqo lrñ'

úý;a wreKisß nkaÿ,fyajd

m<uq ixialrKh

2002 wf.daia;= 20 m<uq uqøKfhka wjqreÿ 4 lg miq m<uq

ixialrKh uqøKh lsÍug woyia lf<a fuu fmdf;a wvx.= lreKq wog;a
j,x.= neúks' m<uq uqøkfha fmd;a 1000 ka 500 la muK ud ksjfia fkdisá
wjia:djl rd;%S 9'00 g muK meñKs ryia fmd,sisfha hehs lshd .;a msßila
úiska meyer f.k f.dia ;snqKs tneúka mdGlhd w;g m;ajQfha fmd;a 500 la
muKh' thska ug fkdfhl=;a wkaofï hym;a fukau whym;a m%;spdro
,enqKs' lf;da,sl n,j;=ka úiska iuyr idmamq j,ska fmd;a j,ska f;d. msáka
f.k f.dia ;snqfka fuu fmd; ienE mdGlhka w;g m;aùu je,elaùfï
woyisks' fuu fmd; rcfha mqia;ld, fiajd uKav,h úiskao wkqu; fldg
we;s nj ug okajd tjd ;snqKs

fuu fmd;g m<uq ixialrKfha§ iqkdñh iy .xj;=r iajdNdúl

Wmøj fkdfõ" iy frda. fnda lsÍfï l¾udka;h hkafkka ;j;a ud;D;d 2 la
tlalf,ñ' j¾;udkfha rg uqyqKmd we;s ;%ia;jd§ m%Yakhla f,i msg;ska
fmfkkak ;snqk;a rg ;=< wNHka;rfha lelEfrñka ;sfnkafka fn!oaO
lf;da,sl iS;, hqoaOhls' fuu ldrKh fndfyda foaYmd,k iy wd.ñl
kdhlhka ±k isáh;a cd;sfha wjdikdjlg Tjqka uqksj; rlsk nj fmkS hhs'

j¾;udkfha fn!oaO ck;djg uqyqK §ug isÿù we;s m%YaK j,g

ms<s;=re imhk foaYmd,k n,fõ.hl wjYH;dj u;=ù we;s neúka wm
msßila tl;= ù fndÿ ch fiakd kñka foaYmd,k mlaIhla msysgqjd .;af;uq'
th fï olajd ue;sjrk fluidßia fomd¾;fïk;=fõ ,shdmÈxÑ fldg ke;s
kuq;a l%shdldÍ uÜgfï mj;S tu mlaIfha uyf,alï jrhd jYfhka uu
lghq;= lrk w;r iNdm;s jYfhka mQcH f.dïnoao, oñ; ysñhka lghq;=
lrhs'

úý;a wreKisß nkaÿ,fyajd

wxl 287$2" iuÕs udj;"
.x.drdu mdr" fõryer
fndr,eia.uqj'
ÿr( weu;=ï ksji ( 0112-517538
cx.u 0777-372628
*elaia 011 5672746
úoaHq;a ;emE, [email protected]
fjí wvúh www. sinhalayani.com

2006 cQks 15 - 2550

fmdfidka
 msÿu

cd;sfha kQmka orejkag

 mgqk

1' wjÈùu 7

2' isxy, Pd;sh j| lsÍu 12

3' ñkïnlalï .=jkaf;dgqmf,a msmsÍu 21

4' Pd;sl w¾nqoh 31

5' ukqIH >d;k 46

6' W;=f¾ hqoaOh 60

7' wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl ;%ia;jdoh 73

8' wd¾Ól ;%ia;jdoh 81

9' iqkdñh iy .xj;=r iajdNdúl Wmøj fkdfõ 96

10' frda. fnda lsÍfï l¾udka;h 99

11' igkl igyka 102

12' wjidkh 111

^01& wjÈùu
ta uykqjr .egfò rdfPdamjdkdrdudêm;s ,nqÿfõ isßOïu iajdóka
jykafia wmj;a jq Èkhhs' ^1985 uehs 27& uu;a fnkäla uy;d;a mß>kl
ldurfha jev lrñka isáfhuq' l,n, .;shlska hqla;j wfYdal úl%uisxy
uy;d mß>kl ldurhg we;=,a fjk .uka lshd isáfha Pd;sl kdhlfhl=
wmg ke;sjq njhs' túg fnkäla uy;d weiqfõ ta ljqrekao hkakhs' túg
,nqÿfõ isßOïu ysñhka wmj;aù we;s nj Tyq lSfõh' thska fnkäla uy;d
fldamhg m;aù lSfõ ’ fldfyduo hflda yduqÿrekula Pd;sl kdhlfhl=
jkafka~~ lshdhs' fuu lshuk udf.a T¿jg jeÿKq l=¿f.ä myrla nÿ úh' uu
mß>kl ldurfhka t<shg ú;a ta nj udf.a ta jk úg iqyo ñ;=frla jq
ùrfldkag;a wfkla whg;a fnkälaf.a fuu m%ldYh .ek n,j;a úfrdaOh
m%ldY l, w;r Pd;sfha uqrfoaj;djqka jk NslaIqka jykafia,d wd.ñl
kdhlhska muKla fkdj Pd;sl kdhlhskao jk nj meyeÈ<s lf<ñ' tmuKla
fkdj miqÈk ud uykqjr .egfò mkai,g f.dia wmj;a jq iajdóka jykafiag
f.!rj ±laùug n,dfmdre;a;= jk nj;a leue;s wfhla isàkï ud iuÕ hdug
tk f,i;a lSfjñ' kuq;a lsisu wfhla bÈßm;a fkdjq neúka miqÈk ud muKla
.egfò mkai,g f.dia ,nqÿfõ isßOïu kdysñhkag wjidk f.!rj ±laùñ'
tysÈ tys ;nd ;snq wuq;a;kaf.a igyka fmdf;ys ’ rgg Pd;sl kdhlfhl=
wysuq jq nj ~~ i|yka lrñka igykla ;enqfjñ' tu fmdf;ys Bg by<ska
igyka ;nd ;snqfka tjlg uyje,s weu;sj isá .dñKs osidkdhl uy;d;a"
ú'P'uq' f,dl=nKavdr uy;d;a muKs' fnkäla uy;d lf;da,slfhl= jk w;r
wm nexl=fõu fiajh lrk fn!oaO ldka;djl iuÕ újdy ù isá' wfYdal
úl%uisxy uy;d rks,a úl%uisxy uy;df.a m%Odk wdrCIl ks<OdÍ úl%uisxy
uy;df.a jeäuy,a ifydaorhdhs'

fï jk úg mß>kl wxYfha fiajh l< ldka;s rKisxy keue;s

;reKshl iu. ud fm%au iïnkaOhl meg,s isáfhñ' tu iïnkaOh udi
lsysmhlg muKla iSud jq w;r weh O¾uisß keue;s wm wxYfhau wfhl=
iu. iïnkaOhla ;sfnk njg ud yg ta;a;= f.dia ;snq neúka udf.a iïnkaOh
kj;d ±uqfjñ'

Bg miq we;s jqfha ud lsisfia;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjq ;;ajhls' tkï

wehf.a yd O¾uisßf.a uer yuqodjla ud urKhg m;alsÍu i|yd ud miqmi
yUd tauhs' ldka;s rKisxy flfi,aj;af;a Wmka ;eke;a;shla jk w;r
fm%auodi w.ue;s;=udf.a uer yuqodju wehf.a uer yuqodju úh' O¾uisßf.a
Wmka .u fiaoj;a; úh'

ld,h f.ú hñka ;snqKs' ug ;snqKq m%Odk wNsfhda.h flfi,aj;af;a

iy fiaoj;af;a uer m%ydrfhka fíÍuhs' ud wjg isá ish¿ ñ;=rka uf.ka wE;a
jqjd muKla fkdj fuu uer yuqodjkaf.a T;a;=lrejka njgo m;aù ;snqKs' ud
lf<a m¾>kl wxYfha isák ish¿u fokdf.a bßhõ .ek úuis,su;aj isàfuka
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSuhs' ug uer m%ydrhla t,a,ùug l<ska Tjqka úiska
lrkqfha ud urKhg n;a lrk nj mß>kl wxYfha udf.a l<ska ñ;=rkaj isá
whg ±kqï §uhs' túg ud olsk fudfyd;la mdid Tjqkaf.a uqyqfKa yd weiaj,
we;sjk fjkiaùï ;=<ska ud yg uer m%ydrhla we;sjk nj ±k .kakg
,efnhs' túg ud lrkqfha b;du;a l,amkdfjka iy wdrlaIdldÍ f,i udf.a
.,alsiafia kjd;ekg hduhs' ud tjlg fiajh lf<a mß>kl o;a; we;=,;a
lrkafkl= f,ih' udihlg tla i;shla ne.ska rd;%S fiajfha fh§ug isÿ fjhs'
rd;%s fiajh ksuùfuka miq kjd;ekg hdug nexl=fjka jdykhla ,ndfokq
,nhs'

1987 Pq,s 14 Èk olajd fuu m%ydr j,g uu b,lal jqfKñ' miqj

jd¾;d jq mßÈ Tjqkaf.a 1985 isg 1987 Pq,s olajd ie,iqï 150 ;a 200 ;a w;r
jdr .Kkla ug jHj¾: lsÍug yelsúh' fuu ld,h ;=, uf.a Âú;fha úYd,
mßj¾;khla isÿúh' lsisu jrola fkdlr ud urKhg m;a lSÍug hdu fuhg
fya;=j úh' tu ld,h ;=, ud fmd,sishg" iy tjlg Pd;sl wdrlaIl
weu;sjrhdj isá ,,s;a we;=,;a uqo,s uy;dgo fï nj okajd Woõ b,a,d isá
kuq;a lsisu Woõjla fkd,enqKs' lrkafoKsh t'Pd'm' uka;%sj isá nkaOq,
fiakdër uy;d udf.a mshdf.a ifydorfhl= neúka iy ,,s;a we;=,;a uqo,s
uy;d udf.a ndmamdf.a ys;j;a ñ;%fhl=j isá neúka iy uu .,alsiai úoHd,Sh
fldÜGdYfha wdrlaIl iy iqN idOl ix.ufha iudýlfhl=j isá neúka ta
ud¾.fhka f.dia we;=,;a uqo,s uy;d uqK.eiSfï wjia:dj ,nd .;sñ' fuu
ld,h ;=, ud udf.a flakaøh lsysmj;djlau mßlaId lr .;sñ' iajdóka
jykafia kulao yuqúñ' ^r;kmsáh m%foaYfha mkai,ls& tu iajdóka
jykafiaf.a Wmfoi jqfha i;=re Wmøj ;sfnk nj;a uia udxY lEfuka
je,lsfuka iy mkais,a mo my wdrlaId lsÍfuka thska fíß isàug yels
nj;ah' thska miq ud uia ud¿ muKla fkdj ì;a;r lEfuka je,l=k w;r
udf.a Âú;fha úYd, mßj¾:khlao isÿúh'

udf.a flakaøh ne¨ iqm%isoaO ffoj{jdoaÿfõ ue,E.u rd<ydñ

mejiqfõ i;=re lror ;sfnk neúka hd¿fjl=f.a jqk;a jdykhla kj;a;d
f.org wer<sug iqodkï jqjfyd;a fkdk.sk f,i;a tfia ke.a.fyd;a
f.org hdug fkdyels jk nj;a ta ;rug i;=re lror n,j;a nj;ah'

fuu uer yuqodjg ud urKhg m;a lsÍug fkdyels ;ek Tjqka

ie,iqï lf<a ud ji § urd ±óugh' ta i|yd Tjqka f;dard .;af;a udf.a
kjd;efka isá wrlaleñhd jk mshodihs' Tjqkaf.a ta b,lalho jerÿks' Tjqka
mshodi ,jd ud urKhg m;a lsÍug .;a W;a;iyfhaÈ tu ji ±uq n;a
md¾i,h lEug isÿjqfha tjlg ud iuÕ tlg isá wfhl=f.ka flfkl= jq
fldiaf.dv fla'ù'ã't,a'wnDDuy;dgh' thska Tyq ñh .sh w;r wjqreÿ folla
muK ud miqmi yUd wd flfi,a j;af;a iy fiaoj;af; uer m%ydrh thska
k;r úKs' tu urKh .ek wjqreÿ 13 lg miq j Tjqkaf.a {d;Skg iy
fmd,sishg fy<sorõ l,;a th hgm;a lsÍug Bg jvd m%n, n,fõ.hla
l%shd;aul fjñka ;snqks'

by;ska i|yka l< ud urKhg m;a lSÍfï l=uka;%Kh iS'whs' ta'

ixúOdkh iyd ì%;dkHh rdPH T;a;=fiajfha l=uka;%Khla mj miqj
fy<sorõ jq w;r flfi,aj;af;a ldka;s rKisxy keue;a;sh iS'whs'ta
taPka;jßhl nj;a weh;a iuÕ in|lï meje;ajq O¾uisß keue;a;d ì%;dKh
ryia T;a;= fiajfha taPka;jrfhl= nj;a fy<orõ úh' fïjd fy<sorõ jqfha
isÿùï j,g wjqreÿ 18 lg miqjh'
by; udf.a m%%Yakh ms<Sn|j Èjhsk mqj;amf;a mqj;am;a l<dfõ§ka
msßilg bj jeáK' Tjqka udf.a m%Yakh w,,d Èkm;d Èjhsk mqj;amf;a ;Sre
,sms m,lrkag mgka .;af;ah' ta jk úg ug úreoaOj rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajfha msßilao l%shd;aul fjñka isák nj ug ta;a;= f.dia ;snqKs' Bg fya;=j
jYfhka ug ye.S .sfha ,nqÿfõ isßOïu ysñhka wmj;a jq ÈkfhaÈ ud l%shdl,
wdldrh;a ta jk úg rg;=< isÿfjñka ;snq isoaëka .ek ud l:dlsÍu;ah'

bka tl isoaêhla kï fufiah' Èkla ud .,alsiafia iqmsß fj<oief,a

;snq idmamqjlg f.dvjq úg tys ì;a;sfha t,a,d ;snq nqoaO rEm iy iSj,S
yduqorefjda" úYaKq foúfhda isák mska;+r lsysmhla ;srhlska jid ;sfnkq
ÿgqfjñ' tu mska;+r jid oud ;sfnkafka l=uk fya;=jla ksid±hsuu tys isá
fiajlfhl=f.ka m%Yak flf<ñ' th by<ska wd ksfhda.hla mj Tyq lSfõh'Bg
i;s lsysmhlg miq tu idmamqjg f.dvjq úg tu mska;+rhg fþiqia jykafiaf.a
mska;=rhlao tl;= fldg l,ska ;snq ;srh bj;a fldg ;snq nj ±l.; yels úh'
fuhska ug yeÕs .sfha lf;da,sl n,fõ.hla l%shd;aul jk njhs' tu lreK
uu mß>kl wxYfha udf.a ñ;=rka bÈßfha úfõpkh lf<ñ'

;j;a isoaêhla kï fufiah' Èkla ud fld<U fldgqfõ úu,Ou_

idmamqj bÈßmsgÈ ÿgq o¾YKhla kï fgdfhdgd ,Ekaâ lDDi¾ ýma r:hlska
meusKs úfoaYSh mqPljre fofofkla jrdfha bÈlr ;sfnk jrdh ffp;H
foig we.s,a, È;= lrñka nrm;, idlõPdjla lrkq uu me;a;lg ù n,d
isáfhï' nKavdrKdhl uy;d úiska bÈlrk ,o fuu ffp;Hh Tjqkg
ysirohla ù we;s nj Tjqkaf.a yeisÍfuka ug wjfndaO úh' fuu lreKq
mß>kl wxYfhaÈ udf.a úfõpkhg NdPkh úh' fï jk úg;a rPfha
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ud fjkqfjka fjku ,smsf.dkqjla fjkalr we;s nj;a
th udf.a jhi wjqreÿ 14 È muK isg wdrïN ù we;s nj;a uu fkd±k
isáfhñ' fuu T;a;= fiajh rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh jYfhka yÿkajkqfha
my; i|yka lreKq mokï lrf.kh'

weußlfõ iS'whs'ta ixúOdkh ì%;dkHfha tï whs' my'iy

tï'whs'yh' bkaÈhdfõ frdaõ" reishdfõ" fla'Â'î' BY%h,fha fudidâ T;a;=fiajd
jeks T;a;= fiajhla ,xldfõo l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfí' th bx.%SiSkaf.a
ks¾udKhls' Tjqka 1948 È ,xldjg ksoyi fok úg T;a;= fiajh Ndr ÿkafka
isxy, fn!oaOhskag fkdj Tjqka úiska mqreÿ mqyqKq lrk ,o Tjqkg
úYajdijka;hskajq lf;d,slhkagh' ;j;a meyeÈ<s lrkafka kï rPfha ;%súO
yuqodj, jeämqr isákafka isxy, fn!oaOhskah' kuq;a T;a;= fijfha isákafka
lf;da,slhskah'

udf.a m%Yakh .ek Èjhsk mqj;amf;a m<jq ;Sre,sms j,ska m%Yakfha

nerEreïlu ug ta;a;=f.dia ;snqKS' fï jk úg udf.a PdhdrEmhla iEu
fmd,sishlgu ,nd § we;s nj;a ud m%Odk fmf,a Nhdkl mqoa.,fhl= nj;a
m%pdrh fldg ;snqKs' Bg fya;=jqfha Èkla ud mß>kl wxYfha tÈßùr uy;dg
lsjQ l;djls' tkï ud we;=,;a uqo,s uy;d yÿkk nj;a ´kEu fohla lsÍug
iqodkï nj;ah' ta jk úg wdrïN ù ;snQ Pd;sl m%Yakh tkï W;=re ol=Kq
.egqu ksid ud b;d m%n, f,i udf.a woyia bÈßm;a lrkakg jqfha udf.a mshd
yuqodfõ finf<l= jq ksid;a udo udf.a l=vd ld,h ;=kajk fY%aKsfha isg yh
jk fY%aKsh olajd tkï 1963 isg 1966 olajd mkdf.dv yuqod Pkmoh ;=,
mÈxÑ ù tys isg mdie,a hdu;a W;=f¾ hqoaOh ksid ud b;d lïmkhg m;aj
isáu;ah'

tÈßùr uy;dg lrk ,o by; i|yka m%ldYh T;a;= fiajh

jd¾;dfldg ;snqfKa ud we;=,;a uqo,s uy;d urKhg m;a lsÍug iqodkï jk
njh' fï .ek ug iel ys;=fKa udf.a m%Yakh .ek we;=,;a uqo,s uy;d
yuqùug .sh wjia:dj,È fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ud .ek úfYaI Wkkaÿjla olajk
nj;a tla Èkla fmd,sia ks<Odßfhla Tyqf.a ueISka ;=jlal=fõ á%.rho weoao
nj;a ug meyeÈ<Sj fmKsks' ;j;a Èkla fyda we;=,;auqo,s uy;d yuqùug
.sfha kï ug fjä lkakg isojk nj ta;a;= .sh neúka t;=ud yuqù Wmldr
.ekSfï woyi we;ayer ±uqfjñ'

Èjhsk mqj;amf;a udf.a m%Yakh .ek m<jq ;Sre ,sms fya;= fldgf.k
Èkla uu tys m%Odk l¾;Dj isá tâukaâ rKisxy uy;dg ÿrl:kfhka
l:dfldg mqj;amf;a m<jk ;SrE ,sms udf.a Âú;hg iïnkaO nj m%ldY
lf<ñ' túg t;=ud lSfõ Tn l:dfjka kï Nhdkl mqoa.,fhla fkdjk njhs'
tu l:dfjka udf.a u;h tkï ud Nhdkl mqoa.,fhl= njg m%pdrh fldg
we;s l:dj ;yjqre úh' uu jydu miqÈkl Èjhsk ld¾Hd,hg f.dia t;=udj
uqK .eiS ud b;d wysxil mqoa.,fhl= nj;a wvqu jYfhka uÿrefjla j;a
fkdurk nj;a ug lror lrkafka flfi,aj;af;a uer yuqodj iy lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajh nj;a m%ldY lr isáfhñ' Bg miqÈk Èjhsk mqj;amf;a uq,amsáfõ
f,dl= wl=ßka oud ;snqKq mqj;a isria;,h ÿgq uu l,n,hg m;aúñ'tys
i|yka fldg ;snqfKa uÿrejd úkdY l, hq;= if;l= njhs' iji yhg
m%jD;a;s j,g .=jka úÿ,sfhka lSfõ uÿrejd úkdY lsÍug ish¿ mshjr f.k
we;s njhs' t;eka mgka ud uÿrejd úh' udf.a m%Yakh uÿre m%Yakhla úh'
Èjhsk mqj;amf;a uÿrejka .ek fkdfhla ,sms m< jkakg mgka .;af;ah'

ud tâukaâ rKisxy uy;dg lshq fohska lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh

l,n,hg m;ajq njla fmKsks' ud fuh ±k .;af;a fnkäla uy;df.a
yeisÍfuks' Tyq lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha m%Odk fmf<a taPka;jrfhls'

B,Õg Tjqka uykais .;af;a udf.a isf;a lf;d,sl T;a;= fiajh .ek
;snQ m%;srEmh fjkia lsÍughs' ta i|yd Tjqka lf<a mß>Kl wxYfha lf;da,sl
msßio we;=¿j tla Èk jkaokd .ukla ixúOdkh lsÍuhs' ta i|yd Tjqka
f;dard .;af; jdrK rPuyd úydrhhs'
^02& isxy, Pd;sh j| lsÍu
ta 1986 wm%sfh,a w¿;a wjqreÿ iuhhs' uu .fï .sh úg lrkafoKsfha
lsßfmaoao .fï ukd,shla ne,Sug hdug ;d;a;d lghq;= fhdod ;snqKs' ta wkqj
fjo uyf;l=f.a ÈhKshla ne,Sug hdug ug isÿúh' weh Ysrdks kï
.=rejßhls' weh .ek meyeÿk uu leue;a; m%ldY flf<ñ'

fï w;r ;=r mß>Kl wxYfhka ixúOdkh l< úfkdao .uklg

iyNd.sùug ug isÿúh' ug fl;rï ndOl meñKsh;a udf.a tÈfkod lghq;=
lrf.k hdug uu mqreÿ ù isáfhñ' fuu úfkdao .uk udf.a Âú;fha
;SrKd;aul isoaêhla jkq we;ehs uu n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjqfkñ' kuq;a th tfia
úh'

tu .ufka .ukdka;h jqfha nKavdrfj, msysá wm nexl=fõ ksjdvq

ksfla;khhs' Èkh 1986 uehs 31 fikiqrdodhs' .uk tÈk Wfoa fld<U
fldgqfjka msg;a jk Wvrg ueKsfla ÿïßhhs' wm tÈk yjia jk úg
nKavdrfj<g ,.d jqfkuq' .ukg iyNd.s jq wh kï úl%uisxy uy;d m%Odk
msßi kï jYfhka úfþnkaÿ rxpdf.dv" n¾kdâ" rú" f.dvuqkak iy ´od;;a
whf.a ieñhd jk ruHd wfífialr;a uuo we;=¿j msßi kj fofkls'

wmf.a rd;%s wdydrh ilia fldg ;snqfKA nexl= ksjfia fiajlhska

úisks' uu ieuúgu lEu îu j,ska m%fõYï jqfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh ud
urKhg m;a lsßug l%shd;aul jk nj ±k isá neúks' kuq;a tÈk rd;%S
lEfuka miq ´od; úiska ug iy wfkla whg fnod ÿka mqyq,a fodais lEfuka miq
ug nfâ lelal=ula iE§fuka ug jerÿk nj f;areï .sfhah' tu mqyq,a fodais
úfYAIfhkau ud i|ydu ms<Sh< lrk ,o tajd njo ug jegyqKs' wfkla whg
fnÿfõ úI l,jï fkdlrk ,o mqyq,a fodais nj ta;a;= .sfhah' ±ka lrkakg
fohla ke;' uu ldurhg f.dia wef|a ydkais jqfkñ' wefÕka odäh oukakg
úh' ál fj,djla hk úg nfâ lelal=u wvq úh' ta jk úg fj,dj rd;%S 9'00 g
muK úh' rd;%s m%jD;a;s j,g uvl,mqfõ isg meñKs ÿïßfha fndaïnhla mqmqrd
.sh mqj; úldYkh fjñka ;snqKs' uu ke.sg weú;a ta .ek wjOdkh fhduq
flf<ñ' ál fj,djlska ish¿ fokdu tl;= ù isxÿ lshkakg;a kgkakg;a mgka
.;a;;a uu me;a;lg ù isáfha isÿjqfha l=ula±hs jgyd .ekSugg wmyiq jq
neúks' úkdä my<djlg muK miq uuo Tjqkg tl;= úñ' ta w;r ;=r Tjqka
w;r isá úfÊnkaÿ udf.a ryiÕfoig w; È.= fldg ±ka ´flka jevla
keyehs lsfõh' thska miq ud l,n,hg m;aúh' tkï uf.a YÍrhg we;=¿ l<
úI j,ska n,dfmdre;a;= jqfha udf.a ,sx.sl moaO;shg ydkshla lsßu fkdj" ud
j| Ndjhg m;a lsÍu' nj ta;a;= hduhs' tu fnfy; f.kajd we;af;a
´iafá%,shdfjka nj;a tu fnfy; ´iafá%,shdkq rPh úiska ksmojd we;af;a tu
rfgys uq,a mÈxÑlrejka jk wefnda¾ýka f.da;%slhka j| lsÍug njo jd¾;d ú
we;'

miqÈk wm nKavdrfj<ska msg;a jqfkuq' nÿ,a, isg fld<U n,d tk

nifhka meñKs uu;a ´od;;a ruHd;a uyr.ñka nei lgqneoao nifhka uu
w;a;säh yryd .,alsiafia uf.a kjd;ekg .sh w;r ´od;;a ruHd;a
w;a;säfhka neiafiah' fuu tk .ufkaÈ msßfia ish¿ fokdu lidh ìõ
f.d¿jka fia isá w;r ´od;;a ruHd;a úYd, ìhlska yd l,n,hlska isákq
ug fmks .sfhah'

uu Ysrdks iuÕ l;d lrñka isáhÈ wehg lshq fohla ug j|

fnfy;a §ug fya;=ù ;snqKS' tkï weh iuÕ újdy jq miq orejka oi
fofklaj;a ug wjYH nj lSfjñ' WUg tla orefjlaj;a fkdfoakafkahehs
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ;SrKh úh'

ud j| l< nj;a ud iuÕ udf.a Wmka.u jk lrkafoKsfha Pk;dj;a

j| Ndjhg m;a lsÍug lghq;= fhdod ;snq nj 1988 Pq,s ui jk úg fy<sorõ
úh' lrkafoKsh ue;sjrK fldÜGdYfha msysá rPfha frday,a folla jk
fndrlkao iy W!r.y frday,a j,ska m%;sldr ,nd .ekSug meñfKk msßñ
frda.Skag j| fnfy;a ñY% fnfy;a fm;s ksl=;a lr ;snqk nj jd¾;d úh' th
Èjhsk mqj;am; jd¾;d lf<a lú fm<lsks'

fuu lreK t<sorõ ùfuka miq 1948 isg isxy, fn!oaOhska

rgjdf.k isá lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ksrej; fy<s úh' rPfha T;a;= fiajh
;sfnkqfha fmd,siam;s hgf;ah' tneúka tjlg fmd,siam;sj isá isß,a fyar;a
uy;d b,a,d wiajqfha kshñ; Èkg wjqreÿ 5 lg l,sks'

fuhska l,n,hg m;a jq lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh isß,a fyar;a uy;d

kej; wdmiq le|jd ks< W;aijhla iys;j úY%du .sh f,i lghq;= lrk ,È'

fuhska rdPH hka;%fha fooßula we;s ù T;a;= fiajha isá fn!oaO

msßi fjku ixúOdkh jq w;r ug tu msßfia iyfhda.h ,enqKs' hï ;rulg
ug wdrlaIdj ,enqKq w;r ud iqúfYaIS mqoa.,fhl= f,i i,lk nj
fmfkkakg ;snqKs' ta iuÕu lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka ug t,a, jq ;¾Pk
jeä jq w;r ug b;d m%fõYfuka Âj;a ùug isÿúh' fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska
udf.a woyia ksr;=rej ,nd.;a w;r tajdfha ksjerÈNdjh ug ±k.ekSug
i,ik ,È'
ld,h f.ú hñka ;snq w;r lf;da,sl T;a;=fiajh úiska fn!oaO
Pk;dj urKhg m;a lsÍu ;%sjq fldg ;snq w;r jeä jYfhkau isÿ flrefka
frday,a j,È úI iys; tkak;a §fuka nj ug fmkS .sfhah' ;jo Wmka .uka
ì<sÿ fn!oaO orejka frday,a ;=<§u urKhg m;alsÍï isÿfjñka ;snqKS' ;jo
jdyk wk;=rej,ska fn!oaOhka >d;kh lsÍuo fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska
;yjqre lr ;snqKs' lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha b,lalh ù ;sfnkafka isxy,
fn!oaO Pk;dj muKla fkdj fn!oaOhkaf.a wd¾Ólh" ixialD;sh iy
nqoaOd.uo fï ráka bj;a fldg ,xldj fou< B,dï rdPhhla lsÍuhs' Bg
fya;=j isxy, lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh m%Odk jYfhka i,lkqfha Pd;shg fkdj
wd.ug ùuhs'

,xldj ;=< fou< B,dï rdPHhla ìyslsßfï ie,eiaula ;sfnk nj

,xldfõ ysgmq bkaÈhdkq uy flduidßiajrhl= jq fþ'tka'älais;a uy;d úiska
,shk ,o ~~tihsukaá T*a l,uqnq~~ hk lD;sfha isxy, mßjß;kh jq ~~fld<U
N+ñldj~~ kï lD;sfha 122 msgqfõ i|yka fjhs'
tkï
~~1986 w.jk úg t,a'à'à'B' m%pdrd;aul jHdmdrfha úfYaI jeo.;a uÜgfï
Wiia foaYmd,ksl wNs,dIhka biau;=jkakg mgka .;s' øúv B,dï rdPHhla Y%S
,xldj ;=< msysgq jk w;r bkamiq ;ñ,akdvqj Y%S ,xldfõ W;=re kef.kysr
m<d;a w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ øúvhka jeämqr jdih lrk m%foaYh iy uqreish
hd lrñka uyd øúv B,dï rdPhla msysgqùu i|yka úh'

by; i|yka lreKq wkqj fmks hkafka ,xldj ;=< øúv B,dï
rdPHhla ìyslsÍu t,a'àà'B' ixúOdkfha wruqK njhs' kuq;a t,a'àà'B'
ixúOdkh hkq rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhau ks¾udKhla neúkq;a Tjqka
úiska isxy, fn!oaO Pk;dj j| lrf.k hk neúkq;a rcfhaa lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajfha wjidk b,lalh uq¿ ,xldju B,dï rdPHhg tl;= lsÍula nj
iy;sl fldg lsj yelsh'

1999 wf.daia;= udifha Èkl ,xld§m mqj;amf;a ;snq ,smshlska ud

l,n,hg m;a jqfkñ' tys lshjqfka ,xldj ;=, úYd, jYfhka orejka
fkdue;s mjq,a isák nj iólaIKhlska fy<sù we;s nj;a ^tu .KK iShhg
.Kkska i|yka fldg ;snqKS& wjYH wfhl=g remsh,a ,laI 2 1$2 la úhoï
lsÍfuka k, orejka ,nd §ug lghq;= l,yels nj;a i|yka fldg
;snqKs'm%;sY;hla f,i kï 20] la ,xldfõ 1981 ix.Klhg wkqj wdikak
jYfhka ,laI úiails' tu k, orejka ,nd§ug lghq;= lrk ffjoHjrhdf.a
ku ffjoH pkaøjxY m;srdP f,io ioyka fldg ;snqKS' uu Tyqf.a frday,
msysá fld,a¨msáhg f.dia Tyq yuqjqfkñ' Tyq lSfõ iEu yh fofkl=g flfkla
j| nj iñlaIKhlska ;yjqre ù we;s nj;a wjYH flfkl=g k, orejka ,nd
Èh yels nj;ah'

thska ug ta;a;= .sfha lrkafoKsh Pk;dj muKla fkdj iuia;

isxy, fn!oaO Pk;dju j| lsÍfï l=uka;%Khla l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfnk nj
h' miqj wkdjrKh jqfha 1971 ler,af,aÈ rPhg Ndrù mqkrema:dmkhlrk
,o iuyr ;reKhkao j| Ndjhg m;afldg we;s njhs'

ug l, yel;sj ;snqfKA m;a;f¾ ±kaùula m, lsÍu muKs' uu

re'75"000'00 la úhoï fldg ,xld§m mqj;amf;a 1999 iema;eïn¾ 27 Èk
my; i|yka ±kaùu m, flf<ñ'

isxy,hsks wjÈjkak
weußldfõ r;= bkaÈhdkqjrekao Tiafá%,shdfõ wefnda¾ýkajrekao
kjis,ka;fha ufhdaß f.%da;slhkao j| l<dla fuka ,xldfõ isxy, Pk;djo
woDYHudk n,fõ.hla úiska j| lrñka isáhs' isxy, Pd;sh j| ùf.k hk
Pd;Skaf.ka tlla nj tlai;a Pd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiskao m%ldYhg m;afldg
we;' fuu wmrdOh wdrïN fldg we;af;a1971 È muK jk w;r fï olajd th
isÿ fjñka mj;s' fï jk úg isxy, fn!oaOhska úis ,laIhla muK j| Ndjhg
m;a lr we;s nj ixLHd f,aLk j,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' fufia j| Ndjhg m;alr
we;af;a ia;%Ska fkdjk nj;a mqreI mlaIh muKla nj;a ish leue;af;ka j|
Ndjhg m;a jq mqoa,mhska fuhg wod, fkdjk nj;a i<lkak' fufia
j|Ndjhg m;a jq mqoa.,hska i|yd jkaÈ uqo,la ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍug;a
kej; orejka we;s lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd §ug wjYH m%;sl¾u fidhd
ne,Sug;a wm ixúOdkh ;SrKh lrwe;s neúka ta i|yd my; i|yka
f;dr;=re wm ixúOdkh fj; ,eîug i,iajk fuka fuhska b,a,d isáñ' ;jo
1971 ka miqj újdy ù fï olajd ,eî we;af;a tla orefjla fyda fofofkla kï
muKla iy fï olajd tlu orefjlaj;a fkd,enq wh muKla fuu f;dr;=re
imhk fuka b,a,d isáñ'

wjYH f;dr;=re
1' iïmq¾K ku ^mqreIhdf.a ku&
2' iïmq¾K ku ^ia;%shf.a ku&
3' újdy jq Èkh
4' mÈxÑ ,smskh
5' ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh
6' újdy ùfuka miq ,eî we;s orejka .Kk folg wvq whtu
orejkaf.a jhia wkqms<sfj<ska i|yka lrkak'

f;dr;=re túh hq;= ,smskh (-

isxy, Pd;sh iq/lSfï ixúOdkh
m%Odk ixúOdhl ( úý;a wreKisß nkaÿ,fyajd
wxl 778$Â4" wdisß Whk" me,j;a;" n;a;ruq,a,'
weu;=ï wxl ( 888621" 0777362249 *elaia
888621
by; ±kaùug ÿrl:k j,ska iEfyk msßila l;dfldg lreKq úuiq
w;r ,sms ,enqfKa 200 la muK m%udKhls' Bg
fya;= jqfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska T;a;= fiajfha b;a;ka yryd ,sms
wia:dk.; lr ;sîuhs'

orejka we;sùu je,elaùfï wruqKska lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska fhdod we;s
Wml%u my; i|yka lrñ'

1' msßñ iy .eyeKq w;r wdl¾Ikh we;sùug wjYH fydafudak Yßr j,ska
bj;a lsßuhs' fujeks .eyeKq iy msßñ wh újdy ùug lsisu Wkkaÿjla
fkdolajhs'tjeks wh iEfyk msßila iudPfha isák nj fmks f.dia we;'

2' újdy ú we;s ia;%skaf.a ,sx.sl wdYdj iy ,sx.sl Yla;sh ÿ¾j, lsÍug
Tjqkaf.a YÍÍj, fyda¾fudak j, úlD;s Ndjhla we;sfldg ;sfí' fï ksid
Tjqkag ,sx.sl ixi¾.fha wjYH;djh fkdue;s neúka orejka we;s
fkdfõ'

3' isxy, fn!oaO msßñ iy .eyeKq ,CI 8 l m%udKhla ueo fmrÈ.

heùug lghq;= fhdod we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka 1981 j¾Ifha
,xldfjka jeäu m%udKhla ueofmrÈ. /lshdj,g f.dia ;snqfka
lrkafoKsh ue;sjrK fldÜGdYfhks'
4' ir, Wm;a md,k l%u yÿkajd §u u.ska iy Wm;a md,kh lr .ekSu
i|yd re'500'00 §ukdjla f.ùu iy mjq,a ixúOdk ix.uh u.ska úYd,
m%pdrhla ,nd§u

5' ,xldj ;=, Èklg .íid lsÍï 1000 la muK isÿjk nj ,xlfõ isák
tlai;a Pd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ksfhdaý;jßh m%ldYhg m;afldg we;' fuu
wmrdOho lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha Wjukdj u; flfrkakla njo fn!oaO
T;a;= fiajfha msßi úiska jd¾;d fldg we;'

2001 Pk ix.Kkhg wkqj isxy, Pk.ykfha m%;sY;h by<u

w.h 97'1 yïnkaf;dáka jd¾;d fjk w;r my<u w.h jk 39'3 wïmdfrka
jd¾;d fõ' jhia ixhq;sh wkqj Pk ix.KkfhaÈ ,nd § we;af;a ldKav
follg muK tkï wjqreÿ 18g jeä iy 18 g wvq jYfhks' tkï 1981 È
wjqreÿ 18 g wvq m%;sY;h 41'6] jk w;r 1981-2001 ld,h ;=,È th m%;sY;
tall 8'7 lska my; nei we;' fï ksid Pk.yKfha jhia msróvh my< jhia
j,È mgq ùula fmkakqï lrk w;r iM,;djh wvq ùu thg m%Odk jYfhka
n,mdhs' ish¿u Èia;%slalj, jhi wjqreÿ 18 g wvq m%;sY;hkays wvq ùula
jd¾;d fjhs' fuu my; jeàu wkqrdOmqrfha b;d jeä jk w;r B,.g
we;af;a ud;df,a yd .ïmy Èia;%slalj,h' Pk ix.Kkhg wkqj wmg mßlaId
l, yelafla wjqreÿ 18g wvq Pk.yKh wvqùu muKls' kuq;a mdi,a j,g
orejka we;=¿ ùu .ek fidhd ne,Sfuka rg ;=< isxy, fn!oaO hka fldmuK
m%udKhla j| Ndjhg m;aù weoa±hs ±k .; yelsh' my; i|yka udOH m%ldY
j,ska ta .ek f;dr;=re ,efì'

2001'01'08 Èk à'tka't,a Pkyv jevigyfkaÈ P'ú'fm' uyPk

uka;%s úý; fyar;a uka;%s;=ud m%ldY l< mßÈ ±kg rg;=, mdi,a 769la <uhs
fkdue;s ksid jid oud we;s nj;a' th t<sorõ flf<a md¾,sfïka;=fõ wOHdmk
weu;s ßpâ m;srK uy;d úisks' fufia mdi,a jeiS hkafka orejka ke;s lñka
fkdj tu mdi,a wjg orejka m%Odk fmf<a mdi,a j,g we;=,a lsÍu ksid hehs
rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska rPfha n,OdÍka ,jd m%ldY lrj;s' 2006
jk úg orejka ysÕ lñka jid oud we;s mdie,a ixLHdj 3500 olajd by,
f.dia we;' fuu m%YaKh ;ju rfÜ ck;djj;a kdhlhkaj;a wjfndao
lrf.k fkdue;'

2001 fmnrjdß 12 iÿod ,xld§m

ùrúoyk ixúOdkfha f,alï ;s,la Phisxy uy;d rPfhka l< b,a,Su'

inr.uq m<d;a iNd wOHdmk wud;HxYh u.ska mj;ajk ,o

iólaIK jd¾;djlg wkqj tu m<df;a jirlg 4000 ne.ska isiqka bÈß
ld,fha wvq jk nj fy<sorõ lrf.k we;' tfukau ,nk jir ;=, inr.uq
m<d; ;=, isxy, mdi,a 100 la jid ouk nj o tu jd¾;dfjka fy<s jqfjls'
niakdysr m<df;ao isxy, mdi,a 203 la jid ±uq nj udOH u.ska wkdjrKh
úh' wOHdmk weu;s iqis,a fma%uPhka; uy;d fy,s lrk mßÈ 1999 j¾Ifha
isiqka ,laI 3la m<uq jirg we;=,;a lr we;;a 2000 j¾Ifha we;=,;a ù
we;af;a 60"000 la muKs'
2002$02$14 n%yiam;skaod ,laìu'
niakdysr m<df;a mdi,a 101 la jeis hk ,l=Kq
l=iqï úl%uisxy úisks'

niakdysr m<d; ;=< ;j;a mdi,a 101 la jeis hdfï wjodkug ,laù
we;' niakdysr m<d; ;=< mj;akd iïmq¾K mdi,a ixLHdj 1366 la fõ' ±kg
fuu m<d; ;=< mdi,a 54 la jeiS f.dia ;sfí' Bg wu;rj isiqka 25 g wvq
mdi,a 48 la o isiqka 25-50 ;a w;r mdi,a 79 la o yÿkdf.k we;'
fuu mdi,a bÈßfhaÈ jeiS hdug yels neúka tu ;;ajh j,lajd .ekSug
niakdysr m<d;a wOHdmk fofmd¾;fïka;=j mshjr lsysmhla f.k we;'

rPh úiska Pd;sfha mej;au f.k hk orejkag i<lk wdldrh my;

i|yka m%jD;a;sfhka jvd;a ;yjqre fú'

2002 ud¾;= 13 jeks nodod Èjhsk

uyfudaor YslaIK frdayf,a <ud frda.skSkg m%;sldr lsÍu reyqKq
ffjoH mSGfha úfI{ffjoHjrekag ;ykï'
fi!LH wud;HxYh f,alï ksfhda.fhka frda.s orejka yd fouõmshka
wmyiq;djhl

.d,a, w;sf¾l hq'mS' l=,;s,l

.d,a, uyfudaor YslaIK frdayf,a Wm; ,nk orejkag tu frdayf,a
jdÜgq j,È m%;sldr lsÍug reyqKq ffjoH mSGfha <ud frda.
úfYaI{ffjoHjrekag ;ykï lrñka ud¾;= 5 od isg l%shd;aul jk mßÈ
fi!LH wud;HxY f,alï úiska ;ykï ksfhda.hla ksl=;a lr we;'

fï ksid fkdfïrE <ore tallfha yd <ud jdÜgqfõ frda.s ;;ajfha

miqjk orejkag m%;sldr lSÍug úYajúoHd, wdpdr uKav,hg wh;a ffjoH
jre 5 fofkla wkqhqla; lr ;snqKS' YslaIK frdayf,a fiajfha kshqla;j
we;af;a tla úfYaI{ffjoHjßhla muKs' fuysÈ tu ffjoHjßh ksjdvq hk
wjia:djl tu <ud frdayf,a frda.Skag m%;sldr lsÍug úl,am l%Shd ud¾.o
ke;'

;jo jirlg .d,a, uy fudaor frdayf,a orejka 14"000 la muK

Wm; ,nk w; thska fï olajd 7000 la muK m%;sldr i|yd fhduq jqfha
ffjoH mSGfha ffjoH jreka fj;h'

fuysoS ffjoH mSGfha ffjoHjrekag ysáyeáfha uyfudaor frdayf,a

jdÜgq j,g meñKS frda.s <uqkag m%;sldr lsÍu ;ykï lsÍu ksid tf;la tu
ffjoHjrekaf.ka m%;sldr ,enq orejkag ksis m%;sldr ,nd .ekSu ysá yeáfha
m%Yakhla ù we;' fuysÈ nrm;, ;;ajfha <ud frda.Ska miq.shod mßlaId
lSÍug fhduq jqfha wdOqksl ffjoHjreka fj;h'

2002 Pq,s 15 iÿod Èjhsk uq,amsgqfú m,jq jd¾;djla wkqj Pq,s 1 jk

Èk isg 12 jk Èk olajd fmdf<dkakre frdayf,a úfYaI <ore tallh ;=<
orejka 12 l fofkla ñh f.dia we;s nj;a Bg fya;=j úIìPhla we;=,a ùu
ksid nj frday,a n<Odßka mejiqj;a ksjreÈ f;dr;=rla fidhd .ekSug
frdayf,a n,Odßka fuf;la wiu;a ù we;s neúka fñ .ek mßlaId lsÍu i|yd
úfYaI mßlaIl lKavdhula fld<ñka tjk f,i W;=re ueo m<d;a uy weue;s
n¾á fm%au,d,a Èidkdhl uy;d fi!LH wud;HxYhg ±kqï § we;'
by; i|yka ì<sÿ orejkaf.a urK j,g j.lsj hqlaf;a lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajh nj jd¾;d ù we;' fuu orejkaf.a urK .ek ±k .ekSfuka miq
ta .ek jeämqr lreKq fidhd ne,Su i|yd uu 2001 Pq,s 21 jk bßod
fmdf<dkakrej n,d msg;aúñ' tu .ufkaÈ ug f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSug
Wmldr flf<a fmdf<dkakrej Èjhsk jd¾;dlre jYfhka lghq;= lrk
lreKdr;ak .uf.a uy;dh' Tyq;a iu. ñh .sh orejkaf.a fouõmshka
lsysmfofkla yuqúñ' Tjqka b;d È<sÿ ;;ajfhka miqjk wh neúka Tjqkaf.a
orejkaf.a urK iïnkaOfhka lsisjla lsÍug bÈßm;a ùug fkdyels wh nj
wmg fmks .sfhah' kuq;a tla orefjl=f.a msfhla mdi,a .=rejrfhl= neúka
Tyq muKla Tyqf.a orejdf.a urKh iïnkaOfhka j.lsj hqla;kaf.ka
mßlaIKhla b,a,Sug fmdfrdkaÿ úh' fmdf<dkakre frdayf,aÈ bmÿk .uka
orejka ñhhdu idudkH fohla nj;a óg udi lsysmhlg by;È tlaudihla
;=, ì<sÿ urK 18 la muK tla udihla ;=< isÿjq nj;a lreKdr;ak .uf.a
uy;d ud iuÕ mejish' ;jo 1999 wjqreoafoa tla;rd udi 2la ;=< ì<sÿ
orejka 50 fofkla ñh f.dia ;snqKq nj Èjhsk mqj;am;l jd¾;d fldg
;snqKs' by; i|yka ish¿u urK lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha Wjukdj u; isÿ
jk nj jd¾;d ù we;' 2002 Pq,s 15 iÿod Èjhsk mqj;am; jd¾;d l, mßÈ
ñh.sh ì<Sÿ orejkaf.ka fofofklau uqia,sï orejkah' tu orejka 12
fofkdf.ka 11 fofkl=f.a fouõmshka fyda Ndrlrejkaf.a kï my; i|yka
mßÈh'

