Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and is made of atoms. There are several branches of chemistry including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, and theoretical chemistry. A chemical is any substance with a defined composition, while an element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. Compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states and undergo physical or chemical changes. Chemical changes form new substances, while physical changes alter the state or properties but not the chemical makeup.
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Chapter One
Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and is made of atoms. There are several branches of chemistry including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, and theoretical chemistry. A chemical is any substance with a defined composition, while an element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. Compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states and undergo physical or chemical changes. Chemical changes form new substances, while physical changes alter the state or properties but not the chemical makeup.
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Chapter One – Matter:
• Chemistry – study of composition, structure, and properties of matter
and the changes it undergoes • Branches of Chemistry: - Organic = carbon containing compounds - Inorganic = not organic therefore no carbon - Physical = properties and changed of matter and relation to energy - Analytical = components and composition of materials - Biochemistry = substances and processes of living things - Theoretical = use of math and computers to understand principles of observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new components • Chemical = any substance with a defined composition • Applied research solves problems with determination (improve) • Basic research is how and why • Technological development improves the quality of life • Volume = amount of 3-demetional space an object occupies • Mass = measure of amount of matter • Matter = anything that has mass and takes up space • Atom = smallest unit of an element that still has its properties • Element = pure substance with only one kind of atom • Compound = made up of 2 or more atoms with a chemical bond • Molecule = smallest unit of and element or compound with properties • Property = characteristic that defines groups and classifies unknown substances • Several properties are needed to identify substances precisely • Extensive properties = depend on amount of matter present (volume, mass, energy, shape, size) • Intensive properties = don’t depend on amount of matter present (melting/boiling point, density, conductivity) • Physical property = observed or measured without changing identity (melting/boiling) • Physical change = change substance, not identity (cutting) • Change of state = physical change of one state to another (melting/boiling) • Solid = defined shape and volume (tightly packed particles because strong attractive forces) • Liquid = defined volume/ indefinite shape (particles close but move past each other) • Gas = no defined shape or volume (rapid particles with great distance) • Plasma = high-temperate physical state where atoms lose electrons • Chemical property = ability to undergo change and transform into different substance (charcoal burns, mixes with air, and becomes carbon) • Chemical change/ reaction = one or more substances converted into different substance • Reactants = substances that react (charcoal/air) • Products = substances formed (carbon) • Chemical change (decomposition) properties differ but matter and mass is the same • Energy is always involved (heat/light) but is not destroyed or created • Classified as pure (element) or mixture (more than one substance) • Can also be classified by uniformity and properties • Mixture = two or more kinds of matter that each retain identity and property; can usually be separated and property is the properties of the components; composition is done by percentage of mass • Homogeneous = mixture uniform in composition (same proportion) / solution • Heterogeneous = not uniform throughout (heavy particles sink to bottom) • Mixtures can be separated by: -Filtration = filter paper to separate solids form others -Distillation = physically separate a mixture -Electrolysis = use electricity to separate -Chromatography = separates by differences in solubility in a solvent • Pure substances have a fixed composition but differs from a mixture by: 1) Same characteristics in every sample 2) Same composition • Pure substances are either compounds or elements • Compounds can be broken down with a chemical change (ex. Water) • Groups/Families = vertical columns on the periodic table (18 groups) • Groups contain similar chemical properties • Periods = Horizontal rows on the periodic table • Physical and chemical properties change regularly across a period • Closer elements = more similar • Metal = element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity • Malleability = can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets • Ductile =