1' fla' pkaodj;s - jhi 18- uj 6' O¾ur;ak fmf¾rd

whs'Â' iq.;odi- jhi25-mshd wNhmqr
m<uq orejd mq,;sis.u
,smskh (- wxl 833" g%ela 8"
Èjq,kalvj," 7' ví'tï' fm%au;siai
ueÈß.sßh 1206" Ydka;s mqr"
fmdf<dkakrej
2' wd¾'tï' m;audl=udß- jhi 21- uj
wd¾'tï' Ph,;a nKavdr - jhi 29- mshd 8' iuka úl%uisxy"
257" l¿lef,a" hdh 10"
fmdf<dkakrej" wxl 22" uywU.iajej
uyje,s î l,dmh' ueÈß.sßh

3' tia';rx.d - jhi 20 -uj 9' ta'á'rysï

tia' iqukisß- jhi 22- mshd wxl 117" .,aj,
wxl'90" fojk mshjr' ;Ud,
ÈUq,d.,' fmdf<dkakrej'

4' ã'Â'kkaoiQßh wdrÉÑ-mshd 10' wd¾'Â' ,hk,a rdPmlaI

 pkaøld ms%ho¾Yks Wvf.or- uj wxl 50" rUd jej"
102" w¿;ajej" Phka;smqr
fmdf<dkakrej fmdf<dkakrej

5' tï'wd¾; Ph;s,l nKavd 11' wíÿ,a l*Q¾

264" uÿrx.," mdie, mdr"
fijKmsáh" mdj;a;uqfka"
fmdf<dkakrej' jd,ÉfÉk
^03& ókïnlalï .=jka f;dgqmf,a msmsÍï
1984 cq,s 31 Èk Wfoa 10'45 g muK uÿrdisfha iaála g%ej,aia
^iagqvkaia g%ej,aia bkaf*dafïIka fikag¾& ld¾hd,hg tla;rd mqoa.,fhla
we;=,a úh'

Èk lsysmhlg fmr fï ;eke;a;d uÿrdisfha iaála g%ej,aia YdLd

ld¾hd,fhka fld<U hdug iy taug .=jka m%fõYm;%hla ,ndf.k 31 fjks
w.yrejdod rd;%S 8'10 g uÿrdisfhka fld<U n,d msg;a jk .=jkahdkfhka
;udg hdug w;HjYH nj lshd isáfhah' fï nj tys n,m;% ksl=;a lrk
ks<OdÍka úiska miqj Wiia ks<OdÍkag okajd we;' idïm%odhdkql+,j Tyqf.a
ku ’fõáka ,SiaÜ~~ ,ehsia;=jg we;=,a lr we;s kuq;a Tyqg ksielju 31
jeksodg wiqkla ,efnk nj iaÜla g%ej,aia m%fõYm;% ksl=;a lrk ks<OdßKsh
wjOdrKfhka iy;sl lr we;'

tu mqoa.,hdg ñka;a;=jla jdäfjkakehs mejiQ fiaúldj thd,xld

ld¾hd,hg ÿrl:kfhka weu;=jdh' wehg ,enqfka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ
ms<s;=rls' wo .=jkahdkhu msmsß,d tl wdikhlaj;a ,nd Èh fkdyels nj
mejiqjdh'

l,algdfõ isg fld<U c;Hhka;r fn!oaO iïfï,khg hk

msßilg wdik fjka lrkakg ksfhdacH uy flduidßia jrhd b,a,Sula l,
ksid wdik fokakg isÿjqKd'

tu mqoa.,hd miqj tÈk iji 6'00 g muK .=jka f;dgqm,g

hkakï ljqre yß wdikhla wj,x.= l<fyd;a wdikhla ,nd .; yelsfka
±hs úuid msg;aj .sfhah'

tÈk tkï 31 cQ,s wÕyrejdod iji 5'30 g muK ñkïnlalï

.=jka f;dgqm,g Tyq meñKsfha ,dÿUqre meye;s iQÜflaia folla oE;ska t,a,d
f.kh' Tyq lSmjrlau ljq¿j fj; f.dia thd¾ ,xld hdkfha wdikhla
wj,x.= ù we;a±hs úmrï lf<ah' tfy;a rd;%S 7'30 jk úg thd¾ ,xld
hdkfha wdik fjka lr .;a ish¿u u.Ska ;ukaf.a .=jka hdkhg ke.Sfï
ldâm;a ^fndaäka mdia& ,ndf.k wNHhka;r Yd,djg f.dia we;s nj
±k.kakg ,enqKs'

fï ;eke;a;d È.ska È.gu uy;a fkdikaiqkalulska wdikhla

we;a±hs úmrï l< nj;a Tyqg tod .=jka hdkfhka .uka .ekSug ;snqfKa
mqÿu yÈiaishla nj;a fï isÈêh isysm;a lrk tod .=jka f;dgqmf,a fiajfha
fh§ issá thd¾ ,xld .=jka fiajfha we,ka uy;d miqj mjid we;'
rd;%S 8'10 g thd¾ ,xld .=jka hdkh jx. ksfhdað;hska we;=¿j
ish¿u fokdu /f.k fld<U n,d msg;a úh'

Pq,s 29 jk bßod iy 31 jk w.yrejdod uÿrdish yryd fld<U

fn!oaO iïfï,khg .sh jx. iNd ksfhdaý;hska kï fufiahs'
 mqPH úiqoaOdkkao uyf;r" mqPh iq.;dkkao uyf;r" mqPH
iqoaOdkkao uyf;r" mqPH ms%hkkao uyf;r" mS'fla nrejd uy;d" wrìkao
nrejd uy;d f;añh l=udr nrejd uy;d" m%ikak nkaÿ nrejd uy;d" lu,a
ldka; nrejd uy;d" iqê¾ rxPka nrejd uy;d" iajmka ldka;s nrejd uy;d"
ìuf,akaø nrejd uy;d" iqMmdo nrejd uy;d" Ydka;s iajrEma nrejd uy;d"
fyafïkaø ìldiA pjqoaß uy;d iy wdpd¾h m%Nd uqÜ iqoaê uy;añh'

fï ksfhdaý;hska iy ksÍlaIlhska wh;a jqfha veld kqjr" nx.,dfoaY"

fnd!oaO ;%sials m%pd¾ ix> Ñ;f.dx kqjr w.%idr wkqiaurK iñ;sh iy
l,algdfõ jx. fn!oaO ix.uh hk ixúOdk j,gh'

n,dfmdre;a;= iqkajq lkiai,a,lska ’woaN+;~~ uÕshd ;ukaf.a f,dl=

iqÜflaia folo /f.k jEka ßhlg f.dvùug fmr tysisá fmd,sia Ngfhl=g
lKg fld÷rd hula mejiq nj .=jkaf;dgqmf,a wdrlaIl ks<Odßfhla miqj
mßlaIl ks<OdÍkag mjid ;snqfKah'

fuu woaN+; u.shd fjk lsisfjl= fkdj mkdf.dv ufyaIajrï nj

miqj wkdjrKh úh' Tyq bkaÈhdkq úfoaY .uka n,m;%h ,nd f.k ;snqfKa
lÈf¾Ika kue;s wysxil bkaÈhdkq fou< ;reKfhl=f.a kñks'

wf.dia;= m<jk nodod iaála g%eje,aia ld¾Hhd,hg meñKs lÈf¾Ika

fkdfyd;a mkdf.dv ufyaIajrï wf.dia;= 2 jk Èk n%yiam;skaod rd;%S 8'10 g
uÿrdis .=jka f;dgqm,ska lgqkdhl n,dmsg;a úh'.=jka hdkfha wdikhla Tyqg
iaÓrj ,efnk nj iy;sl lrk uqødjla Tyqf.a m%fõYm;%hg ;nd th wdmiq
ÿka úg tu ks<Odßkshg ia;+;s lf<ah' fmr Èk rd;%S hdkfhka wiqkla,nd
§ug fkdyels ùu .eko weh ish lK.dgqj m%ldY l<dh'

’lula kE fï Wmldrh fyd|gu m%udKj;a~~ hehs lshq uÕshd pdßld

ld¾Hd,fhka msgù .sfhah'

uÿrdisfha m,jk ’ta ihsä~~ keue;s iÕrdj olajk mßÈ lÈf¾Ika

keue;a;df.a kshu ku ;ïìms,af,a ufyaIajrïh' jhi wjqreÿ 30 ls'

Tyq fou< B,dï yuqodfõ m%Odk wK fok fiakdêm;s nj mjihs'

tmuKla fkdj Tyq l,la tlai;a rdPOdksfha bxýfkarE úoHd,hl YsIHfhl=j
isg úNd.h wiu;a ùfuka t;ekska wial, miq Y%S mxldfõ fou< Pk;djf.a
BkShd úuqla;s igkg iyNd.s ùug ish rg meñKsfhah' 1982 Y%S ,xld hqO
yuqodj úiska w;a wvx.=jg f.k mkdf.dv hqO yuqod l|jqf¾ isrfldg
isáhÈ t;ekska m,dhdug iu;aúh' tfy;a h,s;a fmd,sishg yiqjQ miq oeä
wdrCIdj iys;j nkaOkd.drfha isr lr isáh§ t;kskao m,d .sfhah' ;=kajk
jrg;a yuqodjg yiqù uvl,mqj nkaOkd.drhg f.k hk ,§' 1983 § tu isr
f.h ì| isrlrejkag m,d hdug ie,eiau ms<sfh, lrk ,oafoa Tyqh' bkamiq
Y%S ,xldfõ kef.kysr hqoaOfha ;u Bkshd yuqodj fhdojd kef.kysr m,df;a
nexl= lsysmhla fld,a, ld uqo,a yd r;a;rx bkaÈhdjg f.kajd .;a fudyq ±ka
fmdala iuqø ikaêfhka fumsg isg ;%ia;jd§ m%ydr fufyhjhs'
 Tyq uq,skau lf<a lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqmf,a .=jka .uka ld, igyka
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSuhs wÕyrejdod iy n%yiam;skaod rd;%S 8'10 g
uÿrdisfhka msg;ajk thd¾ ,xld .=jka hdkh lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqm,g ,.d
jkafka rd;%S 9'15 gh' tu hdkfha .uka nvq w;r uÿrdis fld<U f,an,a iys;
.uka u¿ f.dvnE miq tajd f¾.= wxYh f.khkafka whs;sldr u.Skag f;dard
.ekSu i|ydhs' tfy;a uÿrdis fld<U ,kavka fyda meßia f,an,a .uka u¨
fl,skau uOHu rd;%shg lgqkdhlska msg;aj ,kavka yd meßia n,d mshdir
lrk thd¾ ,xld .=jka hdkd folg megùu wksjd¾hfhkau isÿjkakls' tu
fj,dfõÈ .=jka f;dgqmf,a iy tys .=jka hdkd kj;a;k yex.¾ j, f,dl=
l=vd .=jka hdkd úismyla j;a ;sfnkq ksh;h' .=jka f;dgqmf,a u.Ska iy
.=jka hdkd fiajlhka oyia .Kkla /iajk ld¾h nyq, fõ,djka jkafka fï
ojia fofla rd;%S 9'00;a 12'00;a w;r ld,hhs' fï ish,a, ufyaIajrï yd
rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh fyd¢ka wOHhkh fldg ;snQ nj fmkS hhs'

fuu .=jka hdkd mqmqrd hdno fhdaO bkaOk .nvdjo mqmqrd .sfha kï
weúf,k .skak ó.uq mdfrkao Tíng me;sr hdu lsisu .sks ksjk yuqodjlg
j,lajkakg fkdyelsh' fuh miqj isÿ jQ lgqkdhl m%ydrhg fkdfojks jkq
we;'

tÈk wf.daia;= 2 fjks n%yiam;skaod Èkh úh' rd;%S 8'10 g

fld<U n,d hk uÿrdisfhka msg;a jk .=jka hdkfha u.Ska iji 6'30 g
ñkïnlalï .=jka f;dgqm,g ,.d fjñka ;snqKs' Tjqka w;r úYd, ieïikhsÜ
iQÜflaia fol iys; lÈf¾Ika úh' Tyq l=,S r:hlska meñK b;d wudrefjka
fï iQÜflaia w;g f.k ;,a¨ lrf.k hk lr;a;hl ;nd f.k hk úg
fmdag¾ flfkla Tyqf.a Woõjg meñKsh;a iskduqiq uqyqKska Tyq th m%;slafIam
lf<ah' m<uqj tajdfha nr lsrd blaì;s Tyq .=jkahdkfha wdikh i|yd
ldâm; ksl=;a lrk ljq¿j fj; ,.d úh'

u.skaf.a .uka u¿ iy fjk;a nvqndysrdosh lsrd n,d blaì;s f¾.=j

f;la hjk ’ máh~~ wi,g f.khk ,È' tla iqÜflaihl nr lsfda.arEï 20 g
fndfyda jeä nj fmks.sfhka ^u.sfhl=g fkdñf,a f.khdyels nr lsf,da
.areï 20 ls& jeämqr uqo, re 630'00 f.ùug isÿúh' fuh ,xld uqo,ska re
1"500'00 muK fõ'

lÈf¾Ika lsisu mels,Sula ke;sj tu uqo, hdno ljqkagrhg f.jd

álÜ m; bÈßm;a lf,ah' túg Tyqg wdikfha wxlh iys; .=jka hdkhg
ke.Sfï ldâm; fok ,È' bkamiq iq¿ fiajlfhl= tu nE.a j,g f,an,a neo
tajd f¾.=jg hjk ’máhg~~ oukq losf¾ika n,d isáfhah'

fï hdkhg mgjk ieu nvq u,a,lu t,a,k ,oafoa ’ uÿrdis fld<U~~

fyj;a ’ tï'ta'ã'iS'´'tï'~~ hk wl=re iys; f,an,hkah'tfy;a miqj n,k úg
tu iqÜflaia fofla t,a,d ;snq f,an,a fjkia lr ;sfnkq olakg ,enqks' tajdhska
tlla uÿrdish fld<U yryd ,kavka ^t,a'Â'ví,sõ& f,io wfkl uÿrdis
fld<U yryd meßia ^iS'ã'Â& f,io fjkia fldg ;snqKs' th lrk ,oafoa uq,ska
ioyka l< fiajlhdf.a Wmldrfhka nj fmks hhs'
 lÈf¾Ika we;=¿ ish¿u u.Ska ±ka .=jka f;dgqmf,a wd.uk ú.uk
wxYhg f.dia we;' wfkla ish¿u u.Ska tys .sfha ;u .uka n,m;%j,g
ks,uqødj ,ndf.k msg;a ù hdug wjir ,nd .ekSugh' tfy;a lÈf¾Ika
Tyqf.a udrl iQÜflaia fol ksremøs;j .=jka hdkh fj; hkafka ±hsn,d
.ekSugh' Tyqg fuu .=jka hdkfhka .uka lsÍug lsisu Wjukdjla fkd;snqkS'

uÿrdis f¾.=fjka msg;g hk .uka u¿ wer n,d mßlaId lsÍula

idudkHfhka isÿ fkdfõ' Tjqyq msg;g f.k hkfoa .k t;rï ie<ls,a,la
fkdolaj;s' Tjqka mßlaIdjg ,la lrkafka msgrg isg tk u.Ska f.k tk
.uka u¨h' isx.mamqrefjka iy fld<ôka rEmjdydkS hka;%" ùäfhda hka;%"
jeksoE muKla fkdj r;%ka mjd iq,Nj uÿrdishg f.k tk ksid fï mßlaIK
isÿ flf¾'

tfia jqjo uÿrdisfhka msgú hk u.Skaf.a .uka u¨ f¾.=jg ,.d jq

miq idudkHh jYfhka lrkafka u.Ska f.dia ;ukaf.a nvq y÷kd.;a blaì;s
tajd .=jka hdkhg f.k hk fÜ%,rhg megùuhs' .uka u,a,la mßlaId
lrkafka n,j;a ielhla fyda T;a;=jla ,enqkfyd;a muKs' bkamiq fiajlfhda
fÜ%,rhg mgjk .ukau¨ blaì;s .=jka hdkh fj; f.k h;s'

lÈf¾Ika udrl iqÜflaia fol lsisu ndOdjlska f;drj .=jka hdkhg

megùug mqoa.,fhl= l,a;shdu iqodkï lr ;snq nj miqj wkdjrKh úh' 31
jeks wÕyrejdod Tyq b;d ie<ls,af,ka iqmßlaIdldÍj isá kuq;a fojk
n%yiam;skaod ffojfha lsishï ydialula fya;=fjka Tyq f¾.= ldurhg
meñKSug m%udo úh'

;u udrl iQÜ flaia folu uÿrdis fld<U f,an,a fjku uÿrdis

fld<U meßia iy uÿrdis fld<U ,kavka hk f,an,a we,ùug fhdod.;a
mqoa.,hd;a .=jka f;dgqmf,a§ thd¾,xld .=jka hdkfha§ iqÜflaia tl ksremø
;j f.k hdug fhdod .;a mqoa.,hska fofokd;a ta i|yd leu;s lrjd f.k
we;af;a bia;rï j¾.fha ’ gQ bka jka ~~ .=jka úÿ,s hka;%hla ,nd fok njg
fmdfrdkaÿ ùfuks'

fou< ck;djf.a Bkshd úuqla;s igkg Tjqka fofokdf.a iyfhda.h

,nd .ekSug yels jqjo Tyq fï iQÜflaia fofla ;sfnkafka fudkjdo hkak
fy<sorõ fkdlsÍug j. n,d .;af;ah' lÈf¾Ika fkdfyd;a mkdf.dv
ufyaIajrka Tjqkag lshd we;af;a B,dï jHdmdrfha ryia .=jka úÿ,sh fufyh
jkafka ;ud njh' ta .=jka úÿ,shg wjYHh b;d n,iïmkak g%dkaiaóg¾
Wmlrk fldgia fuu iQÜflaia ;=< wvx.= njhs'

f¾.=fõ§ fuu iQÜflaia fÜ,rhg megùug fmr;=j lÈf¾Ikaf.a

i.hd ,ys,ysfha tys Èjtk úg wfkla nvq ish,a, fÜ,rhg mgjd wjidkh
tfy;a tla f¾.= ks<Odßfhla kslug iqÜflaia tlla Tijd ne,Sh' wêl nr
ksid Tyqg ielhla we;s úh'

’ ldf.o fï nE.a fol ~~ fya úuish'

 whs;s ldrfhla bÈßm;a fkdùh'

;mamr lsysmhla m%udo jQ lÈf¾Ikaf.a i.hd f¾.= ks<Odßhdg wä

lsysmhla ;sìhÈ m,a,aï neiafiah'

wmrdO lrejd tkï lÈf¾Ika wd.uk yd ú.uk wxYfha isgfï

isÿúï ish,a, fydÈka n,d isáfhah'

jefâ jerÿkd muKla fkdj mdrd j,,a,la fuka Nhdkl wkaoñka

wdmiaig lerl=k njo wmrdOlre laIKslj jgyd .;af;ah' ish¨
n,dfmdre;a;= lv jqjd fuka Tyq .=jka f;dgqmf,a f.dvke.s,af,ka msgù
.sfhah' ±ka Tyqf.a wruqK uÿrdis .=jka f;dgqm, úkdYfhka fírd .ekSuhs'

whs;slre bÈßm;a fkdjq ksid f¾.= ks,OdÍyq iqÜflaia fol thd¾

,xld .=jka hdkh fj; f.k .shy' ta jk úg tla u.sfhla yer wka
ish,af,dau .=jka hdkh ;=, wiqka f.k isáhy' ta u.Skag iqÜflaia fol
fmkajd whs;slre woa±hs úuiq úg lsisjl= bÈßm;a fkdjqy'

u.Skaf.a nvq f,aLkh mßlaId lr ne¨ úg fï iqÜflaia fol

lÈfrIka keue;s u.shdg wh;a nj;a Tyq .=jka hdkhg meñK fkdue;s nj;a
fy<s orõ úh'

’iqÜflaia j, r;a;rka yß fudkjd yß fydrnvq we;s" talhs ñksyd

nh fj,d wdfú ke;af;a' wms fyd| fj,djg Wiai,d ne¨fõ 'ke;akï fïjd
f.kshkak ;snqKd'~~ tla f¾.= ks,Odßfhla mejiSh'

’±ka wmsg lrkak ;sfhkafka iqÜflaia fol whs;slrejka bÈßm;a

fkdjq NdKav hjk ldurhg hjk tl' ~~hehs mjid f¾.= ks,OdÍka fofokd
wdmiq .shy'

fï isoaêh ksid rd;%s 8'25 g kshñ; fõ,djg úkdä 15 la m%udo ù

thd¾ ,xld .=jka hdkh ókïnlalï .=jka f;dgqm,ska lgqkdhl n,d msgjqfha
kej;;a wf.dia;= 4 jk fikiqrdod rd;%s fmr,d uÿrdishg tafï
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjks'

tfy;a hg;a msßfihska ;j i;s folla hk ;=re ñkïnlalï .=jka

f;dgqmf,a wka;¾ Pd;sl wxYhg lsisu .=jka hdkhla my;a lsÍug bv
fkd,efnk nj lsisjl= ±k isáfha ke;'

ñkïnlalï .=jkaf;dgqmf,a rd;%s fiajhg meñKs msßi ? 8'00 g

muK jev Ndr .eKsk' Tjqkaf.a fiajd ld,h rd;%s 8 isg WoEik 6'00 f;la
fõ' wfkl=;a fiajlhska iji 5'00 g fiajh ksudlr ksfjia n,d h;s'
thd¾ ,xld .=jka hdkh fld<U n,d .sh miq ie<lsh hq;= fõ,djlg
.=jka hdkhla tys ,.d ùug kshñ; ke;' we;a; jYfhkau ñkïnlalï .=jka
f;dgqm,g .=jka hdkhla meñfKkafka fld<U isx.mamqrej lajd,d,ïmq¾ hk
k.r j,ska muKs'

rd;%S 2'15 g bkaÈhd .=jka fiajfha thd nia hdkfhka ueo fmrÈ.
n,d hdug isá my; kï i|yka msßi fNdaPkd.drh fj; le|jdf.k f.dia
rd;%s wdydr imhdfok ,oafoa iqNø Yxl¾ úisks'

Y%S ,dxlsl u.skaf.a f,aLkh

1' 41 yeúßÈ uyfõ,f.a iaájka fmf¾rd uy;d" le<Ksh" ksúñksh mdr
2' 26 yeúßÈ ,shkf.a fodka rEmisß uy;d " fldaÜfÜ" udÈfj, m%.;s mdr'
3' 32 yeúßÈ tka' isßfiak uy;d" fodvïÿj" lgqoïfma
4' 26 yeúßÈ foaji.dhï *ekisia uy;añh" ngqj;a;" j,afmd,'
5' 23 yeúßÈ rkaj,f.a ir;a f.dauia uy;añh" le<KSh" fm;shdf.dv
6' 25 yeúßÈ ã'fla l=iqud m%kdkaÿ uy;añh" je,a,ïmsáh" fldyqj,"
7' 35 yeúßÈ Â'tÉlreKdj;s uy;añh" je,s.u" foksmsáh'
8' 35 yeúßÈ ta ã wkq,dj;s uy;añh" nÿr,sh" l¿.,af,a
9' 36 yeúßÈ jkaødj;s is,ajd uy;añh " .,alsiai
10' 23 yeúßÈ fla'tï',S,dj;s f¾Kqld uy;añh" fld;,dj,
11' 37 yeúßÈ ud.%Ü fmdäueKsfla uy;añh" uvl,mqj" yq,djka" fld<Ksfha
12' 24 yeúßÈ fyajd uoaÿuf.a iqúkS;d uy;añh" yïnkaf;dg" Wvj,j'
13' 34 yeúßÈ lkf.aIajß uy;añh" uvl,mqj"fld,a,dä
14' 28 yeúßÈ fla'f;úldhs wka;ks uy;añh" fld<U" fougf.dv'
15' 41 yeúßÈ tï'ã'ta' .=K;s,l uy;añh" jdoaÿj" uy jdoaÿj'
16' 36 yeúßÈ ,shkf.a ksu,dj;s uy;sñh" je,a,j;a;" úPh mdr'
17' 24 yeúßÈ tia tï ikaOHhd uy;añh" wïn,xf.dv" j;=f.or
18' 36 yeúßÈ b,x.fldka wèldßf.a rxPks ohd ruHldka;s uy;añh
rodj" ueoje,a,
19' 29 yeúßÈ mkx., wdrÉÑf.a Y%Su;s PhueKsfla uy;añh" fydrK"
uqK.u
20' 39 yeúßÈ Phf,Épqñ kvrdid uy;añh" j;a;," trhsial= udj;'
21' 33 yeúßÈ uqo,sf.a kd,ks mqIamd uy;añh" uÿrkal=<sh
22' 30 yeúßÈ Phka;d pkaødks tÈßisxy uy;añh" wïn,xf.dv"
kskaofndr¿jdf;dg'
23' 30 yeúßÈ fm%au;=<shk fyajdj;s fukúh"
24' fudaor whsßka fmf¾rd uy;añh
25' Èidkdhl uy;añh
26' talkdhl fukúh
27' f.dakdmSkqj, fidu,ska uy;añh

±ka lÈf¾Ikaf.a jEhu ñkïnlalï .=jka f;dgqm, isÿjkag hk

úkdYfhka fírd .ekSuhs' uÿrdis ñkïnlalï .=jka f;dgqmf,a m%Odk md,l
,s,disx wjq,la uy;d mqyqKq .=jka kshuqfjls' j¾;udk moúh Tyq Ndr .;af;a
1983 §h' .=jka f;dgqmf,a wdrlaIdj yd kv;a=j Ndr jqfha Tyqgh' Tyq
fl<skau ish,a, jd¾;d l, hqlaf;a .=jka fldgqm, wëldßfha idukHdêldß
jrhdgh' Tyq ;j udi lsysmhlg miq fï moúfhka bj;a ù ’ jdhqÿ;a~~ keue;s
úYd, .=jka hdkd meoùfï mqyqKqjlg hdug kshñ;j isáfhah'
yßhgu rd;%S 9'55 g wjq,laf.a ÿrl:kh kdo úh' wfkla
fl,jßkal;d lf,a Tyqf.a fm!oa.,sl iylreh'i¾ ljqo ñksfyla i¾g l;d
lrkak Wjukd nj lshkjd
’fyd|hs ,hska tl fokak~~ wjq,la mejiqfõh'
’ Th l;d lrkafka thd¾ fmda¾Ü tfla uefkaP¾o@ ~~ wfkla
fl<jßka l;d lrkq weiqKs'
’ Tõ l;d lrkjd ' ~~ wjq,la W;a;r ÿkafkah'
’ .=jkaf;dgqmf,a fndaïnhla ;sfnkjd'~~ ta lÈf¾Ikaf.a lvyËhs'tys
ìysiqKq ;s.eiaiqKQ .;shla we;s nj jgyd .;a Tyq ;j ÿrg;a lka ÿkafkah'

’ ìysiqKq mqmqrk fndïnhla ;sfnkafka f¾.= mßlaIK ldurfha ÿUqre

mdgiqÜflaia foflhs' tajd jydu wE;g f.khkak' fndaïnh msmsrefkd;a yqÕ
fofkla ueÍ f,dl= úkdYhla fjkak mq¿jka' ~~ wjq,la lsisjla úuiSug fmr
ÿrl:kh iïnkaOh wfkla fl<jßka wjika úh'

l<uKdlre uq<ska is;=fõ fuh ;j;a msiafil=f.a úldrhla njh'

ta Èkj, .=jka f;dgqm,j, fndaïn we;s njg ÿrl:k mKsúv

,eîu iq,N fohla úh'

kuq;a wjq,la jeäÿrg;a is;dn,d f¾.= ks<OdÍkaf.a ldurhg

ÿrl:kfhka l:d fldg;u fm!oa.,sl iylre wu;d ish¿ f;dr;=re ,nd
.;af;ah' ,xldfj fou< ;%ia;jdoh .ek u;la jq Tyqg fndaïn mKsúvh
i;H nj ;yjqre úh'

tu udrl rd;%sfha wjq,laf.a ÿrl:k weu;=ï u.ska th nrm;,

fohla nj jgyd .;af;a ks,Odßkaf.ka iaj,am fofkla muKs'

.=jka f;dgqm, md,lhdf.a ÿrl:k mKsúvh ,enqKq jydu .=jka

f;dgqm,g meñKsfha .sks ksjk yuqodfõ Ng msßi muKs' ish rdPldßhg uq,a
;ek fok ksid ñi Tjqka meñKsfha nrm;, fohla isÿfõ hhs
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka fkdfõ' rd;%S 10'15 jk úg .sks ksjk yuqodfõ .sks ksjk
wekaýka r: 6 la .=jka f;dgqmf,a .=jka hdkd ud¾.fha kj;ajk ,È' ta
r:j,ska niskakg mgka .;a .sks Ngfhda úfkdaofhka iskdfiñka isáhy' Tjqka
is;=fõ fuh ;j;a msiafil=f.a jevla f,ihs'

,s,disx wjq,la ÿrl:k mKsúv wjika lr msg;ska meñfKk

u.Skaf.a Yd,djg tkúg Tyqg olskakg ,enqfkaf¾.= ks<OdÍka yd .sks Nghka
yd fiajlhka o úfkdoh ñY% l=;=y,hlska hq;=j iqÜflaia foljgd frdla ù
isák wkaouhs'
’ ´fla fndaïnhla ;sfhkjd" ´l jgd frdla fjkak tmd' ish¿ fokdu
wylg fjkjd'~~ fya ksfhda. lf<ah' ’ uu ish¨u wod, ks,OdÍkag ±kqï
ÿkakd' ta wh ±ka ±ka fuys tkjd we;s'~~ fya ;jÿrg;a mejiqfõh'

f¾.=fõ isá msßig wk;=re weÕùu l< ,s,disx wjq,la fmr<d ;u

ld¾Hhd,hg .sfhah' fï ;¾Pkh mqiaila fkdj i;Hhla nj f;areï .;a fï
{dkdkaú; l%shdYS,S ks,Odßhd mjd tla n,m;, jrola lf<ah' ysf;a
fkdikaiqka nj ksid fyda fjk;a fudkhï fya;=jla ksid fyda Tyqg fuu
w;miqùu fkdù kï wyxil Y%S ,dxlsl u.Skaf.a Âú; /flkq ksh;h'

.=jka f;dgqm, md,lhdg isÿ jq fï jro kï u.Ska meñfKk Yd,dfõ

isá u.Ska t;ekska bj;a fkdlsÍuhs' ta ioyd Tyqg lrkakg ;snqfka iq¿
ld¾hls' tkï Tyqf.a fïih u; we;s wNHka;r ÿrl:k mqjrefõ fnd;a;ula
Tnd ’Yd,dfjka ish¿ufokd bj;a lrkak~~ hhs m%ldY lrk f,i Yío úldYk
m%ldYsldjg wK §u muKS'

Tyq rd;%s 10'40 g Yío úldYk ldurhg Èj.sh nj;a ta jk úg th

jid ;snq njla lshd we;' tkï Tyqg 10'40 ;rï m%udo ù fuu lghqla;
u;laùu n,j;a wjdikdjls'

wehs tfyu isÿjqfha@ le<KSmqrh uqyqo f.dv .e,Sfuka /l .ekSug

úydr uyd foaúh ish ýú;h uqyqog ì,s §ug bÈßm;a jqjdh' r;dCIs
hCIhdf.ka ish rg jeishkaf.a Âú; wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd isßiÕfnda
rP;=ud ta hCIhdg ì,sùug bÈßm;a jqfhah' le<ks mqrh uqyqo f.dv
.e,Sfuka úkdY fkdù fírefkah' r;dCIs hCIhd rP;=udg jYsù hym;a
Âú;hlg fm<Uqfkah' ì,a,g bÈßm;a jq úydr uyd foaúhg iy isßiÕfnda
rP;=udgo mqkH uysuhksid lsisÿ úm;la fkdùh'

lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqmf,;a oyia .Kkla rg jeishkaf.a Âú;;a

fldá .Kkla rfÜs foafmd<;a fírd .ekSu i|yd fï wjia;dfõ§ Y%S ,dxlsl
ia;%s mqreIhka úfoaYhlÈ lf;da,sl ;%ia;jdÈ hlaIhdg ì,sú ±ú.sh orfldg
njg m;aùu ffojfha lDDr ks.ukhla ùo@

rd;%S 10'40 g losf¾Ika ÿka ÿrl:kh weu;=fuka miq fuh úys¿jla

fkdjk nj ldyg;a ta;a;= .sfhah' ish,a,kau l,n, jQfha ta mKsúvh ,enqKq
.=jkaf;dgqfmdf,a wdrCIdj Ndr mÍCIljrhd ta .ek ±kqï ÿka miqjh'
fõ,dj rd;%S 10'40 g l,n,h .ek fyd|gu ±kisá .=jkaf;dgqmf,a wdrCIdj
ndr fmd,sia mÍCIljrhdf.a ÿrl:kh kdoúh'

’fï wymshõ' yßhgu rd;%S 11'00 g fndaïnh mqmqrK fõ,dj ;sh,d

;sfhkafka' fïl fld<U .=jkaf;dgqm<g hjkakhs ie,iqï lf<a' ±ka ±ka
iQÜflaia fol mfriaiï iys; we;s ;eklg f.kshm,a,d' ke;akï nrm;,
foafmd< yd Ôú; úkdYhla fjkjd'~~ mKsúvh k;r úh'

fmd,sia mÍCIljrhdf.a mKsúvh ,enqk jydu f¾.= Yd,dj fj;

Èjhk úg .=jkaf;dgqmf,a md,l ,S,disx wjq,lao ta foig Èjhkq olakg
,enqfKah'

tfia meñKs wjq,la 10'42 g f¾.= Yd,djg Èj wdfõ y;s ouñks' Tyq
l,n,fhka uqim;aù isák nj ish¿ fokdg ta;a;= .sfhah' NS;sh yd ix;%dih
Tyqf.a uqyqKska fudkjg ms<sìUq úh' ’ Th iQÜflaia fol mq¿jka ;rï wE;g
f.kshm,a,d'~~ yßhgu 11g fndaïnh mqmqrKjd' Bgfmr foúhkaf.a kdufhka
blaukska f.kshm,a,d'~~ fya y;s ouñka fudr ÿkafkah' fudfyd;lg Yd,dfõ
n,j;a ksYaYío;djhla we;súh' ish¿fokd wkaÿka l=kaÿka úh'

fï lsis;a fkd±k kskafoa miqjQ Y%S ,dxlsl u.Ska wjÈ lsÍug ,S,disx
mgka .;af;a Bg wk;=rejh' ±ka fõ,dj 10'45 hs' iuyre kskafoau ta fï w;
fmr¨ky' bx.%Sis fyda fou< fkdo;a fï wirK u.Syq fuh isyskhla ±hs
is;+y' wyïfnka wjÈjQ wh ;u ;ukaf.a .ukau¨ wdÈh fidhkakg wÿf¾au
w;m; .dkakg jQy' wfkla wh ;j;a kskafoah' kskafoka wjÈù isá Èidkdhl
yd talkdhl ;reKshka fofokd uqyqk fidaod .ekSug kdk ldurh fj; hñka
isáfhdah'

odfudaorka yd T.iaáka f;dauia hk f¾.= ks<OdÍka fofokd

;djld,sl fmdag¾ fmda,ardÊ o iuÕ iQÜflaia fol fj; .shy'

fõ,dj 10'52 hs' ñkïnlalï .=jkaf;dgqm,ska ie;mqï .Kkla wE;

ksfjiaj, mjd fooreïlEula jeks p,khlska ksod isákakjqka wjÈ lrñka
fndaïnh msmsrefKah'

;u {d;s mq;% fmda,ardÊf.a isrer len,s ù hkq Tyq n,d isáfhah'

ìhù Èj.sh Y%S ,dxlsl ldka;dfjda Èú .,jd .;a w;r mia fofkl=g nrm;,
;=jd, isÿúh' b;sß ish¨ fokdf.au isrere .sksf.k weo jegqKq
f.dvke.s,af,a iqkanqka j,g je<,S .sfhah'

by; fndaïnh msmsÍuo rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha wmrdOhla

nj ;yjqreù ;snqKs' Tjqka fujr W;aidy lf<a fld<U meje;aùug kshñ;j
;snQ cd;Hka;r fn!oaO iïfï,khg iyNd.S ùug isá úfoaYSh ksfhdað;hska
msßi >d;kh lsÍughs'
^04& cd;sl w¾nqoh
Èkh 1983 cq,s 25 i÷odhs uu .fï f.dia fld<U taug
wïn,kaf.däka mqoa.,sl nia r:hlg f.dv jqfkñ' ud <. isá wfkla
u.shdf.a wf;a ;snQ ÈkñK mqj;a mf;a isria;,fhka lshjqfKa W;=f¾§ yuqod
fin¿ka 13 fofkl= tl ;ek§u ñh f.dia we;s njhs' uu fld<U tk úg
fld<U hqO ìul iajrEmh Wiq,ñka ;ekska ;ek f.dvke,s .sks .ksñka ;snqKq
w;r ñh .sh fou< cd;slhskaf.a isrere lsysmhlao olskag ;snqKs' fmd,Sisho
lr.kakg fohla ke;sj me;a;lg ù n,d isákq fmKqks' ud tjlg kej;s
isáfha lsßn;af.dv Bßhjeáfhah' ish¿u ld¾hd, jid ;snqK neúka uuo
udf.a ñ;=rl= jk fm%auisß iuÕ kjd;ek n,d msg;aùuq' urodk ld¾ñl
úoHd, wi,§ nihlg f.dvùuq' mE,shf.dv§ nih jgl< uerjrhska
msßila fou¿ka bkakjdkï t<shg neyemshõ lshïka nih mÍCId lf<ah'
tl fou< cd;sfhl= wiqù Tyqg myr §u n,d isáh fkdyels jQ uu wyl n,d
.;sñ' ug is;=fka isxy, fn!oaOhka fï ;;ajhg m;ajqfha flfiao lshdhs'
lsßn;af.dv§ ÿgqfõ ;j;a isoaêhls' tla uer ;reKhl= f.or /f.k hdug
wïud;a ;j;a ifydaorshka fofokl= fmdrnok wdldrhhs' mq;dj f.or tla
lrf.k hdug Tjqka wiu;a úh'
by; i|yka l< cQ,s l,n,fha§ fou< ck;dj úYd, m%udKhla
ñh .sh nj;a Tjqkaf.a foam, úYd, m%udKhla úkdY jQ nj;a ljqre;a okakd
lreKls' rch m%ldYhg m;a lf<a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiska fuu uer
yuqodj fufyhjkq ,enQ nj;a ta ksid ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK;a jdiqfoaj
kdkdhlaldr iy úl%ïndyq lreKdr;ak uy;d isá kj iuiudc mCIh;a
;ykï lrk njh'

kuq;a i;H kï fuu fou< ck;dj >d;kh lsÍu iy foam, úkdY

lsÍu ixúOdk lf<a rcfhau lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh njhs' T;a;= fiajhla
iudk l< yelafla nQj,af,l=ghs' nQj,a,dg T¿jla iy úYd, wvq m%udKhla
we;' ,xldfõ T;a;= fiajfha T¿j lf;da,sl jk w;r wvq isxy, fou<
uqia,sï lf;da,sl l%sia;shdks fn!oaO wd§ ,CI .Kkla mqoa.,hskaf.ka iE§
we;' ;jo ,xldfõ T;a;= fiajh md,kh lrkqfha iqmsß mß.Klhlsska jk
w;r wjqreÿ 2 orejd isg wjqreÿ 70 muK uy¨ who fuu mß.Klhg
iñnkaO fldg we;' l< hq;= jkafka ´kEu fj,djl mß.klh yryd
Wmfoia §u muKs' tu Wmfoia ms<sfkdmÈk ´kEu wfhl= urKhg m;a
lSßug T;a;= fiajfha n,OdÍka j. n,d .ks;s'

Pq,s l,n,h we;s lsÍug uq,a jq ;Skakfõ,sfhaÈ isÿ jq yuqod Nghska

>d;kh lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%khla nj ±ka ;yjqre ù we;' my;
i|yka lreKq ud Wmqgd .;af;a isxy r;ak;=x. uy;d úiska ,shl ,o
’fmd,sálaia T*a fgrßiï~~ keue;s fmdf;ka ^fuu fmd; ´iafÜ%,shdfõ
m%ldYhg m;a l, tlls& iy à'ã'tia'ta' Èidkdhl uy;d úiska ,shk ,o
’wef.daks T*A Y%S ,xld~~hk fmd;a j,sks'

W;=f¾ yuqod uq,ia:dkhla jq .=rek.¾ l|jqf¾ ns%f.aäh¾ n,a;id¾

iy nqoaê wxYfha lms;dka ir;a uqKisxy ,eî ;snq f;dr;=re wkqj fldá
ixúOdkfha ;=kajk kdhlhd jk fi,a,lals,s we,a,Sug ie,iqula ilia lr
;snqKs' Èkh 1983 Pq,s 24 w¿hu ld,fhaÈh' Tjqkaf.a ie,iqug wkqj ieÕù
isg myr§u wruqK úh' tneúka l,ska f;dard .;a fldKavdú,a m%foaYfha
ia:dkhl yuqod Nghka isú,a we÷ï we| ieÕù isàug ;SrKh úh' fuu
ie,iqug wkqj tÈk Pq,s 23 Èk uOHu rd;%shg fmr tu m%foaYh ;=, ish¿u
wfkl=;a fmd,sia jeg,Sï w;aysgùug tjlg W;=re m%foaYh Ndr ksfhdaPH
fmd,siam;s ví'î'rdP.=re uy;dg Wmfoia § ;snqKs' fuysÈ ish¿u fmd,sia
ks<OdÍka fmd,sia ia:dk j, isáh hq;= njo Wmfoia § ;snqKs' Bg fya;=j jqfha
fi,a,lals,s fufyhqfïÈ fmd,sish yd isú,a yuqod Nghska w;r .egqula
je,laùuhs'fuu fufyhqu Pq,s 24 Wfoa 4'00 g wjika ùug kshñ;j ;snqKQ
w;r th id¾:l jqj;a ke;;a Wfoa 4'00 jk úg tu yuqod Ng msßi wdmiq
l|jqre j,g meñfKk f,i Wmfoia § ;ssìKS'

1983 Pq,s 23 Èk udo.,a yuqod l|jqf¾ isg uqr ixpdr Ng msßila

msg;a úh' Tjqkaf.a ixfla; wxlh ’f*da¾ f*da¾ n%dfjda~~ kï úh' Tjqkaf.a
m%Odkshd jqfha fofjks ¨;skia jdia .=Kj¾Okhs' wfkla wh kï ßhÿre
fin<" tka'ta'tia'uk;=x. " ,dkaia fldam%,a Â'ã' fmf¾rd" fin<
tia'tia'wurisxy" tia'mS'Â'rdP;s,l " fla'mS'lreKdr;ak" fï msßi isáfha wxl
ta'jhs'4889orK
ýma r:h ;=, jk w;r jdia .=Kj¾Ok w; ueIska ;=jlal=jlao wfkla
fin¿ka w; rhsm,a iy f.%kaä fndaïno ;snqKS' 26 YS% 3193 wxlh iys; gdgd
fnkaia g%la r:fha isá msßi kï idPka tia'whs' ;s,lr;ak iu. fldam%,a
Â'wd¾' fmf¾rd bÈß wiqfkao ßhÿre wiqfka fin< ta'fþ'wd¾ m%kdkaÿo miqmi
fldam%,a wd¾'ta'hq' fmf¾rd ,dkaia fldam%,a iqu;smd,"fin< tï'î'iqks,a iy
î'tka'ta'ã' udkmsáh jdä ù isá w;r fin< Â'frdnÜ iy ta'fPA' úfþisß g%la
r:fha isgf.k isáhy' Tjqka wh;a jqfha ,xld mdn, yuqodfõ m<uq n,
weKshghs' Tjqka .=rek.¾ l|jqrg meñKsfha rd;%sfhah' Tjqkaf.a uqr ixpdrh
kshñ;j ;snqfka .=rek.¾" hdmkh" kd. úydr" k,a¨¾" fldamdhs" Wreïmsrdhs"
fldKavdù,a" iy fmd;=ú,a" hdmkh" ;,shkaldvq" udo.,a hk ud¾.fhah' Tjqka
msg;a ùug m%:u n%sf.aäh¾ n,a;id¾ ÿka tla Wmfoila kï wjYH jqjfyd;a
.uka ud¾.h fjkia lrk f,ihs' yßhgu rd;%S 10'06 uqrNg lkavdhu
.=rek.¾ l|jqfrka msg;a úh' iEu úglu Tjqka .=rek.¾ yuqod l|jqr
iuÕ .=jka úÿ,s iïnkao;d mj;ajd .;ay'

Tjqka rd;%S 10'17 jk úg kd. úydrfha isgo 10'57 jk úg fldamdhs isgo

.=jka úÿ,s ix{d u.ska .=rek.¾ l|jqr iu. iïnkao;d mj;ajd ;snqKS'
bkamiqj Tjqka W!reïmsrdhs olajd .uka lf<ah' W!reïmsrdhs ykaÈfhaÈ
Tjqkaf.a r: fol fmd,sia msßila úiska kj;ajk ,È' tysÈ fmd,sia msßfiys
m%Odkshd ¨;sk,a jdia .=Kj¾Okg wdpdr l, njo Èú .,jd .;a yuqod
Nghska lshd isáhy' fuu fmd,sia msßfiys Wmfoia mrÈ uqrixpdr Ngmsßi
.uka .;a jdyk fol ìñfndaïn wgjd ;snq iy fldá m%ydrlhka /l isá
;Skakfõ,s ud¾.h foig yrjd heõfõh' lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Kh
t,sjkafka fu;ek§h' Tjqka flf<a fi,a,lals,s we,a,Sug hehs lshñka
ie,iqula ilia fldg ish¨ fmd,sia msßia ud¾.fhka bj;a fldg Wreïmsrdhs
ykaÈfha muKla fmd,sia msßila kj;ajd uqr ixpdr Ng msßia kshñ;
ud¾.fhka bj;afldg ;Skakfõ,s fndaïnhg ì,s§ug ie,iqï fldg we;' ;jo
fuu Ng msßia .=rek.¾ l|jqfrka msg;a fjoaÈ n%sf.aäh¾ n,a;id¾ ÿka
Wmfoia kï wjYH jqjfyd;a .uka ud¾.h fjkia lrk f,ihs' fuu
WmfoaYh iel iys;hs'

Wreïmsrdhs ykaÈh miqfldg ;Skakfõ,s foig ie;mqï folla muK

.sh miq úÿ,s ixfoaY fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mdr whsfka lmd ;snq úYd, j,la
yuqúh' Âma ßh tys§ fõ.h wvq l, ú.i wgjd ;snq fndaïn fol mqmqrejd
yeßh w;r tla fndaïnhlska ýmaßh lE,s j,g leä .sh w;r wfkla
fndaïnh msmsrefka ýma ßh;a g%la r:h;a w;rh' fï fndaunh mqmqrejd yeÍug
Ndú;d lr ;snqfka Bg i;shlg muK l,ska lkalika;=f¾ isfuka;s lïy,lska
,nd .;a bf,alfg%dksla fvfgdfkagrhls'

fndaïnh mqmqrejd yeÍfuka miq fldá ;%ia;jd§ka úiska yuqod

fin¿ka 13 la >d;kh l< w;r fofofkla muKla Èú .,jd .;ay' Tjqka
kï fldam%,a wd¾'ta'hq' fmf¾rd iy ,dkaia fldam%,a whs'tÉ' iqu;smd,h'

fuu isoaêfhka ñh .sh yuqod fin¿kaf.a N+uodk lghq;= fld<UÈ

isÿ lsÍug lghq;= fhdod ;snqKs' m<uqj th fnd/,a, lk;af;aÈ isÿ lsÍug
lghq;= fhdod ;snqko miqj Tjqkaf.a .ïj, N+uodk lsÍug uD; foayhkaa
{d;Skag Ndr fok ,È'

fld<U fou< Pk;dj >d;kh lsßug lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha

b;a;ka fhdojd ;snqKq nj fmfkkak ;snqKs' Tjqka w; Pkao ,ehsia;= iy
ÿrl;k kdudj,sfhka ,nd .;a f;dr;=re wkqj fou< Pd;slhkag wh;a
f.j,a f;dard .ksñka úkdY lsÍug lghq;= fhdod ;snqKS' ;jo m%eÜfg%da,a
fndaïno Tjqkaf.a w; ;snq nj fmfkkakg ;snqKS' ;jo lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
úiska fuu Èkh isoaêhg ^Pq,s 24& fhdod f.k ;snqfka ukdf,i ie,iqï fldg
nj fmfkkafka tÈk fld<U fou< yskaÿ Nla;slhka fõ,a W;aijh mj;ajk
Èkh ùuhs' fõ,a fmryer je,a,j;a; iy fldgfyak w;r ùÈ ixpdrh lrk
neúka Tjqkaf.a T;a;= fiajfha b;a;kag b;d myiqfjka fou< Pk;dj yÿkd
.ekSug myiq jk f,i tu Èkh fhdod .;a nj fmkShhs'

l¿ Pq,sfha m%;sM,h jqfha fldá ixúOdkhg úYd, jYfhka fou<

;reKhka tlaùu;a wdOdr Wmldr úYd, jYfhka ,eîu;ah' f,dalh mqrd isák
fldaÜ 6 l muK jk fou< Pk;dj fldá ixúOdkhg iy ta iu.u ìysù ;snq
wfkla ;%ia;jdÈ ixúOdkj,go ;u iyfhda.h ,nd ÿkaky' bkaÈhdjo
,xldfõ fou< Pl;dj fjkqfjka fmkS isàug bÈßm;a úh' ;sïmq idlÉPd tys
m%;sM,hla úh'

W;=f¾ fldá ixúOdkh iy rPfha yuqod w;r .egqu fufia

ks¾udKh lsÍug rPfhau lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajhg yels úh' Tjqkaf.a wjidk
wruqK m<uqj ,xldj folv lsÍu;a miqj isxy,hka j| fldg uq¿ ,xldju
fou< rdPHhla lsÍu nj;a ;yjqre úh'

1983 Pq,s 24 isg fï olajd isÿjq úYd, úkdYh úia;r lsÍug fmr
tys we;s fn!oaO úfrdaè nj fmkaùug lreKq lsysmhla i|yka lrñ'

1' 1985 uehs 14 jeks Èk wkqrdOmqrfha Y%S uyd fndaêh wi,È NslaIqka
jykafia,d 10 kula oiis,a ud;djlao we;=¿j ie±yej;=ka 200la muK
fldá ixúOdkh ,jd >d;kh lrùu'
2' 1987 Pqks 2 Èk wïmdr uyTh ud¾.fh wrka;,dfõÈ NslaIqka jykafia,d
29 kula we;=¿j 33 fofkla fjä ;nd >d;kh lsÍu
3' 1995 uehs 26 Èk ÈUq,d., wdrkH fiakdëm;s ud;r ls;,.u Y%S YS,xldr
udysñmdKka fjä;nd >d;kh lsÍu'
4' 1998 Pkjdß 25 Èk uykqjr o<od ud<s.djg fndaïn m%ydrhla t,a,fldg
thg w,Nydks isÿ lsÍu iy 14 fofkla >d;kh lsÍu'

by; ioyka isoaê ka ish,a,gu j.lsj hqlaf;a rPfha lf;da,sl

T;a;= fiajh nj ;yjqre ù we;' ld,h f.ú hñka ;snqKS' 1987 rýõ .dkaê"
fPA'wd¾' .súiqu w;aika flfreKs' ,xldjg bkaÈhdkq idu idOl yuqodj
meñKqkq w;r fma%uodi rch úiska Tjqka wdmiq heùug lghq;= lrk ,È'
fuysÈ fldá ixúOdkh mrdPh lsÍug bkaÈhdkq yuqodjg fkdyels jqfha
rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh fldàkag wdhqO j,ska iy iEu w;skau Wmldr
l< neúka nj ljqr;a okakd lreKls' fma%uodi rPh iy fldá ixúOdkh
iu. idlÉPd ì| jeàfuka fojk B,dï hqoaOh wdrïN jq w;r tysÈ fmd,sia
ks,OdÍka 700 la muK w;awvx.=jg f.k thska 600 la muK fjä ;nd
>d;kh lrk ,È' fuu mdjd §ug j.lsj hq;af;ao rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajhhs'

1990 Pqks ui tjlg rdPH wdrlaIl weue;sjrhdj isá rxPka

úfþr;ak uy;do lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka >d;kh flreKq w;r tys
j.lSu fldá ixúOdkh msg mjrk ,È' t;=ud >d;kh flrefka Tyq b;d ±ä
wêIagdkhlska fldá ixúOdkh úkdY lÍug lghq;= l, neúks'

1991 Pq,s ui w,suxlv l|jqr fldá ixúOdkh úiska jg,k ,È'

fïP¾ ik;a lreKdr;ak tys wK fok ks,Odßhd úh' tu l|jqr uqod
.ekSug n,fõ.h fufyhqu Èh;a lrk ,È' fuysÈ yi,l .dñKS l=,r;ak
rKúrejd fndaïnhla f.k hqO gexlshla fia ilia lr ;snq fldáka meñKS
nq,afvdairhg fkdmekafka kï w,suxlv l|jqr fírd .ekSug fkdyels jk
nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls' Tyq yuqodjg ne§ug fmr NslaIqka jykafia kula
nj lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska PkudOH j,ska jika fldg we;' Bg fya;=j
Tyq wkq.ukh lrñka wfkla NslaIqka jykafia,d bÈßm;a jqjfyd;a fldá
ixúOdkh iqudk foflka úkdY l, yels neúks' yi,l .dñKS l=,r;ak
rKúrejd NslaIqka jykafia kulaj isáhÈ wrka;,dj NslaIq >d;kh .ek wid
lïmdjg m;a ù lságqj ;snq yuqod l|jqrg f.dia ;udj yuqodjg nojd .kakd
f,i n,lr b,a,d isá neúka Tyq yuqodjg n|jdf.k we;'

1993 fkdjeïn¾ ui mqkßka l|jqrg m%ydrhla t,a, úh' fuysÈ

yuqod Nghska 525 la muK urKhg m;aúh' fuu isoaëfhka uu lïmkhg
m;aúñ' óg fya;=j jqfha fuh úh fkdyels nj uf.a woyi ùuhs' hqoaOfha
fldfya fyda jeroaola we;s nj ug ye.s .sfhah' fï w;r ;=r ug mrK
fmd;la lshjkakg ,enqks' tys ku ’o f.%aÜ ìfg%,a~~ kï úh' tkï ’uyd
mdjd§u~~ tys isxy, f;areu úh' tu fmd; bx.%Sis Pd;slfhl= úiska ,shk ,o
tx.,ka;fha m%ldYs; fmd;ls'

tys ioyka jqfha 1949 weußldfõ is' whs ta' ixúOkdh;a ì%;dkHfha
tï whs'5 hk ì%s;dkH ryia T;a;= fiajh;a tl;= ù l, l=uka;%khla je/È
.sh wkaou;a Bg fya;= jq lreKq;ah'

tys 1944 jif¾È muK fldñhqksiaÜ rdPHhla jq we,afìkshdkq rch

fmr<d ±óug iS' whs'ta' T;a;= fiajh iy n%s;dkH tï'whs'5 T;a;= fiajh l,
l=ukal;%Khl f;dr;=re i|yka úh' Tjqkaf.a ie,iqu jqfha uOHOrKs uqyfoa
fuda,agd ÿmf;a ;snq ì%;dkh hqO l|jqf¾ isg mqyqKQ lrk ,o ;ukag ys;j;a
we,afíkshdkq ;reKhka fndaÜgq u.ska we,afíkshdjg heùuhs' wruqK jqfha
rPh fmr,Suhs' fuu ;reKhkaf.a ihkhsâ lr, ne| ;snqfka
w;aTrf,daiqfõh' fï ld,fha we,afíkshdkq md,lhd jqfha wekaj¾ fydlaid kï
reishdjg ys;j;a fldñhqksisÜ kdhlfhls' wjqreÿ 5 la hk;=reu fuu ie,iqu
l%shd;aul jqj;a wka;sfïÈ w;yer ouk ,oafoa fufia mqyqKq lr hjk ish¿u
we,aafíkshdkq ;reKhka we,afíkshdkq rPh úiska w,a,d urKhg m;alsÍuhs'
Bg fya;=j fy<sorõ jqfha 1960 § muKh' tkï weußldkq iS'whs'ta T;a;=
fiajh;a ì%;dkHfha tï'whs'5 T;a;= fiajh;a iïnkaèlrKh l< ’lsñ*s,aí~~
kï T;a;= lrejd foìä T;a;= lrefjl= ùuhs ' Tyq fidaõhÜ reishdfõ fla'Â'î'
T;a;= fiajfha taPka;jrfhl= jq w;r ;udf.a we,afíkshdj iïnkaO ish¿
ie,iqï fmr isgu reishdjg iemhSu ksid fuu uyd l=uka;%Kh wid¾:l úh'
tu ’lsñ*s,aì~~ kï T;a;=lrejd ;ju;a rdPH iïudk ,en fidaúhÜ reishdfõ
Âj;a fjhs'

fuysÈ we,afìkshdkq ;reKhka w; neÈ Trf,daiqfõ ihkhsâ lr,

ne| ;sìu ksid ,xldfõo isÿ jkafka thu nj ug ta;a;= .sh neúka fn!oaO
T;a;= fiajhg uu ta .ek jd¾;d flf,ñ' m%;s,hla fkdùh' Bg fya;=j rcfha
T;a;= fiajfha lf;da,slhka m%n, ùuhs'

fldá ixúOdkh fufyhjkq ,nkafkao rPfhau T;a;= fiajfhka nj;a

fuf;la l,a fldá ixúOdkh úiska lrk ,o ish¿u wmrdO j,g j.lsj
hqlaf;a ta ta ld, j, mej;s rPhka nj;a ±ka mdGlhdg wjfndaOù we;hs is;ñ'

ta wkqj my; ioyka ;%ia; l%shd msgqmi we;af;ao rPfhau lf;da,sl

T;a;= fiajh nj ;yjqre ù we;'

1' fndaïn msrjq f,dßhla we;=,a lsÍu u.ska uy nexl=j mqmqrejd yeÍu iy
úYd, ñksia >d;khla isÿ lsÍu'

2' fldf,dkakdj f;,a gexls m%ydrh u.ska rgg úYd, wd¾Ól mdvqjla iy
ukqIH >d;khla isÿ lsÍu

3' .,Odß fndaïn m%ydrh

4' lgqkdhl m%ydrh u.ska rfÜ wd¾Ólhg lrk ,o mdvqj fldá 8000 la
 muK fjf;ehs .Kka n,d we;'
5' 1978 r;au,dk .=jka f;dgqmf,a§ mqmqrd .sh weõfrda .=jka hdkfha isg
1994 W;=f¾§ mqmqrd .sh wekagfkda .=jka hdkh olajd" .=jka yuqodjg
wh;a .=jka hdkd 31 la iy tys .uka .;a yuqod fin¿ka iy ks<OdÍka
iuÕ úkdY lsÍu

Tn fuf;la lshjq lreKq wkqj wmrfÜ fldá ixúOdkfha kdufhka

isÿjq ish¨ foaYmd,k >d;k j,g j.lsj hqlaf;ao rPfhau lf;da,sl
T;a;=fiajhu nj ta;a;= hkakg we;ehs is;ñ' ,xldfõ uE;lÈ isÿjq foaYmd,k
>d;k w;ßka m<uqj isÿjq Pd;sl wdrlaIl weue;sjrfhl=j isá ,,s;a
we;=,;a uqo,s uy;d >d;kh lsÍuhs' ta isÿjqfha 1993 wm%sfh,a uq,Èh' th isÿ
lrk ,oafoa ì%;dkH T;a;= fiajfha Wjukdj u; nj ;yjqreù we;' Bg
fya;=j Tyq m%n, ta,a'á'á'B' úfrdaêfhl= ùuhs' ,xldfõ rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajh l%shd;aul jkafka n%S;dkH T;a;= fiajfha Wjukdj u; nj lsjhq;=h'
,xldfõ fou< Pk;djg jeä jrm%ido ,nd foñka lghq= flf<a ì%;dkHhka
úisks' fldá ixúOdkfha kHdhdpd¾h wekagka nd,isxyï l,ska ì%;dkH uy
flduidßia ld¾hd,fha NdId mßj¾;lfhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;'
we;=,;a uqo,s uy;d >d;kh l, ryi t<sorú lsßug fm%auodi
uy;d 1993 uehs Èk W;aijfhaÈ n,dfmdre;a;= úh' Bg fmr Tyqj >d;kh
lrk ,È' th rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha wmrdOhls'

±ka rg fn§fï l=uka;%Kh .ek l;d lrñ' fuys wdrïNlhd

ì%;dkHhs' Tjqkaf.a hg;a úý;hkaj mej;s iEu rglau lene,s lsÍug
ie,eiaùh' Tjqka lf,a fNao we;s lr md,kh lsÍuhs' fyd|u ljqre;a okakd
WodyrKh bkaÈhdjhs' 1947 bkaÈhdj ìysjqfha úYd, f,a je.sÍulsks' uqia,sï
Pk;dj mdlsia:dkfha ks¾ud;Djrhd f,i i,lk fudfyduâ w,sýkakd f.a
kdhl;ajh hgf;ao ysxÿ Pk;dj bkaÈhdjg ksoyi Èkd .ekSug igka l,
uy;aud .dkaê ;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;ao ixúOdkh ù ;snqks' uqia,sï ysxÿ
.egqu wjq,jd bx.%SiSka rgj,a folla iEÿy' tysÈ Tjqka flf,a tu rgj,a
fofla udhsï ilia lsÍfïÈ ldIañrh mlsia:dkh ;=,g fkrd .sh fldgila
we;s jk fia udhsñ i,l=Kq lsÍuhs' fuu l=uka;%Kfha uq,sl;ajh f.k l%shd
lf,a ujqkagnegka idñjrhdh' Tyqg tys jkaÈh wkshï f,i f.úug isÿúh'
tkï 1979 j¾IfhaÈ whs'wdß'ta' .ß,a,ka úiska fndaïnhla mqmqrejd Tyqj
>d;kh lrk ,È'

bkaÈhdj iy mlsia:dkh msysgqùfuka miq ±kg hqoaO folla lr we;s

w;r ;=kajk hqoaOhg l=reudkï w,a,ñka isá rgj,a foflau wdrlaIl úhoï
b;d by< f.dia we;s w;r rgj,a foflau fmdÿ Pk;djf.a wd¾Ól ;;ajh
b;d my<h' tu rgj,a folu tl;= ù ;ukg wegjq W.=, fjkqfjka n%s;dkh
g úreoaOj kvq mejÍug ld,h meñk ;sfí' ;jo bkaÈhdj;a mlsia:dkh;a
ìysù wjqreoaola we;=,; tu rgj,a ìysùug lghq;= l, fudfyduâ
w,sýkakd ;=ud;a uy;aud .dkaê;=ud;a ñhhdu ielhg ;=vq fohs'

±ka ì%;dkhka úiska ,xldfõ isxy, iy fou< hk Pk;djg ie,l=

wdldrh n,uq' 1924 uekska m%;sixialrK j,g miqj jHjia:dodhlhg m;ajQ
idudýlhka m%udKhka my; i|yka igyfkka meyeÈ,s fõ'
wdik .Kk igyk
14 isxy, l:d lrk Pk;dj isák m%foaYj,g
7 fou< l:d lrk Pk;dj isák m%foaYj,g
3 hqfrdamSh Pd;slhkag
2 n¾.¾ Pd;slhkag
1 ,xld fou<
Tjqka f;dard m;a lsÍfï jrm%idoh ta ta Pd;Skag mjrd ;snqKs'

by; igyk wkqj isxy, Pk;dj fjkqfjka idfmalaIj by<

idudðlhska ixLHdjla m;a lsßug lghq;= fhdod ;snq nj fmks hhs' kuq;a 12]
la isák fou< Pk;dj fjkqfjka 50] idudðl ixLHdjls'

1931 jk úg jHjia:dodhlfha iq¿ Pd;Skag jeä wdik ixLHdjla

,nd§u fjkia jqk kuq;a rPfha fomd¾;fïka;=j, iy isú,a fiajfha /lshd
,nd§fïÈ th l%shd;aul úh' 1947 tkï n%s;dkH md,kfha wka;su wjqreoao
jk úg rPfha /lshd fnÈ we;s whqre my; i|yka igykska n,kak'
igyk isxy, fou< n¾.¾
iaÓr f,alïjre 4 2 4
,xld isú,a fiajfha 52 21 11
fmd,Sish 13 4 12
ffjoH fiajfha 142 69 37
wdodhï nÿ fomd¾;fïka;=j 13 14 5
jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j 11 24 4
m%isoaO jev fomd¾;fïka;=j 34 29 6
ÿñßh fomd¾;fïka;=j 6 8 8

ì%;dkH hg;a úý;hka jq wdishdj" wm%sldj" ,;ska weußldj wdÈ

rgj, mßmd,k iy jev lghq;= isÿjqfhao by; ms,sfj,guh' 1948 jk úg
n%s;dkHka úiska lr f.k .sh jev ms<sfj< isxy, Pk;djg wjfndaOúh' kuq;a
ienE kdhl;ajla ìysú fkd;dnqKs' isÿjqfha ì%;dkhka úiska ,nd ÿka jrm%ido
N=la;s úÈ msßilg n,h udre úu muks' Tjqka ieneúkau bx.%SiSkaf.a .e;a;ka
iy b;a;ka jqy' flk;a m%kdkaÿ msh;=ud ’Y%S ,xld fydama,iakia wekaâ
pef,akaÊ~~ keue;s fmdf;a ’o iafgdaß T*a o p¾É~~ kï mßÉfþofha fufia
i|yka lrhs'

’rfÜ md,k n,h lsisu igklska f;drj ì%;dkH md,lhskag iy

m,a,shg úYAjdi Pd;sl kdhlhskag ndr ÿka w;r rfÜ w.%dKavqldrjrhd
ì%;dkH Pd;slfhlau úh' ;jo ì%d;dkH ñIkdÍkaf.a n,mEuo tf,iu
mj;ajdf.k f.k hk ,È'
by; i|yka jelsfhka wfma rfÜ ksoyi ,enqfka fn!oaOhkag
fkdjk nj;a th ,enqfka ì%;dkHfha .e;a;kag" b;a;kag iy lf;da,slhskag
nj;a fmkS hhs'

1948 fmnrjdß ui 4 Èk ,enqKq Bkshd ksoyig jeäl,a fkdf.dia

wNsfhda. t,a, jkakg úh' tys m%;s:,h jQfha isxy, fn!oaO n,fõ.hla
f.dvkeÕS 1956 nKavdrkdhl uy;d n,hg m;aùuhs' t;=udf.a m%Odk igka
mdGh jQfha isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍuhs' fuh tl, ld,Sk wjYH;djlaj
;snqKs' ^1815 isg bx.%Sis md,khla ;snQ rgl ish¿ lghq;= bx.%Sis NdIdfjka
lsÍug lghq;= fhdod ;snqk nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls&' Bg fya;= jQ ;j;a
lreKla jkakg we;af;a 1953 bka§h rch úiska yskaÈ NdIdj bkaÈhdfõ rdcH
NdIdj lsÍuhs' yskaÈ NdIdj bkaÈhdfõ ck.ykfhka 40] la muKla fokd
l:d lrk NdIdjls' kuq;a ,xldfõ isxy, NdIdj l:d lrk ck;dj 85] la isá'
tneúka nKavdrkdhl uy;df.a isxy, NdIdj muKla rdcH NdIdj lsÍu b;du
hqla;siy.; iy idOdrK l%shdjls'

kuq;a wo we;uqka lshkqfha W;=f¾ m%Yakhg uq,ajQfha m%Odk jYfhka

fuu NdId m%YaKh njhs' bkaÈhdj yd iei§fuka fuu lrefka h:d¾:h
wjfndaO fjhs' fuys§ nKavdrkdhl uy;dg tla jer§ula isÿúh' tkï
bkaÈhdfõ yskaÈ rdcH NdIdj lsÍu wjqreÿ 20 la ;=,§ lsÍug ;SrKh l<;a
,xldfõ th meh 24 ka lsÍug fmdfrdkaÿ ùuhs'

j¾;udkfha we;af;a kej;;a bx.%Sish rc lrùfï ;;ajhls' ,xldfõ

lsisu isxy,fhl=g bx.%Sis NdIdj neßkï Ôj;aùugo neß ;;ajhla rcfha
n,OdÍka ^T;a;= fiajdjka& úiska we;s fldg we;' tkï <ore mdif,a isg
cd;Hhka;r mdie,a yryd uq¿ rgu bx.%SislrKh lsÍfï n,j;a l=uka;%Khla
l%shd;aul fjhs' fuhg wNsfhda. lrk wh >d;khg m;a lsÍuo fuys§
isÿfjhs' uuo ld,hla bx.%Sis NdIdj m%;slafIam lf<ñ' tu ld,h ;=< ugo
urKSh ;¾ck t,a, jqKs' miqj tk mßÉfþohl uf.a ta w;a±lSï i|yka
lrñ'

nKavdrkdhl uy;dg ;ukaf.a jev ms<sfj, jeäÿr f.k hdug

ì%;dkH ryia T;a;= fiajh bv fkdÿkafkah' t;=udj Tjqka úiska >d;kh lrk
,§' i>" fjo" .=re" f.dú" lïlre" mxp uyd n,fõ.fha .uk thska wvd,
lsÍug ì%;dkH rch uykais .;a;;a nKavdrkdhl ue;sKshf.a kdhl;ajh
hgf;a th kej; ixúOdkh jqKs' kuq;a kej;;a 1962 § tjlg mej;s Y%S ,xld
ksoyia mCI rch fmr<d ±óug m%isoaO lf;da,sl l=uka;%Kh we;súh' th
wid¾:l jqks'

tu l=uka;%Klrejka kï v.a,ia ,shkf.a iS' iS Èidkdhl" frdisia o

ue,a" t*a' iS' o fiarï hk whhs' Tjqka fmd,siSfha iy yuqodfõ Wiia ks<OdÍka
jQy'

1977 § tlai;a cd;sl mCI rch n,hg m;ajQ úg rdcH wud;HxYfha

f,alï njg m;ajQfha 1962 lf;da,sl l=uka;%Kfha m<jk ú;a;slre jQ v.a,ia
,shkf.ah' t;eka isg rcfha n,h l%shd;aul jQfha lf;da,slhskag Wjukd
mßÈh'

1983 § á' ã' tia ta' Èidkdhl uy;d úika .shk ,o ’ wef.dks T*a
Y%S ,xld ~~ kï fmdf;a fufia i|yka fjhs' ’1948 jk úg l%sia;= Nla;slhka
msßi iq¿ msßila jqj;a Tjqka n,fhka iy Okfhka wdvHj isá nj;a Tjqkag
tu ;;ajh ,enqfKa ì%;dkHg;a jvd foúhkaf.ka nj Tjqka i,lkq ,nk nj;a
fmfkkakg ;snqKs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a uu o we;=,;aj mrïmrd
.Kkla uf.a kEoEhska we;=,;aj 49"000 muK idudðlhska isák tka.,ka;
iNdj fld;rï n,j;ao h;a my; i|yka lreKq j,ska Tmamq fõ tkï
ckdêm;s fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a mshd jk B' ví' chj¾Ok
úksYaphldr ;=ud" w.ue;s tia' ví' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;df.a mshd jk
Y%Su;a fid,uka vhia nKavdrkdhl" w.ue;s Y%Su;a fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;df.a
uj jQ we,sia fld;,dj, uy;añh hk ish¿ fokdu tx.,ka; iNdfõ
idudðlhska jQy'

±ka th y÷kajkqfha ,xld iNdj kñks' l%sia;%shdks Nla;slhska"

frdaudkq lf;da,slhska" iy fm%df;ia;kak Nla;shlhska b;d ;shqKq f,i;a yDo
idCIshg ldjoaod f.k ;snqKq fohla kï rcfha iy fj<| fCIa;%fha
taldêldrhla ,nd .ekSug yels by< mx;sfha mdie,a ;ukag wjYH f,i
wh;a lr .ekSuhs' ta Tlafldagu;a jvd Tjqka n%s;dkHh úiska fn!oaO ck;dj
my;a fldg i,lk wdldrhg l%sia;= Nla;slhska úiskao fn!oaO ck;dj my;a
fldg ie,lSuhs' fï wdl,amh È.ska È.gu mej;=k fyd;a l%sia;shdks
Nla;slhska iy fn!oaO ck;dj w;r Nhdkl f,a je.sÍula fkdje,elaúh
yelsh'

by; i|yka m%ldYkh b;d jeo.;a jkqfha l%sia;= Nla;slhl= úiskau

,shk ,o ksid;a Tyq ;u l%sia;shdks idudðlhskaf.a wNHhka;rh wfkla whg
jvd okakd ksid;ah'

Èidkdhl uy;do 1962 lf;da,sl l=uka;%Kfha tla ú;a;slrefjl= jQ

iS' iS Èidkdhl uy;df.a mq;%fhls' ;j;a úÈhlska lshkafka kï rù
lreKdkdhl weu;s;=udf.a ududo fjhs' Tyq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhao
fiajh l< w;r bkaÿkSishdj" nqreuh" fkamd,h" nx.,sfoaYh" khsÔßhdj"
Bðma;=j hk rgj, ;dkm;sjrfhl= f,io fiajh lf<ah' tfukau Tyq m%ùk
.;a l;=jrhl=o fjhs'
,xldj folg leãfï l=uka;%Kfha m%Odkshd jk rks,a úl%isxy
w.ue;s;=udo fn!oaOhl= fkdjk nj my; i|yka jd¾;dfjka Tmamq fõ'

2002 wfm%a,a 07 fjks bßod ,lañK mqj;am;g bIdñ fudfyduâ

uy;d úiska ,shk ,o rdjq*a ylSï fof,djla w;r hk isria;,h hgf;a m,jQ
,smsfha tla fþohl fufia i|yka fjhs'

miq.sh uy isl=rdod Èk Y%S ,xlsl lf;da,sl ne;su;a;= f,dj fiiq

lf;da,slhka fiau fþiq;=ud l=reisfha weK .idurd ±óu isyslsÍug wd.ñl
j;dj;ays fhfoñka b;du;a ;ekam;a ojila f,i .; l<y' weka.a,slka
ls;=Kqfjl= jk rks,a úl%uisxy ue;s;=ud o ish wd.u wkqj miq.sh isl=rdod
Èk wd.ñl j;dj;ays fhfoñka uiaudxY wdydrhg fkdf.k u;ameka mdkh
fkdlr b;du;a ;ekam;a ojila .; flf<ah' Tyq fjkod fuka rdPldß
lghq;=o lr ke;' rks,a úl%uisxy uy;df.a mshd jk tiaukaâ úl%uisxyf.a
ifydaorhd jq .re ,laIkauka úl%uisxy ;=udo tx.,ka; iNdfõ ìfIdma
jrfhla úh' t;=ud wjidkfhaÈ l=reKE., m%foaYfha ìfIdmajrhdo úh'

by; lreKq wkqj fuf;la l,a rg md,kh l, kdhlhskaf.ka

fn!oaOhka jqfha wd¾ fm%auodi" ã'î' úfþ;=x." hk Pkdêm;sjre muKls'
wfkla ish¨ fokd fn!oaO fkdjk {d;s iïnkaOhka we;s fyda fn!oaO fkdjk
mdi,a j, W.;a wh jqy' ;jo pkaøsld nKavdrKdhl l=udr;=x. uy;añho
fn!oaOfhl= fkdjk úPh l=udr;=x. uy;d iu. újdy fkdjqfha kï
Pkdêm;s ;k;=rg m;a fkdjkq we;' ;jo 1994 È Pkdêm;s ã'î'úfþ;=x.
úiska m;a lrk ,o hqo yuqodm;s thd¾ udI,a T,sj¾ rKisxy" kdúl
yuqodm;s jhsia woañrd,a" fudydka iurfialr iy fmd,siam;s *a?kalao is,ajd
hk ish¿ fokd l%sia;shdks wd.ñlhka jqy'

B,.g meñKsfha 1989 NsIK iuhhs' fuu ld,h lf;da,sl T;a;=

fiajfha fyd|u ld,hhs' lsisfjla lsisu fya;=jla ksid whqla;sh fjkqfjka l:d
lsÍug bÈßm;a fkdùh' isxy, fn!oaO ;reKhka ixydrh lsÍu werô ;sìKS'
1983 Pq,s l,n,h we;sfldg ta uqjdfjka Pk;d úuqla;s fmruqK ;ykï fldg
;snqKs' 1989 È Tjqka yd rPh w;r .egqu isxy, fn!oaO ;reKhska 60"000 la
>d;kh lsÍu ;=,ska fl<jr úh'fuu u¾Okhg yiqjqfha Pk;d úula;s
fmruqfKa idudðlhska mukla fkdfõ' thg lsis iïnkaaohla ke;s ;reKhskao
>d;khg ,la úh' uu tu NSIK ld,h ;=, rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha
b,lalh ù ;snqks' ta .ek miq mßÉfþohl i|yka lrñ' by; i|yka
;reKhka 60"000la >d;kh lsÍug .; jq ld,h wjqreÿ 2 ls' th 1983 isg
2001 olajd W;=re hqoaOfhka ñh .sh 60"000 yd ii|kak' th isÿjqfha wjqreÿ
18 la ;=,§h'

1989 NSIK ld,h ;=< uykqjr Èia;%slalfha l=Kavid, ue;sjrK

fldÜGdifha uyj;a; .fï isÿjq ukqIH >d;kh wu;l l, fkdyelsh' tysÈ
tlu .fï .ï jeishka 280 la muK tlu Èk >d;khg lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajhg yels úh' th isÿflf<a m<uqj tu .fï isá yuqod iduýlfhl=f.a
mjqf,a wh iy tla fmd,sia ks<Odßkshla lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha b;a;ka ,jd
>d;kh fldg th flf,a Pk;d úula;s fmruqfKa idudýlhka nj yuqodjg yd
fmd,sishg ta;a;= .kajd Tjqka ;=< .ïjeishka flf¾ ffjrhla we;s lsßuhs'
bka miq yuqodfõ fin¿ka msßila fmd,sia ks,OdÍka o iu. f.dia .ï jeishka
iuq, >d;khg ,la flf,ah' f,dalfha lsisu rgla fyda udkj ysïlï
ixúOdkhla fyda Pd;Hka;r CIud ixúOdkh fyda fï .ek lsisjla i|yka
fkdflf<ah' miql,l rdjh mqj;a mf;a muKla ta .ek ,smshla m,úh'

1989 Pk;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa .sKqug ner lrk ,o rPfha

lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,o wmrdO fndfydah' ta w;r ;r Y%S ,xld
ksoyia mlaIfha foaYmd,k kdhlhka iy tlai;a Pd;sl mlaI kdhlhska
>d;kho we;=,;a úh' ;jo fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= jq fm%auodi Wvq.ïfmd,
uy;df.a uj we;=¨ mjqf,a who >d;kh lf,a rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
úiska nj;a tys wruqK jqfha Pk;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;reKhka fj; Tyqf.a
ffjrh jeä lsÍug nj;a jd¾;d fõ' fuu ld,h ;=, Pk;d úuqla;s fmruqK
úiska yuqod mjq,a j, wh >d;kh lrkafkahehs hk m%pdrh rPfha lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,È' yuqod fin¿kaf.a mjq,a j,wh >d;kh lsÍuo
fuhg wu;rj l< w;r mkdf.dv yuqod l|jqrg myr§u iy lgqkdhl
.=jka l|jqrg myr§uo rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;=fiajfha l=uka;%Khla nj
jd¾;d úh'
 NSIK iuh ;=, >d;kh lrk ,o NsalaIqka jykafia,df.a .Kk
y;aiShhla muK jq w;r jOld.drj,È jO§fï tla l%uhla yÿkajk ,oafoa
O¾u pl%fha ±óu hkakhs' tkï w;a md ne| yryg fmd,a,la oud t,a,d
myr§fï l%uhhs' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka Pk;d úuqla;s fmruqK u¾Okfha ;snq
fn!oaO úfrdaê iajNdjhhs'

by; i|yka wdldrhg fn!oaO ixydrhla iuÕ 1989 NSIK iuh

ksudúh' B,Õg meñKsfha rg fn§fï l=uka;%Khhs' Bg iqÿiqu mlaIh f,i
fmdÿ fmruqK f,i f;dard .;a Tjqka pkaøld nkavdrKdhl l=udr;=x.
uy;añh ,jd th lsÍug ie,iqï flfreKs'1994 Pkdêm;sjrKfhÈ t;=ñhf.a
Ph.%yKh iel iys; neúka tlai;a Pd;sl mlaI Pkdêm;s wfmalIl .dñKs
Èidkdhl uy;d >d;kh flreKs' thska n,dfmdre;a;= jqfha tlai;a Pd;sl
mlaIh mrdPh flg pkaøld l=udr;=x. Pkm;sksh lrùuhs'

tu >d;kh rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska l< njg iel

is;=fka" .%ekaämdia fndaïnh msmrSu isÿjQ miq tys mqj;am;a jd¾;dj,g ksl=;a
lr ;snqfka urodfka ;snqKq tlai;a cd;sl mCI /iaùul PdhdrEmhla ùuhs'
;jo .dñKS Èidkdhl uy;df.a isrerg fndaïnfhka lsisÿ ydkshla isÿù
fkd;snqKs' fuhska fmkS.sfha t;=udf.a urKh frdayf,a§ fjk;a Wml%uhla
u.ska lr we;s njhs' lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ mßÈu pkaøsld
l=udr;=x. ch.%yKh lf,ah' bkamiq fldá ixúOdkh iuÕ idu
idlÉPd wdrïN jQ w;r ck;djf.a udkisl;ajh fjkia lsÍu i|yd iqÿ
fk¿ï jHdmdrh" idu ;j,u wd§ jHdmdr f.k .sfhah' bkamiq bÈßm;a jQ rg
fn§fï meflach iïu; lsÍug .;a W;aidyh rfÜ cd;sl n,fõ.h iy uy
ix>r;akfha n,mEu u; jHj¾; flreKs' Bg fya;=jQfha pkaøsld
nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ckdêm;sksh tu n,fõ.j,g weyqïlka §uhs'
tneúka lf;da,sl l=uka;%Kfha rg leéfï m%h;akh wid¾:l úh'

bkamiq iduh foaYkd lrk whf.ka b;sßj isáfha rks,a úl%uisxy

uy;d muKs' Tyq n,hg m;alsÍu blauka lsÍu i|yd pkaøsld l=udr;=x.
ckdêm;sksh >d;kh ie,iqï flreKs' tho wid¾:l úh'

j¾;udkfha 2001 foieïn¾ uy ue;sjrKfha§ rcfha lf;da,sl

T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Kh id¾:l úh' thska n,hg m;ajQ rks,a úl%uisxy
w.ue;s;=ud rg leãfï l=uka;%Kfha m%Odk yjq,alre njg m;aù isà' ±ka
rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhau n<,a w;la jQ fldÜ ixúOdkh iuÕ idu
idlÉPd wdrïN lr isáhs'

W;=f¾ m%YaKh WodrKhlska meyeÈ,s lrkafka kñ fufiah' wms

ljqre;a okakd odï l%svdj .ksuq' tys l%Svd lrkafka fofofkls' hï úÈhlska
tla l%svlfhl= muKla isák úg ;ukag b;af;da foj¾.h fjkqfjkau l%svd
l< yelsh' tkï fomsf,ka ´kEu ms<la Èkùug yelsjkfia b;a;ka weÈh
yelsh' W;=f¾ m%Yakfha§;a isÿù we;af;a thhs' W;=f¾ fldá ixúOdkh muKla
b;sß jkfia wfkl=;a ish¿u ixúOdk úkdY lf<ah' ol=fka rks,a úl%isxy
uy;d yer wfkla wh foaYmd,kfhka bj;a lf<ah' ±ka rcfha lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Kfha wjidk cjksldj jk wjfndaOd;aul .súiqu yryd
fldá ixúOdkh iuÕ idlÉPd lsÍug iy thska ,xldj folg leãfï
l=uka;%Kh l%shd;aul ù ;sfí'

ñkamiq w.ue;s rks,a úl%uisxy lf,a ckdêm;s pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl

;=ñhg;a fkdokajd fldá ixúOdkfha m%Ndlrka iuÕ 2002 fmnrjdß ui
igka úrdu .súiqula w;aika lsÍuhs' thska hqoaOh kej;=ks' kuq;a fldá
ixúOdkhg wjYH mßÈ Yls;su;a ùug;a Tjqkaf.a úreoaOjd§ foaYmd,lhka
iy yuqodfõ nqoaê wxYfha ks<OdÍka >d;kh lsÍug;a wjia:dj ie,iqKs' 2005
uyskao rdcmCI uy;d ckdêm;s moúhg m;ajk úg 6000 jdrhlg jeäfhka
igka úrdu .súiqu W,a,x.kh fldg ;snqKs'

2003 fkdjeïn¾ ui ckdêm;s pkaøsld l=udr;=x. ue;sKsh úiska

wNHka;r wdrlaIl yd udOHh hk wud;HxY 3 ;ud hg;g mjrd .;af;ah'
Bg fya;=j jQfha rks,a úl%uisxy fldá ixúOdkhg ys;j;aj lghq;= lrñka
isàu;a tu ld,h ;=< fldáka úiska rfÜ wdrlaIl ;;ajh ;k;=rg m;a fldg
;sîu;ah'2004 wfma%,a 2fjks Èk mej;s ue;sjrKfhka ikaOdk rch n,hg
m;ajQ w;r 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 17 jeks Èk mej;s ckdêm;sjrKfhka uyskao
rdcmCI uy;d kj ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;aúh'

bka udi lSmhlg miq tkï 2006 fmnrjdß 22" 23 hk Èk j,

fkda¾fõ ksfhdað;hka myiqlï i,ikakd f,i ms,s.ksñka ðkSjd k.rfha§
fldá ixúOdkh;a rch;a w;r idu idlÉPd weröh' fuhska fldá ixúOdkh
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha cd;Hka;r wjOdkh ;u ixúOdkh fj; ,nd .ekSuhs'
fkda¾fõ ksfhdað;hka hkq n%s;dkH ryia T;a;= fiajdjg Wjukd whqre lghq;=
lrñka fldá ixúOdkhg mCIj lghq;= lrk ,xldj folv lsÍfï
l=uka;%Kfha tla md¾Yjhls' óg m%:u we;sl, m<d;a iNd mjd fldá
ixúOdkh úiska fkdms<s.ekSfuka iy 2006 foieïn¾ ui 5 fjks Èk isg hqO
yuqodjg;a kdúl fin¿kag;a m%ydr t,a, lsÍfuka fmkS hkafka Tjqka hqOuh
jYfhka m%Yakhg úiÿula fidhk njhs' Bg rch me;af;ka Èh hq;af;ao Bg
iudk ms<s;=rls' hï úÈhlska fuu m%YaKhg foaYmd,k úi÷ula jYfhka
l=uk wdldrhl fyda n,h fn§ula isÿjqjfyd;a th ,xldj folv ùfï
wdrïNh jkq we;' tu úiÿu talSh rdchhla ;=,o tlai;a rdchhla ;=,o
hkak Bg n,fkdmdhs' fuu m%YaKhg w; fmdjd we;s ish¿u rgj, mrud¾:h
ù we;af;a ,xldj folv lsÍuhs' weußldj ueofmrÈ. ;%ia;jdohg hqOuh
úi÷ul=;a ,xldfõ fldá ;%ia;jdohg foaYmd,k úi÷ul=;a jYfhka foìä
ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh lrkafka weußldjg yd n%s;dkHhg ,xldfõ ;%ia;jdoh
iïnkaOfhka we;af;a tlu kHdh m;%hla neúks'

rchg fldá ;%ia;jdoh mrdch lsÍug wjYH kï m<uqj l<hq;af;a

rcfha ryia T;a;= fiajfha isák fn!oaO úfrdaë iy fldá ixúOdkhg mCI
lf;da,sl ks<OdÍka bj;a lsÍuhs'

rchg fldá ;%ia;jdoh meroùug we;s tlu jdish kï ,xldj

uqyfoka jgù ;sîuhs' tneúka kdúl yuqodj Yla;su;a fldg fldá ixúOdkfha
uqyqÿ iemhqï ud¾. wvmk l< hq;=h' bkamiq m%:ufhkau fldákaf.a
ikaksfõok cd,h ì| ±óug lghq;= l< hq;=h ta i|yd fldá uQ,ia:dkhg
.=jka m%ydr t,a, l, hq;=h' fuys§ fldá l%shdldßlhskaf.a wd;au Yla;sh ì|
jefgk neúka iy Tjqkaf.a wKfok uQ,ia:dkh wvmK jk neúka wjqreoaola
we;=,; fldá ;%ia;jdoh uq,ska Wmqgd ±ñh yelsh' lreKd md¾Yjho ksrdhqO
l, hq;= w;r ,xldj ;=, mej;sh yelaflatla hqO yuqodjl=;a tl fmd,sishl=;a
tl kdúl yuqodjl=;a muKla njg j. n,d .; hq;=h' B,dï wêlrK" B,dï
nexl= muKla fkdj fldáka úiska wjqreÿ .Kkdjla ;siafia ks¾udKh fldg
we;s ish¿u B,dï ixl,am j,g myr Èh hq;=h'

W;=f¾ m%Yakhg úi÷u úh hq;af;a fldá ixúOdkh hqOuh jYfhka

mrdch lsÍu fyda ksrdhqO lsÍu u.ska iduh ,Õd lr .ekSuhs' th b;d myiq
ld¾hhla jkafka fldá ixúOdkh hkq rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhau n<,a
w;la nj fy<sorõ ù ;sîuhs'

B,Õg l< hq;af;a hqoaOh ksid fou< ck;djg iy isxy,

ck;djg;a iuia:hla jYfhka rgg;a wd¾Ól jYfhka iudÔh jYfhka isÿù
we;s ydkshg jkaÈhla ,nd .ekSug î%;dkH rchg úreoaOj kvq mejÍuhs' Bg
fya;=j jYfhka lsj yelafla ,xldj folv lsÍfï uq,a wä;d,u ±uqfõ
bx.%SiSka úiska ùu iy Tjqkaf.a ks¾udKhla jQ rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
úiska tys b;sß jevms<sfh, fufyhùuhs'

by; jkaÈ uqo,g wu;rj bx.S%iSka 1815 rg ndr.;a miq

isxy,hskag lrk ,o buy;a úkdYh fjkqfjkao jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug lghq;=
l, hq;=h' 1818 le/,a, 1848 le/,a, wdÈfhka jQ ydksh Bg we;=,;a úh
hq;=h' uqvq ìñ mk; uÕska isxy,hskag wysñ jQ bvñ kej; Tjqkag ,nd §ug
lghq;= l,hq;= w;r bx.S%iSka úiska bkaÈhdfú isg f.kajd .;a fou<
ck;djg idOdrk jkaÈhla ,nd Èh hq;= w;r Tjqka kej; bkaÈhdjg msg;a
lr yeÍug lghq;= l, hq;=h'

1818 le/,a,g miqqj iy th u¾Okh lsÍfñ§ lkao Wvrg

isxy,hskaf.a .ñìñ" yrlndk" .yfld<" f.dú;eko úkdY fldg we;s nj;a
wjqreÿ 18 jeä fndfyda fofkla >d;kh fldg we;s nj;a tu .Kk ,laIhla
blaujk nj;a jd¾;d ù we;' tfiau lkao Wvrg úiQ m%N+ mjq,a ish,a,
>d;kh fldg we;' b;sß jQfha bx.S%iSkag ys;j;alñ ±lajQ mjq,aj, msßi
muKs'
^05& ukqIH >d;k
ukqIH >d;ko rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrkqfha
ck.ykh wvq lsÍfï fÉ;kdfjka nj meyeÈ,sh' fï i|yd Tjqka jeä
jYfhkau fhdod .kafka frday,ah' frday,aj,§ úI iys; tkak;a §u u.skao
frda.sfhla frday,g we;=,a l, úg ksis m%;sldr ,ndfkd§u u.skao tfia;a
ke;skï jerÈ fnfy;a ,nd§u u.skao urKhg m;a lrkq ,nhs' úI YÍr.;
lsÍu tu úI lEuj,g fyda f;a jeks îu j¾.hlg ñY% lsÍu u.skao lrkq
,nhs' fufia úI YÍr.; jQ miq urKhg m;aùug .;jk ld,h YÍr.; jQ
úI j¾.h yd m%udKh wkqj fjkia fõ' jI YÍr.; lsÍug Ndú;d lrk
;j;a l%u lsysmhla my; i|yka l< yelsh' tajd kï fj<|mf<a we;s .Eia
is,skavr w;rg úI fmdjk ,o .Eia is,skavr ;nd úlsKSuhs' fuu úI
YÍr.; ùfuka CIKslj we;sjkqfha T¿j lelal=ula jeks iq¿ wdndOhls' miqj
Yajik moaO;shg ydks isÿù urKhg m;aùug isÿfõ' ;j;a l%uhla kï úI
msglrk fmg%,a iy tkaðka Ths,a jdykj, tkaðkaj,g ±óuhs' thska jdykh
;=<g úI" iys; ÿï we;=¿ùu u.ska th we;=<; .uka lrk wh urKhg
m;aùu isÿfõ' úI msglrk ukqIHhka ,jdo ukqIH >d;k isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
fuys§ isÿjkafka m<uqj urKhg m;a lsÍug wjYH flkdf.a YÍrhg tla;rd
ridhk øjHhla we;=¿ fldg Tjqka <Õg úI iys; ñksid hjkq ,eîuhs'
thskao isÿjkafka Yajik moaO;shg fyda fud<hg ydks ù kshñ; ;eke;a;d
urKhg m;aùuhs'

uf.a w;a±lSï wkqj uf.a YÍrhg by; lS ridhksl øjH we;=<;a

fldg we;af;a 1990 § muKh' thska isÿjkafka ug muKla wdfõKsl úI
j¾.j,ska ud urKhg m;a lsÍug yelsùuhs' tu úIj,ska wfkla whg
ydkshla ke;' fuf;la l,la ud fíÍ isákafka udf.a YÍrh úI m%ydrhg ,la
jQ úg ud bka fírd .ekSug fn!oaO T;a;= fiajfha msßi lghq;= lrk neúks'

jdyk wk;=re we;s lsÍu u.ska iy wl=Kq ier lD;suj we;s lsÍu
u.skao ukqIH >d;k isÿ lrkq ,efí' ±kg jd¾;dù we;s ñf,aÉP;u jdyk
wk;=r 1989 ckjdß 17 jk Èk we;s lrk ,o wyqka.,a, ÿïßh niar:
wk;=rhs' fuys§ fn!oaO isiqka 45 la muK urKhg m;ajQ w;r 80 g ;=jd,
isÿúh'

fuu ÿïßh wk;=r isÿjQ úg tys ish¿ mqj;am;a jd¾;d lshjQ miq ug
;yjqre jQfha fuu wk;=ro ñf,aÉP rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha
l=uka;%Khl m%;sM,hla njhs' th ±k.;a jydu ud udf.a h;=re meÈfhka
wyqka.,a, n,d msg;a ùñ' tys f.dia ñh .sh orejkaf.a foudmshka lsysm m,la
yuqù Tjqkag lreKq meyeÈ,a fldg Tjqka fld<Ug f.kajd fuu wmrdOh
ms<sn|j tjlg meje;s rchg úreoaOj Wmjdihla wdrïN lsÍug W;aidy
.;sñ' kuq;a th wid¾:l úh' Bg fya;= jQfha tu ñh.sh orejkaf.a mjq,aj,
wh jeä msßila fma%uodi uy;dg {d;s iïnkaOlï olajk msßila ùu;a uu
lshQ foh tlfy<du ms<s .kakg ue,sùu;ah' udi lsysmhlg miq ug wdrxÑ
jQfha lf;da,sl rdcH hka;%h úiska tu nia ÿïßh wk;=frys j.lSu mdie,a
orejka u; mgjd weÕ fírd .;a;g yok njhs' uu jydu l%shd;aul ù tu
nia r:fha ßhÿrd fjkqfjka wêlrKfha fmkS isá wïn,kaf.dv nkaÿ,r;ak
kS;s{uy;d tu ßhÿrd fjkqfjka fmkS fkdisákakg fmdfrdkaÿ lrjd
.ekSuhs'

bkamiq ud tjlg n,msáh uyck uka;%Sjrhd jQ wfidal ùrisxy

uy;do yuqù Tyqgo lreKq meyeÈ,s lf<ñ' miqj Tjqka bÈßm;a ù tu
kvqfõ§ ßhÿrd jrolre njg wêlrKfhaÈ Tmamq lsÍug iu;aù ;snqKs'

wyqka.,af,a§ wk;=rg m;ajQfha wïn,kaf.dv isg wyqka.,a, yryd

W!r.y n,d Èfjk mdie,a niar:hhs' th wyqka.,a, ÿïßhm< wi, f¾,a
f.aaÜgqj wi,g meñfKk úg mdie,a isiqkaf.ka msÍ ;snqKs' tu ÿïßh
yriamdf¾ f¾,a f.aÜgqjla fkdue;' fuu ia:dkh rCIKh lrk ,o jdyk
ÿïßfha ymamd wk;=rlg m;afldg Wml%uYS,Sj rCIK jkaÈ' ,nd .kakd
ia:dkhla nj wikakg ,enqKs' ÿïßh f.aÜgqj ueo jdykhla kj;ajd ÿïßh
taug fmr mek Èùug yels ia:dkhla ù we;af;a ÿïßh ud¾.h tl t,af,a
ie;mqula muK ÿrg fldiaf.dv Èidjg fmfkk neúks' ;jo wk;=r isÿjk
fj,dfõ ishqï jeis fmdola ;snqk nj;a jhil wïud flfkla ÿïßh mdr ueo
isg ßhÿrdg w;ska ÿïßh tk njg ix{d l, nj;a niaßfha isá mdie,a
isiqfjl= ßhÿrdf.a lñifhka weo wxl,a nia tl odkak tmd fldaÉÑh tkjd
hehs lshd we;' kuq;a ßhÿrd lf,a niar:h ÿïßh ud¾.h ueo kj;ajd mek
Èùuhs' fuu wk;=r isÿúfuka miq fm%auodi uy;d lf,a thskao foaYmd,k
jdishla ,nd.ekSug ckiú,dNSka yryd WK nïnq f.aÜgq lrejka fhoùhs'
;jo ch,;a kï úksYaphldr jrfhl=f.a m%Odk;ajfhka fldïiula
m;alf,ah' uu f.dia t;=udj fnd/,a, ksjfia§ yuqjQúg Tyq lSfõ fï .ek
t,jkak tmd ug lrorhla fõh hkakhs' ch,;a fldñifï jd¾;dj lsis
Èkl t,s fkd±laúh' ñh .sh orejka fjkqfjka idOdrk jkaÈ uqo,la
f.ùug lghq;= fkdl, w;r f¾,a f.aÜgqj wi, ñh .sh orejka fjkqfjka
iaudrlhla muKla bÈ lrk ,§'

jdyk wk;=re iïnkaOfhka udf.a w;a±lSï fu;eka isg lshñ' 1999

Èfkl uu udf.a u,a,Sf.a jEka r:h mojdf.k hñka isáfhñ' jEka r:h ;=,
isáfha uu;a uf.a kx.s;a wehf.a uy;auhd;a orejka ;sfokd;a muKls'
mdkÿr k.rhg we;=¨jk yxÈhg óg¾ 100 la muK jdoaÿj me;a;g fjkak
;sfnk ly br u;È tlajru mdr whsfka isá msßila mdrg mekafkka uu
l,amdfjka isá neúka tlajru ;sßx. ;o lf<ñ' ñksiqka fírek kuq;a
miqmiska meñks fudag¾ r:h uf.a jEka r:fha msgqmiska .egqKs' fuys§
isÿjkafka lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska fok Wmfoia u; wysxil ñksiqkag
jdyk j, bÈßhg mekSug isÿùuhs' fuhska T;a;= fiajh n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka jdykh mojk ßhÿrd wudrefõ ±óuhs' uu lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajhg
úreoaOj wjqreÿ .dKla ;siafia lghq;= lrk neúka uu weudrefõ ±óug
udf.a ld¾tl bÈßhg yels iEu wjia:dljlu ñksiqka úfyaIfhka l=vd
orejka tùu isÿlrhs' fï wdldrhg rg mqrd wkshï f,i T;a;= fiajh úiska
lrk ukqIH >d;k úYd, ixLHdjls'

j¾;udkfha W;=f¾ m%Yakfhka ñh.shdg idudk m%udKhla jdyk

wk;=re j,ska >d;kh lr ;sfí' fmdÿ ck;dj jdyk ßhÿrkag fodia lSj;a
fuu wmrdO j, m%Odk ú;a;slre rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh nj ta;a;=
.ekaùu f,ais myiq ke;' Bg fya;=j wysxil ñksiqka >d;kh lsÍu lsisu
kS;shlg tlÕ fkdjk neúks' 2003 jir ;=<§ muKla ie,iqï iy.;j we;s
lrk ,o ud¾. wk;=re ixLHdjla 59444 ls' fuhska urKhg m;a lrk ,o
fn!oaOhka .Kk 2096 ls' 2005 wfm%a,a udifha w,õj hdx.,a fudaor§ we;sjQ
ÿïßh nia wk;=ßka ñh .sh .Kk 35 ls' fuu wk;=ro rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajh úiska ie,iqï lrk ,oaola nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska jd¾;d fldg
we;'

lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,o ;j;a wmrdOhla kï udf.a

{d;s fidfydhqrl= jk w;a;säfha fyauka; l=udr nkaÿ,fyajd uy;df.a 1993
fkdjeïn¾ ui 7 jk Èk Wmka Èk 2 1$2 jhie;s ÈhKsh ueld¾;s frdayf,a §
úI tkak;la §u u.ska urKhg m;a lsÍuhs' ta ±k.;a wdldrh my; i|yka
lrñ'

Èkla uu w;a;säfha u,a,s,df.a f.or .sh úg fyauka; u,a,sf.a

kx.Sf.ka w¿; Wmka ÈhKsh ñh .sh nj ±k .;sñ' uu Wmka fõ,dj b,a,d
y|yk ieÿfjñ' ugo fcda;sIH ms<sn| idudkH ±kqula we;' miqj nexl=fõ
isák fcda;sIH ms<sn| yi, ±kqula we;s ud ñ;% chisßg ñh .sh ÈhKshf.a
y|yk fmkajd ta .ek úuiqfjñ' Tyq lSfõ fma%uodi uy;df.a y|ykg iudk
y|ykla njhs' fyauka; u,a,sf.ka fï .ek úuid ne¨fjñ' Tyq lsfõ Wmka
.uka ÈhKshf.a yDo jia;=j ÿ¾j,j ;snqK neúka fnfy;la tkak;a l< hq;=
nj fodia;r uy;d lsjq nj;a tu tkak; ÿka miq ÈhKsh ñh .sh nj;ah'

miq.sh ld,h ;=< frday,aj, orejka jeäfhkau >d;kh fldg

we;af;a wfm%a,a uehs udi j, nj fmks hhs' Bg fya;=j fcda;sIHg wkqj wfma%,a
14 isg uehs 14 olajd rú .%yhd fïI rdYsfha .uka lrk neúka rú WÉp jk
tu ld,h ;=< WmÈk orejka b;d m%n, .%yn,hkaf.ka hqla; neúks'

l=vd orejkg wu;rj lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha b,lal ù we;af;a

ix>hd jykafia,d" l,dlrejka" mqj;am;al,dfõ§ka iy isxy, fjo
uy;ajrekah' miq.sh ld,h ;=< urKhg m;alrk ,o mqj;am;a l,dfõ§ka kï
m%ùk udOHfõ§ ohdfiak .=kisxy m%ùK f,aLl' .=Kodi ,shkf.a ukyr
iÕrdfõ wdrïNl l;D jQ uQ wrelaf.dv tu iÕrdfõu fiajh l< iqr;a
wïn,kaf.dv iy ldYHm úfÊisß hk whhs' ;jo uE;l§ ñh .sh Èjhsk
mqj;amf;a fiajh l, iqks,a l¨fndú, mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhdf.a urKho
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,o ñkSuereula nj jd¾;d ù we;'

uu ls;aisß ksu,a Ydka; uy;df.a urkh ±k.;af;a 2002 ckjdß 14

i÷od iaj¾Kjdysksfha oj,a 12 g úldYkh jqk uOHyak mqj;a jev igyfkks'
ta fj,dfõ ud isáfha ,laìu mqj;amf;a ;snQ ueo.u Oïudkkao ysñhkaf.a
,smshla lshjñks' tu ,smsfha ;snqfka miq.sh uy ue;sjrK ld,h ;=< we;sjQ
m%pkav l%shd j,§ NslaIQka jykafia,dg ysßyer lr;snQ wdldrhhs' tu ,smsh
,laìu mqj;amf;a m,lsÍu ls;aisr ksu,a Ydka;hka urKhg m;alsÍug fya;=jQ
nj miqj ;yjqre úh' uu urKh ±k.;a fufydf;au ,laìu ld¾hd,fha
ñhq,ka fmf¾rd uy;dg ÿrl:kfhka l:d fldg Tyq wdu¾fõÈfha lvhlska
f;a î miq wikSmù frday,g we;=,;a l, nj;a tys§ ñh .sh nj;a ±k .;sñ'
uu ta fjf,au fudag¾ r:fhka frday, n,d msg;a ùñ' frdayf,a§ uu iqkaor
ksy;udkSo ue,a uy;d yuqù Tyqg udf.a ielh .ek lsfjñ' Tyq lSfõ
ls;aisßg l,ska isgu yDo frda.hla ;snqk nj;a urKh .ek ielhla fkdue;s
nj;ah'

tmuKla fkdj ls;aisßf.a ìß|go urKh .ek ielhla fkdue;s nj

mejiQ fyhska uu wdmiq taug msg;a jqfkñ' tk w;ruÕ§ lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajh úiska uf.a ld¾ tl mdr whsfka ;snQ fldkal%SÜ ,E,a,l yemamùug
lghq;= lf<ah'' tys§ ld¾ tfla welai,h leé mdr ueo we| jegqK w;r
miqj ta wi, ;snQ .rdÊ tllg ld¾ tl ;,a¨ lrf.k f.dia uu nia tfla
f.or .sfhñ' kuq;a ls;aisß ksu,a Ydka;hkaf.a urKh lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajfha wmrdOhla neúka flfia fyda th t<sorõ lsÍug wÈgka lr.;af;ñ'
ta ksid wÕyrejdod yji flá ksjdvqjla oud .%ekaämdia fmd,Sishg f.dia
ls;aisßf.a urKh .ek lshd isáfhñ' tys isá rKisxy kue;s fmd,sia
ks<Odßhd lsjqfõ .ïmy fmd,Sishg f.dia lreKq bÈßm;a lrk f,ihs' ud
miqÈk ksjdvq oud .ïmy fmd,Sishg .sfhñ' tys isá fmd,sia mÍCIl ciaáka
uy;d lshd isáfha ls;aisß uy;df.a mjqf,a whl=o tlalr f.k tk f,ihs'
miqj uu ls;aisß uy;df.a ksjig f.dia Tyqf.a nd, fidhqßhka fofofkl=
yuqù uf.a ielh lshd isáfhñ' Tjqkago urKh .ek iel iys; nj lshd isá
neúka ud lshd isáfha j.lsjhq;= whl= fmd,Sishg hdug wjYH njhs' kuq;a
t;ek§ lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh l%shd;aul ù ud Tjqkaf.a fjk;a ys;j;l=f.a
ksjilg tlalrf.k .sfhah' tys§ Tjqka ug lSfõ urKh .ek lghq;= lsÍu
Tjqkaf.a j.lSula nj;a lror fkdlr ug msgù hk f,i;ah' ta wjia:dfõ
t;ek Èjhsk l;D uKav,fha lreKdodi iQßhwdrÉÑ uy;do isáfhah' tla
wfhla uf.a ye÷kqïm; b,a,d isáh w;r uu nexl=fõ ye÷kqï m; ÿkaúg tys
f;dr;=re igyka lr .;af;ah'

uf.a wruqK bgqfkdjQ neúka uu wdmiq wdfjñ' Èk lsysmhlg miq

ug f¾;=fõ wOHCIjrfhl= jk udÿf.dv kï uy;aufhla ÿrl:kfhka l:d
fldg ls;aisß ksu,a Ydka; uy;df.a urKh .ek ud okakd f;dr;=re
úuiqfõh' Tyqg ud .ek;a wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd ÿkafkñ' ta nj ls;aisß
uy;df.a {d;Skag ±kqï fok nj fmdfrdkaÿ jqk kuq;a miqj ud ls;aisß
uy;df.a ìß|g l:d l, úg lsjqfõ weh ta njla fkdokakd njhs' flfia fyda
wka;sfï§ isÿjQfha ;j;a ;f;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha wmrdOhla hgm;aùuhs'

lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha B<Õ f.dÿr jQfha 2002 ckjdß 25 Èk

ñh.sh Èjhsk mqj;amf;a fiajh l< iqks,a l¿fndaú, uy;dhs' Tyqf.a foayh
;nd ;snQ chr;ak u,a Yd,djg .sh uu Tyqf.a ÈhKsh iuÕ l:d l, úg lSfõ
ñh .sh Èkg fmr Èk iqks,a lsßn;af.dv isá ;u kekaod flfkl=f.a f.or
.sh nj;a tys§ fiu ysrùu;a iuÕ leiaila we;sù lsÜgqj ;snQ fnfy;a
Yd,djg /f.k .sh nj;a tys§ ÿka tkak;lska miq YÍrh ks,amdg jQ nj;ah'
YÍrh ks,amdg jkafka isref¾ Tlaiscka wvq jQ úg nj ud wid ;snqKs' tu
tkak; úI tkak;la nj miqj ;yjqre úh' miqj uu u,a Yd,dfõ ;snQ
wuq;a;kaf.a fmdf;a ls;aisß ksu,a Ydka;hkaf.a fukau iqks,a l¿fndaú,
uy;df.a urKho iajdNdúl urK fkdjk njo igyka fldg wdmiq
meñKsfhñ' miqj ud iqks,a l¿fndaú, uy;df.a mq;dg ÿrl:kfhka l:dfldg
foayh wdodykh fkdlrk f,i;a N+uodkh lsÍug lghq;= lrk f,i;a
lSfjñ' ta miqj wjia:djl§ wêlrKh bÈßhg hdug yels ksidh' Tyq tfia
lsÍug W;aidy .kakd nj lSfõh' tu wmrdOho hgm;a úh'

lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska jeämqru b,lal lrkafka l=vd

orejkah' my; i|yka isoaêho bka tlls' th 1999 fmnrjdß 23 jeks
wÕyrejod Èk Èjhsk mqj;amf;a uq,a msgqfõu ’uhsfhdlald w,hla .,jkjd
jf.a <uhd wËq oud weo,d .;a;d~~ hk isria ;,h hgf;a jd¾;d lr ;snqKs'
thska lshjqfka .d,a, uy fudaor frdayf,a wxl 28 jdÜgqfõ§ W;=re msá.,
mÈxÑ Èkhdÿr rejka;s pñkaÈld uy;añhg ,enqk msßñ orejd iSudjdisl
ffjoH luks .=Kfialr uy;añhf.a fkdie,ls,a, ksid ñh .sh njhs' fuu
urKho lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha wmrdOhla nj jd¾;d ù we;s w;r urK
mÍCIKfha§ idCIs ÿka uj mjid isáfha ud m<uq ore m%iQ;sh i|yd
1999'02'03 Èk jdÜgq wxl 28 g we;=¿ jqkd' 1999'02'11 Èk iji 3'25
gmuK <uhd ìysjqKd' <uhd ìysjqK wjia:dfõ fl¢ß.dk yËla weiqkd'
iajdNdúl f,i orejd ìys lsÍug wmyiq ksid ffjoHjßh wËq mdúÉÑ lr
ore m%iQ;sh isÿ lsÍug ;e;a l<d' miqj weh ;j;a ffjoHjrfhl=f.a iydh
me;=jd' miqj tu ffjoHjrhd m<uq ffjoHjßh jerÈ úÈhg wËq mdjdÉÑ
lr we;s nj mjid kej;;a yß úÈhg wvq oud u[af[dlald w,hla we|,d
.,jkjd jf.a <uhd weo,d .;a;d' ta ffjoHjrhdf.a ku uu okafka keye'

fï ms<snoj mYapd;a urK mßlaIkhla hq'iS'mS' fmf¾rd uy;d úiska

mj;ajk ,È' tu jd¾;dfõ fufia i|yka fjhs' <orejdf.a ysfia u;=msg ifï
we;=¿ me;af;a úYd, m%udKfha ldhsl ;=jd, ;sìKs' fud<fha uia;sial w¾O
f.da,j,o fud<fha m;af,ao" wdjrKj,g f,a .e,Sfuka urKh isÿù we;'
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska isÿ lrk ,o ;j;a wmrdOhla .ek ±ka
i|yka lrñ' tkï 1999 Tlaf;dïn¾ ui 8 jeks Èk w¿;a.uÈ urd ouk ,o
uq;=uqks ix§m ,laIdka keue;s wg yeúßÈ mdi,a orejd .ek i|yka l,
yelsh' fuu orejdf.a urKh isÿ jk úg ud isáfha fnx.uqfõ kd,l
yuqÿrejkaf.a mkaif,ah' tu ld,h ;=, ug ieÕù isáug isÿjqfha 1999
iema;eïn¾ 27 jeks Èk ,xld§m m;%fhys isxy,fhks wjÈjkak kñka
±kaùula m<lsßuh' Bg miq uf.a wdrlaIdj m;d ug ie.j isàug isÿúh' ta
ioyd ud f;dard .;af;a kd,l yuqÿrejkaf.a mkai,hs' i§m ,laIdka orejdf.a
>d;kh ±k .;a ú.i ud w¿;a.ug f.dia tu orejdf.a mshd jk
jHdmdßlfhl= jq uq;=uqks uy;d yuqúñ' Tyq lsfõ ;u mq;d b;d olaIfhla
nj;a l¿;r isßl=rei úÿyf,a bf.k.;a nj;a orejdf.a ñkSurejka b,a¨
lmamï uqo, jq remsh,a ,laI 25 fokak fmdfrdkaÿ jqj;a Bg fmr orejd urd
;snqKq nj;ah' fuhska fmks hkafka ïksurejkaf.a b,lalh orejd >d;kh
lsÍu ñi uqo,a fkdjk njhs' fuu .ufkaÈ uu iÈm ,laIdka orejdf.a
>d;lhdo w¿;a.u fmd,sisfhaÈ yuqùug W;aidy .;a kuq;a thg fmd,sia
ks,OdÍkaf.ka bvla fkd,enqKs'

fuu kvqfúos iÈm ,laIdka orejd >d;kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka iy

remsh,a ,laI 25 la lmamula b,a,Su iïnkaOfhka ú;a;slre t,a¨ï.yg
kshu jqj;a ienE wmrdOlrejka jq lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh ;ju;a ks±,af,ah'

rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,o ;j;a >d;khla kï

2001 wf.daia;= 16 jeks n%yiam;skaod isÿ lrk ,o iSÿj ÿïßh nia r:
wk;=rhs' fuhska u.Ska oi fofkla ñh .sh w;r 25 lg muK ;=jd, isÿúh'
fuu ÿïßh wk;=r isÿl, f.aÜgqj tl wekaola iys; f.aÜgqjls' wfkla wekao
udi follg by; isÿ jQ wk;=rlska ì£ f.dia we;' b;sß wekaoo wk;=r isÿ
jQ Èkfha§ l%shd;aul fldg ke;' fiajlfhla muKla ´kEjg tmdjg jdf.a mdr
whsfka r;= fldähla jkñka isg we;' th nia r:fha ßhÿrdg olskakg ,eî
fkdue;s nj niaßh bÈßhg Odjkh lsÍfuka ;yjrefjhs' rg mqrd ;sfnk
ÿïßh f.aÜgq rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ur W.=,a nj fuhska fmkS hhs'

2001 wf.dia;= 16 jeks Èk isÿjQ Wvrg ueKsfla ÿïßh mS,s mek

ÿñßh ueÈß lsysmhla fmr,s 15 fofkl= urKhg m;a ù 40 fofkl=g ;=jd,
isoùuo lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Khla nj jd¾;d ù we;' fuu wk;=r
isÿjqfha h;a;,af.dv iy w,õj ÿñßh fmd< w;r§h' fuu wk;=r isÿ jq
ia:dkh jx.=jla iys; jq w;r Bg Èk lsysmhlg by;È w¿;ajeähd lr
we;' kuq;a isÿù we;af;a w¿;ajeähd lsÍfï uqjdfjka mS,S j, weK nqre,a
lsßu nj fmks hhs' ;jo tÈk fjkodg jvd ÿïßh fõ.fhka Odjkh jq nj
jd¾;d ù we;' we;a; jYfhkau isÿù we;af;a ÿïßh ie,iqï iy.;j mS,s
mekSug ie,eiaùuhs'

2002 Pkjdß 13 jeks bßod isÿjq kqjr fld<U k.rdka;r ÿïßh

fmr<Suo lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha lvdlmam,aldß l%shdjla nj jd¾;d ù we;'
fuu wk;=ßkao 15 fofkl= muK ñh .sh w;r 175 fofkl=g muK ;=jd,
isÿù we;' jd¾;d ù we;s wkaoug fufyÈ isÿ lr we;af;a ÿïßfha ;sxßx.
moaO;shg T;a;= fiajfha b;a;ka ,jd ydksisÿlr ;sîuh' fuÈk ÿïßh txÂfï
óg¾ j,o fodaI ;sî we;s nj jd¾;d ù we;'fuu wk;=r isÿjqfha rUqlalk
ÿñßhm,g kqÿßka msysá ia:dkhlÈh'fuu wk;=r iïnkaOfhka mßlaId
lsÍug ;%Smqoa,., fldñiula m;al,;a wk;=r isÿù udi 3 la .; fù we;;a
;ju;a tu fldñifï jd¾;dj t<s olajd fkdue;'

fn!oaOhka >d;kh lrk wfkla l%uh kï lD;suj wl=Kq ier we;s

lsÍuhs' wl=Kq ierhla we;sjkafka j<dl=,a w;r fyda j,dl=,a iy fmdf<dj
w;r bf,lafg%dka Odrdjla .uka lsßfuks' bf,lafg%dak Odrdj fmdf<djg .uka
l, úg fmdf<dfõ wl=Kq ier .uka lrk ia:dkh wkqj ukqIH >d;kh fyda
.sks .ekSula jeks w,dnhla isÿ fjhs' lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrkqfha
w;=Kq ierh lD;suj we;s lsÍuhs'thska miq.sh udi 4 ;=, mukla 18 fokl=
urKhg m;a lr we;s nj wfm%a,a 28 bßod Èjhsk mqj;am; jd¾;d lf<ah'
fuu ld,h ;=, ;j;a úYd, m%udKhl rEmjdysks hka;% jeks ,laI .kka jákd
úÿ,s WmlrK m%udKhla úkdY fldg we;s nj jd¾;d ù we;'

udf.a wïud ñh.sfha 2001 iema;eïn¾ 7 jeks isl=rdod Wfoa 7'30 g muK
lrdmsgh frdayf,a 15 jeks jdÜgqfõ§h' fuu urKho rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajfha wmrdOhla nj jd¾;d ù we;'

udf.a wïud wikSmú we;s nj n%yiam;skaod yji 5'00 g muK ug

±kqï ÿkafka rxý;a u,a,s úisks' ta jk úg ud isáfha udf.a foysj, ksjfiah'
udf.a ìß| wñ;d rdPldß ksudú f.or meñKs miq fofokdu f.or hdug
msg;a úuq' wmf.a .uk m%udo lsßug lf;da,sl T;a;= fiõh fkdfhla Wml%u
fhdod ;snq nj ug miqj ta;a;= .sfhah' rxý u,a,s lSfõ wïud wikSm ù
fndrlkao frdy,g we;=,afldg we;s njhs' wms rd;%S 8'30 g muK fndrlkao
rPfha frdy,g ,.d úuq' ta jk úg f,dl= kx.s;a iqý u,a,s;a frday,g meñK
isáfhah' miqj udf.a ld¾ tflkau /f.k f.dia wïud lrdmsgh frdayf,a 15
jeks jdgqÜjg we;=,a flf,uq' ta jk úg wïud isysh fkdue;s ;;ajfhka
isáhdh' weÕ orovq ú ;snqks' jdÜgqfõ ffjoHjrhd wïud .ek lsisÿ Wkkaÿjla
fkd±la jq w;r wmf.a b,a,Su jqfha wïud ±ä i;aldr tallhg w;=,a lrk
f,ihs' kuq;a ffjoHjrhd mejiqfha wïudf.a fud<hg f,a leáhla we;=,a ù
we;s nj;a tkak;la iy TlaisPka Èu;a fia,hska §u;a m%udKj;a njhs' kuq;a
wïudf.a ;;ajh widOH jqj;a wmg l, yels fjk;a fohla fkdùh' miqÈk
Wfoa 7'30 g muK wïud ñh .shdh' wïud ñh hk úg t;ek isáfha iqþs
u,a,s;a ruKs kx.s;a muKs' miqj urK mÍlaIKh ;snq w;r ffjoHjrhd
mjid isáfha fud<hg úIìPhla we;=,a ù we;s neúka fuu urKh iel isy;
nj;ah' kuq;a miqj kx.sf.;a u,a,sf.;a b,a,Su mßÈ foayh N+ñodkh
fkdfldg wdodykh lsÍug ffjoHrhd rxýks kx.sf.a hd¿fjl= jq neúka
wjir ,nd ÿka nj iqý u,a,s ug lSfõh'

wïudf.a wdodyk lgqh;= isÿ jq miqj w¿ .Õl md lr yeßh hq;=

njg u;hla wmg ld jeoa§ug lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh .;a W;aidyh ksid ug
wïudf.a urKh .ek iel we;s úh' miqj th T;a;= fiajfha fn!oaO msßi
úiska ;yjqre lrk ,È'

wïudf.a urKh isÿ lsßug fya;=j ug ysf;k yeáhg kï wïud wjidk

ld,h jk úg uydjxYfha ixIsma; msgm;la f.k th f.org tk whg
úia;r lr Èu hhs ug isf;a'

rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh my; ioyka wmrdO j,go j.lsjhq;= nj

fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska ;yjqre fldg we;'

1' ÈUq,d., wdrKH fiakdikdêm;s ud;r ls;,.u Y%S Ys,d,dldr ysñ

fjä;nd >d;kh lsßu' fuu >d;kh lrjkq ,enqfõ fldá
ixúOdkfha ;%ia;jd§kaf.a iyfhda.h we;sjhs'

2' ysgmq mqrdúoHd wOHlaIljrfhl= jq weï'tÉ' isßfidau uy;d urKhg

m;a lsÍu'

3' iqm%isoaO .dhl ñ,agka u,a,jwdrÉÑ uy;d uykhg m;a lsÍu' isxy,
ixialD;sh bÈßhg f.k hkafka l,dlrejka neúka Tjqka urKhg m;a
lrkq ,nhs'
4' iqm%isoaO .dhl fudysÈka fí.a uy;d fudyq uqia,sï Nla;slfhl= jqj;a
fndÿ ne;s .S iy Pd;sldkqrd.s .S; .dhkd lf<ah'

5' iqm%isoaO .dhl tÉ'wd¾'fPda;smd, uy;d urKhg m;a lsÍu'

6' iqm%isoaO .dhsld Ñ;%d fidaumd, uy;añh gdþ iuqø fydg,fha mej;s
ix.S; ixo¾Ykhlg iyNd.s fjñka isáhÈ urKhg m;a lsßu' tÈk
 úI fmdjk ,o uhslfm%dakhla u.ska Ñ;%d fidaumd, uy;añhf.a urKh
isÿ fldg we;s nj jd¾;d ù we;'

7' fn!oaO jHdmdßl úu,ýj .fkaf.dv uy;d úI YÍr.; lsßu u.ska

urKhg m;a lsÍu'

8' Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha Wm f,alï jrfhl=j isá wïn,kaf.dv Y%S ,xld
ksoyia mlaI ixúOdhl w' u' lreKdr;ak uy;d urKhg m;a lsßu'

Èkla w'u' lreKdr;ak uy;d lSfõ Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha fy< Wreuh
lkavdhu isxy, Pd;sh .ek l:d lrkafka bx.%Sisfhka njhs' Bg wkqr
nkavdrkdhl uy;d ÿka W;a;rh jqfha Pd;sh .ek l:d lsßug NdIdj
m%yakhla fkdfõh hkakhs' fuu urKhg fya;= jqfha by; wdldrhg w'u'
lreKdr;ak uy;d bx.%sis NdIdjg wNsfhda. lsßuhs'

9' 1992 uehs 21 jeks Èk Y%s ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha fþIaG kdhlfhl=j isá
à'î' b,x.r;ak uy;d urKhg m;a lsßu'

by; urKhg fya;= jqfha b,x.r;ak uy;d Y%S ,xld uyPk mlaIfha
isáhÈ tys idudýlfhl= úiska t;=udf.ka lrk ,o b,a,Sulg úreoaO
ùuhs' tkï tla idudýlfhl= úiska t;=udf.ka b,a,d isáfha W;=f¾
m%YaKh úi§ug bkaÈhdfõ fuka Y%S ,xldfõ .dkaè ;=ful= jk f,ihs'
túg t;=ud ÿka ms<s;=r jqfha ug fjä ld uefrkakg neß njhs' fuu
l;dj lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajhg j¾;d jq miq t;=ud urKhg m;A lrk ,È'

10' uyPk tlai;a fmruqfKa kdhl ÈfkaIa .=Kj¾Ok uy;df.a ìß| jk

ruKs .=Kj¾Ok uy;añh úI YÍr .; lsÍu u.ska urKhg m;a lsßu'

11' m%isoaO f,aLl .=Kodi ,shkf.a uy;d úI tkak;la Èu u.ska

uyfrdayf,aÈ urKhg m;a lsßu'

12' m%ùk udOHfõÈ ohdfiak .=Kisxy uy;d úI YÍr .; lsßu u.ska

urKhg m;a lsrsu'

13' ukyr iÕrdfõ f,aLl iqr;a wïn,xf.dv uy;d úI YÍr .; lsßu

u.ska urKhg m;a lsrsu'

14' m%ùk f,aLl iy ukyr iÕrdfõ wdrïNl l;D uq'wre.af.dv uy;d

fldá ixúOdkh ,jd >d;kh lsßu'

15' m%ùk l,dlre uy.u fialrhka úI YÍr .; lsßu u.ska urKhg m;a
lssrsu'

16' m%ùK l,dlre pkaør;ak udkjisxyhka úI Yßr .; lsÍu u.ska

urKhg m;a lsßu'
17' m%ùk l,dlre jq fm%aulS¾;s o w,aúia uy;d 1989 NSIK iuh ;=, fjä
;nd >d;Kh lsßu'

18' 1989 NSIK iuh ;=, fldáldj;af;a ioaOd;siai ysñ fjä;nd >d;kh
lsßu'

19' 1998 iema;eïn¾ 20 fjks Èk iïm;a nexl=fõ iNdm;s f,i lgqh;= l,

vkaiagkao w,aúia uy;d urKhg m;a lsßu'

20' 1998 fofieïn¾ 25 jeks Èk iïm;a nexl=fõ idudkHèsldß jk l=udr

wfíkdhl uy;d urKhg m;a lsßu'

21' 1994 wf.dia;= 24 jeks Èk m%isoaO f,aLl lreKdfiak Ph,;a uy;d ji

§ miqj mdkÿr frdayf,aÈ urKhg m;a lsßu'

22' ukyr iÕrdfõ f,aLl ldIHm úfþisß uy;d úI YÍr .; lsßu u.ska
urKhg m;a lsrsu'

23' ol=Kq fldßhdfõ Y%S ,xld ;dkdm;sj isá ud bf.k .;a lrkafoKsh uOH
uyd úoHd,fha wdÈ YSIHfhl= jq ksu,a úfþr;ak uy;d ol=Kq
fldßhdfõÈ urKhg m;a lsßu'

24' r;akmqr fmdÿck tlai;a fmruqKq uka;%Sj isá kd,kao t,a,dj, uy;d
>d;kh lsßu'

25' tia'vì'wd¾'ã' nkaVdrkdhl uy;d >d;kh lsßu i|yd n%s;dKH ryia

T;a;= fiajhg yjq,a ùu'

26' uf.a mshdf.a ifydaorfhla jq lrkafoKsh t'Pd'm md¾,sfïka;= uka;%sj

isá fiakdër nkaÿ, fyajd uy;d úI YÍr .; lsßu u.ska urKhg m;a
lsrsu'

27' uf.a mshdf.a ;j;a ifydorfhla jq mdie,a .=rejrfhl=j isá l=,fiak

nkaÿ,fyajd uy;d úI YÍr .; lsßu u.ska urKhg m;a lsrsu'

28' lrkafoKsh ue;sjrK fldÜGifha Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha wfmalaIl

fidaumd, wurls¾;s uy;d 1989 NSIK iuh ;=, >d;kh lsßu'

29' l:;r Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha ixúOdhl bkaømd, wfíùr uy;d
we;=¿ msßi NSSIK iuh ;=, >d;kh lsßu'

30' 1989 NSIk iuh ;=, lrkafoKsh ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha ysgmq uka;%s
jßhlajqo udf.a mqxÑ wïud flfkl= jqo ohd fiamd,s fiakdër uy;añh
fjä ;nd >d;kh lsßu'

31' 1985 uehs 27 Èk uykqjr .egfô rPuyd úydrdëm;s ,nqÿfõ isßOïu

ysñhka urKhg m;a lsßu'
32' 1986 uehs 28 Èk fld<U iïfndaè úydrdèm;s mqPH mdkÿr wßhOïu
ysñ fmardfoKh frdayf,aÈ urkhg m;a lsßu'

33' 1994 ue;sjrK iuh ;=, udoïfma fiakdkdhldrdufha iqÿje,af,a Wmr;k

ysushka urKhg m;a lsßu'

34' 1989 NSIK iuh ;=, uykqjr Èia;%Slalfha ydßiam;a;=j ue;sjrK

fldÜGdifha uyj;a; .fï .ïjdiSka 280 la muK >d;Kh lsßu'

35' reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾H w,j;a;df.dv fm%auodi uy;d úI

YÍr .; lsßu u.ska urKhg m;a lsrsu'

36' 1989 NSIK iuh ;=, fnd/,a, uyPk nexl=fõ fiajh l, lrkafoKsh
W;=re ud., fvdk,aâ úfþisxy uy;d fjä ;nd urKhg m;a lsßu'

37' 1971 le/,af,È th u¾Okh lsßu uqjfjka isxy, fn!oaO ;reKhka

17"000la muK >d;kh lsßu' iy mqkre;a:dmkh lrk ,o iuyr
;reKhka j| Ndjhg m;a lsßu'

38' 1989 NSIK iuh ;=, th u¾Okh lsßfï uqjfjka isxy, fn!oaO
;reKhka 60"000 la muK iy NslI
a qka jykafia,d 700 la muK
>d;kh lsßu'

39' 1994 Tlaf;dïn¾ 23 jeks bre Èk f;dg,. ue;sjrK /iaùula

wu;ñka isáhÈ Pkdêm;s wfmlaIl .dñKs Èidkdhl" Â'tï'fm%aupkaø"
ùrisxy u,a,sudrxÑ " fodia;r .dñKs úfþfialr" Tis wfí.=Kfialr
hk uy;ajreka >d;kh lsßu fuu fndaïnfhaÈ kd.ßl uka;%S jrfhl= jq
ls%iaá fmf¾rd uy;do ^fudyq lf;da,slfhls& urKhg m;a úh'

40' iqm%isoaO k¿fjl= jq .%ekaú,a frdøs.= uy;d urKhg m;a lsßu' fuh isÿ
lrkq ,enqfha Tyq ßh wk;=rlg NdPkh ùfuka wk;=rej l¿fndaú,
frdayf,aÈ ksis m%;sldr ,nd fkd§fuks' fudyqo lf;da,slfhls'

41' r;au,dk ue;sjrK fldÜGifha ksfhdaPkh l, l¾udka; ixj¾Ok

weu;s iS'ù' .=Kr;ak uy;d fldá ixúOdkh ,jd >d;khlsßu' fudyq
lf;da,sl ne;suf;ls'

42' 1956 muK ;sr.; jq f¾Ldj Ñ;%máfha rÕmdñka fjila lel=¿ w;= w.
isg r.k ú,dfia keu;s .S;h .ehq jhi 13 la muK jk <ud ks<sh
urKhg m;a lsßu' weh fudrgqfõ Wmka lf;da,sl ±ßhls'
43' 1989 NsIK iuh ;=, r;akmqr Èia;%slalfha ffjoH YsIHhska ;sfofkl=
jo § >d;kh lsßu' thska tla wfhla ;%sud ú;dk kï úh'

44' ì%;dkH T;a;= fiajh iu. yjq,a ú fldá ixúOdkh ,jd bkaÈh
w.ue;sj isá rýõ .dkaê uy;d >d;kh lsßu'
45' id,dl iuqy jHdmdrfha whs;slrejl= jq ,laIauka fk;a;s l=udr
uy;df.a ýma ßh wk;=rlg NdPkh úug i,iajd Tyq urKhg m;a
lsßu'

46' 1989 NSIK iuh ;=, r;akmqr Èia;%slalfha weô,smsáfha mdi,a isiqka 31
la >d;kh lsßu' ^iqm%isoaO weô,smsá isiq >d;kh&

47' ñg wjqreÿ lsysmhlg fmr uydpd¾h m%shdks fidhsid uy;añhg

úreoaOj remsh,a ,laI mkyla jkaÈ b,a,d kvqjla mjrd ;snqKs' Bg
fya;= jqfha kS;s{wßil=,r;ak uy;df.a orefjl= by; lS
ffjoHjßhf.a fkdie,ls,a, ksid iqjlr .ekSug fkdyels ù ñhhEuhs'
fuu orejd ñh .sfha tx.,ka;fha frday,l§h' tu urKho lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Khla nj ;yjqre ù we;' thg fya;=j lf;da,sl
jHdmdrhla jq fi,skaflda rlaIK iud.u úiska ffjoHjreka ioyd we;s
lrk ,o Tjqkaf.ka we;s jk w;miqùñ j,È hï jkaÈhla f.ùug
isÿjqjfyd;a Bg rlaIK wdjrKhla ,nd§fï rlaIK fhdaPkd l%uhla
we;s lsßuh'
48' 1999 ud¾;= 9 jeks Èk msgfldgqj uOHu niar: kej;=ï mf<aÈ nia
r:hla ;=, fndaïnhla mqmqrjd yeÍu' u.ska mßir fúÈfhl= jQ
mkdf.dv úrdÊ ohdr;ak uy;d iy .d,a, lkafoa j;af;a tia' tï'
wurodi uy;d urKhg m;alsÍu iy ;j;a 12 fofkl=g ;=jd,
isÿlsßu'
49' 1999 ud¾;= 16 jk Èk .,alsiai fmd,Sish wi,§ fndañnhla mqmqrjd
fmd,Sisfha nqoaê wxYfha ia:dkdêm;s fmd,sia mÍCIl fufyduâ
ks,dí§ka uy;dg;a ßhÿre pkaok mqIam l=udr uy;dg;a fldia;dm,a
ví,sõ' ã' fm%auisß uy;dg;a ;=jd, isÿlsÍu iy kqjrt<sfha foaúld
l=udß Èidkdhl fukúh;a ;j;a ;%Sfrdao r: ßfhÿfrl=f.a urKhg
m;alsÍu'
50' m%ùk mqj;am;a l,dfõÈfhl= isá óuk fma%u;s,l uy;dj urKhg m;a
lsÍu'
^51& .xf.dvú, fidau ysñ reishdfõ§ wmj;a lrùu' f,dalfha ´kEu rgl§
flfkla urKhg m;alsÍfï yelshdj Y%S ,xld rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajhg we;' fuu wmj;aùu iïnkaOfhka pkaøsld ysgmq ckdêm;s
;=ñh úiska m;alrk ,o ckdêm;s fldñiu bÈßfha§ idCIs §ug ud
W;aidy .;a;;a tu fldñiu úiska ta i|yd wjia:djla ,nd §ug
lghq;= lf<a ke;'
^52& iqm%isoaO .dhl .=Kodi lmqf.a uy;d urKhg m;a lsÍu' urKhg
fya;=j wogo wNsryils' Tyq .=jkahdkfha mäfmf,ka jegqk miqj
frday,lg f.k hdug meh 3la muK mud lf<a T;a;= fiajfha
Wjukdjg nj f;dr;=re ,eî we;' cd;shl yoj; jkafka l,dlrejka
neúka Tjqka >d;kh lsÍug rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh ieuúgu
W;aidy orñka isà'

^53& 2005 wm%sfh,a ui 27 jeks nodod oUq,af,a .,alsßhd.u isg fld<U n,d
tñka ;snQ niar:hla fld<U isg uykqjr n,d .uka lrñka ;snQ
 k.rdka;r ÿïßhla hdx.,a fudaor f¾,af.aÜgqj wi,§ wk;=rg
,lafldg 35 fofkla >d;kh lsÍu iy ;j;a 30 fofkl=g nrm;,
;=jd, isÿlsÍu rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ie,iqula wkqj isÿù we;s
nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska jd¾;d lr we;'

^54& úfoaYlghq;= ms<sn| weu;s ,CIauka lÈr.duka uy;d >d;kh lsÍuo

rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha iy fldáixúOdkfha yjqf,a isÿl,
wmrdOhla nj ta;a;= f.dia we;' Bg fya;=j jYfhka i|yka l<
yelafla tÈk t;=udf.a wdrlaIl ks<OdÍka jeä msßila ksjdvq f.dia isg
we;s w;r b;sßj isáfha ks,OdÍka 5 fofkl= muKla iy t;=ud >d;kh
l< wjia:dfõ th by, n,Odßkag ±kqï ÿka miq wdrlaIl Nghska
isoaêh jQ ia:dkhg meñKSug meh 3lg wêl ld,hla .ekSuhs' thska
isÿjQfha >d;lhkag fíÍ mek hdug bvlv ie,iSuhs'

^55& yuqod nqoaê wxY ks<Odßfhl= jQ fïc¾ uq;d,s*a >d;kh rcfha lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Khl m%;s:,hls' Tyq >d;kh l, Èk Tyqf.a
wdrCIl ks<OdÍka ksjdvq f.dia ;snqKs'

^56& 20$08$2005 Èk fm'j 11'15 g muK jdoa¥j Ydka; meg%sla mdr ÿïßh
f.aÜgqj wi,§ wkqrdOmqr isg ud;r olajd .uka lrñka ;snQ iS>%.dó
ÿïßh iu. tâkd fpdl,Ü iud.fï wêm;s î' wd¾' kS,a md,s;
tÈßisxy uy;d iy bkagfldkaáfkkag,a fydag,fha l<uKdldr
wOHCI Wud l=ud¾ Y¾ud uy;d .uka l< r:h .eàfuka isÿjQ
wk;=frka î' wd¾' kS,a md,s; tÈßisxy uy;d ñh .sh w;r Wud l=ud¾
Y¾ud uy;d ;=jd, ,eîh' tu wk;=r rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha
ie,iqula wkqj isÿjQ nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska jd¾;d fldg we;'

^57& 2006 cQks 15 Èk WoEik leì;sf.d,a,Efõ§ u.S nia r:hlg

laf,afuda fndaïn 2 la wegùfuka fn!oaOhska 64 la >d;kh fldg 90
lg muK nrm;, ;=jd, isÿ fldg we;' ñh .sh wh w;r NslaIQka
jykafia kula .%dudrlaIlhska 15 la wjq 15 g wvq orejka 14 la
muK isá nj jd¾;d ù we;'
fuu wmrdOh rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha wkq±kqu we;sj fldá
ixúOdkfha b;a;ka úiska isÿ fldg we;s nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh
úiska jd¾;d fldg we;'

fuhska rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha

l%ul%ufhka fn!oaOhska j| lsÍu;a isxy, iy fou< cd;Ska w;r
ffjrhla we;s fldg ,xldj folv lsÍfï wruqK bgq lr .ekSuhs'
^06& W;=f¾ hqoaOh
W;=f¾ hqoaOh wdrïNjQfha 1983 cq,s 24 Èkhhs lsj yelsh' Bg fmro
fou< ;reK msßia fkdfhl=;a ;%ia;jd§ m%dydr j, ksr; úh' tajd kshñ;
f,i wdrïNjkqfha 1972 uehs 22 Èk tjlg meje;s Y%S ,xld ksoyia mCI
wdKavqj n%s;dkHfhka mQ¾K ksoyi ,efnk wdKavq l%u jHjia:djla iïu;
lsÍfï Èkhhs lsjyelsh' l=Ügquks fj¨ms,af,a m%Ndlrka fc.ka yd rdimq,af,a
hk ;%ia;jd§ka 1972 uehs 22 Èk wên,e;s úÿ,s l=¿kla úkdY lsÍu u.ska
W;=re m%foaYh wkaOldrfha ;eîug lghq;= lf<ah' fuhska fmkakqï lf<a
Tjqka ;jÿrg;a n%s;dkHhkag .e;sj isàug leu;s nj;a Y%S ,xldj n%s;dkHhka
ksoyiaj ;sfnkjd ±lSug wleue;s njhs'

1983 cq,s ui wdrïNjQ rchg úreoaO fou, ;%ia;jd§ le/,a, 2001

olajd wjqreÿ 18 la hk f;lau u¾Okh lsÍug fkdyels ùu mqÿu iy.;h'
1989 ol=fKa we;s jqk le/,a, wjqreÿ folla we;=<; 60"000 la >d;kh
fldg u¾Okh l<d kï ixLHdj 15"000 la muK jk W;=f¾ fldá ixúOdkh
wjqreÿ 18 la ;=< u¾Okh lsÍug fkdyels jQfha l=uK fya;=jla ksido hk
m%Yakh u;=fjhs' ´kEu hqoaOhl§ jeo.;a jkafka i;=rd ms<sn| f;dr;=reh'
i;=rd hqO fufyhqï lrkafka flfiao Tyqf.a hqo wdhqO Yla;sh fld;rïo
i;=rdf.a ie,iqï fudkjdo hkakh' kuq;a j¾;udkh olajd isÿù we;af;a
rcfha yuqod j, ish¨u f;dr;=re iy ie,iqï rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
úiska fldáixúOdkhg ,nd §u;a rcfha yuodjg jerÈ fkduÕ hjk
f;dr;=re ,nd§u;ah' jrla rcfha yuqod ks<OdÍka m%ydrhla ie,iqï fldg
;sìh§ wod, m%foaYfhka ;u ks<OdÍka bj;a l<hq;=fka±hs r;= l=rei
ixúOdkfha Wiia ks<Odßfhla yuqod ks<Odßfhl=f.ka úuid isáfhah' fuhska
meyeÈ,s jqfha rcfha yuqodfõ ie,iqu ms<sn|j r;= l=rei ixúOdkh l,ska
±k isá njhs' fï fya;=j ksid tu hqO ie,iqu w;ayer ±óug rcfha yuqodjg
isÿúh' ;jo hqO yuqodjg wjYH hqO WmlrK iy yßhdldr wdydrfõ,la
mjd fkdfok nj iuyr wjia:dj, jd¾;d úh' iEu w;skau fmfkkafka ;%súO
yuqodj, udkisl ;;ajh ì| jefgk wdldrfha idu fjf<kaoka f.k hk
rcfha wkq.%yh we;sj lrf.k hk idu jHdmdrhkah'

,xldfõ n%s;dkH ryia T;a;= fiajfha uQ,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;af;a

f*%âßla BnÜ moku úiska f.dvk.k ,o Y%S ,xld mokï wdh;kfhah' tu
T;a;= fiajh rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh iuÕ fldá ixúOdkhg Woõ
lrñka isà' ;jo i¾fjdaoh ixúOdkh lrkqfha isxy, ck;djf.a uki
iduhg fhduq lsÍuhs' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka wm rfÜ hqoaOh wjq¿jd rg
fn§fï l=uka;%Kh fufyhjk wh úiskau iduh foaYkd lrk njhs'

1972 uehs 22 isg 1983 cq,s olajd W;=f¾ ;%ia;jd§ka úiska lrk ,o wmrdO
iaj,amhla my; i|yka lrñ'

1' 1970 § hdmkfha msysgqjd.;a øúv ;reK fmruqK ^à' jhs' t*a& úiska
1972 uehs 22 Èk wên, úÿ,s l=¿kla mqmqrejd yeÍu fuu ixúOdkfha
kdhlhska jQfha m%Ndlrka l=Ügqu;s fc.ka yd rdimq,af,a hk
;%ia;jd§kah'
2' 1972 foieïn¾ 19 Èk hdmkfha k.rdêm;s we,a*%â fodf¾wmamd
uy;df.a
ksjig fndaïn .id w,dN ydks isÿlsÍu'

3' 1972 foieïn¾ 20 Èk ,xld fmvr,a mCIfha ixúOdhl úfkdaoaf.a

Wvqms,a ys msysá ksjig m%dydr t,a, lsÍu'

4' 1975 cq,s 27 fjks Èk Y%S j¾Ordcd fmreud,a fldaú,g hñka isáh§
we,am%â fodf¾ wmamd uy;d >d;kh lrk ,§' fuu >d;khg m%Ndlrka
lka§mka iy i;a;=kï iyNd.S úh' Tjqka fou< kj fldá ixúOdkhg
wh;aj isáhy'

5 1976 uehs 5 jk Èk fou< kj fldá ixúodkh B,dï fjkurdcHhla

hk w¾:h fok ,snf¾Ika ghs.¾ia T*a geñ,a B<dï f,i kï flreKs'

6' 1977 uehs 14 jk Èk hdmkh fmd,sisfha lrekdksê kue;s fmd,sia

fldia;dm,ajrhd urd ±óu we,a*%â fodf¾ wmamd >d;kh ms<sn|
mÍCIKh
lrñka isáfha tu fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajrhd úisks' fuu wmrdOh isÿ
lrk ,oafoa hdmkfha udfjäämqrï ys§h'

7' 1977 uehs 18 jk Èk fmd,sia fldia;dm,a lrKdksêf.a urKh ms<sn|j

mÍCIK Ndrj lghq;= l, Ikauq.kdoka kñka isá fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajre
fofokd >d;kh lsßu'

8' 1978 uehs 9 jk Èk fmd,sia mßlaIl moaukdoka yd úY%dñl fmd,sia

mßlaIl l=udr hk whj¨ka fgf,da ixúOdkh úiska >d;kh lrk ,È'

9' 1978 j¾Ifha wf.dia;= udifhaÈ muK wmrdO mßlaIk

fomd¾;fïk;=fõ
fiajh l, fmd,sia mßlaIl nia;shkams,af,a m%Odk fmd,sia msßi ueojÉÑh
ukakdrï mdf¾ m%isoaO uvq m,a,sh msysá le,EfõÈ >d;kh lrk ,È'
Wm fmd,sia mßlaIl fmarïn,ï fmd,sia ierhka nd,isxyï iy tlu
isxy,hd jq fmd,sia ßhÿre isßj¾Ok hk wh tu fmd,sia msßig wh;a
jqy' fuu wmrdOhg iïnkaO jq ;%ia;jd§ka kï Wud ufyaIajrï"
fj,a,mamd" kd.rdid isjl=ud¾" .fka whsh¾ " fi,a,lals,s iy ;j;a lsysm
fofkls'

10' 1978 iema;eïn¾ ui 7 jk Èk r;au,dk .=jka f;dgqmf,a§ weúfrda

.=jka hdkh mqmqrejd yßk ,È'

11' 1978 fofieïn¾ ui 5 jk Èk fi,a,lals,sf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;=

lKavdhula uy ojd,l ;srefk,afõ,s uyPk nexl=j fld,a,lk ,È'
fuysÈ nexl=jg wdrlaIdj iemhq fldia;dm,a fmf¾rd iy Wm fmd,sia
fldia;dm,a iÑ;dkkaokao >d;kh l,y' Wm fiajd fmd,sia fldia;dm,a
Phr;akï ;=jd, ,enqy' fuysÈ fld,a, l; ,o uqo, re 1"180"000$}ls'
12' 1979 ud¾;= 21 fjks Èk je,ajeá;=f¾È fmd,sia fldia;dm,a isjfkaika
>d;kh lsßu'

13' 1979 Pq,s 01 jk Èk fmd,sia mßlaIl .=reidñ Tyqf.a ksjfiaÈ fjä ;nd
>d;kh lsßu'

14' 1981 Pkjdß 17 jeks Èk hdmkfha l=reïnisâä ysÈ rkaNdKAv Wlia

lrefjl=f.a ksjig mek rka NdKav meyer .;ay' wßhfodf¾ iy
l=f,akaøka whj¨ka fuu m%ydrfhaÈ ñh .shy'

15' 1981 ud¾;= 25 jk Èk t,a'à'à'B iy fgf,da ixúOdkh tlaj fmaÿre

;=vqj isg hdmkh olajd m%jdykh lrñka ;snq uyPk nexl=jg wh;a
re'7"909"813$}l uqo,la fld,a, lEy' fuysÈ wdßhr;ak yd uq;=nKavd
hk fmd,sia fldia;dm,a jrekao >d;kh lrk ,È'

16' 1981 uehs 31 jk Èk hdmkhg msg;ska msysá kdÉÑud¾ fldaú, wh;a

m%foaYfha msysá foaYmd,k /iaùulÈ fldia;dm,a lk.iqkaorï iy
fmd,sia ierhka mqxÑnkavd hkwh >d;kh lrk ,È' Wiaudka iy l=,isxy
hk fmd,sia fldia;dm,a jreka ;=jd, ,enqy'

17' 1981 Pq,s 27 jeks Èk wdkhs fldÜfghs fmd,sia ia:dkhg ;%ia;jdÈka

m%ydrhla t,a, l,y' tysÈ Phr;ak nKavd iy kiS¾ hk fmd,sia
fldia;dm,ajreka Âú;laIhg m;ajqy'

18' 1981 Tlaf;dïn¾ 15 jk Èk hdmkfha lkalika;=f¾È yuqod ýma ßglg

t,a, l, m%ydrfhka ;sfiard yd fyajdjiï hk yuqod fin¿ka
Âú;laIhg m;ajqy'

19' 1981 Tlaf;dïn¾ 23 Èk ls,sfkdÉÑfhaÈ uyPk nexl=jg m%ydrhla t,a,

fldg remsh,a oi,laI 27 la uxfld,a, lEy' fuysÈ .euqKq fyajd
n,ldfha fldam%,a úfþýr ýú;laIhg m;aúh' fuu wmrdOh maf,dÜ
ixúOdkfha l%shdjla nj jd¾;d úh'

20' 1982 fnmrjdß 13 jeks Èk ;ßlalvqjdka Peáh wi,È ikakdy

ikakoaO n,ldfha finf<l= jq wfír;ak nkavd >d;kh lrk ,È' fuyso
Tyq iu. isá wfkla fin¿ka uqyqog mek Âú;h fírd .;a w;r ish¿u
wdhqO ;%ia;jd§ka úiska meyer .kakd ,È'

21' 1982 ud¾;= 22 od wdkhsfldÜfghs fmd,sia ia:dkdfha fiajh l, fmd,sia

fldia;dm,a ufyIajrkdoka >d;kh lf<ah'

22' 1982 Pq,s 2 Èk hdmkfha fk,a,s wâysÈ fmd,sia Px.u uqr r:hlg
m%ydrhla t,a,fldg fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajreka 4 la >d;kh l,y'

23' 1983 Pq,s 01 Èk jõkshd k.rfhaÈ .=jka yuqod fin¿ka fofofkla

>d;kh lrk ,È' ;j;a finf<l=g ;=jd, úh'tu m%ydrh t,a, lrk
,oafoa maf,dÜ ixúOdkfhka nj jd¾;d úh'
24' 1983 fmnrjdß 18 Èk fmd,sia mßlaIl B'fla'wd¾' úfþj¾Ok iy
Tyqf.a ßhÿre úrisxy fmaÿre;=vqj k.rfhaÈ fjä;nd >d;kh lrk
,È'

25' 1983 wfm%a,a 29 Èk m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKfha wfmalaIlhska jq ffjruq;a;=

r;akisxyï" tia'tia' uq;a;hshd" tia'tia'rdPr;akï hk whj¨ka
;%ia;jd§ka úiska fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,È'

1983 Pq,s 24 Èkg miqj ;%ia;jd§ka úiska lrk ,o wmrdOj,ska iuyrla

my; i|yka lrñ'

1' 1984 fkdjeïn¾ 10 jk Èk l¾k,a wdßhmafmreu ;u ýmaßfhka m,d,s

lojqf¾ isg .uka lroaÈ fmdkakdf,a lâvqjdka uxikaêfhaÈ ;%ia;jdÈ
ìñfndaïnhlg ì,s úh'

2' 1984 fkdjeïnß 20 Èk jdjdlÉfÖß fmd,sia ia:dkfha msysgd ;snq

fouy,a f.dvke.s,a, ìug iu;,d úh' fuu msmsrùug fgf,da ixúOdkh
j.lsj hq;= njg f;dr;=re ,eî ;snqKs'

3' 1985 Pkjdß 9 hd,a foaú ÿïßh udkal=,ug kqÿre uqrelkaäysÈ m%ydrhg
,laúh' fuu m%ydrfhaÈ yuqod fin¿ka 29 fofkl= Âú;laIhg m;a jq
w;r isú,a jeishka 11 la o ñh .shy' ;j;a úYd, msßila ;=jd, ,enqy'

4' 1986 uehs 3 Èk lhqkdhl cHd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqmf,a§ thd¾ ,xld

.=jka fiajhg wh;a g%hsiagd¾ .=jka hdkhla mqmqrejd yeÍfuka
úfoaYslhska 13 la we;=¨ 15 fofkla >d;kh l<y'

5' 1986 uehs 30 od t,s*kaÜ yjqia wdh;kfha§ f,dßhl ;nd tjQ fndaïnhla
msmsÍfuka isú,a jeishka 11 la >d;kh l<y'

6' 1987 ckjdß 27 Èk uvl,mqfõ fldlawäfpdaf,ys§ fmd,sia ks<OdÍka 13

la ;%ia;jd§ka úiska >d;kh lrk ,§'

7' 1987 j¾Ih ;=<§ ksjdvq ,nd f.k ;%sl=Kdu,hg wdmiq tñka isá yuqod
fin¿ka 32 la >d;kh lrk ,§'

8' 1987 wfm%a,a 11 Èk wdrïN jQ igka úrduh ;=<§ ynrK isg

;%sl=Kdu,hg olajd .uka lrñka ;nQ nia r:fha isá u.Ska 127 >d;kh
lsÍu'

9' 1987 wfma%,a 21 jk od fld<U msgfldgqj nia kej;=ï fmdf<a§ fndaïnhla

mqmqrejd yeÍfuka 107 la ñh .sh w;r 300 lg wêl msßila ;=jd,
,eîh'
10' 1987 cQ,s 5 fjks Èk mqmqrK øjH mqrjd .;a g%la r:hla fk,a,s wä
yuqod l|jqrg we;=,a fldg yuqod fin¿ka 17 la >d;kh lrk ,§'

11' 1989 cQ,s 13 fjks Èk øúv tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfka kdhl wmamd ms,af,a
wñ¾;,sx.ï iy hdmfka md¾,sfïka;= uka;%S fhdaf.aIajrï uy;d
urKhg m;a lsÍu'

12' 1989 fkdjeïn¾ 13 fjks Èk w¿hu cd;sl ryia ld¾h wxYfha

wOHlaIlj isá I¾ks úfÊiQßh uy;d >d;kh lrk ,§'

13' 1990 cqks 11 jk Èk Wfoa 9'45 g rdcldÍ lghq;a;la i|yd f.dia yuqod
l|jqrg tñka isá g%la r:hlg myr § fin¿ka 11 la >d;kh l<y'
fuu lKavdhfï wK fokakd jQ ierhka fiakdr;ako fuu m%ydrfhka
ure uqjg m;aúh'

14' 1990 cQks 11 jk Èk yji uvl,mqj iy wïmdr Èia;%Slal j, fmd,sia

ia:dk fndfyduhla fldá ixúOdk úiska w;am;alr .;a w;r fmd,siam
ks<OdÍka 899 la ;%ia;jd§ka úiska meyer f.k f.dia ;snQ w;r thska
125 la m,d f.dia fíreKq kuq;a b;sß ish¿ fokdu jo § >d;kh lr
;snqKs'

15' 1990 cQ,s ui 12 Èk fldá ;%ia;jd§ka fldldù,a yuqod l|jqrg myr §

iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdY lr we;s w;r fuysÈ fldldù,a rEmjdysks
iïfma%IKd.drfha wdrlaIdjg isá ks,OdÍka fofokd iy fin¿ka 69
>d;kh l<y'

16' 1990 wf.daia;= jk Èk ;%ia;jd§ka uvl,mqfõ ldka;kal=ä ys§ m,a,shl

hd{d lrñka isá uqia,sï jeishka 93 la >d;kh lrk ,§'

17' 1990 fkdjeïn¾ 22 jk Èk udkal=,ï yuqod l|jqrg myr § úYd,

úkdYhla l< w;r tys§ fin¿ka 20 la ñh .sh w;r 77 la w;=reoyka
úh'

18' 1990 foieïn¾ 18 Èk ;%sl=Kdu,fha§ ;%ia;jd§ka úiska wgjk ,o

ìñfndañnhlska ,lS úfÊr;ak iy fmd,sia wêldÍ ßpâ úfÊfialr
we;=¿ fin¿ka 8 fofkla urKhg m;a úh'

19' 1991 ud¾;= 2 jk Èk fld<U§ wdrlaIl ksfhdacH weu;s rkacka

úfÊr;ak Tyqf.a fudag¾ r:hg fndaïnhla iú fldg >d;kh lf<ah'

20' 1992 wfma%,a 29 jk Èk ;%ia;jd§ka w,xÑfmd;dk .ïudkhg myr §

isú,a jeishka 50 lg wêl msßila urd ±uQy'

21' 1992 cQ,s 15 jk Èk uvl,mqj lsrdkal=,ï ys§ uqiq,sï jeishka 19 la

.uka l< nia r:hg myr § Tjqka ish¿ fokdu >d;kh l<y'
22' 1992 wf.dia;= 8 jk Èk Pkrd,a fvkais,a fldínElvqj iy ìf.%aäh¾
úfþúu,r;ak we;=¿ msßi hdmkfha wrd,s;=vqfõÈ ìïfndaïnhla wgjd
>d;kh lrk ,È'

23' 1992 Tlaf;dïn¾ 5 fjks Èk m,a,sh f.dve,a, wyuoamqr" w.afndamqr hk

.ïudk 3 gu tljr m%ydr t,a,fldg isú,a jeishka 146 la >d;kh fldg
83 lg ;=jd, isÿ lrk ,È' Tjqkaf.a wdrlaIdjg ;snq yuqod l|jqrg myr
§ fin¿ka 20 la >d;kh lrk ,È'

24' 1992 fkdjeïn¾ 10 Èk kdúl yuqodm;s jhsia woaïrd,a la,ekais m%kdkaÿ

iy ;j;a kdúl fin¿ka lsysmfofkla fld<UÈ fldá ;%ia;jd§kaf.a
fndïnlrefjl= úiska >d;kh lrk ,È'

25' 1993 uehs 1 jk Èk Pkdêm;s rKisxy fm%auodi urKhg m;a lf<ah'

fuu fndaïn m%ydrfhka fþIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍka msßilao we;=¿j 16
fofkla >d;kh ,la úh'

26' 1993 Pq,s 25 jk Èk uOhu rd;%sfhaÈ Pdklmqr yuqod l|jqrg ±jeka;

m%ydrhla t,a, lf,ah' fuyso yuqod fin¿ka 23 la ñh .sh w;r 18 la
w;=reoyka úh' ;j;a isú,a jeishka lsysmfofklao ñh .sfhah' l|jqr
i;=j ;snq ish¿u wú wdhqO /f.k .sh w;r fvdai¾ hka;% 2 la .sksn;a
lrk ,È'

27' 1993 iema;eïn¾ 10 Èk uOHu rd;%s bl=;a jkjd iuÕu mqkßka l|jqrg
;%ia;jdÈ m%ydrhla t,a, úh' fuysÈ fin¿ka 241 la ñh .sh w;r 551 la
;=jd, ,eîh' 396 la w;=reoyka úh' mqkßka lojqr hg;a ùug fya;= jq
lreKq my; i|yka l, yelsh'

1' l%udkql+, wK§ï iy msßia m%duKh wvqùu

2' mqkßka l|jqrg j.lsj hq;= n,fiakdêm;sjrhd l÷jqfrka msg;
lhsÜiays fõ,fkahs j, ia:dk .; fldg isáu'
3' .=jkska fy,k ,o mf;drï fmÜá j,ska iuyrla mqyqKqùï i|yd
mdúÉÑ lrk ysiamf;drï j,ska mqrjd ;sîu'
4' fuu m%ydrfhaÈ ;=kajk .Pnd frýfïka;=fõ wKfok ks,Odßhd
l|jqf¾ fkdisáu fuu igfkaÈ fïP¾ fyaumd, o urKhg m;a
úh'

28' 1995 Pq,s 30 Èk uvl,mqfõ uqla;rd,a m%foaYfhaÈ fldá ixúOdkfha

ìïfndaïnlg yiqùfuka ¨;skka fPkrd,a k,ska wx.ïuk ýú;laIhg
m;aúh'

29' 1995 wfm%a,a 28 Èk m,uq wejfrda .=jka hdkh lvd jegqfKa tys we;s jq
ld¾ñl foadIhla ksid nj .=jka yuqod m;s jrhd úiska mjik ,È'

30' 1995 wfm%a,a 29 Èk 2 jk wejfrda .=jka hdkho fjä ;nd ìu fy,k

,È'
31' 1995 Pq,s 16 Èk ;%ia;jd§ka wkfm%alaIs; m%ydrhla t,a,fldg
lkalika;=f¾ jrdfha kex.=rï,d ;snq tä;r kej úkdYfldg ±uqy'
32' 1995 wf.dia;= 29 Èk uq,;sõ j,g Tífnka uqyqfoa hd;%d lrñka ;snq
whsßIafudakd fk!õldj fldáka úiska meyer .;a;y' jeishka 136 la iy
8 fofkla ld¾Hh uKav,h tys isáhy' ta .ek mÍlaIK mj;ajkakg .sh
fvdard hd;%d fol uqyqÿ n;a jq w;r ks<Odßka 4 la iy keúhka 14 la
w;=reoyka úh'

33' 1995 Tlaf;dïn¾ 17 jk Èk ßú/i fufyhqu m<d,s l|jqf¾ isg

wdrïN jq w;r fuysÈ ks<Odßka 16 la iy fin¿ka 337 la Âú; mqPd
l,y'

34' reishdfõ ksIamdÈ; wekagfkdú 32 j¾.fha .=jka yuqodjg wh;a .=jka

hdkhla yeo, m%foaYhg ngysßka uqyog lvd jegqKs' th isÿjqfha
r;au,dk .=jka f;dgqm,ska .=jka .; ù úkdä lsysmhlg miqjh'hdkfha
isá ld¾Hh ukav,h we;=¨ 75 fokdf.ka lsisjl= Èú .,jd .;af;a
ke;'fuh lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha lvdlmam,a ldß l%shdjla nj ;yjqre ù
we;'

35' 1995 Tlaf;dïn¾ 20 ßú/i fufyhqu Èh;a fldg Èk 3 g miqj

fldf,dkakdfõ yd Tref.dvj;af;a msysá f;,a gexls 12 la úkdY lsßug
fldá ixúOdkh iu;a úh' fuhska isÿ jq ydksh remsh,a fldaá .Kkls'

36' 1995 Tlaf;dïn¾ 21 iy 26 w;r ld,h ;=, úúO wjia:d j, wïmdr

moúh" leì;sf.d,a,Ej" fmdf,dkakrej hk m%foaYj, .ïjeishka 139 la
lmd fldgd .d;kh lrk ,È'

37' 1987 fkdjeïn¾ 9 Èk urodk iysrd úooHd,h bÈßmsgÈ fndaïnhla

mqqmqrejd yeÍfuka mqoa.,hska 23 fofkla >d;kh l, w;r 106 lg
;=jd, úh'

38' 1991 Pqks 6 fjks Èk fld<U taldnoaO fufyhqï uq,ia:dkh bÈßmsg

fndaïnhla mqmqrejd yeÍu u.ska yuqod Nghska 20 la ñh .sh w;r 62 lg
;=jd, isÿúh'

39' 1996 Pkjdß 31 Èk fld<U uy nexl=j wi, f,dßhla ;=, wegjq

fndaïnfhka 89la ñh .sh w;r 1338 lg ;=jd, isÿúh'

40' 1995 fkdjeïn¾ 18 fjks Èk m,d,s j,g W;=ßka .=jka yuqodjg wh;a
jhs8 .=jka hdkhla fjä ;nd ìu fy¨y'

41' 1996 Pkjdß 22 m,d,s .=jka f;dgqm,ska .=jka .;jq tï'whs'17

fy,sfldmag¾ hdkh wdrlaIl yuq|dj, 39 la iuÕ w;=reoyka úh'
42' 1995 fofieïn¾ 19 Èk uvl,mqj iy jd,õfõk w;r ikaksfõ,s
ÿïrh ud¾.hg wdrlaIdj ÿka Ng msßia j,g ta,a, l, m%ydrfhaÈ
fin¿ka 37 la ñh f.dia 23 la ;=jd, ,enqy' ñh .sh fin¿kaf.a wú
wdhqO úYd, m%udKhla fldáka úiska /f.k f.dia ;snqKs'

43' 1996 Tlaf;dïn¾ 16 fjks Èk .,odß fydg,h wi, mqmqrejd yeßh

fndaïnfhka 14 fofkla ñh .sh w;r úfoayslhka 36 la we;=¿j idudkH
jeishka 73 lg ;=jd, isÿúh'

44' 1996 Pq,s 17 uq,;sõ l|jqrg úYd, m%ydrhla t,a, úh' fuysÈ fin¿ka
1408 la w;=reoyka úh' u< isrere 55 la ;%ia;jd§ka r;=l=rei ixúOdkh
yryd jõkshdfõS§ yuqodjg Ndr ÿkay'

45' 1997 ud¾;= 6 jk Èk ;%Sl=Kdu,h .=jka m:fha ;snq jhs 12 hdkhg

m%ydrhla t,a, fldg úkdY l,y'

46' 1998 Pkjdß 25 Èk uykqjr o<od ud<s.djg fndaïn m%ydrhla

t,a,fldg thg w,dNydks isÿlsßu' fuysÈ 14 la >d;kh úh'

47' 1998 wfm%a,a udih ;=,È udkal=,ï ykaÈh w,a,d .ekSfï m%ydrfhaÈ
fin¿ka 39 la ñh f.dia 200 lg muK ;=jd, isÿúh'

48' 1996 Pq,s 4 fjks Èk hdmkfha n,fiakdêm;s ì%f.aäh¾ wdkkao

yuxf.dv hdmkh k.rfhaÈ urdf.k uefrk fldá ;%i;
a jdÈfhl=g ì,s
úh'

49' 1996 uehs 14 jeks Èk jvudrÉÑ n, fiakdfõ wd{dm;s jq ì%f.aäh¾

,eÍ úfþr;ak o fmaÿre;=vqj Tyqf.a l|jqr wi,È fldá b,lalhlg
f.dÿre jsh'

50' 1998 iema;eïn¾ 11 Èk hdmkh k.rdêm;s ld¾HHd,fha msmsßula

isÿfldg n%Sf.aäh¾ iqika; fukaäia fPHIaG fmd,sia wêldß pkaød
fmf¾rd iy uq,ia:dk fmd,sia mßlaIl fudydkaodia >d;kh lrk ,È'

51' 2005 foieïn¾ 03 rd;%sfha hdmkfha óidf,hs m%foaYfha§ fldÜ

idudðlhska úiska hqO yuqod jdykhlg t,a, l, m%dydrhlska yuqod
fin<l= ñh f.dia ;j;a ;sfokl=g ;=jd, isÿúh'

52' hdmkh fldamdhs m%foaYfha fldkavdú,a yxÈfha§ 2005 foieïn¾ ui 4

jk Èk bßod yuqod g%la r:hla fndaïnhlg yiq ùfuka yuqod Nghka 6
fofkl= ñh f.dia ;j;a Ngfhla ;=jd, ,eîh'

53' igka úrdu .súiqu l%shd;aulj meje;s 2002 fmnrjdß 21 Èk isg 2005
foieïn¾ 5 jk Èk olajd ld,fha§ fldá m%dydr j,ska yuqod fin¿ka 79
la ñh f.dia 114 la ;=jd, ,nd we;' fï yer nqoaê wxY fin¿ka 48 ;=jd,
,nd we;' idudkH jeishka 181 la >d;kh fldg we;'
54' hdmkh fmaÿre;=vqj ud¾.fha bremf,hs ykaÈfha§ 2005 foieïn¾ 6
 fjks wÕyrejdod fm'j 10'15 g muK hqO yuqod g%elagrhla laf,afuda
fndaïnhlg yiq ùfuka yuqod ks,Odßfhl= iy yuqod fin¿ka 6 fofkla
urKhg m;ajQy'

55' ;f,hs ukakdru fmaidf,a uqrfmd,g 2005 foieïn¾ 12 iÿod rd;%S 8 g

muK fldá ;%ia;jd§ka úiska t,a, lrk ,o fndaïn m%ydrhlska fmd,sia
ks,OdÍka 21 fokl= ;=jd, ,nd frday,a .; lr ;sfí' fuhska ;sfokl=g
nrm;, ;=jd, isÿù ;sfí'

56' ksjdvqj wjika lr l|jqr n,d hñka isá kdúl yuqod Ng msßila
/.;a nia ßhlg iy g%la r:hlg ukakdru iy ;f,hs ukakdru
w;r kdkql=vd m%foaYfha§ 2005 foieïn¾ 23 jk Èk m'j 1'45 g muK
t,a, jQ fldá m%ydrhlska kdúl fin¿ka 13 fokl= ñh f.dia ;j;a
fofokl= ;=jd, ,eîh'

57' 2005 foieïn¾ 27 jeks wÕyrejdod oyj,a fmaÿre;=vqj isg m<d,s

olajd tñka ;snQ hqO yuqod fin¿ka /.;a r: fm,la b,lal lr .ksñka
fldá ;%ia;jd§ka t,a, l< laf,afuda fndaïn m%ydrhlska fin¿ka 11
fofkla ñh .sh w;r 12 fofkl=g nrm;, ;=jd, isÿúh'

58' 2006 ckjdß 7 jk Èk rd;%S 12'30 gmuk ;%sl=Kduf,a *jq,a fmdhskaÜ

kï ia:dkfha§ kdúl yuqod fvdard hd;%djlg urdf.k uefrk fldá
;reKshla úiska mqmqrk øjH wvx.= fndaÜgqjla >Ügkh lsÍu ksid kdúl
yuqod ks,OdÍka fofokl= we;=¿ keúfhda 15la ureuqjg m;ajQy'

59' ksjdvq wjika lr fld<U isg ukakdru n,d hñka isá hqO yd kdúl
yuqod fin¿ka /.;a nia r: 4 lska hq;a r: fm,lg 2006 ckjdß 12
jk Èk iji 4'10g muK fldá ixúOdkh úiska t,a, lrkq ,enQ
laf,afuda fndaïn m%ydrhlg yiqùfuka kdúl fin¿ka 9 fokl= ñhf.dia
;j;a 8 fokl=g nrm;, ;=jd, isÿúh'
60' hdmkh lhsÜia iqreú,a m%foaYfha ud¾. fidaÈis lsÍï lghq;= j, ksr;
jQ ksúl Ng msßilg 2006 ckjdß 14 Èk oyj,a t,a, l, laf,afuda
fndaïn m%ydrhlska kdúl Nghska fofokl= urKhg m;aúh'

61' 2006 ckjdß ui 19 jk Èk iji mehl muK ld,hla ;=< ;%sl=Kdu,h

iy uvl,mqj m%foaY j,§ fldá ixúOdkh t,a, l< laf,afuda fndaïn
m%ydr 2lska fmd,sia Nghska 3 fofkla ñh f.dia hqo yuqod 7 fofkla"
kdúl yuqodfõ 3 fofkla iy fmd,sisfha 13 la we;=¿ 36 fofkla
nrm;, ;=jd, ,eîh'

62' 2006 wfma%,a 10 jk Èk iji 2'55 g muK hdmkh w¾Ooaùmfha

uQyudf,hs hqO yuqod fiakdúOdhl jrhdf.a ks, r:h b,lal lrf.k
ñreiqú,a hqO yuqod uqrfmd, wdikakfha§ t,a'à'à'B h t,a, l, laf,afuda
fndaïn m%ydrhlska hqO yuqod fin¿ka 5 fofkl= iy rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkhl ks<OdÍka fofokl= ureuqjg m;aù we;'
63' ;%sl=Kduf,a isg fld<U n,d ksjdvq ,nd tñka isá kdúl yuqod fin¿ka
/.;a r: fm,lg 2006 wfma%,a 11 jk Èk iji 1'10g muK ;U,.uqj
m%foaYfha§ t,a, l, fndaïn m%ydrhlska kdúl fin¿ka 10la urKhg
m;aù 12 fofkl= ;=jd, ,nd we;'

64' ;%sl=Kdu,h fmdÿ fj<|m< wdikakfha 2006 wfma%,a 12 jk Èk iji

isÿjQ fndaïn msmsÍulska hqO yuqod fin¿ka fofofkla we;=¨ mqoa.,hka
16 fofkl= ñh f.dia 60 fofkl=g wêl msßilg ;=jd, isÿúh'

65' jõkshdj fjmamkal=,ï m%foaYfha§ fldá ;%ia;jd§ka úiska 2006 wfma%,a

17 iÿod Wfoa 9'20 g muK t,a, l< laf,afuda fndaïn m%ydrhlska hqO
yuqod fin¿ka 4 fofkla ñh f.dia 7 fofkl= nrm;, ;=jd, ,eîh'

66' 2006 wfma%,a 25 jk Èk isÿjQ hqO yuqodm;s ¨;skka fckrd,a ir;a

f*dkafiald uy;d >d;kh lsÍug ;e;a lsÍu iy ;j;a fin¿ka 10la
urKhg m;a lsÍu;a 27 fofkl=g nrm;, ;=jd, isÿlsÍu;a rcfha
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ie,iqulg wkqj isÿù we;ehs fn!oaO T;a;=
fiajh úiska jd¾;d fldg we;' fuys§ hqo yuqodm;s ;=udf.a ks, ßhg
m%ydr t,a, lsÍug meñKs urdf.k uefrk fndaïn ldßh ;ju;a
y÷kdf.k fkdue;s nj mrSlaIl lkavdhñ mjihs' fuu wjia:dfõ yuqod
uQ,ia:dkfha fodrgqj wi, wdrlaIl lghq;= b;d my;a uÜgul mej;Su
fuu úkdYhg uq,a ù we;s nj lsj yelsh' fuu isoaêho 1991 fkdjeïn¾
17 fjks Èk urdf.k uefrk fudag¾ ihsl,a lrefjl=f.a m%ydrhg ,lajQ
ysgmq kdúl yuqodm;s la,ekais m%kdkaÿ >d;kh;a wd¾' fm%auodi
ckdêm;s;=ud >d;kh;a rxcka úfÊr;ak uy;d >d;kh;a .dñKS
Èidkdhl uy;d >d;kh;a hk wmrdOhka fy,s fkdjqk wmrdO .khg
jefgk w;r Bg fya;=j ù we;af;a fuu ish¨u wmrdOhkau rcfha
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ie,iqï wkqj isÿ lr ;sîuhs'

67' 2006 uehs 11 Èk n%yiam;skaod ;%sl=Kdu,fha isg lkalika;=rh olajd

fin¿ka 700 la /f.k hñka ;snQ m¾,alDDia kejg iy Bg wdrlaIdj
iemhQ fvdard hd;%d j,g uqyqÿ fldá n,ldh úiska W;=f¾ fjÜg,hs l¾ks
m%foaYhg W;=f¾§ m%ydrhla t,a, lrk ,§' fuys§ mS 418 fvdard hd;%dj
kdúl fin¿ka 17la iuÕ uqyqÿn;a úh' wmf.a ;%súO yuqodj, jeämqr
isákafka isxy, fn!oaOhkah' fuu m¾,alDDia kejg t,a, jQ m%ydrh
jHj¾; lsÍug fkdyels jQjdkï ;j;a fn!oaOhska 700 la úkdY ùug bv
;snqKs' fuu isoaêfha§ m¾,alDDia kejg .=jka yuqod wdrlaIdj ,nd §
fkd;snqKs' ;jo fldá m%ydrh isÿjk wjia:dfõ kdúl yuqod fufyhqï
ueÈßfha isá wdrlaIl f,alïjrhd úiska .=jka yuqod fufyhqï
wOHlaIl jrhdg jydu .=jka m%ydr t,a, lrkakehs Wmfoia ÿka kuq;a
Tyq l%shd;aul fkdùh' ;jo tu igkska miq fvdard hd;%dj, m%ydrfhka
wn,kajQ fldá fndaÜgq 8 la meh tl yudrla muK fjÜá,hsl¾ks uqyqfoa
;sî we;' kuq;a .=jka yuqodj i;= ñ.a lmS¾ .=jka hdkd iy tï' whs' 24
fy,sfldmag¾ hdkdjkao fldá fndaÜgq úkdY lsÍug lghq;= fkdlf,ah'

fuu isoaêfhka fmkS hkafka rcfha T;a;= fiajh wrla f.k isák fn!oaO
úfrdaë iy fldákag mCIj lghq;= lrk lf;da,sl ks<OdÍka m<uqj
 bj;a l< hq;= njhs' tmuKla fkdj miq.sh hqo iuhkays§ ñh .sh
ish¿u ;%súO yuqod ks<OdÍka fjkqfjka hqla;sh bgqùug kï by; i|yka
l< lf;da,sl ks<OdÍka hqoaO wêlrKhlg muqKqjd oËqjï ,nd Èh
hq;=h'

by; i|yka lrk ,oafoa fldá ;%ia;jd§ka úiska lrk ,o úYd,

úkdYhkaf.ka iaj,amhls' fuu wmrdO j,g iïmq¾Kfhkau j.lsj hqlaf;au
rPfhau lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajhhs' Bg fya;=j fldá ixúOdkh hkq rPfha
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhau n<,a w;la neúks' T;a;= fiajh iEuúgu rPfha
yuqod j,g imhd we;af;a jerÈ f;dr;=re nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska
jd¾;d fldg we;' ksis wdldrfha myiqlï rPfha yuqodj,g imhkafka kï
fldá ixúOdkh wjqreoaola we;=,; úkdY l, yelsh' isxy,hdg hqoaOh w¨;a
fohla fkdfõ' b;sydih mqrd isxy,hd hqoaO fldg we;' ta fjk;a rgj,a
wdl%uKh lsßug fkdfõ' ;u rgg t,a,jq wdl%uK uev meje;aùugh'

,xldjg mD;=.Siska meñKsfha 1505 Èh' bkamiq ,kafoaiskao miqj

bx.%SiSkao meñKhsy' kuq;a 1815 ud¾;= 2 Èk f;la wjqreÿ 310 l hk f;lau
Wvrg rdPH w,a,d .ekSug neß úh' ;j;a úÈhlska lshkafka kï uyd id.r
mfyau n,h mD;=.%Sis" ,kafoais" bx.%Sis hk fld,a,lrejkaf.a wf;a ;sìh§
fld<U isg kqjrg ie;mqï 72 la fudjqkag hdug wjqreÿ 310 la .; úh' fuu
ld,h ;=, wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka fudk ;rï Ôú; m%udKhla rg fjkqfjka mqPd
lrkak weoao' reêr .x.dj,a msáka .,d hkak weoao@ 1815 ka miqjo 1818
le/,a," 1848 le/,a," 1971 le/,a," 1989 le/,a, fïjd ish,a, isxy,
fn!oaOhska úiska wdl%uKslhskag úreoaOj lrk ,o ler,s nj fuh lshjk
mdGlhdg ta;a;= hkjdg ksielh' 1971 le/,af,aÈ 1989 le/,af,aÈ tu igk
fufyhjqfha isxy, fn!oaO ;reKhka úisks' tlu lf;da,slfhla j;a fuu
le/,s foflaÈ ïh .shd±hs uu wid ke;af;ñ' kqu;a Tjqka u¾Okh lsßug;a
úkdY lsßug;a l%shd lf,a bx.%SiSkaf.a .e;a;ka iy b;a;ka jq lf;da,sl rdPH
hka;%h nj ±ka ;yjqre ù yudrh'

fuu hqoaOh fjkqfjka jkaÈ b,a,d n%s;dkH rPhg úreoaOj kvq

mejßh hq;= nj uu kej;;a lshñ' Bg ;j;a fya;=jla jYfhka i|yka l,
yelafla wmrfÜ T;a;= fiajfha n,h rfÜ jeä m%;sY;hla isák isxy,
fn!oaOhskag fkdmjrd Pk.ykfhka 6] la muK isák fn!oaOhskag úreoaOj
lghq;= lrk lf;da,slhskag mejÍu .ekh'
^07& wd.ñl iy ixialD;sl ;%ia;jdoh
wd.ñl ;%ia;jdofha wdrïNh 1505 ;rï wE;g osjhhs' tl,
mD;=.SiSka jsiska ;u wd.u jHdma; lsrSu i|yd isxy, fn!oaO orejka lvq;=fâ
r|jd ujqjrekaf.a fn!oaO wd.u fjkia lrkafka±hs wiñka tu orejka
urd±uQ nj ljqre;a okakd lrekls' tu wmrdO j,g m%isoaêhla bis¨fõ
wifõÿ kï mD;=.Sis fikúhdh' j¾;udk wifõÿ,d lrkqfha kQmka fn!oaO
orejka úkdY lsÍuhs'

1505 isg wo olajd isxy, fn!oaOhskaf.ka wd.u fjkia lrjd

.ekSug yelsù we;af;a ck.ykfhka 6] la muKs' ;ju;a .ïno <ore
mdie,a we;slsÍu u.ska rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yryd ^l%sia;shdks <ud wruqo,&
fn!oaO orejkaf.a wd.u fjia lsÍu lrf.k hñka ;sfí' Tjqka wkq.ukh
lrk ;j;a Wml%uhla kï Wiia hhs iïu; fn!oaO fkdjk mdi,a j,g
^Ydka; fcdaIma" Ydka; mS;¾ jeks mdi,a& fn!oaO orejka we;=<;a lsÍug kï
orejkaf.a wd.u fjkia lrk f,i lshd isàuhs' iuyr foudmshka ;u
orejkaf.a wd.u fjkia fldg tu mdie,a j,g orejka we;=,;a lsÍu lrkq
,nhs'

wd.u fjkia lsÍu lrkq ,nk ;j;a Wml%uhla kï f,v iqj lsÍfï
foaj fufyhka u.ska frda. iqj fldg tu frda.Skaf.a wd.u fjkia lsÍug
lghq;= lsÍuhs' we;a; jYfhkau fuys§ lrkqfha uq,skau lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajh yryd frda.h we;s lsÍuhs' Tjqkag ´kEu l,a mj;sk ^T¨j lelal=u"
wxYnd.h jeks frda.& frda.hla we;s lsÍfï yelshdj we;' tfukau iqj lsÍfï
yelshdjo we;s Tjqka lrkqfha uq,ska frda.h we;s lsÍuhs' bka miqj iqj lsÍfï
foaj fufyhkag meñKs miq frda.h iqj lsÍuhs' fuysÈ frda.shdg tu frda.h
we;s lf<a lf;da,slhskau nj fkd±k fn!oaO wd.u fjkia lr lf;da,sl
wd.u je,| .ekSu isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

isxy, fn!oaOhskag lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajd úiska fnda lr we;s frda.

m%udKh miq.sh ld,h ;=< fod¿lkao iajdóka jykafia fj; frda. iqj lsÍfï
msß;a meka ,nd .ekSug meñKs ck .x.dfjka f;areï .; yelsh' th
ixLHdfjka ,CI 40 la muK fj;ehs osjhsk mqj;am; jd¾;d lr ;snqKs' tysÈ
isÿjQfha ;djld,slj frda. iqj lsÍfï ;dCIKh fod¿lkafoa yduqÿrejkag ,nd
§uhs'

udf.a .u jk lrkafoKsh fn!oaOhska muKla isák m%foaYhla

muKla fkdj f,dalfha úYd,;u nqoaO m%;sud jykafia ksujd we;af;ao
lrkafoKsfha nj t;rï m%isoaO lreKla fkdfõ' tneúka lrkafoKsh
ck;djg lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ;¾ckh jeäfhka n,md we;' uq,skau j|
lsÍfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK mEfõ lrkafoKsh ck;djhs' 1987 § muk tla
mqoa.,fhla mukla lf;da,sl wd.ug yrjd f.k Tyq,jd jD;a;sh mqyqKq
uOHia:dkhla msysgqjd ta u.ska lf;da,sl wdl%ukhla isÿ lsÍug l<
l=uka;%Kh .ïjdiSkaf.a ueÈy;a ùu u.ska jHj¾; flreks'

óg wjqreÿ lSmhlg fmr lrKafoKsh tf.dvfj, m%foaYfha

mkai,l <ore mdi,la wdrïN fldg ta u.ska tu m%foaYfha orejkaf.a wd.u
fjkia lsÍfï Wml%uhla mj;sk nj tu mkaif,a kdhl yduqÿrejka ud iu.
mejish' wdrïNfhaÈ thg uq,aù l%shd l, mqoa.,hd <ore mdi,la wdrïN
lsßuhg wjir b,a,d we;' miqj Tyq <ore mdi, wdrïN l, miq th i|yd
uqo,a fhdojkafka l%sia;shdks <ud wruqo, nj fy<s ù we;' miqj isÿ ù we;af;a
mka i f,a odhlhka mka i , flfrys ffjrhla we;s f ldg
mkai,g ,efnñka ;snq odk fõ,o je,elaùug Bg m%Odkj lghq;= l,
mqoa.,hd lghq;= lsßuhs' fuu ld,h ;=, fn!oaO mjq,a lsysmhla ;u wd.u
fjkia fldgwe;s njgo f;dr;=re ,eî we;'

±kg wm rfÜ we;s ù ;sfnk ;;ajh my; i|yka mqj;am;a

;Srefjka fy,sorõ fjhs' fuh miq.sh Èkl Èjhsk mqj;am;g fougf.dv
.hdka iurfialr uy;d úiska jd¾;d fldg ;snqks'

isria;,h ( iud.ï frýiag%d¾ rgmqrd m,a,s we;s lsßug wkque;sh ,nd §u

.ek wmf.a n,j;a úfrdaOh

N+ñ m%;% mlaIfha iNdm;s wdpd¾H yßYapkaø úfþ;=x. uy;d

iud.ï frþiag%d¾jrhd úiska í,Sj¾ia p¾Ékeu;s iud.u ,shdmÈxÑ lr
rgmqrd m,a,s bÈlsßug wkque;sh ,nd § we;s njg wfm%a,a 26 jeksod
fâ,sksjqia m;%fha ±kaùula m,ù ;snq nj;a thg ;uka n,j;a úfrdaOh m<
lrk nj;a isxy,fha uyd iïu; N=ñ mq;% mlaIfha iNdm;s yßYapkaø
úfþ;;=x. uy;d mejiSh'

ta uy;d tfia mejqifõ N=ñ mq;% mlaIh u.ska ixúOdkh lrk ,o

Pd;sh uqyqK fok j;auka wNsfhda. hk uefhka uyPk mqia;ld,h
Y%jKd.drfha mej;s iïuka;%Khg iyNd.sfjñks'

úfrdaOh m, lsßug fya;= jYfhka wod, mqj;am;a ±kaùu isxy, mqj;am;l

m, fkdlsßu;a fhdaý; iud.fï mrud¾: m%ldYh isxyf,ka m, fkdlsßu;a
m,a,s iEÈu i|yd jk iud.ula ,shdmÈxÑ lsßug iud.ï frýiag%d¾jrhdg
ffk;sl n,hla fyda Ydiksl whs;shla fkdue;s nj;a hf:dla; b,a,Su 2300
jirl fn!oaO whs;shg o 1815 isxy, .súiqugo 1818 ì%;dkH iaffjßh;ajh
m%ldY lsrSugo j;auka wdKavq l%u jHjia:djgo mgyeKs nj;a úfÊ;=. uy;d
fmkajd fohs'tu b,a,Su ioaNdjfhka hqla; ke;s kS;s ùfrdaê iïm%odhka úfrdaê
l%shdjla fm%davdfjka lsÍug uykais .ekSula nj;a iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd m,a,s
ie§fï l=uka;%Khg wkqn, fkdÈh hq;= nj;a nqoaOd.ug m%uqL;ajhla §ug
Tyq ne£ isákakl= jk nj;a úfÊ;=x. uy;d mejiSh'

wd.ñl ;%ia;jdofha§ m%Odk jYfhka fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d

>d;kh lsÍu isÿù we;' 1986 uehs 28 Èk' fld<U iïfndaê úydrdêm;s
mdkÿf¾ wßhOïu iajdóka jykafia fmardfoKsh uyfrdayf,a§ urKhg m;a
lf<ah' Wka jykafiaf.a urKho rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Khla
nj lyjqre ù we;' Wkajykafia úiska rg;=< úYd, wd.ñl m%fndaOhla
we;sfldg ;snQ nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls'

1987 cqks 2 Èk wïmdr uyTh uydud¾.fha wrka;,dfõ§

NslaIQkajykafia,d 29 kula we;=¿ 33 fofkla lmd fldgd fjä ;nd >d;kh
lsÍuo wd.ñl ;%ia;jd§kaf.a tla wx.hls' fuu wmrdOh lrk ,enqfõ fldá
ixúOdkh u.ska jqj;a ish¿u ie,iqï rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka nj
;yjqre ù we;'

1989 NSIK iuh ;=< NslaIQkajykafia,d 700 kula muK w;=reoyka

lsÍuo rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha we;s fn!oaO úfrdaë ms<sfj; t<sorõ
lrhs' fuu ld,h ;=< fmd,sis j,§ fn!oaO ;reKhskag jO ÿka tla wdldrhla
jQfha O¾u pl%fha ±óuhs' thska woyia lrkafka jo fok tla Wml%uhls' tkï
w;amd ne| ta w;ßka fmd,a,la oud t,a,d myr§uhs' fuu ld,h ;=< ;%Súo
yuqod j, ielh fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d flfrys we;sjk f,i rcfha
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh l%shd fldg ;snqks' Èkla ud n,d isáhÈ fnd/,a,
uxikaÈfha§ iajdókajykafia kulf.ka uqrlfmd,af,a isá yuqod fin¿ka meh
Nd.hla muk m%Yak lrk ,§' bka miq Wkajykafiag tu ia:dkh miqlrhEu
bv ,enqk;a bka f;areï .sfha rcfha yuqod j,g rdcH hka;%h úiska Wmfoia §
;snQ wdldrhhs'

;jo j¾;udkfha isÿjk mkai,a lvdì| ±óu jeks wmrdO

lrkqfhao rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiskau nj ljqre;a fkdokakd
lreKls' fndfyda úg isÿjkqfha ixúOdkd;aul uxfld,a, lrejka úiska ksOka
yeßfï woyiska mkai,a j, nqÿms<su lvd ì|ouk nj jd¾;d ùuhs' kuq;a
we;a; jYfhkau isÿjkqfha rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska ixúOdkh
lrk uxfld,a, lrejka fï i|yd fhdod .ekSuhs' fï olajd ksOka fydreka
úiska ,xldj mqrd msysá mkai,a ish,a,lau jdf.a wdl%uKh fldh we;'
bx.%SiSkaf.a ld,fha fuu lghq;= flrefka fjfyr úydr ;=< jákd mqiafld,
fmd;a we;s nj m%pdrh fldg tajd lvd ì| ±óug uxfld,a, lrejka fufyh
ùuhs' j¾;udkfha isÿjkqfha fjfyr úydr ;=< jákd ksOdk we;s nj m%pdrh
fldg tajd lvd ì| ±óug ksoka fydreka fufyhùuhs'

o<od ud<s.djg fldáka ,jd myr§uo wd.ñl ;%ia;jdofha tla

uqyqKqjrls' fuu wmrdOfhka isxy, fn!oaO ck;dj w;sYhska lïmkhg m;ajQ
w;r rch úiska fldá ixúOdkh ;ykï lrk ,§' fuu wmrdOh lrk
,oafoa fldá ixúOdkh úiska jqj;a ish¿u ie,iqï rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajfhks' jrla wm%sldfõ l¿ cd;sl mQcljrfhl= jQ fviauka gqgq msh;=ud
m%ldY lf<a iqoaod wfma rgg wdfõ nhsn,h wrf.k nj;a ál l,la .;jk
úg nhsn,h wfma w;g m;ajQ nj;a wfma bvï ál iqoaokaf.a w;g m;ajQ
nj;ah'

wfma rg iïnkaOfhka fuh fjkia úh hq;=h' iqoaoka wfma rgg

meñKsfha nhsn,h;a ;=jlal=j;a wrf.k nj;a álÈklao fn!oaOhkaf.ka 6]
la muKla fuu ;=jlal=j ksid wd.u fjia l, nj;ah' iqoaoka úiska uq¿ rgu
w,a,d .;a;;a wd.u m%pdrh lsÍug fkdyelsjqks Tjqka lf,a ;ukag .e;s lï
l, iq¿ msßig rdcH hka;%h ndr §uhs' tu msßi kï lf;da,sl m%Odk wfk;=;a
l%sia;shdks" wex.a,slka ksldhskag wh;a fn!oaOhska fkdjk mqoa.,hskah' rg;=<
wd¾Ólh md,kh lf,ao Tjqka úisks'

±ka ixialD;sl ;%ia;jdoh .ek l:dlrñ' rgl cd;shl wkkH;djh

m%ldY jkafka tu cd;shg wh;a NdIdfjka iy ixialD;sfhks' ,xldj ;=< 1977
wdrïN jQ újD; wd¾Ólh Tiafia ixialD;sh iy NdIdj úkdY lsÍfï
l=uka;%Kh wdrïN úh' Bg rdcH hka;%fha mQ¾K wkq.%yh ,eíks' rEmjdyskS
kd,sld 5la muK ±kg l%shd;aul jk w;r fndfyda fj,djg fuu iEu
kd,sldjlskau m%o¾Ykh jkqfha ngysr ix.S;hhs' jrla cmdkfha ysfrdaysf;da
wêrdchd m%ldY lf,a ;u rgg ±uQ mrudkq fndaïn j,ska isÿjQ ydkshg jvd
jeä ydkshla ngysr ixialD;sfhka trgg isÿjQ njhs' ta wkqj wm rgg jeà
we;s mrudKq fndaïn rEmjdyskS fiajd f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' ñka m%Odk
jYfhka ngysrg .e;s ixialD;shla ksrEmkh jkafka à' tka' t,a' iy isri
kd,sld j,ska jk w;r wfkla kd,sld j,g wvq jeä jYfhka tu fpdaokdj
t,a,fjhs'

isxy, l,dlrejka >d;kh lsÍuo ixialD;sl ;%ia;jdohg wh;ah'

miq.sh ld,h ;=< >d;kh lrk ,o l,d lrejka lsysm fofkla kï uy.u
fialr" pkaør;ak udkjisxy" ñ,agka u,a,jwdrÉÑ' Ñ;%fidaumd," tÉ' wd¾'
fcda;smd, hk wh;a óg wu;rj fudys§ka fn.a iy .%ekaú,a reøs.= uy;do
wh;a fjhs' Tjqka isxy, fn!oaOhska fkdjqk;a isxy, l,dlrejka f,i
ye¢kaúh yelsh'

;jo mqrdjia;= ixrCIkh lsÍfï uqjdfjka ixialD;sl ;%sfldaK

jHdmD;sh úiska lr we;af;a mqrdjia;= ixydrhla nj jd¾;d ù we;' tys
wOHCI ckrd,a OQrh uE;la jk ;=reu orK ,oafoa fn!oaO fkdjk wh úisks'
fuho ixialD;sl ;%sfldaK jHdmD;sh flfrys ielhla we;s lsÍug fya;= úh'
mqrd úoHd wOHCIlj isá weï' tÉ' isßfidau uy;d rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;=
fiajh úiska urKhg m;alsÍu ixialD;sl ;%ia;jdofha tla mshjrls'

ngysr ixialD;sh isxy,hdg wdfrdamkh lsÍfï l=uka;%khla b;d

m%n,j l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfí' thg rg bx.%SislrKh lsÍu lEu îu fjkia
lsÍu jeks tkï n;a fjkqjg mdka iy mdka msáj,ska iE¥ lEu mqreÿ lsÍu
isxy, lEu îu my;a fldg ie,lSu iy isxy, fjolu yE,a¨jg ,lafldg
thg f.dvfjolu f,i i,ld wj{djg ,la lsÍu uõjrekaf.a Èkh
je,kaghska Èkh wd§ mqreÿ j¾;udk ;rek mrmqrg mqreÿ lsÍu tys
,CIKhkah' lsisu ukqIHfhl= wkqu; fkdlrk wmrdOhlao ta w;r
l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfí' tkï isxy, fn!oaO ldka;djka újdyfha§ m;sj;
mÍCId lsÍfï lghq;a; ngysr ixialD;shg fkd.e,fmk neúka th
iudcfhka bj;a lsÍug ñf,aÉp lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh ;SrKh fldg we;'
Tjqka ta i|yd wkq.ukh lf,a mqÿudldr m%;sm;a;shls' Tjqka lf<a ,CI
.Kkl ;reKshka T;a;= fiajfha tacka;hka fhdojd ¥IKh lsÍuhs' túg
m;sj; .ek lsisfjl=g l:d l, fkdyels nj T;a;=fiajfha úYajdih úh' fuu
;reKshka ryfia fidhd n,d Tjqkag jkaÈhla ,nd§ug rch úiska lghq;= l,
hq;=h' fuu lreK fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska ;yjqre lr we;'

±ka isxy, fn!oaO ck;djkaf.a lEu îu fjkia l< wdldrh l;d

lruq' wm mqxÑ ld,fha fn!oaO f.orl ì;a;rhla ;ïnkafka kï th
msßñfhl=g ndr lrk isß;la ;snqks' Bg fya;=jQfha ì;a;r j, m%dKhla ;sîuhs'
kuq;a miq ld,hlÈ iqÿ mdg *dï ì;a;r fj<| fmd<g oud tajdfha m%dKhla
fkdue;s nj m%pdrh l< w;r tajd fn!oaO ì;a;r f,i ye¢kaùuo flreKs'
miql,l tu ì;a;r j, .=Khla ke;s nj;a jvd;au fmdaIHh odhS ÿUqre mdg
ì;a;r nj;a m%pdrh lr yßk ,§' fuhska miq fï jk úg ish¨ fn!oaOhskag
ì;a;r lEug mqreÿ lr yudrh j¾;udkfha fn!oaO ck;dj ì;a;r muKla
fkdj úfoay j,ska wdkhkh lrk l=l=,a uia j,g mqreÿ lr we;af;a lf;da,sl
t;a;= fiajh úisks' fjkod m%dKhla ;sfnk ksid ì;a;r fkdlE fn!oaO ldka;dj
wo ;¨urñka l=l=,a uia lk nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls'

±ka mdka .ek l:d lruq' 1960 .Kkaj, mdie,a j,g fkdñf,a nksia
f.ähla § oykdhl uy;d nksia udud úh' th Tyq iuyrúg lrkakg
we;af;a fyd|ys;ska úhyelsh' kuq;a weußldfõ wruqk jQfha isxy,hdg mdka
msá lEug mqreÿ lsÍuhs' wo lsisu fydag,hl yd,amsá j,ska idok ,o lEu
j._hla olakg fkdyel Bg fya;=j ù we;af;a yd,a msá j,g jvd mdka msá ,dN
ùuhhs lsisfjl=g lsj fkdyelsh' kuq;a th ld,hla ;siafia wmsg mqreÿ lrk
,oaola nj lsisfjla fkdlshhs' kuq;a i;H th fkdfõ i;H kï ,xldjg
mdkamsá imhk m%Sud iud.u úiska ;sÍ.= wegfha we;s fmdaIHodhS fldgi bj;a
fldg th wmkhkh lrk nj;a fmdaIHodhS fkdjk msIaGh muKla ,xldfõ
ck;djg wvqñ,g iemhk nj;ah' fuhska ;j;a isxy, ck;djf.a
ukaofmdaIKh jeä ù we;' fuh jeä jYfhka n,mdkafka ÿmam;a orejkagh'

we÷u me<÷u .ek l:dlrkafka kï ghs máh .ek l:d fkdlru

neßh' iulh wdikakfha msysá ,xldj jeks WIaK;ajh jeä rgj,a j,g ghs
máh fkd.e,fmk nj fï l¿ iqoaokag fkdjefgkafka Tjqkaf.a we;s mr.e;s
udkisl;ajh ksid nj uf.a kï woyihs'

isxy, fjolu y÷kajkqfha bkaÈhdfjka f.kd wdhq¾fõo fjolu

f,ih' fuh isxy, ku bj;a lsÍfï l=uka;%Khls' isxy, ck;dj wjqreÿ oyia
.Kkla Ôj;a jQfha isxy, fjolñks' kuq;a ngysr nyqcd;sl iud.ï úiska
ksIamdokh lrk úIîc u.ska fndalrk lrk f,v frda. ^WodyrK(
uef,aßhdj" nrjd' fvx.=" Èhjeähdj" taâia& j,g isxy, fjolfï fnfy;a
fkfue;' taâia ffjrih ksmojd we;af;a weußldfõ iS' whs' ta' ixúOdkh
u.ska nj;a tys wruqK wm%sldfõ l¿ cd;slhska j| lsÍu ;j;a jd¾;d ú we;s
w;r th i;Hhla nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh u.ska ;yjqre lr we;'

±ka wjYHh we;af;a fuu úIìc ksIamdokh lrk ,o nyqcd;sl

iud.ï iy rchka fidhd n,d tajdg úreoaOj cd;Hhka;r wêlrKfha kvq
mjrd f,dalhg fuu wmrdOlrejka fy<sorõ lsßuhs'
;jo lxid j.dj i|yd mkjd we;s ;yku bj;a l, hq;= w;r Bg
rdcH wkq.%yh ,ndÈh hq;=h' lxid Ydlh isxy, fjolfï y÷kajkafka
;=kaf,dalh ch.;a ^;%hsf,dal úch m;%ï& ydlh hk kñks' tu Ydldha T!Iëh
.=Kh t;rï by,h' j¾;udkfha mqj;am;aj, olakg ,efnkafka wlalr ish
.Kka" lxid ixydrh lrk njh' ljqre;a fkdokakd ldrkh kï lxid fgdka
.Kka fydr ryfia ì%;dkHhg mgjk njh' fuh lrkqfha T;a;= fiajh
yrydh' uE;lÈ ó.uq jrdfhka fg%da,¾ hd;%djlg mgjd /f.k hdug iQodkï
lr ;sìh§ .xcd f;d.hla fmd,Sishg wiqúh' fujeks isoaëka fmd,sishg
wiqjkafka iaj,amhls'
 isxy, NdIdj fjkqjg bx.%Sis NdIdj l%shd;aul lsÍfï l=uka;%Khla
l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfí' fuh l%shd;aul jkafka cd;Hhka;r mdie,a iy <ore
mdie,a yrydh jHdmdr kdu iy udj;a j, kïo bx.%Sis lrKhg wiqù we;'
fuhg wìfhda. lrkakka urKhg m;alsÍfï n,fõ.hla l%shd;aul fjñka
;sfí' ta .ek uf.a w;a±lSï uu my; i|yka lrñ' 1992 § muK uu
meyerf.k f.dia urd±ñfï l=uka;%Khla rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska
l%shd;aul úh' ta ksid uu jev lrk mß.Kl wxYfha fiajh wjikaù hk
fõ,djka fjkia lf,ñ' Bg tfrysj ug wxY m%Odkshdf.ka ksoyig ldrkd
wid ,smshla ,enqks' ,xld nexl=fõ ish¿ jevlghq;= lrkqfha bx.%Sis NdIdfjks'
uu ,smshg ms,s;=rla jYfhka ÿka ,smsfhka lshd isáfha ñka miq ud iuÕ lrk
ish¿ ,sms .Kqfokq isxy, NdIdfjka lrk f,ihs' ta fya;=fjka tÈk rd;%S ud
yg udf.a kjd;ekjQ ud,fí ksjfiys isàug fkdyels úh' Bg fya;= jQfha
w¨f.daiqjka ud yUd tauhs' tÈk rd;%S ud ksjfika msg ld,h .; l, w;r
bx.%Sis NdIdjg wNsfhda. lrk mqoa.,hka urKhg m;a lrk njo ±k .;sñ'

wm rfÜ rdcH hk;%h bx.S%is NdIdjg fld;rï .e;s f,i lghq;=

lrkafkao h;a ish¿u ?mjdyskS kd,sld j, fndfyda fõ,djg úldYkh jkafka
bx.S%is udOHh jev igyka muKs' lsj hq;= ;j;a lreKla kï rfÜ ;sfnk
ish¿u mqj;a m;a wdh;k jeämqr ,dN ,nkafka isxy, mqj;am;a j,ska jqj;a
isxy, mqj;am;a l,d fõ§kag f.jkafka bx.S%is mqj;a m;a l,d fõ§kag jvd wvq
jegqmls' rg ;=, 1900 jk úgo bx.S%is NdIdj muKla l;dlsÍug okakd
isxy,hska 2000 la muK isánj jd¾:d ù we;' fï jk úg cd;Hka;r mdi,a
yryd úcd;sl ukilska hq;a bx.S%is NdIdj muKla okakd mrï mrdjla
ìyslrñka isáhs' Bg rcfha wkq.%yho ,eî we;' f,dalfha fldaá 60 muK
bx.S%is NdIdj l;d lrk msßila isáh;a wm l, hq;af;a m<uq ;ek wmf.a uõ
ni jk isxy, NdIdjg ,nd§uhs'

isxy, l,dlrejkag rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh i,lk wdldrh

my; i|yka w;a±lSfuka ug f;areï .sfhah' Èkh 1999 cq,s ui 17 úh'
urodfka t,a*skaiagka rÕyf,a§ r;ak§m .S ñheish kñka ix.S; m%ix.hla
meje;ajqks' th ixúOdkh lr ;snqfka kkaoodi fldaodf.dv wkqiaurK Ndrh
úisks' tys wruqK jQfha rg±h fjkqfjka Èúms¥ ;%súo yuqodfõ iy fmd,sisfha
rKúrejkaf.a ¥ orejkag wOdr ,nd .eksuhs' tÈk iyNd.S jQ .dhl
.dhsldjka kï mKaä;a wurfoaj' úlag¾ r;akdhl" whsfjda fvksia iy úYdro
§msld m%sho¾YkS wd§kah' ksfõok lghq;= fufyhjk ,oafoa pkaok ;s,lr;ak
uy;d úisks' fuu m%ix.h keröu i|yd jsYd, msßila meñK isáhy' m%ix.h
wdrïNfha§ mKaä;a wurfoaj uy;d úiska r;ak §m ckau N+ñ .S;h .dhkh
lrk ,§' tu .dhkh wdrïNfha mgka fm%alaIlhkao .dhkhg yjq,a jQ kuq;a
wurfoaj uy;dg w;afmd,ika §ug lsisfjla bÈßm;a fkdùh' óg fya;=j jQfha
meñk isá ish¿ fokdg .S;h .dhkhg yjq,a fkdjk f,i T;a;= fiajfha
mß.Klh yryd Wmfoia §uhs' tmuKla fkdj wurfoaj uy;dg w;afmd,ika
kdohlskaj;a ix.%y lsÍuo ;ykï l< miqj úlag¾ r;akdhl uy;d ’ wms
Tlafldu rcjre Tlafldu jeishka ~~ .S;h .dhkh flfroa§ ksfõolhd f,i
lghq;= l< pkaok ;s,lr;ak uy;d úiska tu .S;h .dhkhg iïnkaO jk
f,i fm%alaIlhkag wdrdOkh lrk ,§' kuq;a lsisfjla bÈßm;a fkdùh' Bg
fya;=j jQfha T;a;= fiajh úiska ;¾ckh fldg ;sîuhs' kuq;a whsfjda fvksia
uy;df.a ,xld ,xld fmïnr ,xld .S;h .dhkfhka miq Tyqg úYd,
w;afmd,ika kdohlska ix.%y lrkq ,eìK' Bg fya;=jQfha Tyq lf;da,sl neúka
T;a;= fiajfha mß.Klh yryd fm%AlaIlhkag Wmfoia §uhs'
^8& wd¾Ól ;%ia;jdoh
fuu ;%ia;jdoh ,xldjg muKla fkdj ì%;dkH weußldj m%Odk
ngysr rgj,a úiska f,dalfha ;sfnk ÿmam;a rgj,g tfrysj l%shd;aul fjhs'
fuh tla;rd wdldrhl uxfld,a,hls' 1917 f,kska l:d flf<a iqrdlEu .ekh'
j¾;udkfha ug l;d lrkakg isÿj we;af;a uxfld,a, lEu .ekh' fuhg
uq,Slju lghq;= lrkafka f,dal nexl=j Pd;Hka;r uq,H wruqo, hk
ixúOdkhka h' wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j;a Bg yjq,ah'

,xldj ;=, wd¾Ól ;%ia;jdoh l%shd;aul jkafka isxy, fn!oaO

Pk;djg úreoaOj rPfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úisks' thska woyia jkafka
isxy, fn!oaO Pk;djf.a wdrÓlh úkdY lsßu i|yd T;a;= fiajh úiska hï
hï kS;s úfrdaê Wml%u fhdok njh' ud yg fuu ldrKh f;areï .sfha 1992 È
muKh' tjlg ud mdúÉÑ lrñka isáfha iS'iS'600 m%udKfha l=vd iqiqls fudag¾
r:hls' ál Èkla hk úg fuu fudag¾ r:fha fm%Ür,a úhou b;d by< nj ug
f;areï .sfhah' th udihlg remsh,a 8000 la muK úh' túg ud lf,a f;,a
msrjqïy,a j, óg¾ .ek mßlIdfjka isáuh' wka;sug ug ryi fy<sorõ lr
.ekSug yels úh' tkï f;,a msrjqïyf,a ógrhg iß,k bkaOk m%udKhla
fudag¾r:fha bkaOk gexlshg fkdjefgk njhs' tkï ógrfha ,Sg¾ 10 la
igyka ù ;snqk;a gexlshg jefgkafka ,Sg¾ 5 la fyda wvq m%udKhla njhs' fï
wdldrhg T;a;= fiõh l%shd;aul ùfuka ´kEu mqoa.,fhla fyda jHdmdrhla b;d
flá l,lÈ nxfldf,d;a lr ±ñh yel'

T;a;= fiajh Wmfhda.s lr .kakd ;j;a l%uhla jkafka jdykhla

kv;a;=jg hk úhou Wmßu lsßuh' tkï jdyk w¿;a jeähd lrk .ef¾þj,
bkakd T;a;= fiajfha b;a;ka ,jd jdyk j, lE,s udre lsßu" fkdfhl=;a wu;r
fldgia j¾. jdykhg ±óug wjYH nj lshñka jdykfha whs;slre
/jàu;ah' tysÈ fkdis;= úhoula jdykfha kv;a;=jg jeh lsßug isÿfõ' jrla
udf.a iqiqls fudag¾ r:fha iq¿ w¿;ajeähdjlg T;a;= fiajfha b;af;l= lSfõ
l%EkalaIdmaÜ tl leä we;s nj;a th w¿;a jeähd lsßug wjYH nj;a ta i|yd
w;a;sldrï jYfhka r'30"000$}la f.úh hq;= nj;ah' miqj uu ta .rdPhg
lSfõ ug fudag¾ r:h wkjYH njhs' Tn,du ;shd.kakd f,i;ah'

miqj uu tu r:h remsh,a 40"000lg úl=Kd ±uqfha w¿;ajeähdjlska

f;drjh' ug ±k.kak ,enqfka uf.a fudag¾r:fha ;snq l%EkalaIdmaÜ tlu
fudag¾ r:fha kj whs;slreg remsh,a 3500lg jl=Kd we;s njh'

;j;a Wml%u lsysmhla kï ÿrl:k ì,am;a " úÿ,s ì,am;a" iy P,

ì,am;a jeämqr igyka fldg tùuhs' fujeks kS;s úfrdaê lghqla;la Tng ±k
.ekSug ,enqk;a wm úreoaOj fodia mjrkafka wod, wdh;khgh' kuq;a fuu
uxfld,a,fha m%Odk ú;a;slrejd rPfhau lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh nj lsisflfkla
fkdoks'

nexl= j,ska Kh uqo,a ,nd .ekSfñÈ Kh jdßlh jeämqr lmd

.ekSulao isÿfjñka mj;shs' ,xld nexl=fõ fiajlhkag w¾OidOl wruqo, g
tfrysj Kh uqo,la udi 6 lg jrla ,nd .; yelsh' tysÈ Kh jdßlh
jeäfhka lmd .kakd nj ug fmks.sh lreKls' Kh jdßlh .Kkh lsßfïÈ
ir, .Ks;uh isoaOdka; j,ska .Kkh lsßug jvd jeä w.hla nexl=fõ
fiajl Kh wxYfha .Kkh lsßñ j,È ,enhs' tneúka iEu fiajlfhl=f.kau
w¾:oidOl wruqo, Kh uqo, muKla fkdj ksjdi Kh uqo, i|ydo jeä
jdßlhla nexl=j úiska whlrkq ,nhs' fuh nexl=fõ .kqfokqlrejka i|ydo
wod, jxpdjls' jdKsP nexl=j, Khjdßl ilialsÍfñÈ Ndú;d lrkafka
j.=jls' tu j.=j je/È njg f;dr;=re ,eî we;' nexl= j,ska Kh ,nd
.kakd ish¨u fokdg Kh jdßlh jeäfhka f.ùug isÿj we;'

WodyrKhla jYfhka ud úiska 1999$07$13 Èk ,nd .;a w¾:idOl wruqo,g

tfrysj Kh uqo, i|yd jq jdßlh jerÈhg .Kkh lr we;s wdldrh my;
i|yka lrñ'
Kh uqo, ,nd .;a Èk (- 1999$07$13
,nd .;a Kh uqo, (- 504"800'00
fmd<sh ^jd¾Isl& (- 5]
jdßl .Kk (- 110 udi
iudk jdßl .Kkh lsÍfñÈ fmd,sh
5]la úgÈ remsh,lg wh lrk uqo, (- re'0'0113514
^jdßl 110 lg&
by; i|yka Kh jdßl uqo, i|yd (- 0'0113514 X 504"800'00
(- 5730'1867
wdikak jYfhka (- re'5"731'00

by; i|yka jdßlh ,nd .ekSfïÈ 0'0113514 .Kk ,nd .kakd j.=j
jerÈh' tu j.=fõ fldgila my; i|yka lrñ'

staff housing Lone :- Eqated Instalment tabel for Lone Rs .1.00

M 4.00% 4.50% 5.00% 5.25% 5.50%

109 0.0109568 0.0111936 0.0114336 0.0115547 0.0116766
110 0.0108712 0.0111112 0.0113514 0.0114727 0.0115647
111 0.010793 0.0110304 0.0112708 0.011392 0.0115143
Kh jdßlh .Kkh lsßu ir, .Ks;uh isoaOdka; wkqj my; i|yka
wdldrhg isÿúh hq;=h'

1' tla uil jdrslh } 504800 } 50480

^fmd<sh rys;j&
110 11

} 50480

11

2' tl udihl fmd,sh } 50480 X 1 X

5

11 1 2
 2

} 5048

11X 12 X 2

} 631
33

3' tall .Kk ,nd .ekSug wod, iuSlrKh S n = n (a+l)

2

n = jdrsl .Kk
l = wka;su udih
a = wdrïNl udih

túg S = n (a+l)
n

2
= 110 (1+110) = 111 X 55
2 1

4' túg iïmq¾K fmd,sh = 631 x 111 x 55

33 1
= 116735
33

5' úúg iudk Kh jdßlh = 504800 + 116735

110
= 621535
110
= 5650.31

tu ksid ksjerÈ pdßlh jkqfha = 5650.31

fuhska fmkS hkafka iEu jdßlhlskau re'5731'00 - 5650'31 = 80'69

la jeämqr whlr .kakd njhs'

fuh iñmQ¾K Kh uqo, f.ù wjika jk úg remsh,a 8'800'00 la

muK fjhs'

fuu jxpdj .ek fiajl Kh wxYfhka lreKq úuiQ úg Tjqka

m%Yakh u.yer isá w;r Bg wod, j.=j .ek lsisjla lsj fkdyels nj lshd
isáfhah'
 udf.a lekvdfú mÈxÑ ù isák tla fidfydhqßhla ,xldjg meñKs
wjia:djl uu fuu m%Yakh wehg fhduq flf<ñ' weh lSfúo lekvdfú
nexl=jlska ,nd .;a Kh uqof,a jdßlh .Kkh lsÍu .ek wehg iEySulg
m;aúh fkdyels njhs' weh fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha bxðfkare Wmdêhla
,nd miqj lekvdfú ì%áIa fldf<dñìhd úYaj úoHd,fhka mßir bxðfkare
úoHdj ms<sn|j wdpd¾h Wmdêhla ,en isákakshls' fuhska ug ta;a;= .sfha
,xldj" ì%;dkH" lekvdj" wefußldj hk ish¿u rgj,aj, jdKsc nexl= fuu
jxpdj lrf.k hk njhs'

T!IO úlsKSu i|yd úIîc ksIamdokh lr ta u.ska f,v frda. fnda

lsÍu .ek ±ka l:d lruq' ug fñ .ek uq,skau iel is;=fka ud udf.a T¨fú
ysiflia l¿ lsÍu i|yd ndn¾ idmamqjg .sh Èkfhah' ysiflia l¿ lsÍug
wjYH nj ndn¾g ±kajQ úg Tyq m<uqfjkau lf,a T¨jg hñlsis ridhksl
Èhrhla biSuhs' thska udf.a T¨j ysßjeàula we;s jQ neúka uu l,n,hg
m;aùñ'

Bg fya;=jQfha T¨fjka úI we;=,afldg urK l%uhla T;a;= fiajfha

;sfnk nj ud ±k isá neúks' kuq;a tfia fkdúh' miqj ug uf.a ñ;=rl= lSfú
lsis Èkl ysiflia l¿ fkdlrk f,i;a tfia l¿ l, úg ysiflia
iñmQ¾Kfhkau iqÿ jk nj;ah' ug fuhska ;yjqre jQfha ysiflia uq,skau l¿
lrk Èkfha§ ysiflia iñmQ¾Kfhkau iqÿ jk fnfy;la ysiflia j,g bisk
njh' fuu Wml%uh T;a;= fiajd yryd ls%hd;aul jk nj;a Bg fya;=j
ysiflia l¿ lrk vhs j¾. úl=Kd .ekSu nj;a ;yjqre úh'

by; ldrKh wkqj ukqIHdg je,f|k fkdfhl=;a f,v frda. j,g

wod, úIîc l%udkql+,j ksmojd fnodyeÍu u.ska f,v frda. fnda lsÍu
isÿlrk nj;a ta u.ska T!IO j¾. ksmojk nyqcd;sl iud.ñj, wdodhu ;r
lr.kakd nj;a fn!oaO T;a;= fiajfha úiska jd¾;d flreKs'

fvx.=" nrjd" uef,aßhd" Èhjeähdjjeks frda. óg wh;a nj;a" taäia

ffjrih úfYaIfhka ksmojd we;af;a wms%ldfú kSf.%da ck;dj iy bkaÈhdfõ
øúv yskaÿ ck;dj j|lsÍug nj;a" th ksmojd we;af;a weußldfú iS' whs' ta'
ixúOdkh úiska nj;a ;yjqre ù we;'

;jo j¾Ihlg ,xldfú lsßmsá i|yd úfoaY úksuh úYd,

m%udKhla jehjk nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls ud uq,ska is;d isáfha ,xldfú
.j iñm; j|lrf.k hk njhs miqj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska fy,sorú
flrefka ljqre;a mqÿuhg m;alrk l;djls tkñ lsßmsá ksmojk iud.ñ
úiska lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh yryd uújrekag lsß tfrk Yla;sh we;s lrk
fydafudakh wlS%h lsÍu i|yd fnfy;a YÍr.; lr we;s njhs' túg
uújrekag ;u orejkag §ug lsßmsá i|yd úYd, uqo,la úhoñ lsÍug
isÿjk neúka lsßmsá ksmojk nyqcd;sl iud.ñ j, wdodhu jeäfjhs'
uõjrekaf.a uõlsß tÍu je,elaùu fya;=fldg f.k orejkag uõlsß §ug
yelshdjla fkdue;s ùu ksid isÿjQ b;d wjdikdjka; isÿùula 2006 uehs ui
2fjks wÕyrejdod Èjhsk mqj;am; jd¾;d lf<ah' tu isÿùu isÿ ù we;af;a
2001 cQ,s ui 13 jk Èk§h' fuu isoaêh my; i|yka lrñ'
 ó.uqj iuQy jd¾;dlre úu,a lS¾;s uy;d úiska th jd¾;d fldg
;snqfka fufiah'

uõlsß §ug fkdyelsj ÈhKsh urd ±uQ ujg ov yd isroËqjï

ish ì<s÷ ÈhKshg uõlsß ,nd§ug fkdyels ùu ksid udkisl

mSvdjg m;ajQ uj ish ì<s÷ ÈhKsh >d;kh lsÍu iïnkaofhka wkshï
ñkSueÍfï fpdaokdjg jro ms<s.;a ;sore ujlg jir 5lg w;aysgjQ nrm;,
jev we;sj jir 2l isr oËqjï kshu l, ó.uqj uy wêlrK úksiqre áhqv¾
.=Kr;ak uy;d Bg wu;rj ú;a;sldßhg re 5000 l ovhla kshu lrk ,§
oËqõu kshu jQ ú;a;sldßh jQfha ñkqjkaf.dv lSkúkak m%foaYfha mÈxÑ
f.dak., ú;dkf.a fidau,;d kue;s ;sia;=ka yeúßÈ ;sore ujls'

2001 cQ,s ui 13 fjks Èk ñkqjkaf.dv lSkúkak m%foaYfha§ wef.a

f;jeks ÈhKshj isá r;akdhl uqo,sf.a u,aId ,CIdKs kue;s Èk 45l úhe;s
ì<s÷ ±ßh >d;kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ú;a;sldßh fpdaokd ,en ;sìKs'

Èhkshg wjYHh uõlsß §ug fkdyels ùu ksid weh ;u

ifydaoßhla ,jd ;u ÈhKshg uõlsß ,ndÿka nj;a miqj weh udkisl
frda.shl= njg m;ajQ nj;a weh fjkqfjka ,sys,a oËqjï ,nd fok f,i
wdhdpkh lrñka ú;a;sfha kS;s{kqjka Èidkdhl uy;d wêlrKh yuqfõ
mejiSh' rcfha wêkS;S{ckl nKavdr uy;d meñKs,a, fufyhùh'

Èh ¨Kq úlsKSfñ§ tajdg whäka ñY%fldg ;sîu wksjd¾H njg

kS;shla f.k tau msgqmi we;af;ao tjeksu l=uka;%Khls' uq,§ tu kS;sh
f.kdfú l¿;r Èia;s%lalhg muKla whäka ñY% ¨Kq úlsKSu wksjd¾H úh
hq;= f,ih' miqj th uqt ,xldjgu n,mdk f,i ls%hd;aul úh' j¾;udkfha
fuu Èh¨Kq j, rih wvq fldg we;s nj .Dykshka okakd ldrKhls' fjkod
¨Kq yeÈ folla fh¥ jHxckhlg ±ka ¨Kq yeÈ 4la fh§ug isÿ ù we;' thska
¨Kq mßfNdackh jeäù ,xld ¨Kq iud.fñ wdodhu by, hhs'

rg ;=< we;s fn!oaO jHdmdr j,g úreoaOj ;flda,sl T;a;= fiajh

l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfí' thska m%Odk ;ek .kafka iïm;a nexl=j" ue,snka
ìialÜ iud.u' yßiapkaø l¾udka; wdh;kh" l¨;r wefidaisfhagâ iuqy
jHdmdrh fyÜáf.dv iuQy jHdmdrh iy Wmd,S iuQy jHdmdrhkah'

iïm;a nexl=fõ iNdm;s jk vkaiagkao w,aõia uy;d 1998

iema;eñn¾ 20 jk Èk o iïm;a nexl=fõ idudkHdêldÍ l=udr wfíkdhl
uy;d foieïn¾ 25 jk Èk urKhg m;a lsÍfuka Bg m%:u tys iNdm;sj isá
tka' hQ' chj¾Ok uy;d bka bj;a lsÍu;a iy ta iuÕ ld¾h uKav,fha
wjq,la we;s fldg tâ.d .=K;=x. uy;d iNdm;s ;k;=rg m;alr .ekSu fuu
l=uka;%Kfha m%;sM,h úh' ;jo iïm;a nexl=fõ jeä fldgia m%udKhla yegka
keIk,a nexl=fõ whs;slre jk yeÍ chj¾Ok hk lf;da,slhd yg ñ,È
.ekSug lghq;= fh§uo l=uka;%kfha B,Õ mshjr úh'
 ue,snka ìialÜ l¾udka;dh;kh nxfldf<d;a lsÍuo lf;da,sl
l=uka;%Khls' tu iud.fï msßjegqu b;d my; jeà ;sfnk nj ljqre;a okakd
lreKls' Bg fya;=j tu wdh;kfha ìialÜ j¾. j,g lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
úiska úI lj,ï lsÍuhs' túg tu ìialÜ lk whg T¨j lelal=ula we;s fjhs'
tneúka ;jÿrg;a tu ìialÜ mßfNdackhg ck;dj fm<fUkafka ke;' fuu
Wml%uh fjk;a wdydr j¾. ksIamdok wdh;k j,go fhdo .kq ,nhs'
weÕ¿ï l¾udka;fha mqfrda.dñhl= jQ uhqrd .dukaÜ wêm;sj isá
úu,Ôj .fkaf.dv uy;d urKhg m;a fldg tu iuQy jHdmdrh
iïmQ¾Kfhka nxfldf,d;a lr ±óh' ;jo tka' hQ' chj¾Ok uy;df.a
u¾lkaghs,a fläá iuQy jHdmdrho nxfldf<d;a lr ±óh' lekaä .dukaÜ
wdh;khgo lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha ;¾ck t,a, ù we;'

wfma rg ;=< id¾:l jHdmdrhla lrf.k hdug kï lf;da,slfhla

úh hq;=h' ke;akï fou< cd;slfhla úh hq;=h' fi,skaflda iuQy jHdmdrh;a
uyrdcd ixúOdkh;a yegka keIk,a nexl= jHdmdrh;a Bg WodyrK fjhs'

wo fj<| fmdf,a úlsKSug we;s NdKav j,ska 99] lau úfoaYj,

ksIamdokh lrk Ndkav nj ljqre;a okakd lrekls' Bg fya;=j foaYSh Ndkav
úlsKSu i|yd fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha ks, fkdfjk iïndOl mkjd ;sîuhs'

uf.a w;a±lSï lsysmhla my; i|yka lrñ' uu iEu úglu

Ndkavhla ñ,§ .ekSfï§ th Y%S ,xldfõ ksIamdokhla kï Bg m%uqL;ajh Èug
mqrÿ ù isáñ' Èkla udf.a fudag¾ r:fha ;sßx. moaO;sfha fodaIhla we;s jqks'
.rdÊ tfla ndiqkakefya th w¨;ajeähd fldg Bg wjYh ;sßx. f;,a ±óug
wjYH nj lsfjka ud ,Õ l,ska ñ,§ f.k ;snQ ixia:dfõ ksIamdÈ; ;sßx.
f;,a fnda;,hla ÿksñ' Tyq lSfõ ’ uy;a;hd iud.fï Ths,a odkak tmd fí%la
fjdI¾ Èhfjkjd ~~ hkqhs' uu bkamiqj Tyqf.a Wmfoia mßÈ ,.u we;s fudag¾
r: wu;r fldgia idmamqjlg f.dia udf.a ixia:d ;sßx. f;,a fnda;,h
fjkqjg f,dlaysâ j¾.fha ;sßx. f;,a fnda;,hla b,a,d isáfhñ' Tjqka lSfõ
wmg ixia:d ;sßx. f;,a úlsKSu ;ykï njhs' fuh fj<| .egh;a iy
foaYSh ksIamdok jk ixia:d ;sßx. f;,a úlsKSug wkshï wkaoñka iïndol
meKùula nj ug ye.S.sfhka f,dlaysâ ;sßx. f;,a fnda;,h ñ,§ .ekSfï
woyi w;yer oud ixia:d ;sßx. f;,a udf.a fudag¾ r:hg ±óug wjYH nj
ndiqkakefyag lSfjñ'

;j;a Wml%uhla le<Ksgh¾ fj<|mf<ka bj;a lsÍu i|yd f.k

hñka isá' th kï le<Ks gh¾ fh¥ jdyk .eiafik nj m%pdrh lsÍu;a tu
gh¾ fh¥ jdyk j, yq,x msrùfï§ gh¾ lvj, iy f;,a msrjqï y,aj,
isák b;a;ka ,jd le<Ks gh¾ iy ã' tia' whs gh¾ j,g jeäfhka yq,x
msrùuhs' túg tu jdykh jeäfhka .eiaiSu we;sfõ' f;,a msrjqï y,a j,
we;s yq,x mqrjk WmlrKfha ógrh fjkia lrk Wml%uhlao T;a;= fiajh
i;=j we;'

wd¾Ólfha rdcH wxYhg wh;a ÿïßh" nexl=' úÿ,sn, Lkscf;,a wdÈ

wdh;k nxfldf,d;a lsÍu tajd flfrys uyck;df.a wm%idoh we;s ùug
rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfí' Lksc f;,a úÿ,sn,
wdh;khka nxfldf,d;a lsÍug fhfok Wml%uhla kï .sKqï ;eîfï§ isÿjk
wl%ñl;djhkah' tu wdh;k j, we;s mß>Kl muKla fkdj ,xldj ;=,
we;s ´kEu mß.Klhla yryd jxpksl lghq;= lsÍug T;a;= fiajh lghq;=
lrñka isà' ta u.ska ´kEu wdh;khla nxfldf,d;a lsÍug T;a;= fiajhg
yelshdj we;'

rcfha wdh;k mqoa.,slrKh hkq fïjd úfoaYhkag úlsKSuhs thska

isÿjkafka fmdÿ ck;dj uxfld,a,lEug nyq cd;sl iud.ï j,g wjir ,nd
§uhs' fyd|u WodyrKh fI,a iud.uhs' Tjqka ys;=uf;ag .Eia ñ, by,
oukjd muKla fkdj T;a;= fiajh yryd ,xld .Eia iud.ug úreoaOj
fkdfhla lgl;d m%pdrh lrñkao isà'

iS' whs' ta' ixúOdkho weußldjg wjYH wdldrhg f,dalfha

wd¾Ólh md,kh lrñka isà' 1970 1977 rch iufha§ foaYSh T!IO ixia:dj
f.dgqfld< wdY%fhka ksIamdokh lrk ,o ðflda,d kï T!Iëh mdkh
ksIamdokh lsÍu iS' whs' ta ' ixúOdkh úiska ;ykï fldg ;snqKs' Bg fya;=j
jQfha fldldflda,d fj<| kduhg iudk fj<| kduhla ðflda,d j,g ;sîuhs'

weußldj úiska Tjqkaf.a úreoaO jd§ka hhs ie,flk rgj,

wd¾Ólhla úkdY lrñka isà' Bg fya;=j tu rgj, wd¾:slh uxfld,a,lEug
tau rgj,g bvla fkdue;s ùuhs' óg jir lSmhlg fmr reishdfõ ;snQ pd¾
fkdaî,a kHIaÓl n,d.drfha ldkaÿjla we;sùug lghq;= lf,a iS' whs' ta
ixúOdkh úiska nj jd¾;d ù we;' ;jo l=fjÜ brdl hqoaOfha§ l=fõgfha
f;,a ,sx úYd, m%udKhla .sks ;nk ,oafoa iS' whs' ta ixúOdkh úiska nj
jd¾;d ù we;' 1988 fofieïn¾ 21 fjks od iafldÜ,ka;fha f,dal¾î .ug
by,ska mshdir lrñka ;snQ mEka weï .=jka fiajhg wh;a hdkhla mqmqrjd
yeÍfuka ld¾h uKav,fha 270la >d;kh lsÍuo iS' whs' ta ixúOdkfha
l%shdjla nj jd¾;d ù we;' fuhg ,sìhdkq cd;slhska fofofkla fldgq lr
.ekSfuka lf<a ,sìhdKq kdhl .vdì uy;dg tfrysj fpdaokdjla f.dkq lr
.ekSuhs' 1983 fmnrjdß 13 jk Èk Wmd,s úfÊj¾Ok uy;df.a ,sh¾ fcÜ
hdkhg fndaïnhla iúfldg ta uy;d we;=¿ msßi >d;kh lsÍu;a úYaj
lS¾;shg m;a uydpd¾h isß,a fmdkaïfmreu uy;d urKhg m;a lsÍu;a
uE;l§ weurdldfõ§ ñh .sh m%isoaO .dhsld ud,kS nq,;aisxy, uy;añh
urKhg m;alsÍu iS' whs' ta wmrdOhka nj jd¾;d ù we;'

ud fiajh lrk ,xld nexl=fõ mß.Kl wxYfha m%Odkshdj isá

rxcka fmf¾rd uy;d 1998 fmnrjdß ui 12 fjks Èk urKhg m;a lsÍu;a
iS' whs' ta ixúOdkfha l=uka;%Khla nj jd¾;d ù we;' Bg fya;=j jQfha
mß.Kl wxYhg ñ,§ .ekSug ;snQ remsh,a fldaá 500 la muK jákd hqksiSia
mß.Kl moaO;shg Tyq úreoaO ùuh' Tyq urd ±uQ miq tu .Kqfokqj wkqu;
jQ w;r fï olajd tu mß.Kl moaO;shg remsh,a fldaá 800 la muK úhoï
ù we;;a id¾:l ù fkdue;' by; ish¿u wmrdO iïnkaOfhka weursldjg
úreoaOj kvq mejßh hq;=h'

miq.sh wjqreÿ 10 ;=< thd¾ ,xld iud.ug m%xYfhka thd¾ nia

.=jka hdkd 7 la muK ñ,§ f.k ;snqKs' fuh l%shd;aul ù we;af;a m%xYfha
T;a;= fiajh yryd nj jd¾;d ù we;' fuu .KqfoKqj iïmQ¾Kfhka
jxpkslj isÿù we;' fï ms<sn|j m%xY rchg fyda tu .=jkahdkd ksIamdokh
l< iud.ug úreoaOj kvq mjrd jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l, hq;=h'

1977 n,hg meñKs tcdm wdKavq ld,h ;=< ,xldfõ uqo,a uqøKh
lsÍug Ndr ÿkafka ìh.u ksoyia fj<| l,dmfha msysá n%eânß ú,alskaika
iud.ugh n%s;dkH ryia T;a;= fiajh l%shd;aul ù ta u.ska ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh
úkdY lsÍug wkqn, fok wdldrhg tu uqo,a uy nexl=j yryd fkdj fjk;a
ks, fkdjk ud¾. j,ska wd¾Ólhg uqod yeÍu isÿ fldg we;' thska iuyrla
jdKsc nexl=j, ;ekam;a lsÍug yels jk fia ysñlï iy;sl m;a l%uhla
y÷kajdfok ,§' tys§ uqo,a ;ekam;a lrkakdf.a wkkH;djh nexl=j úiska
úuikq fkd,efí' 1991 j¾Ifha§ fuu l=uka;%Kh t<sorõ úh' thska miq tu
iud.fï ku f;dauia ú,dre f,i fjkia lr uqo,a uqøKh lsÍfï ld¾h È.gu
lrf.k hñka isà' tmuKla fkdj bkaÈhdkq uqo,a uqøKh lsÍu fydrryfia
tu iud.u u.ska lr we;' tu uqo,a bkaÈhdkq wd¾Ólh úkdY lsÍu i|yd
n%s;dkH ryia T;a;= fiajh úiska bkaÈhdkq wd¾Ólhg uqod yer we;'

1989 NSIK iuh ;=,§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa kdufhka rfÜ

wd¾Ólh úkdY lf,a rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska njo jd¾;d ù we;'
tys§ l¾udka; Yd,d .sks ;eîï niar:" .sks ;eîï g%dkaiaf*dau¾ lvd ì| ±ó
;=,ska wd¾Ólh úkdY flreKs'

±ka c,h .ek l:d lruq 1999 iema;eïn¾ 1 jeks Èk j;auk

iÕrdfõ m<jqk ,smshla my; i|yka fõ' tys isria;,h f,i igyka ù
;snqfka wiSñ; c, mßfNdackhg ovqjï ,nd §u f,ih'

jir 2010 § f,dj úYd, c, ys.hlg uqyqK mdk nj;a th ,nd

.ekSug jd¾Islj fvd,¾ ì,shk 1 isg 35 olajd uqo,la jeh lsÍug isÿ jk
nj;a iaùvkfha meje;s úo{dHhskaf.a /iaùul§ m%ldYhg m;a fldg ;snqKs'
ÿmam;a rgj,g fuh úYd, .eg¨jla nj f,dal nexl=fõ iNdm;s iaùvka
iuq¿fõ§ m%ldY fldg ;snqKs'

kuq;a i;H óg jvd mgyeKsh' tkï j¾Idj lD;suj ,ndf.k c,h

´kEu m%udKhla ^.xj;=rla Wj;a& ,nd .ekSfï ;dCIKh rcfha lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajh i;=j ;sfnk nj ;yjqre ù we;' tu ;dCIKh Tjqka Ndú;d
lrkafka lD;su j¾Id we;s fldg .xj;=r we;s jQ miq ta u.ska f.dú;eka úkdY
lsÍug;a ;u úreoaOjd§kaf.a foaYmd,k /iaùï lvdlmam,a lsÍug;ah'
j¾Idj we;s lsÍu fukau kshÕh we;s lsÍfï ;dlaIKho Tjqka i;=h' miq.sh
wjqreoafoa ol=fKa m,df;a we;sjqk ksh.ho rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha
l=uka;%Khls'

lD;su j¾Idj ,nd .; yels nj ud ±k .;af;a 1993 j¾Ifha§h'

tu ld,fha§ lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,o wmrdO j,g úfrdaOh
m,lsÍu i|yd uu Wmjdihla lsÍug iQodkï fjñka isáfhñ' ta ieu
wjia:djlu j¾Idfjka ndOd we;s úh' fuh ug ielhla we;s lf<ah' 1989 §
fm%auodi rch úiska tla /ia lrk ,o tla tla ue;sjrK fldÜGdi i|yd
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s jd¾;djla ,xld nexl= mqia;ld,fha§ ug lshjkak ,enqKs'
ud tjlg mÈxÑ ù isáfha lvqfj, ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;sfha i|yka fldg ;snqfKa uehs isg iema;eïn¾ ksß; È. fudaiï iq<x
ld,h ;=< j¾Idj;a Tlaf;daïn¾ isg fkdjeïn¾ ixjyk jdiq<s ld,h;a
f,ih'

,enqKq j¾Idj by; f;dr;=re j,g mgyeKs neúka ug tu ielh

;yjqre úh' miqj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska uf.a ielh idOdrK nj;a
j¾Idj lD;suj we;s lsÍfï ;dCIKh we;s nj;a ;yjqre lf<ah' ta wkqj
weußldj m%Odk ngysr rgj,a úiska c,h úl=Kd f,dalh uxfld,a, lEug
,Eia;s ù isák nj my; igyka j,ska ;yjqre fõ' iyrd ldka;drhg jqj;a
.xj;=rla we;sjk fia j¾Idj ,nd§ug T;a;= fiajh i;= ;dlaIKh m%udKj;a
fõ'

2002 ud¾;= 8 jk isl=rdod Èjhsk mqj;amf;a m,jQ c,h úlsKSu

YsIagdpdrfha u<.uhs hk ,smsfhka Wmqgd .;a fldgia lsysmhla my; i|yka
lrñ' ^tu ,smsh ,shd ;snqfka l=udr pdmd nKavdr úisks'& 1985 § tcdm wdKavqj
hgf;a 1985 wxl 6 orK mk; u.ska wka;¾ cd;sl jdßud¾. l<uKdlrK
wdh;kh I. I. M. I. msysgqjd .ksñka kS;shdkql+,j werfô' wfma c, iïm;
úlsKSfï l=uka;%Kh wdh;k .; lrñka 2000 ud¾;= 28 jksod cd;sl
c,iïm;a m%;sm;a;shla iy wdh;ksl ie,eiaula i|yd md¾,sfïka;= leìkÜ
wkque;sh ,nd .;ay'

ú f.dú;ek we;=¿ foaYSh l¾udka; úkdY lrñka Y%S ,dxlslhka

úfoaY jy¨ka njg m;a lrk tu ,shú,a, i|yd wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j
(A.D B) tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdydr iy lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh ^F. A. O& iy
fko¾,ka;h rch kS;shdkql+,j ueÈy;a jQ w;r Tjqyq ryis.;j c, iïm;
ì,s.ekSug wjYH wkd.; mk;a flgqï m; wdKavqjg Ndr ÿkay tu.ska
iïu; jQ c, ysñ ldß;ajh kï jQ kS;suh fldkafoaish fhdod .ksñka ish¨
Ôùkaf.a fmdÿ ksoyi iy mru whs;sh fld,a,ld wfma c, iïm; úl=Kqï
NdKavhla njg m;a lsÍug Tjqkag bv ,efí'

f,dalfha fï jk úg;a cd;Hhka;r uQ,H wruqo, u.ska Kh ,nd

isá rgj,a 40 lg fujeks c, iïm;a m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd § ;snqKq w;r ;u
;ukaf.a rgj, c, iïm;a j,g ñ,la kshu lr tajd úl=Kd Kh nßka
ksoyia jk f,ig Wmfoia ,eî ;snqKs'

rks,a m%Odk tcdm rcho f,dal nexl=fõ iy wdishdkq ixj¾Ok

nexl=fõ W.=,a j,g yiqù we;s nj fmkS hkafka rch úiska c, l<uKdlrK
weu;s jrfhla m;a lsÍfuka iy ±kgu;a wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=fjka
remsh,a fldaá 3000 l Kh uqo,la ,nd .ekSug lghq;= fhdod ;sîfuks'

1948 Bkshd ksoyi ,efnk úg wm rgg kshñ; wd¾Ól

m%;sm;a;shla fkd;snqks' ã' tia fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska we;s lrk ,o
f.dúckmo jHdmdr j,ska Tjqka iEySulg m;aù ;snqKs' 1953 j¾Ih ;=<
,xldfõ úfoaY j;alï by, .sfhah' Bg fya;=j jQfha fldßhdkq hqoaOh we;s
ùu ksid rn¾ ñ, by, hduhs fuh wd¾Ól úoHdfõo y÷kajkafka fldßhdkq
W;amd;h f,ih' kuq;a tjlg uqo,a weu;sj isá fÊ' wd¾ chj¾Ok uy;d
lf<a tu ld,h ;=< ck;djg úfkdao ùu i|yd nQiai kqjrt<sh hk m%foaY
j, f¾ia msÜgks we;s lsÍuhs' tu uqo,a yßhdldrj wdfhdackh lf<a kï wm
rgg wd¾Ól jYfhka hï iykhla ,efnkakg ;snqks' rgl wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a
lsÍugkï wjYH wdydr iy NdKav tu rfÜu ksIamdokh lr .; hq;=h'
Bkshd ksoyiska miq 1965 vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;df.a tlai;a cd;sl mCI rch
hgf;a w¾;dm,a j.dj;a 1970 isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;sKshf.a iu.s
fmruqKq rch hgf;a r;= ¿Kq j.dj;a 1982 muK ,,s;a we;=,;auqo,s uy;d
lDIsl¾u weu;sj isáh§ tlai;a cd;sl mCI rch jiska f,dl= ¿Kq j.dj;a
furg we;s lsÍug wjYH foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh imhk ,§' 1965 ;=rÕ ;rÕ
msáfha l¾udka; m%o¾Ykhla mj;ajd iu.s fmruqK rch l¾udka; we;s lsÍu
rgl wd¾Ólhg jeo.;a nj fmkakqï lf<ah'

j¾:udk uyskao rdcmCI uy;df.a uyskao Ñka;kh hgf;a wju

jYfhka f.dúhdf.a ù ál ñ,g .ekSu i|yd j;a ksis jev ms<sj,la
idOd.ekSug fkdyels ù we;' l¾udka; we;s lsÍu i|yd W;aidy .;a;;a
ksIamdok i|yd fj<| fmd,la ks¾udKh fkdfldg l¾udka; ixj¾Okh lsÍu
l, fkdyel'

1977 § Y%S ,xld ksoyia mCI wdKavqj úiska wdkhk wdfoaYk

m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh fldg rg wd¾Ól jYfhka ixj¾Okh lsÍug lghq;=
l<;a tu ld,h ;=< ck;dj mSvkhg m;aùu fya;=fjka 1977 tu rch wka;
mrdchlg m;aúh' hï úÈhlska tu l%uh ;j wjqreÿ lsysmhla bÈßhg f.k
.shd kï rfÜ wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a jkakg bv ;snqKs' kuq;a ck;dj fÊ' wd¾f.a
OdkH rd;a;,a 8;a O¾ñIaG rdcHh ixl,amhg;a /jà tu rch fmr,d ±óh'
fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok hkq wm rfÜ my, jQ fflrdál kdhlhl= nj ljqre;a
okakd w;r jrl Tyq úfoaY ckudOH lrejl=g lSfõ ;ud lmá kßhl= njh'
Tyq fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq ieka*%ekaisiaflda iïfï,kfha§ ’kyS fõf¾k
fõrdks~~ .d:dj Wmqgd olajñka cmdkh hqO jkaÈfhka fírd .;a;d hhs u;hla
mj;S' fuh mqÿu l;djls' weußldj" cmdkhg mrudkq fndaïn folla oud
úYd, ck;djla >d;kh l, miq jkaÈ f.úh hq;af;a cmdkh fkdj weußldj
nj;a ldg;a jegyqKq we;' ;jo úfhÜkdu hqoaOfhka weußldj mrdchg m;a
jqj;a úfhÜkdu cd;slhka ,laI 20la muK urKhg m;aúh' fuys§o
weußldj úiska úfhÜkduhg jkaÈ f.úh hq;=h'

fn!oaO rgla jQ cmdkhg mrudKq fndaïn ±óug tjlg weußldfõ

ckdêm;sj isá *%ekala,ska ã rEiafj,aÜ uy;d úreoaO ùu ksid weußldkq ryia
T;a;= fiajh úiska 1945 wfm%a,a 12 fjks od t;=ud urKhg m;a lrk ,§' ^iS'
whs' ta ixúOdkh msysgjkq ,enqfõ 1947 §h& Bg miq ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;a jQ
yeÍ gDuka úiska mrudKq fndaïn fy<Sug wkque;sh ÿka w;r rEiafj,aÜ uy;d
ñh f.dia udi 4 lg miq 19+45 wf.daia;= 9 fjks Èk cmdkfha ysfrdaIsud
k.rhg mrudKq fndaïnh fy<kq ,§'
 fÊ' wd¾' cmdkh fírd .;af;a kï cmdk ck;dj úiska Tyqg
wksjd¾hfhka wkaj¾; kduhla fhdokq we;' kuq;a Tyqf.a wkaj¾; kduh
hexls älS nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls' ta ;rugu Tyq weußldkq .e;af;ls'
tys m%;s:,hla jQfha bkaÈhdkq rch ,xldjg úreoaOj W;=f¾ ;%iajd§ ixúOdk
j,g Woõ lsÍuhs'

hï lsis rgl foaYmd,k kdhlhskag ÿr ne,Sfï Yla;shla ke;akï

tu rg w.dOhg hhs' ,xldjg isÿù we;af;ao thhs' wm rfÜ kdhlhka
l,amkd lrkafka flfia fyda n,hg m;ajQ miq B,. ue;sjrKh Èkkafka
flfiao hkak muKs' tkï wjqreÿ 5l 6la muK ld,hg ÿr ne,Su iSud fõ'
Bg fyd|u WodyrKh' fÊ' wd¾' f.a uyje,s jHdmdrhhs' uyje,s jHdmdrh
ie,iqï lr ;snqfka wjqreÿ 30 ka ksu lsÍugh' kuq;a fÊ' wd¾g th wjqreÿ
6ka ksu fldg B,. ue;sjrKh ÈkSug wjYHh úh' 1977 isg fï olajd
újD; wd¾Ól l%uhla l%shd;aul lrñka wkq.ukh lr we;af;a lxl=x ñáfhaa
isg we,afmfk;a; olajd msgráka f.kajk wd¾Ólhls' foaYSh l¾udka; lsisu
wdrCIdjka ke;s lïka nxfldf,d;a ù we;' fyd|u WodyrKh l¿;r msysá
isis,a YS;lrK l¾udka; Yd,djhs' wjqreÿ 20 la muK rgg fyd| YS;lrK
iemhQ l¾udka; Yd,dj jid oud we;'

wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wfkl=;a idOlh kï ;dCIKhhs' iajNdjO¾uh

fjkia lsÍfï ;dCIKh rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh i;=j we;' WodyrK
kï j¾Idj we;s lsÍu iq<s iq<x we;s lsÍu' uqyqÿ r< j, iajNdjh fjkia
lsÍu wdÈhhs' tu Wml%u Wmfhda.S lrf.k .xj;=r we;s lsÍu;a kshÕ we;s
lsÍu;a u.ska f.dú;ek úkdY lsÍug lghq;= lrkq ,nhs' ;jo uqyqÿ r<
fõ.h jeä fldg ta u.ska uqyqÿ lEu we;s lsÍfuka f,dal nexl= wdOdr ,nd
.ksñka uqo,g .,a jeá fh§u u.ska rfÜ uqo,a uxfld,a,lEug f,dal
nexl=jg wjia:djla ,nd§ we;'

wmf.a foaYmd,{hka iEu úglu n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka iEu

fohlau msgráka ,nd .ekSugh' ;dCIKh ,nd .ekSfï§ weußldj úiska
,xldj iy isx.mamQrej rjgd we;s wdldrh my; isoaêfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'

wmf.a ,xld nexl= uQ,ia:dk f.dvke.s,a, bÈlrkq ,enqfõ

isx.mamQrefõ fjdayma kue;s iud.uls' tu f.dvke.s,af,a tla l=¿kl
úYalïNh óg¾ 1 1$2 la muK fjhs' kuq;a f,dal fj<| uOHia:dkfha
f.dvke.s,a,l tl lKqjl úYalïNh óg¾ 1$2 lg wvqh' fuhska fmkS
hkafka f,dal fj<| uOHia:dkh f.dvke.+ weußlka g¾k¾ iy iaghska
iud.u i;= ;dCIKh isx.mamQre ;dCIKhg jvd by, njhs' fuys§ wm
okakd lreKla kï isxmamQrej ;dCIKh ,nd .kafka ngysr rgj,ska njh'
fï .ek lreKq i,ld ne,Sfï§ fmkS hkafka ngysr rgj,a úiska fmrÈ.g
kshñ; ;dCIKh ,nd fkdfok nj;a lrkafka /jàula nj;ah'

weußldj uq¿ f,dalhu ú;rla fkdj ;u rfÜu ck;dj rjgk nj

miq.sh ckdêm;sjrKfhka meyeÈ,s úh tkï maf,dÍvd m%dka;fha§ äfudl%ála
mdCIsl we,af.da¾ uy;d úiska .kq ,enQ Pkao ixLHdj wvqfjka .kka fldg
we;s njg we;s jQ ielh .ek wêlrKhg kvqjla fhduqfldg lshd isáfha
Pkao .Kka lsÍu w;ska lrk f,ihs' ud okakd f,i ´kEu bf,lafg%dksl
WmlrKhla ÿria: md,lhlska md,kh lsÍug yelsh fuys§ isÿù we;af;a
fcdaÊ nqIa uy;dg ch.%yKh ,nd §u i|yd Pkao .kka lsÍu bf,lafg%dksl
WmlrKh yryd jxpkslj .Kka lsÍuhs' fuys§ wêlrKh lshd isáfha w;ska
.kka lsÍu l, fkdyels nj;a bf,lafg%dksl WmlrKfhka Pkaoh .kka
lsÍu ms<s.kakd f,i;ah' fï wkqj fmkS hkafka j¾;udk ckdêm;s jxpkslj
ckdêm;sjrKh ch.%yKh lr we;s njhs'

weußldj úiska uq¿ f,dalhu ;u wKilg .ekSu i|yd lrk ,o

wmrdOhla kï 1978 § b;d,s cd;sl fcdaka mdjq¿ mdma jykafia iS' whs' ta'
ixúOdkh úiska urKhg m;a fldg fmda,ka; cd;sl fojeks mdjq¨ mdma
jykafia m;a lr .ekSuhs' fuys wruqK jQfha fmda,ka;fhka wdrïN fldg
iuia: fidaúhÜ rdcHhu ;u wKilg mjrd f.k iïm;a fld,a, lEfï
ud¾.h újD; lr .ekSuhs'

isxy, fn!oaOhkag rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka jk ysßyer

iïnkaOfhka óg by; i|yka lf<ñ' ud úiska ta iïnkaOfhka 2001 ud¾;= 2
isl=rdod ,xld§m mqj;amf;a ±kaùula m<lf<ñ' Bg ,enqk m%;spdrh mqÿu
iy.;h' úYd, m%udKhla ÿrl:k weu;=ï iy ,sms ,enqKs tu mqj;am;a
±kaùu my; i|yka lrñ'

Tn isxy, fn!oaOfhlao@ tfiakï muKla fuh lshjkak'

my; i|yka m%Yak 11 ka tlla fyda we;akï ,smskh iy uqoaor

iys; ,shqï ljrhla
^jïmi fl,jf¾ Wäka m%Yak wxlh fhdod wm ixúOdkhg ;emef,ka tjkak&

1& Tnf.a my; i|yka ì,am;a widudkH f,i jeäo@

^w& úÿ,s
^wd& j;=r
^we& ÿrl:k ^,xld fn,a"fg,sfldï ikafg,a vhf,d.a
fudìfg,a fi,afg,a&

2& Tnf.a jdykfha bkaOk úhou fyda w¿;a jeähdj i|yd hk

úhou widudkH f,i jeäo @ wod, jdyk (-
^w& fudag¾ ihsl,a
^wd& ;%Sú,a
^we& fudag¾ r: jEka r:
^wE& fm!oa.,sl mia r:
^W& fjk;a ´kEu jdykhla

3& Tn úiska miq.sh ld,h ;=< lrf.k .sh jHdmdrhla ^ uyd mßudkfha fyda
b;d l=vd m%udkfha& fkdis;+ mßÈ m%Yak we;sù kvqyn jkaÈ f.ùï wdh;kfha
jdyk wk;=rej,g ,laùu .sKs .ekSï wdÈfhka nxfldf,d;a Ndjhg m;aùo@
4& fjk;a fm!oa.,sl m%Yak

w /lshd wysñùu
wd kvq yn j,g meg,Su ^wjqreÿ .Kka we£ hk&
we ´kEu wdldrhl ;¾ckh lsÍula
wE fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha l,a .;jk frda. ^ms<sld wxY Nd.h
nrjd taâia fyda fjk;a ´kEu frda.hla&
W ksis l,jhi meñKsh;a iqÿiq iylrefjl= fidhd .ekSug
fkdyels ùu iy fkdis;+ f,i újdyh m%udo ùu'

5& Tn m%foaYfha f.dú;eka lsÍug wjYH c, iïm;a ysÕhla mj;shso

^m%foaYh ,xldfõ l=uk m%foaYhla jqjo lï ke;&

6& Tnf.a .ug fyda m%foaYhg wkHd.ñl ixúOdk j,ska fudkhï

wdldrhl fyda n,mEula ;¾ckhla we;s ù we;ao

7& Tnf.a .fï fyda m%foaYfha mkai,g fyda fn!oaO wd.ñl uOHia:dk
j,g fudkhï wdldrhl fyda ydkshla isÿ ù we;ao! ^miq.sh wjq 25
;=,&

8& Tn ±kg wOHdmkh ,nd we;;a fuf;la l,la iqÿiq /lshdjla ,nd
.ekSug fkdyels ù we;ao@

9& Tng we;s ´kEu m%Yakhla ksid ishÈú ydks lr .ekSfï ;rug Ôú;h
l,lsÍ we;ao@

10& Tnf.a mjqf,a fyda orejkaf.a fjk;a ´kEu m%YaKhla ^úiod .ekSug
wmyiq& we;so@

11& Tnf.a ksjfia fyda fudag¾r:fha mdjdÉÑ lrk .Eia is,skavrfha ^.Eia
msrjqï y,lska ñ,§ .kak úg& kshñ; .Eia m%udKh ;sfí±hs ielhla
we;sù we;so@

Tnf.a ,smsh my; i|yka ,smskhg tjk fuka b,a,d isáñ'

isxy, fn!oaO wdrCIl ixúOdkh"
m%Odk ixúOdhl"
wxl 54$1" kslfma" foysj,'
ÿrl:k wxlh ( 734311"077-372628 *elaia wxlh ( 074-205648
^09& iqkdñh iy .xj;=r iajdNdúl Wmøj fkdfõ'
2004 foieïn¾ 26 Èk ud nexl=fõ mß.Kl ldurfha jev lrñka
isák w;r ud ñ;% rdc,sx.ï lSfõ ol=Kq m%foaYfha uqyqo f.dv.,k nj .=jka
úÿ,sfhka m%ldY l< njhs' ta jk úg fõ,dj Wfoa 10g muK úh' ta;a tÈk
rd;%S ksjig meñKs úg ud ÿgq rEmjdyskS o¾Yk j,ska ud lïmkhg m;a úh'

1995 § muK rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska uqyqo f.dv.e,Su

we;sfldg fudrgqj m%foaYfha fjr< Ldokh isÿfldg ;snQ nj ug u;la úh'
Èk lsysmhlg miq fuu iqkdñ úkdYho rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha
l=uka;%Khla nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska jd¾;d fldg ;snqKs'

î' î' iS' frdhsg¾ jeks ngysr udOH jd¾;d lf,a iqud;%d ¥m; wi,
N+ñlïmdjla we;sùfuka iqkdñh we;sjQ njhs' ngysr udOHhka ngysr T;a;=
fiajdjkag wkqj lghq;= lrk n,fõ. nj fndfyda fokd fkdoks;s'

fuu udOH u.ska lrkqfha Tjqkaf.a u;h f,djmqrd m%p,s; lsÍuhs'

fuu iqkdñh we;sl, fufydf;a mgka th iajNdúl úm;la nj Tmamq lsÍug
úoHd{hka iy Tjqkaf.a b;a;ka jk iuyr ,xldfõ úoaj;ayq bÈßm;a jQy'

ud lshk foh lsisjl= ms<s.kq we;ehs is;Sug W.yg jkafka f,dalfha

99] lau uf.a u;hg úreoaOj isák neúks kuq;a i;H lsisod je,,sh
fkdyelsh'

fuu jHikfhka ydks jQ rgj,a kï bkaÈhdj" bkaÿkSishdj"

;dhs,ka;h" ud,Èjhsk i|yka l< yel' fuu rgj,aj, T;a;= fiajdjka w;r
iïnkaO;djhla mj;sk w;r tu T;a;= fiajdjka j, n,h we;af;a ,xldfõ
fukau lf;da,slhskagh lf;da,slhska hkq ’wfÕa boka lK lk msßils~~ Tjqka
tu rgj,aj, kdhlhska rjgñkau tu rgj,a j, ckhd úkdY lrñka isà'
fuhska bkaÿkSishdj hg;aj ;snqfka ´,kaohg neúka tys T;a;= fiajho
lf;da,sl msßif.a n,hg hg;aj ;sfí bkaÈhdj;a ud,Èjhsk;a ,xldj;a
hg;aj ;snqfKa n%s;dkHhg neúka fuu rgj,a ;=fka T;a;= fiajdjka md,kh
lrkqfhao lf;da,slhska úisks'

iqkdñh we;sùug fya;=j jQ hhs lshk N+ p,kh we;sjQ iqu;%d ¥m;

msysá l,dmh óg fmr b;sydifha lsisÈkl N+lïmkhla we;s jQ njg idCIs
ke;' ;jo fuu iqkdñfhka bkaÈhka id.rfha rgj,a j,g ydks isÿfjoa§ tys
msysá Èhdf.da .d¾Ishd ¥m; ^fuys weußldkq hqO l|jqrla msysgd we;'&
fírefka flfia±hs hkak .ek ielhg ;=vq fohs'
iqkdñfhka ,xldfõ ñh .sh .Kk wdikak jYfhka 40"000 ls'
fuhska fn!oaOhka 15000 lao uqia,sï wh 15000lao yskaÿ fou< wh 10000
lao muK fjhs' ñh.sh lf;da,sl .Kk b;d iq¿h' ydkshg m;a mjq,a ixLHdj
20000 la muKo fjhs'

bkaÿkSishdfõ ñh.sh .Kk 150"000la muK uqia,sï cd;slfhdah'

bkaÈhdfõ 16000 la muK ñh .sfhah'
 fïid úYd, úkdYhla fn!oaO yskaÿ uqia,sï ck;dj fj; ,Õd
lsÍug lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajdjkag wjYH wehso hkak m%YaKhls' tfy;a
b;sydih mqrd;a j¾;udk ueofmrÈ. rgj,;a we;sù ;sfnk m%Yak iy wjq,a
iy.; ;;ajhkag uq, lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajdjkaj, we;s wukqIH iy
;sßikawruqKq nj udf.a yeÕSuhs'

±ka .xj;=r .ek l:dlrñ' j¾Idj lD;suj we;s lsÍfï ;dCIKh

rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh i;=j we;s nj ud ±k .;af;a 1992 j¾Ifha
muKh'
tu Èkj, udf.a woyijQfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,o
wmrdO j,g úreoaOj Wmjdi lsÍfuka úfrdaOh m%ldY l, yels njh' ta
i|yd ud iQodkïù tkï nexl=fõ ksjdvq f.k nek¾ tlla we|f.k w;am;%sld
uqøKh fldg Wmjdih i|yd iQodkï jqfkñ' kuq;a kshñ; Èkfha§ úYd,
j¾Idjla we| ye,Su ksid ug Wmjdi lsÍfï woyi w;ayeÍug isÿúh' fuu
isÿùu fkdlvjd lsysmúgla isÿjQ miq uu ta .ek fn!oaO T;a;= fiajhg jd¾;d
lf,ñ' Tjqka udf.a woyi ksjerÈ nj ;yjqre lf,ah' tkï rcfha lf;da,sl
T;a;= fiajh i;=j j¾Idj iy iq,siq<x lD;suj we;s lsÍfï ;dCIKh we;s
nj ;yjqre lf,ah'

j¾;udkfha we;sjk j¾Idj iy kshÕh .ek ielhg ;=vqfok nj

2004 iema;eïn¾ 11 Èk fikiqrdod Èjhsk mqj;amf;a jd¾;djlska t<sorõ
fjhs' tkï mßir wud;HxYfha cd;sl ´fidaka tallfha wOHCI wdpd¾h
ví,sõ' t,a' iqu;smd, úiska iema;eïn¾ 16 Èkg fh§ we;s cd;Hhka;r
´fidaka Èkh ksñ;af;ka úoHdNsjO_k ix.ï Y%jKd.drfha meje;s
iïuka;%Khl§ mj;ajkq ,enQ foaYKhl§ i|yka lr ;snqKs' th jd¾;d lr
;snqfka c.;a ;Kyer wdrÉÑ uy;d úisks' tu jd¾;dj my; i|yka lrñ'

rfÜ ld<;=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl rgdfõ iS>% fjkia ùula

mj;sk neúka jyd mÍCIK meje;aùfï wjYH;djhla mj;S'

Y%S ,xldfõ ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl rgdj wkdjels m<l, fkdyels

;;ajhlg iS>%fhka m;afjñka mj;sk neúka jydu fï ms<sn|j m¾fhaIK
lsÍu i|yd rcfha wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;=j we;ehs mßir wud;Hxyfha
cd;sl ´fidaka tallfha wOHCI wdpd¾h ví,sõ' t,a iqu;smd, uy;d mejiSh'

wfma rfÜ jeis rgdj yd kshx ld,.=Ksl ;;ajhka ms<sn|j wkdjels

m< lsÍfï yelshdj fï rfÜ ck;dj mdrïmßlj ,eî ;snqkd tfiau ld,.=K
fomd¾;fïka;=jo fujeks wkdjels l,a;shd m%ldY l,d'

ta fï rfÜ hï foaY.=ksl yd ld,;=Ksl rgdjla mej;s ksihs' jeä

ÿrg;a woyia ±lajQ iqu;smd, uy;d fufiao mejiSh wdishdkq l,dmhg
n,mdk ,o fudaiï foaY.=Ksl rgdj fjkiaùulg n÷kafj,d fï;=, wkdjels
m,lsÍfï yelshdj wo ì|jefgñka mj;sk njo Tyq m%ldY lf<ah'

wfma rfÜo miq.sh ld,fha wïmdr m%foaYfha kshÕhla mj;soa§

r;akmqr .xj;=r .e,Su;a fï Èkj,u fmdf<dkakrej m%foaYfha ;o
kshÕhla mj;soa§ rfÜ wfkla m%foaY j, jeis we;sùu;a i|yka l< yelsh'

tfy;a fï fjkia ùï ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd rcfha

wjOdkh fhduqú keye läkñka m¾fhaIK wxY Yla;su;a fldg wdmod
l<uKdlrkh we;=¿ wfkla lghq;= i|yd m¾fhaIK meje;aùfï
wjYH;djhla we;s nj Tyq mejiSh'

rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska 2003 fjila fmdfydh Èkfha

úYd, .xj;=rla r;akmqrhg iy ol=Kq m<d;g wE;sfldg fn!oaO ck;dj
wmyiq;djhlg m;a l, w;r Ôú; ydks iy kdh hdï we;súh' iEu fjila
fmdfydhlgu j¾Idj we;sjk nj okakd fn!oaO ixúOdk tÈkg fjila l+vq
t,a,k úg ta i|yd fmd,s;ska wdjrK fhdod .ekSug mqreÿ ù isá;s'

/iaùï lvdlmam,a lsÍu" jdyk ;onohla we;slsÍu" ù f.dú;ek

úkdY lsÍu iy ck;dj wmyiq;djhg m;alsÍu i|ydo j¾Idj lD;suj we;s
lrkq ,nhs'

j¾;udkfha úÿ,s n,h iïnkaOfhka mek ke.S we;s m%Yakhg

úiÿula f,i fkdrÉfjda,fha iy ;s%l=Kdu,fha ;dm .,a w.=re n,d.drhka
bÈlsÍug uyskao rdcmCI uy;d mshjr f.k we;' kuq;a Bg úiÿu úh
hq;af;a rcfha ryia T;a;= fiajh i;= lD;suj j¾Idj we;s lsÍfï ;dCIKh
Ndú;d lsÍfuka j¾Idj we;s fldg c, úÿ,sh ,Nd.ekSuhs' túg úÿ,sn,h
i|yd jeh jk msßjeh wju lr .; yel'
^10& frda. fnda lsÍfï l¾udka;h
frda. fnda fldg fnfy;a úlsKSu l¾udka;hla nj ug ±k.kakg
,enqfka óg wjqreÿ lsysmhlg fmr uf.a ysiflia iqÿ jQ úg tajd l¿ lsÍug
ndn¾ idmamqjg .sh wjia:dfõ we;sjQ isoaêhlsks' tÈk ud m<uqfjkau ysiflia
l¿ lrkakg .sh Èkhhs' tÈk ysiflia vhs lsÍug wjYH nj lS úg Tyq
m<uqfjkau lf,a udf.a ysig hïlsis ridhksl Èhrhla biSuhs' thska udf.a
ysi ysßjeàula we;s jQ neúka ud l,n,hg m;ajqfkñ' Bg fya;= jQfha T¨fjka
úI we;=,a fldg urKhg m;alsÍfï l%uhla T;a;= fiajfha ;sfnk nj ud ±k
isàuhs' kuq;a th tfia isÿfkdjqk;a miqj udf.a ñ;=rl= lSfõ lsisÈkl ysiflia
vhs fkdlrk f,i;a tfia vhs l, úg ysiflia iïmQ¾kfhkau iqÿ jk
nj;ah' fuhska ug ;yjqre jQfha ysiflia uq,skau vhs lrk Èkfha§ ysiflia
iïmQ¾Kfhka iqÿjk fnfy;la T¨jg bysk nj;a th vhs j¾. i|yd
b,a¨ula we;s lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjka lrk l=uka;%Khla nj;a fn!oaO T;a;=
fiajh úiska ;yjqre lf<ah'

bkamiq ud úiska fï .ek ;j;a lreKq fidhd ne¨fjñ' tysÈ ug fmkS

.sfha j¾;udk f,dalfha we;s f,vfrda. j,ska 90] lau lD;sju ksIamdokh
lrk ,o ffjri iy úIîc j,ska we;s lrk ,o tajd njhs' WodyrK f,i
nrjd' uef,aßhd" fvx.=" jiQßh" fmda,sfhda" ,dÿre wd§ frda. i|yka l, yelsh'
fuu frda. i|yd m%;sYla;slrK fnfy;a fyda tu frda.j,g m%;sldr lsÍug
wjYH fnfy;a j¾. úlsKSu l¾udka;hla f,i lrk iud.ï úiskau tu
ffjri iy úIîc ksIamdokh fldg T;a;= fiajdjka yryd fnod yeÍu lrkq
,nk njhs'

;jo ukqIH YÍrfha we;s jl=.vq yDoh" kyr fyda fjk;a ´kEu
wjhjhl ´kEu fodaIhla we;s fldg úlD;s lsÍfï yelshdj T;a;= fiajdjka
i;=h' Tjqka ta u.ska YÍrfha úlD;s lsÍï we;sfldg ta i|yd ie;alï
^nhsmdiajeks& j,g frda.shd f.dÿrefldg remsh,a ,CI .kkaj, fnfy;a
ks¾foaY lsÍug ffjoHjrhd fmd<Ujhs' fuu fnfy;a j,ska fldñia uqo,lao
ffjoHjrhdg ,efnhs Tyq úiska kshu lrkq ,nkafkao Tyqg Wmßu fldñia
uqo,la ,efnk ñ< wêl fnfy;a j¾.hkah' fuu wjia:dj,È ffjoHjreka
l%shd;aul jkqfha fnfy;a ksmojk nyqcd;sl iud.ï j, tacka;jreka
jYfhks fïjdg iïnkaO fkdjk ffjoHjreka isákqfha w;f,diails'

taâia ffjriho ksIamdokh fldg we;af;a weußldfõ iS' whs' ta'

ixúOdkfhka nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska jd¾;d lf,ah' tu tÉ' whs' ù'
ffjrih ksiamdokh fldg we;af;a wm%sldfõ l¿ cd;slhska iy bkaÈhdfõ
fou< yskaÿ ck;dj jo lsÍug nj jd¾;d ù we;' fuh ;yjqre jkafka
f,dalfha jeäfhkau taâia frda.Ska we;af;a wm%sldfõ iy bkaÈhdfõ neúks' fuu
frda.h i|yd ±kg m%;sldr l%u b;d by, ñ,la f.jd ,nd .ekSug isÿjk
w;r tajdfha wdodhuo hkafka weußldfõ nyqcd;sl iud.ï j,gh'

´kEu wfhl=f.a YÍrfha we;s f,aj, wvx.= iSks m%udKh fjkiafldg

ta uÕska Èhjeähdj we;slsÍug;a ta yd iñnkaO frda. we;s lsÍug;a YÍrfha
iakdhq moaO;sh úlD;s fldg wxY Nd.h iy udkisl frda. we;slsÍu;a T;a;=
fiajd úiska lrkq ,nhs' ta i|yd wjYH fnfy;a j,g b,a¨ula we;slsßu tys
wruqKhs'

ms<sld frda.h lD;suj we;slrkafkao fnfy;a úlsKSfï iy Bg wod,

hka;% úlsKSfï wruqKska nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska jd¾;d fldg we;'
fuhska yeÕS hkafka ms<sld frda.ho iqj l, yels njhs' ms<sld frda.Ska i|yd
rchg ±Íug isÿjk remsh,a fldaá .Kkl uqo,la fuhska b;sßlr .;
yelsh'

fuu kHdhu tkï frda. fnda fldg fnfy;a úlsKSfï kHdh b;d
meyeÈ,s jkafka f.dú;efka§h tkï l=Uqre f.dú;efka§ fhdok j,a kdYl
iy lDñ kdYl fnfy;a fj,djg lkakfhka lkakhg fjkia lsÍug isÿfõ'
Bg fya;=jkafka fmrÈ Ndú;d l< lDñ kdYl fyda j,a kdYl B,. lkakfha
we;sjk j,ame<Eá fyda lDñ Wjÿre i|yd Tfrd;a;= fkd§uhs' tkï w¨;a
j,ame, j¾. iy m,sfndaO j¾. j.dj" wdl%uKh lsÍuhs' ug tla;rd f.dú
uyf;la lSfõ fmdar iuÕ w¿;a j,ame<Eá weg j¾. j.djg tla fjk njhs'
f.dùka fuu fkdkj;sk l=uka;%Khg fldgqù isáh;a Tjqkag ta .ek
wjfndaOhla we;s uq;a m%;slu_hla fkdue;' kuq;a ñksia isrerg frda. fndafldg
fnfy;a úlsKSfï cdjdru yd ii|k úg f.dúhd .ek lsjhq;af;a th mqÿu
úh hq;= fkdjk ldrKhla njh'

udf.a fuu u;hu ork uy;aufhla úiska ,shk ,o fmd;la lshùug

ug wjia:dj ,Èñ' tu fmdf;a ku ’ffjoH Ydia;%fha iajNdjh~~ hkakhs'
l;Djrhd fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha o¾Yk mSGfha uydpd¾hjrhd jk
.=Kmd, O¾uisß uy;dh' fmd;l ñ, re(400 ls' 1998 uqøKh jQjls' tu fmd;
u.ska ngysr ffjoH úoHdfõ Nhxlr nj ukdj meyeÈ,s fldg we;'

iudcfha cd;s wd.ï fíohlska f;drj we;s ;j;aa m%YaKhla kï

iuyr wh widudkH f,i isyska isrerlska hqla; jk w;r ;j;a wh ia:q,
isrere j,ska hqla; njh' YÍrfha we;s fïo m%udKh lD;suj fjkia lsÍu
;=<ska fuu ia:q, njla we;s fldg Bg wjYH fnfy;a fyda jHdhdï WmlrK
j,g b,a¨ula we;s lsÍu T;a;= fiajfha wruqKhs'

;jo weia fmkSu ÿ¾j, lsÍu iy lkaj, weiSu ÿ¾j, lsÍu u.ska
weia lKakdä" isúldp iy Y%jH WmlrK j,g b,a¨ula we;slsÍu isÿlrkq
,nkafkao T;a;= fiajdjka úisks' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,g wjYH isúldp iy
weialKakdä imhkq ,nkafka lf;da,sl rgla jk b;d,shhs'

isxy, fn!oaOhdg n,md we;s ;j;a m%YaKhla kï fydafudak úlD;s

;;ajhg m;alsÍfï fya;=fjka isxy,fhd l=re cd;shla njg m;alr ;sîuhs' th
fld;rï nrm;,o h;a óg wjqreÿ 10 lg muK fmr hqO yuqodjg
n|jd.ekSug wjYH Wi m%udKh wä 5 w.,a 4 la jqjo j¾;udkh jk úg tu
Wi wvq 5 w.,a 2 olajd wvq lsÍug isÿ ú we;' Bg fya;=j kshñ; Wi iß,k
;reK ck.ykhlaa ys. luhs' fuu m%YaKh .eyeKq msßñ fofldgigu n,md
we;' fuho rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha l=uka;%Khls'
 uydpd¾h .=Kmd, O¾uisß úiska ,shk ,o ffjoH Ydia;%fha
iajNdjh keue;s fmdf;a fojk mßÉfÉofha m<uq fþoh my; i|yka lrñ'

’ ngysr ffjoH ixia:dj fld;rï n, iïmkak jQ wêldßuh jQ

foaYmd,k iy iudc ixúOdkhla njg m;aj we;a±hs ksjfyd;a fndfydafokd
tlaúgu is;kafka th f,dalfha we;s fyd|u ffjoH l%uh njhs' tfy;a
mÍCIdldÍj ióm ù ne¨fjd;a wmg fmkS hk foh kï th fuf;la f,dj
my, ù we;s oreKqu ffjoH l%uh njhs' ula ksido lsjfyd;a m%Odk jYfhkau
th u.ska kjfrda. j¾. úYd, m%udKhla w¿;ska ìyslrk ksidh' tfukau
ngysr ffjoH jHdmdrfha m%Odk yjq,alrejd jk T!IO ksIamdok jHdmdrh rod
mj;skafka ±kg uq¿ mDÓú ;,hu úkdY ù hdug u. i,ikakdjQ ;dCIK
YsIagdpdrh u; ùu wfkla lreKh' tu T!IO jHdmdrh md,kh lrkq
,nkafka nyqcd;sl iud.ï jeks w;sYhska ¥Is; ukiska hqla; jQ fj<|
jHdmdßlhska úisks' tfukau fuf;la lsisÿ krl w;=rem%;s:,j,ska f;drj
miq.sh Y; j¾I ;sia .Kkla ;siafia ñksia iudcfha fi!LHh id¾:lj /l
ÿka ffjl,ams; ffjoH iïm%odhka ngysr fjolu u.ska úkdY lr ouñka
isáhs' ñksia YsIaGdpdrhg ngysr fjolu u.ska lrkakdjQ úkdYh wixLHh
wm%fïhh~~

tfy;a ngysr fjolfï wêrdcHjd§ iy hg;a úð;jd§ iajrEmh

fld;rï n,iïmkako h;a f,dalh mqrdu fndfydaiudcj, is;a;=, uq,a
neif.k we;af;a th Wiiau fyd|u fjolu yeáhgh' tjeks ;;ajhlg
wNsfhda. lsÍu i|yd mD:q, jQ t<Uqula wjYHh' tu ksid ta .ek lr we;s
fyd|u ngysr úpdrhka foi l,amkdfjka ne,Su wjYHhehs isf;a'
^11& igkl igyka
lrkafoKsh ck;dj j| lsÍfï l=uka;%Kh fy,sorõ jQfha 1988
cq,s udifha§h' ud bkamiq l,amkd lf,a fuu wmrdOh fy,sorõ l, hq;af;a
flfiao hkakhs' ud m<uqj tjlg uyck uka;%Sjrfhl= jQ ÈfkaIa .=Kj¾Ok
uy;d yuqù rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrKafoKsh ck;dj j|
lsÍfï l=uka;%Khla l%shd;aul jk nj mjid isáfhñ' t;=ud mjid isáfha
tjlg úmCI kdhlj isá wkqr nKavdrkdhl uy;d iu. l:d fldg Bg
wjYH lghq;= lrk njhs'

Bg udi lSmhlg miq ug ta;a;= .sfha lrKafoKsh fn!oaO ck;dj

muKla fkdj iuia: isxy, fn!oaO ck;dju fuu ;¾ckhg' uqyqK§ isák
njhs' tneúka uu udÿ¿jdfõ fidaNs; ysñhka yuqù isxy, fn!oaOhskag rcfha
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka ;¾ck t,a, ù we;s nj meyeÈ,s lf,ñ' Wka
jykafia mejiqfõ ’ uy;a;fhda wmsj urKjd ueß, jefgklïu okafka kE~~
hkqfjks

uu Bg miq Èkl uäfya m[a[diSy kdhl yduqÿrejka yuqù isxy,

fn!oaOhskag we;s ù ;sfnk ;¾ck .ek meyeÈ,ss lf<ñ' Wka jykafia
mejiqfõ wjia:djla meñfkk ;=re l,n, fkdù isák f,ihs'

;j;a ojil ud fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdóka jykafia yuqù

rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska isxy, fn!oaOhska urk nj;a
lrKafoKsh ck;dj jo lrf.k hk nj;a mjid isáfhñ' Wka jykafia
mejiqfõ yduqÿrejre urkafka frda.hla je,ÿk úg ksis m%;sldrhla .ekSug
bv fkd§fuka njhs' ;jo ug m%fõYfuka lghq;= lrk f,io lshd isáfhah'

;j;a Èkl ud uykqjr f.dia .egfò mkaif,a kdhl yduqÿrejka

yuqù isxy, fn!oaOhskg we;s ù ;sfnk ;;ajh meyeÈ,s lf<ñ' Wka jykafia
mejiqfõ tjlg uka;%S jrfhl=j isá isß,s ue;sõ uy;d yuqù lreKq lshd
isák f,ihs' uu isß,a ue;sõ uy;d yuqjQ úg t;=ud lshd isáfha
md¾,sfïka;=fõ§ m%Yak lsÍug lreKq uÈ nj;a ;j;a f;dr;=re fydhdf.k
tk f,i;ah' Bg udihlg miq ud kej;;a t;=ud yuqjQ úg ud .ek f;dr;=re
úuid ìu n,d .;af;ah' ug bka ye.S .sfha t;=udg;a m%YaKh iïnkaOfhka
lsisjla lsÍug fkdyels njhs'

fï w;r;=r tkï 1989 ckjdß 17 Èk wyqka.,a, ÿïßh nia

wk;=r u.ska fn!oaO isiqka 45 la lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska >d;kh
flreKs' fuys§ uf.a flaka;sh byjyd .sfhah' Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha
kdhlhskag fï .ek ±kqï §ug ;SrKh lf<ñ' ta wkqj Èkl uu Y%S ,xld
ksoyia mCI uQ,ia:dkhg .sfhñ' tysÈ wkqreoaO r;aj;a; uy;d yuqúh'
Tyqg uf.a m%YaKh fhduq lf<ñ' Tyq lSfõ wm iuÕ tlaj jev lrk f,ihs'
uu th m%;slafIam lf<ñ' ug wjYH jQfha lf;da,sl wmrdO lrejka t<sorõ
lr .ekSugh' bkamiq Èkl ud .sfha nKavdrkdhl ue;sKsh yuqùugh'
frdiañâ ksjfia t;=ñh tjf,ys fkdisá neúka tys isá lS¾;s udje,a, uy;dg
ud úiska ilia lr ;snQ ,shqu Ndr ÿksñ'
 bkamiq ud kej;;a wkqr nKavdrkdhl uy;d yuqù uf.a m%YaKhg
úi÷ula ,nd .ekSug woyia lf<ñ' ta i|yd ud yuqjQfha tjlg Y%S ,xld
ksoyia mCIfha Wm f,alï jrfhl= isá wdßh nqf,af.dv uy;dhs' Tyqg udf.a
m%YaKh mejiSfuka miq Tyq úiska úmCI kdhl wkqr nKavdkdhl uy;df.a
f,alï jrhdg fok f,i ,smshla ÿksñ' ta wkqj úmCI kdhl ld¾hd,hg
f.dia t;=ud yuq ùug wjia:djla ,nd .ekSug uykais .;sñ' mia j;djla
.sh;a úmCI kdhl jrhd yuqùug wjia:djla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels úh' Bg
fya;=j jQfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh uf.a .uka ìuka .ek fiú,af,ka isáñka
Tjqka lr we;s wmrdO jika lsÍug uykais .ekSuhs'

;j;a Èkl uu ßpâ m;srK uy;d yuqùug Tyqf.a ksjig .sfhñ'

ta Tyqf.a ud¾.fhka wkqr nKavdrkdhl uy;d yuqùfï wjia:djla ,nd
.ekSugh' tho wid¾:l úh' tfia .sfha ßpâ m;srK uy;df.a ifydaorfhl=
jQ Okmd, uy;df.a iy udf.a mshdf.a ye÷kqïlu u;h' Okmd, uy;d
lrkafoKsh uOh uyd úoHd,fha ysgmq úÿy,am;s jrfhls'

bkamiq udf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQfha r;= l=rei jeks úfoaY ixúOdk
fj;h' ud Tjqkag §u i|yd ,smshla ms<sfh, lf<ñ' fuu ,smsfha lshjqfka
,xldfõ T;a;= fiajh md,kh lrkqfha lf;da,slhka nj;a Tjqka isxy, fn!oaO
ck;dj j| lrk nj;ah' r;=l=rei ixúOdkfha uQ,ia:dkhg .sh úg tys
m%Odkshd fkdisá neúka tys isá fjk;a iaúiag¾,ka; cd;sl ks<Odßfhl= fj;
ud fhduq lrjkq ,enqKs' Tyq lSfõ udf.a m%YaKh Tjqkag wod, fkdjk nj;a" ta
.ek lghq;= l< fkyels nj;ah' ud /f.k f.dia ;snQ ,smsh Ndr § wdmiq
meñKsfhñ' bkamiq uu .sfha cd;Hhka;r CIud ixúOdkfha ld¾hd,hgh' ta
jk úg tu ld¾hd,h fydxfldx fj; f.k f.dia ;snQ w;r tys isá ksfhdað;
jßh udf.a m%YaKhg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu m%;slafIam l, w;r ta .ek
fydxfldx ld¾hd,h fj; olajd isák f,i lshd isáfhah'

fï jk úg udf.a igk fjk;l fhduq l, hq;= hhs ug jegyS ;snqKs'

tkï fuu wmrdO j,g úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Wmjdihla lsÍug
iqÿiq hhs' ug ta;a;= .sh neúka ta i|yd iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSug is;d
n,k úg ug ta;a;= .sfha fmd,Sishg we;=,a úh fkdyels ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hla
ta i|yd iqÿiq nj;ah' ud uq,skau f;dard .;af;a c¾uka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hhs'
tys f.dia ks<Odßfhl=g udf.a m%YaKh;a" wruqK;a meyeÈ,s lf<ñ' Bg
wjir fkdÈh yels nj lSj;a uu nf,kau Wmjdi lsÍug woyia lf,ñ'
kuq;a fm%auodi uy;df.a uerhska fofofkla f.aÜgqfjka msg; ud meyerf.k
hdug isák nj ug fmkS .sh neúka Wmjdih w;a yeÍug isÿúh'

ó,.g udf.a wjOdkh fhduqjQfha cmka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h fj;h'

mqoa.,sl wdrlaIslhskaf.ka fíÍ ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,fha ks<OdÍkag lreKq
meyeÈ,s lsÍfuka miq Tjqka lf<a ye|kqïmf;a Pdhd msgm;la ,ndf.k ug
iyfhda.h fkdolajd Wmjdi lsÍug bv Èh fldyels nj mjid mqoa.,sl
wdrCIlhska ,jd ud msg;g ±óuhs'

;j;a osfkl uu fn!oaOdf,dal udjf;a msysá tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkfha ld¾hd,hg f.dia Wmjdihla lsÍug wjir b,a,d isáfhñ' t;ek
isá fvkaud¾la cd;sl fojk f,alï jrhd lsfõ udf.a m%YaKh Tyqkg wod,
fkdue;s nj;a" Tjqka meñK isákafka ixj¾Ok lghq;= fjkqfjka iyfhda.h
§ug nj;ah'

bkamiq ud lf,a ilia l, ,smshla u.ska fn!oaO ck;djg rcfha

lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska lrk ,o wmrdO i|yka fldg ;j;a ;dkdm;s
ld¾hd, lSmhlg ±kqï §uhs' tu ,sms uu w;skau f.k f.dia Ndr ÿksñ' fuu
;dkdm;s ld¾hd, kï weußldkq ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h" iaúiag¾,ka; ;dkdm;s
ld¾hd,h" ´,kao ;dkdm;s ls¾hd,h" uef,aishdkq ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h"
fkd¾ùcshka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h' lefkaähdkq ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h iy bkaÈhdkq
;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hghs' ud úiska fkd¾ùðhdkq ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg Ndrfok
,o ,smsh Bg miq Èk ud jevg hk úg nexl=fõ fïih Wv ;nd ;snqKs' thska
fmkajQfha rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh;a fkd¾ùðhka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h;a
w;r ;snQ iïnkaO;djhhs' bkaÈhdkq ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg Ndrÿka ,smsh wks;a
,sms j,ska fjkia úh' tys i|yka jQfha rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska
fn!oaO ck;dj j| Ndjhg m;a lrk nj;a fldá ixúOdkh fufyhjkqfha
rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska nj iy rðõ .dkaê uy;d >d;khg
rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh iïnkaO nj;ah'

fï w;r;=r lefkaähdkq ksfhdað; msßila ,xldfõ udkj ysñlï

lghq;= ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su i|yd meñK ;sfnk nj mqj;a j, m,ù ;snqKs' fï
iïnkaOfhka ,xldfõ iïnkaëlrK lghq;= lf<a ’ bkaf*daï wdh;kfha
wOHCIljßhl jQ iqks,d wfífialr uy;añhhs' ud weh yuqù udf.a m%YaKh
bÈßm;a fldg tu lefkaähdkq ksfhdað; msßi yuqùug wjia:djla ,nd .;sñ'
tu ksfhdað; msßig lefkaähdkq md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhl=o wh;a úh' Tjqka
kej;S isá .d¨uqjfodr fydag,hg .sh;a ug l;d l, yels jQfha Tjqkaf.a
msßfia f,alïjrfh;= iuÕ muks' tfõf,a Tjqka yuqùug meñK isá hqla;sh
m;%fha l;D iqkkao foaYm%sh uy;dg;a" ug;a tu ksfhdað; msßi yuqùug
fkdyels úh' Bg fya;=jQfha ud .ek f;dr;=re rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
úiska Tjqkag ,nd §u nj ug ta;a;= .sfhah'

fï jkúg udf.a igk Wmjdihla olajd fjkia lsÍu yer fjk;a

úl,amhla fkdue;s nj ug wjfndaO ù ;snqKs' ta i|yd w;a m;%sldjla uqøKh
lf<ñ' tys wvx.= lreKq jQfha

1' lrKafoKsh ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha fn!oaO ck;dj j|Ndjhg m;a

lsÍu i|yd 1986" 1987 j¾Ij,§ fndrlkao iy W!r.y rcfha
frday,a u.ska j| fnfy;a ksl=;a lsÍu'
2' 1989 ckjdß 17 Èk wyqka.,a, ÿïßh nia wk;=r u.ska fn!oaO isiqka
45 la >d;kh fldg 80 lg ;=jd, isÿ lsÍu'
3' uyck uka;%S ÈfkaIa .=Kj¾Ok uy;df.a ìß| jk ruKs .=Kj¾Ok
uy;añh ji §u u.ska urKhg m;a lsÍu'
4' fn!oaO jHdmdßl úu,Ôj .xf.dv uy;d ^uhqr .dukaÜia wêm;s&
jiÈu u.ska urKhg m;a lsÍu'
5' 1989 j¾Ih ;=,È .d¨ Èia;%slalh ;=, fmdoa.,sl niar: follg
fndaïn .eiSu u.ska mqoa.,hska 17 la muK >d;kh lsÍu iy ;j;a
whg ;=jd, isÿúh'
6' 1989 cqks ui .d,a, mqryf,a mj;ajk ,o m,d;a iNd /iaùug ld¾
 fndaïnhla ;eîfuka fmd,sia ks<Odßka mia fofkl= >d;kh lsÍu'
7' wïn,kaf.dv Y%S' ,x' ks' m' ixúOdhl w' u' lreKdr;ak uy;d ji
§fuka urKhg m;alsÍu'

ud Wmjdi lsÍug f;dard .;a ia:dk jQfha fld<U ksoyia p;=ri%h"

fld<U ksoyia udjf;a msysá udkj ysñlï uOHia:dkh iy fld<U
úydruydfoaù WoHdkfha nqÿms<suh bÈßmsghs'

ksoyia p;=ri%fha Wmjdih lroa§ jrla rd;%S 11 g muK l=reÿj;a;

fmd,sisfhka meñK Wmjdih kj;ajk fuka lshd isáh kuq;a uu m%;alafIam
lf<ñ' kuq;a miqj Tjqkaf.a ;¾ckh yuqfõ ug Wmjdih w; yeÍug isÿ úh'
tfia fkdjqfha kï uf.a urKh isÿùug bv ;snqKs' fuu wdldrhgu udkj
ysñlï uOHia:dkfha;a úydruyd foaù WoHdkfha;a uu Wmjdi l<;a tla jrla
yefrkakg lsisu wjia:djl mqj;am;a j, jd¾;djla m,jqfka ke;' wjidkfha
Wmjdih uu Èk 3 la olajd lrñka isák úg uf.a isref¾ c,h wvqjk nj;a
rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha wh uf.a urKh wfmalaIdfjka isák nj;a
ta;a;= .sh neúka Wmjdi lsÍu w;ayer ta fjkqjg i;H.%y lsÍug woyia
lf<ñ'

fñ w;r;=r rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska tlai;a cd;sl mCI

rch fmr,d oud fmdÿ fmruqK rch msysgqjd .;ay' ta wh iQodkï jQfha rch
fjkia fldg W;=f¾ m%YaKhg fmruqKq rch ,jd foaYmd,k úi÷ula ,nd §
rg folv lsÍug;a udf.a m%Yak j, j.lSfuka ñ§ug;ah'

uyue;sjrKhl§ Èkk mCIh ;SrKh lrkafka mdfjk Pkao u.ska

nj ljqre;a okakd lreKls' lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh lf<a mdfjk Pkao fmdÿ
fmruqKg ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍuhs' Tjqka lf<a rgmqrdu l,n, we;s fldg
tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha isák T;a;= fiajfha b;a;ka ,jd ukqIH >d;k 15 la
muK we;s fldg tajd tlai;a cd;sl mCIh msg megùuhs' túg mdfjk Pkao
fmdÿ fmruqKg ,enqKs' fuhska tla >d;khla kï udoïfma fiakdkdhldrdufha
iqÿje,af,a Wmr;k ysñhka .uka .;a jdykhg .,a j,ska myr § miqj
frdayf,a§ urkhg m;a lsÍuhs' tu ysñhkaf.a foayh fmdÿ fmruqfKa Pkao
fm,md,shl /f.k f.dia we;s njg f;dr;=re jd¾;d úh'

fuu Pkaofha§ uyck tlai;a fmruqfka ÈfkaIa .=Kj¾Ok uy;d

mrdchg m;a lsÍug lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh úiska l%shd;aul jQ w;r 1994
wf.daia;= 24 Èk fmdÿfmruqK ch.%Khg úYd, fufyhla l< lreKdfiak
ch,;a uy;d lf;da,sl T;a;= úiska urKhg m;a lrk ,§' ta uy;dgo msg
fldkafoa wudrejla iE§ fydrK frday,g we;=,;a l< miq mdkÿr frdayf,a§
ñh .sfha yDo frda.hlska nj jd¾;d úh' Tyqf.a urKh .ek ug iel ys;=fka
tu isÿùï fya;=fjks' miqj T;a;= fiajfha fn!oaO msßi udf.a u;h ;yjqre
lf<ah'

1995 § muK uu fmdÿ fmruqKq rch hgf;a wêlrK N+ñfha

i;H.%yhla lf<ñ' tÈk ud w;awvx.=jg f.k wêlrKhg ndOd lsÍu hk
fpdaokdj hgf;a ßudkaâ nkaOkd.dr .; flreKs' miqj ßudkaâ nkaOkd.drfha
ud r|jd isá w;r ud úiska uqøKh fldg ;snQ rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
úiska lrk ,o wmrdO hk w;am;%sldj wêlrK wud;HxYhg fhduq lrk ,§'
udi 1 1$2 la hk;=reu thg ms<s;=rla fkd,enqk neúka iy ud jro ms<s.;a
neúka ud ksoyia fldreKs' kuq;a lsisu mqj;am;l i;H.%yh .ek jd¾;d
fkdjqKs' ta jk úg wfma nexl=fõ lS¾;s kduhg ydks jk wdldrhg lghq;=
lf<ah' hk fpdaokdj hgf;a udf.a fiajh w;aysgqjd ;snqKs'

bkamiq /lshdj ke;sj udihla muK isàug ug isÿúh' miqj ud úiska

nexl=j wm lS¾;shg m;ajk wdldrfha lsisjla fkdl, nj Tmamq lsÍfuka miq
/lshdj kej; ,enqKs' nkaOkd.drh ;=< isá ld,h ;=< fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha
wmrdO j,g w;a wvx.=jg f.k isá iellrejka fndfyda msßila yuqúh' Tjqka
ish¿ fokdu wmrdO lrejka ù we;af;a iudcfhau jrÈkau nj ug jegyS
.sfhah' nkaOkd.drfha .; l, ld,h ;=< ug l=iaisfha mjd jev lrkakg isÿjQ
w;r m%Odk m%Yakh jQfha c, m%Yakhhs' kEug imhkq ,enqfõ iSñ; j;=r
m%udKhls' jeisls,s j, fodrj,a ke;' Ôú;fha b;du;a lgql mßÉfþohla ta
wdldrhg f.jd ±uqfjñ'

udf.a ðú;hg urK ;¾ck fldf;l=;a ;snqk;a fl,skau tajd t,a,

jQfha 1989 NSIK iuh ;=<§h' thska tla isÿùula my; i|yka lrñ' Èkla
uu nihl .fï isg meñfKñka isáfhñ' je,a,j;a; miq lrñka isáh§
yßfha§ wxl ;yvq fkdue;s ðma ßhla ud isá nih msgqmi tkjd ÿgqñ' ug iel
is;=Ks' ta jkúg;a w¿ f.daiqjka fofokl= ud isá nihg ke. ud wi,g ù ud
meyer .ekSug iQodkï jk wdldrh ug fmKqks' ud jyd nifhka nei fld<U
fldgqjg tk úg nia 3 la udre lf<ñ'

tÈk rd;%S ld,fha§ nexl=jg ù ksod .;a w;r miqÈk Wofha f.or
hdug uy nexl=j bÈßmsg nia kej;=ï m<g .sfhñ' kej;;a ud meyerf.k
hdug w¿f.daiqjka /lisák nj ug fmkS .sfhah' uu jyd ta wi, ;snQ
iaúÜi¾,ka; ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg f.dia isÿùu lshd wdrCIdj b,a,d isáfhñ'
Tjqka lSfõ iji 3'00 jk f;la isákakg bv Èh yels nj;a Bg fmr l=ula
fyda mshjrla .; hq;= nj;ah' udf.a mshdf.a ifydaorfhl= fld<U .d¨
uqjfodr hqO yuqod l|jqf¾ fï jk úg fiajh l< neúka Tyqg ÿrl:kfhka
l:d fldg f.kajd f.k Tyq iuÕ mkdf.dv hqO l|jqf¾ msysá Tyqf.a ksjig
.sfhñ' fï wjia:dfõ§ iaúiag¾,ka; ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,fha ks<Odßhd ug b;d
fyd¢ka Woõ l< w;r udf.a wdrCIdj .ek ie,ls,su;a úh'

1989 NSIK iufha Èkl n;a;ruq,a, me,j;a; ksjfia ud isák úg

fy,sfldmagrhla ksjig by,ska wyfia tl;ek kj;ajkjd ÿáñ' wi, msysá
hqO l|jqrg fy,sfldmag¾ ks;ru tk nj ud ±l we;s uq;a ud isá ksjig
by,ska wyfia fy,sfldmagrh keje;aùu ug ielhg ;=vq fokakg ldrKhla
úh' fõ,dj Wfoa 10 g muK úh' ud fudag¾ ihsl,h f.k msg;a jQfha wjg
mßirh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSugh' ta jk úg;a w¿f.daiqjkaf.a T;a;=
lrejka udf. ksji wi, uqr lrñka isá nj fmfkkakg ;snqKs' udf.a
wjidkh ,.d ù we;s nj ug ta;a;= .sh neúka udÿ¿jdfõ fidaNs; ysñhka
yuqùug f.dia ud wo Èk urKhg m;alrk nj;a thska fíÍug fkdyels nj;a
lshd isáfhñ' Wka jykafia mejiqfõ l,n, fkdjk f,ihs' yji 7 g muK ud
fudag¾ ihsl,fhka msg;a jQfha f.or isàu wjodkï neúks' rd;%S 11g muK
neoao.dfka isá udf.a ñ;=rl=f.a ksjig f.dia fudag¾ ihsl,h tys oud
irula muKla f.k t<shg neiafia fudag¾ ihsl,fhka hk tl wjodkï
neúks' uq¿ rd;%Shu wi, le,hlg ù ld,h .; l, uu Wfoa 5g muK wdmiq
meñKsfhñ' tÈk w¿f.daiqjkg ud yiq jQfha kï fuh ,shkakg fkdyels jkq
we;'

ud wjika jrg i;H.%yhla lf,a 1999 wfm%a,a 25 jk Èk

úydruydfoaù WoHdkfha§h' Èk 4 la i;H.%yh f.k .sh;a m%;sM,hla
fkdùh' tu i;.%yh lsÍug ud woyia lf<a W;=f¾ fldá ixúOdkh fufyh
jkafkaa rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka nj fy<sorõ lsÍugh' i;H.%yh
i|yd uqøKh l, w;a m;%sldj my; i|ykah'

i;H.%yh

1' 1985 uehs 14 jeks Èk wkqrdOmqrfha Y%S uyd fndaêh wi,§

NslaIQkajykafia,d 19 fofkl= iu. oiis,a ud;djkao we;=¿j
ie±yej;=ka 200 la muK >d;kh lsÍu ^ fuu wmrdOfha ie,iqu
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka jk w;r m%ydrh fldá ixúOdkfhks&

2' 1985 uehs 27 jeks Èk uykqjr .egfò rdfcdamjkdrdudêm;s ,nq¥fõ

isßOïu iajdóka jykafia urKhg m;a lsÍu'

3' 1986 uehs 28 Èk fld<U iïfndaê úydrdêm;s mQcH mdkÿf¾

wdßhOïu iaúóka jykafia fmardfoKsh uyfrdayf,a§ urKhg
m;alsÍu'

4' 1987 cqks 3 jk Èk wïmdr uyTh uyd ud¾.fha wrka;,dfõ§ NslaIQ

kajykafia,d 29 l=;a we;=¿j 33 fofkla lmd fldgd fjä ;nd >d;kh
lsÍu' ^ fuu wmrdOfha ie,iqu lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka jk w;r
m%ydrh fldá ixúOdkfhks'&

5' lrkafoKsh ue;sjrK fldÜGdifha fn!oaO ck;dj j|Ndjhg m;a

lsÍu i|yd 1986" 1987 j¾I j,§ fndrlkao iy W!r.y rcfha
frday,a u.ska jo fnfy;a ksl=;a lsÍu

6' 1989 ckjdß 17 Èk wyqka.,a, ÿïßh nia wk;=r u.ska fn!oaO isiqka
45 la >d;kh fldg 80 lg ;=jd, isÿlsÍu'

7' uyck tlai;a fmruqfKa kdhl ÈfkaIa .=Kj¾Ok uy;df.a ìß| jk

ruKS .=Kj¾Ok uy;añh ji §u u.ska m;alsÍu'

8' fn!oaO jHdmdßl úu,Ôj .fkaf.dv uy;d ^ uhqr .dukaÜ wêm;&s ji

§u u.ska urKhg m;a lsÍu'

9' 1989 j¾Ih ;=<§ .d¨ Èia;%slalh ;=< fm!oa.,sl nia r: 2lg fndaïn
 ;eîu u.ska mqoa.,hska 17 la muK >d;kh lsÍu iy ;j;a whg ;=jd,
isÿ lsÍu'

10' 1989 cQ,s ui .d,a, mqryf,a§ mj;ajk ,o m,d;a iNd /iaùug ld¾
fndaïnhla ;eîfuka fmd,sia ks<Odßfhl= we;=¿ 5 fofkla >d;kh
lsÍu'

11' Y%S' ,x' ks' m' Wm f,alïjrfhl=j isá wïn,kaf.dv Y%S' ,x' ks' m'
ixúOdhl w' u lreKdr;ak uy;d ji §u u.ska urKhg m;alsÍu'

12' 1992 uehs 21 jk Èk Y%S' ,x' ks' m fha fYa%Iag kdhlhl=j isá à' î'
b,x.r;ak uy;d urKhg m;a lsÍu'

13' 1993 fkdjeïn¾ 7 jk Èk Wmka w;a;säfha .euqK udjf;a wxl 14 ys

mÈxÑ fyauka; l=udr nkaÿ, fyajd uy;df.a Èk 2 1$2 la jhi ÈhKsh
mqoa.,sl frday,l§ úI tkak;la §fuka urKhg m;a lsÍu'

t' cd' m rch meje;s ld,h ;=< lrk ,o by; i|yka wmrdO j,g
wu;rj my; i|yka wmrdO j,go rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
j.lsj hq;= w;r ta wkqj fmdÿck tlai;a fmruqK fufyhjk
woDYHudk n,fõ.h ù we;af;ao lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh nj;a i|yka
lrñ'

14' fmdoqck tlai;a fmruqK n,hg m;a lsÍu i|yd rg mqrd l,n, we;s
lsÍu;a udoïfma fiakdkdhldrdufha iqÿje,af,a Wmr;k ysñhka
.uka.;a jdykhg .,aj,ska myr § miqj frdayf,a§ urKhg m;a
lsÍuo rg mqrd ukqIH >d;k 15 la isÿ lsÍu'

15' 1994 wf.daia;= 24 Èk m%isoaO f,aLl lreKdfiak ch,;a uy;d ji §

miqj frdayf,a§ urKhg m;a lsÍu'

16' 1994 uyue;sjrkfha§ uyck tlai;a fmruqK mrdch lsÍu i|yd

lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha n,h mdúÉÑ lsÍu'

17' 1995 uehs 26 Èk ÈUq,d., wdrKHh fiakdikdêm;s ud;r ls;,.u Y%S

YS,d,xldr kdysñmdKka fjä ;nd >d;kh lsÍu ^fuu wmrdOho
lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka jk w;r m%ydrh fldá ixúOdkfhks&

18' 1998 ckjdß 25 Èk uykqjr o<od ud<s.djg fndaïn m%ydrhla t,a,

fldg thg w,dNdks isÿlsÍu iy 14 fofkla >d;kh lsÍu ^fuys
ie,iqu lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfhka jk w;r m%ydrh fldá
ixúOdkfhks'&

19' 1998 ud¾;= 12 jk Èk uy frdayf,a 43 jk jdÜgqfõ§ m%ùk mqj;a m;a

l,dfõÈhl= jQ .=Kodi ,shkf.a uy;d urKhg m;a lsÍu'
20' 1998 iema 20 jk Èk iïm;a nexl=fõ iNdm;sj isá vkaiagka w,aúia
uy;d ji È urKhg m;a lsÍu'

21' 1998 iema 25 jeks Èk iïm;a nexl=fõ idudkHdêldÍj isá l=ud¾

wfíkdhl uy;d ji§ urKhg m;a lsÍu'

22' 1999 fmnrjdß 11 jeks Èk .d,a, uyfudaor frdayf,a wxl 28

jdÜgqfõ§ W;=re msá., mÈxÑ Èkhdÿr rejka;s pñkaÈld kue;s uj
m%iQ; l, msßñ <orejd urKhg m;a lsÍu'
23' 1999 ud¾;= 9 jk Èk msgfldgqj uOHu niar: kj;=ïmf<a§ niar:hla
;=< fndaïnhla mqmqrjd yeÍu u.ska mßirfõÈhl= jQ mkdf.dv úrdÊ
ohdr;ak uy;d iy .d,a, lkafoaj;af;a tia' tï' wurodi uy;d
urKhg m;a lsßu;a ;j;a 12 fofkl=g ;=jd, isÿ lsÍu'

24' 1999 ud¾;= 16 jk Èk .,alsiai fmd,Sish wi,§ fndaïnhla mqmqrjd

fmd,Sisfha nqoaê wxYfha ia:dkdêm;s fmd,sia mÍCIl fufydfuâ
ks,dìÈka uy;dg;a ßhÿre pkaok mqIam l=udr uy;dg;a fldia;dm,a
ví,sõ' ã' fm%auisß uy;dg;a ;=jd, isÿlsÍu iy kqjrt<sfha foaúld
l=udß Èidkdhl fukúh;a ;j;a ;%Sfrdao r: ßhÿrl=;a urKhg m;a
lsÍu'

ud i;H.%y l< Èkfha§ ryia fmd,sia ks<OdÍka fofofkla meñK

udf.ka m%Yak lf<ah' uf.ka weiQfha fuu lreKq ±k .;af;a flfiao hkakhs'
uu Tjqkag lSfõ fuu lrekq we;a;o fndreo hkak fidhd n,k f,ihs'

fuu isoaêfhka ud lshd isáfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh lrk ,o

wmrdO t<s ±laùug .;a W;aidyhhs' fuys i|yka jkafka ug úÈkakg isÿjQ
lror j,ska w,am ud;%hls'
^12& wjidkh
ud fuf;la lSfõ isxy, fn!oaOhskg ù we;s widOdrklïh' ±ka
,xldfõ fkdj f,dalfha fjk;a rgj, fou< ck;djg isÿù we;s
widOdrKhla .ek lshñ' th kï iS' whs' ta ixúOdkh úiska f,dalfha fou<
ck;dj jo lrf.k hñka isák njhs' l,ska ud ±k .;af;a l¿ ksf.%da
cd;slhska iS' whs' ta ixúOdkh úiska jo lrk nj muKs' l¿ cd;slhska hkq
iqÿ cd;slhska úiska jy¨ka jYfhka f.k .sh ck fldÜGdihls' fou<
ck;djo bx.%SiSka úiska Tjqkaf.a hg;a úð; j,g jy¨ka fuka f.k .sh
cd;shls' ta wkqj fou< cd;sho jo lsÍfï ;¾ckhg ,laúh yels nj ug
ielhla we;s úh' tu ielh idOdrK nj fn!oaO T;a;= fiajh úiska ;yjqre
lf<ah' tkï bkaÈhdfõ isák fou< ck;dj iS' whs' ta 'ixúOdkh úiska jo
lrk njhs' fuu wmrdO t<sorõ ùfuka miq fldá ixúOdkh ;ukag;a
;¾ckhla fõ hehs is;+ neúka tys isá fidrk ,sx.ï fyj;a Yxl¾ keue;s
fldá ;%ia;jdÈhd iS' whs' ta' ixúOdkh u.ska >d;kh fldreks Bg fya;=j jQfha
Yxl¾ fldá ixúOdkhg ne§ug fmr lekvdfõ .=jkahdkd bxðfkarejrfh;=
f,i fiajh lsÍuhs' iema;eïn¾ 11 fjksod isoaêhla h<s we;s fkdùug' iS' whs'
ta ixúOdkh úiska ;ukag ;¾ckhla fj;ehs is;k mqoa.,hska >d;kh lrñka
isà' Yxl¾ >d;kho bka tlls' Yxl¾ >d;khg hqO yuqod fldudkafvda ng
msßila j. lsj hq;= nj fldá ixúOdkh fpdaokdl< nj;a th jerÈ nj;a Bg
j.lsh hq;af;a fou< fldá ixúOdkh ;=<u isák iS' whs' ta' b;a;ka nj;a
fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ isxy, ck;dj j| fldg fou< rdcHhla we;s lsÍfï

l=uka;%Khla we;s nj uu uq,§ ioyka lf<ñ' by; ldrKh wkqj ,xldfõ
fou< rdcHhla we;s lsÍfï l=uka;%Khla l%Shd;aul fkdjk mriamr fohla
nj fmkS hhs' kuq;a jo lsÍfï ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;af;a ,xldfõ fou<
ck;dj fkdj ,xldfjka msg; Ôj;a jk fou< ck;dj nj fn!oaO T;a;=
fiajh úiska jd¾;d lrf.k we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ isxy, fn!oaO ck;dj j| lsÍfï ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s

nj uu uq,§ meyÈ,s lf<ñ' thg ms<shï jYfhka l< hq;af;a orejka ke;s
uõ jrekag orejka we;s lsÍfï ;dCIKh uqo,g ,nd .ekSug rcfhka wdOdr
lsÍfï jev ms<sfj,la Èh;a lsÍu;a jeämqr orejka ìyslrk uõjrekag
iïudk iy orejka kv;a;= lsÍug uqo,la rcfhka ,nd Èh hq;=h' ;jo tla
msßñfhl=g .eyeKqka wvqu jYfhka fofofkla újdy lr .ekSug yels jk
fia újdy kS;sh ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= w;r by; i|yka ish¿ myiqlï isxy,
fn!oaOhskag muKla iSud l< hq;=h'

,xldfõ uqia,sï ck;dj iy isxy, ck;dj w;r fíohla we;s lsÍfï

l=uka;%Khla bx.%Sis ld,fha isgu l%shd;aul úh' 1915 uqia,sï isxy,
flda,y,h bx.%Siskaf.a l=uka;%Khla nj Wvlekaoj, irKxlr ysñhkaf.a
’igkl igyka~~ kue;s fmdf;a i|ka fõ' j¾;udkfhao uqia,sï isxy, .egqï
we;s lrkafka lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh nj ljqre;a fkdokakd lreKls'
 f,dalfha iS' whs' ta ixúOdkh úiska lrk ,o >d;k lsysmhla my;
i|yka lrñ'

1' nx.,dfoaYfha w.ue;s uqmand¾ ryuka we;=¿ mjqf,a wh ^tla

ÈhKshla yer& >d;kh lsÍu'
2' Bðma;=fõ ckdêm;s wkaj¾ iod;a uy;d >d;kh lsÍu'
3' mlsia;dk ckdêm;s ishd W,ayla >d;kh lsÍu'
4' uyck Ökfha kdhlj isá ud´ fia;=x uy;d iy w.ue;sj isá pQ'
tka,dhs uy;d tlu j¾Ihla ;=< ryis.;j urKhg m;a
lsÍu

1987 cq,s ui bkaÈhdkq w.ue;s rðõ .dkaê uy;d ,xldjg meñKs

wjia:dfõ§ kdúl fin<l= ,jd Tyqg rhsm,a nolska myr §u iS' whs' ta
ixúOdkfha Wjukdj u; isÿù we;s njo jd¾;d ù we;'

T;a;= fiajhl m%Odk ld¾h f;dr;=re /ialsÍuhs' ta i|yd yels

Wmßu W;aidyhla orhs' ,xldfõ kï foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a ÿrl:k j,g
ijka §u jeks foaj,a isÿ flf¾' Bg wu;rj rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajh
i;= fjk;a flfkla is;k foaj,a weÕg w;laj;a fkd;nd mß.Kl ;Srh
u;g .ekSfï ;dCIKh Tjqka i;=j we;' fuh W;=f¾ hqoaOfha§ rcfha yuqod
ks<OdÍka f.a hqO ie,iqï fudkjdo hkak ±k .ekSug fhdod f.k we;sjdg
ielhla ke;' ;jo j¾;udkfha mqoa.,sl frday,l isrerla ialEka lsÍu
i|yd remsh,a 5000 muK wh lrkq ,nhs' T;a;= fiajh i;= ;dCIKh fhdod
.ekSfuka tu ld¾h i|yd re 100 la jeks iq¿ uqo,lg lr.; yels jkq we;'

lf;da,sl n,h tlai;a cd;sl mCI rch ;=, fldf;la l%shd;aul

jkafkao hkak;a fn!oaOhskag ,eî we;s ;ek l=ulao hkakd;a fidhd n,uq'

rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d fn!oaOhl= fkdjk nj ,lañKs mqj;a mf;a

2002 wfm%a,a 7 jk bßod bIdñ fudfyduâ uy;d úiska ,shk ,o rjq*a ylSï
fof,djla w;r hk isria;,h iys; ,smsfhka meyeÈ,s fjhs' tu ,smsh my;
i|yka lrñ'

miq.sh uy isl=rdod Èk Y%S ,dxlsl lf;da,sl ne;su;ayq f,dj fiiq

lf;da,slhka fukau fÊiq;=ud l=reisfha weK.id urd ±óu isyslsÍug
wd.ñl j;djkays fhfoñka b;du;a ;ekam;a ojila f,i ld,h .; l,y'
weka.a,sldkq ls;=kqjl= jk rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d ish wd.u wkqj miq.sh
isl=rdod Èk wd.ñl j;djkays fh§ uia ud¿ wdydrhg fkdf.k u;ameka
mdkh fkdlr b;du;a ;ekam;aj oji .; lf,ah' Tyq fjkod fuka rcldÍ
lghq;= lr ke;' rks,a úl%uisxy uy;df.a mshd jk tiaukaâ úl%isxyf.a
ifydaorhl= ,CIauka úl%isxy uy;d tx.,ka; iNdfõ ìfIdama jrfhla úh'
t;=ud wjidkfhaÈ l=reKE., ìfIdamajrhd úh'

fuhska woyia jkafka ,xldfõ rdcH kdhlhl= úh yelafla

fn!oaOhl= fkdjk whl=g njh' fuu lghq;= isÿjkafka wyïfnka fkdj tajd
isÿjkafka wjqreÿ 50-60 ie,iqï wkqj njh' j¾;udk rch n,hg m;ajQ miq
m;al, weu;s uKav,h .ek ±ka i,ld n,uq'

1& rks,a úl%isxy - w.ue;s iy m%;sm;a;s ie,iqï

wex.a,slka

2& fla' tia' fpdlais - uqo,a

fn!oaOhl= fkdfõ

3& áfrdaka m%kdkaÿ - úfoaY lghq;=

lf;da,sl
4& mS' ohdr;ak - fh!jk lghq;=
fn!oaO

5& fcdaka wur;=x. - wNHhka;r lghq;=

lf;da,sl

6& ;s,la udrmk - wdrCIl lghq;=

fn!oaOhl= jqj;a ìß|
lf;da,sl

7& .dñKS f,dl=f.a - ixpdrl

fn!oaO

8& lre chiQßh - úÿ,sn, iy n, Yla;s

fn!oaO

9& .dñKS w;=fldard, - m%jdyk uyd ud¾. yd .=jka fiajd

fn!oaO
10& we,sla w¿úydr - úfoaY lghq;= iy m,d;amd,k
fn!oaO

11& tï' tÉ' fudfyduâ - ngysr m%foaY ixj¾Ok

uqia,sï

12& ù' c' uq' f,dl= - wêlrK iy nqoaO lghq;=

nKavdr fn!oaO

13& .dñKS chúl%u - jdßud¾. iy c, l<uKdlrK

fmf¾rd fn!oaO

14& tia' î' Èidkdhl - lDIsl¾u mY+ iïm;a iy iqNidOl

fn!oaO

15& Ô' t,a' mSßia - l¾udka; ixj¾Ok

fn!oaO
16& rjq*a ylSï - jrdh ixj¾Ok iy kdjdl lghq;=
uqia,sï

17& wurd mshiS,S - jks;d lghq;=

r;akdhl fn!oaO

18& wdkkao l=,r;ak - oCIsK ixj¾Ok

fn!oaO
19& relauka fiakdkdhl - mßir iy iajdNdúl iïm;a
fn!oaO
20& wdreuq.ï f;dkavuka - ksjdi iy j;=há;, myiqlï
fou<

21& uyskao úfÊfialr- ëjr iy iuqø iïm;a

fn!oaO

22& ,CIauka lsßwe,a, - j;= l¾udka;

fn!oaO

23& ;siai w;a;kdhl - uOHu m%foaY ixj¾Ok

fn!oaO

24& nkaÿ, .=Kj¾Ok - .%dóh ixj¾Ok

fn!oaO

25& ta' wd¾' tï' ldo¾ - iuQmldr

uqia,sï

fï wkqj rcfha m%Odk wud;Hjreka jk ch,;a chj¾Ok uyskao

iurisxy' fcdaima uhsl,a fmf¾rd" áfrdaka m%kdkaÿ" rù lreKdhl" fcdaiagka
m%kdkaÿ " ñ,skao fudrf.dv hk who rùkaø rkafoKsh" ,s,ka; fmf¾rd" ,eáia
fmf¾rd" kshqud,a fmf¾rd" iy fcdaima mrrdcisxyï" hk lf;da,sl uka;%Sjrekao
j¾;udk rcfha m%n,hska njg m;aù we;' Bg fya;=j ù we;af;a T;a;= fiajh
md,kh lrkqfha lf;da,slhska ùuhs'

2004 wfm%a,a 2 jk Èk meje;s uy ue;sjrkfhka ikaOdk rch

n,hg m;aúh' túg wdKavq mlaIfha m%Odk ixúOdhlhd jQfha lf;da,slfhl= jk
fchrdÊ m%kdkaÿ mq,af,a weu;sjrhdh' ta w;r úmlaIfha m%Odk ixúOdhlhd
jQfha lf;da,slfhl= jk uyskao nqoaOodi iurisxy uy;dh' Tyqf.a j¾;udk
Ndú; ku uyskao nqoaOodi iurisxy jQj;a Tyqf.a uq,a ku uhsl,a *¾äkekaâia
iurisxyh
2005 fkdjeïn¾ 17 hk Èk meje;s ckdêm;sjrKfhka uyskao
rdcmlaI uy;d ch.%yKh fldg ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;aúh' fuu fjkiska
miqj uyskao iurisxy uy;d wdKavq mlaIhg tl;= ù úreoaO mCIfha m%Odk
ixúOdhl ;k;=rg lf;da,slhl= jk fcdaIma uhsl,a fmf¾rd uy;d m;a úh
udkj ysñlï lghq;= ms<sn| weu;sjrhd njg m;ajQfhao lf;d,slhl= jk
uyskao iurisxy uy;dhs' rg ;=< udkj ysñlï lv lrñka fn!oaOhd jo
lrñka iy urKhg m;a lrñka fn!oaO ixydrhl fhfoñka isákafka rcfha
lf;da,sl ryia T;a;= fiajhhs' mqÿuhg lreK kï udkj ysñlï Ndrj lghq;=
lsÍug uyskao rdcmlaI uy;df.a rch úiska fhdod we;af;ao lf;da,slfhla
jk uyskao nqoaOodi iurisxyh uy;dh' fuu ckdêm;sjrKfha§ cd;sl
fy<Wreuh;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK;a uyskao rdcCI uy;df.a ch.%yKh
fjkqfjka lghq;= lf<ah' nyq;r isxy, fn!oaOhska msßila Pkaoh mdúÉÑ
lf<a uyskao rdcmCI uy;dgh' tfia kuq;a isxy, fn!oaOhd j| lsÍu;a
W;=f¾ fldá ixúOdkhg rcfha lf;da,sl T;a;= fiajfha iyfhda.h ,efnk
nj;a uyck;djg t<sorõ lsÍug fõÈldjla fkdue;s úh' tu wvqj msrùu
i|yd wm msßila tl;= ù fndÿ ch fiakd mCIh kñka foaYmd,k mCIhla
msysgqjd .kq ,eîh'tys uy f,alï jrhd jYfhka ud lghq;= lrk w;r
iNdm;s ;k;=r fydnjkqfha leianEj YdikdrlaIl n, uKav,fha f,alï
jYfhka lghq;= lrk iy r;au,dk mru Oïu fÉ;sh msßfjfka Wm
úÿy,am;s jrhd jYfhka lghq;= lrk f.dïnoao, oñ; iajdóka jykafiah

bÈßfhaÈ wm mCIh iEu ue;sjrKhlgu ;rÕ lsÍug

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r Tnf.a iyfhda.h wmyg ,nd§ug lghq;= lrk
fuka b,a,d isáñ'

wdY%s; .%ka:

1& wef.dks T*a Y%S ,xld - à' ã' tia' ta'

Èidkdhl

2& fjda¾ wekaâ mSia bka Y%S ,xld - à' ã' tia' ta' Èidkdhl

3& ókïnlalï - tia' mshfiak

4& fmd,sálaaia T*a fgrßiï - isxy r;aK;=x.

5& fld<U N+ñldj - fÊ' tka' älaiska

6& ffjoH Ydia;%fha iajNdjh - uydpd¾h .=Kmd,

O¾uisß