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L16 Animal Diversity 2

The document provides an overview of major animal phyla and classes, including: - Phylum Arthropoda including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans which have a hard exoskeleton and jointed limbs. - Phylum Mollusca including snails, mussels, and octopuses which have a muscular foot and mantle secreting a shell. - Phylum Echinodermata including sea stars and sea urchins which have radial symmetry and a water vascular system. - Phylum Chordata including vertebrates like mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians which have a backbone.

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149 views29 pages

L16 Animal Diversity 2

The document provides an overview of major animal phyla and classes, including: - Phylum Arthropoda including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans which have a hard exoskeleton and jointed limbs. - Phylum Mollusca including snails, mussels, and octopuses which have a muscular foot and mantle secreting a shell. - Phylum Echinodermata including sea stars and sea urchins which have radial symmetry and a water vascular system. - Phylum Chordata including vertebrates like mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians which have a backbone.

Uploaded by

shadoworacle
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Animal diversity - a brief overview

Phylum Arthropoda: insects, arachnids,


crustaceans, millipeds, centipedes
• Most species-rich phylum in animal kingdom
• > 1 million species described
• Have
– hard chitinous exoskeleton (protects soft parts,
allows muscle attachment)
– evolution of wings
– jointed limbs
– tagmatisation (organisation of segments into
functional groups, eg thorax)
– diversity and complexity of form
Phylum Arthropoda

• Reduced coelom (haemocoel)

• Open circulatory system – blood pumped by


heart through haemocoel
• Well developed nervous system – brain with
paired nervous cord, segmental ganglia
• Sexes separate; internal fertilization
Phylum Arthropoda

• Well developed respiratory systems

• Complete digestive system

• Specialized nitrogenous waste excretion:


Malpighian tubules collect dissolved N
waste
Sub-phylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida - mites spiders, scorpions, ticks
(~70,000 species)
Lack antennae; body divided into prosoma (head and thorax)
and opisthosoma; possess chelicerae (fangs); 4 pairs of legs
Most arachnids are carnivorous, poison often used to
immobilise prey

Many spiders produce silk in


spinning organs (spinnerets): used
to capture prey
Pour enzymes on surface of prey or
inject it, then suck out dissolved
tissues
Sub-phylum Chelicerata

Adaptations for terrestrial life:


• gas exchange through book lungs or tracheae
• excretion of nitrogenous waste through
Malpighian tubules

3 types of sensory organs:


• sensory hairs – air vibrations
• slit organs – sound
• simple eyes - light
Sub-phylum Crustacea
• < 42,000 species
• prawns, crabs, crayfish,
shrimps, copepods,
amphipods, isopods,
barnacles
• Head, thorax and abdomen
• 2 pairs of antennae,
mandibles, 2 pairs of maxillae
• Carapace enclosing body
• Appendages (legs,
swimmerettes) made of 2 parts
– endopodite and exopodite
Sub-phylum Crustacea

• Mostly aquatic, many marine

• Omnivorous: scavengers, filter feeders,


carnivores

• Often have gills on limbs

• Well developed nervous system, including


compound and simple eyes (ocelli)
Sub-phylum Uniramia

• Arthropods with one pair of antennae


• Name refers to unbranched limbs (cf. biramous
appendages of crustaceans)
• Includes
– Class Diplopoda (millipedes) (7500 species)
– Class Chilopoda (centipedes) (2500 species)
– Class Insecta (insects)
– Class Onychophora
Sub-phylum Onychophora (Velvet worms)
• 65 species
• Intermediate between
Annelida and Arthropoda
• Many features of annelids
and arthropods
• Soft body, covered by
permeable cuticle
• Legs are not jointed
• Have mandibles,
haemocoel, tracheae and
one pair of antennae
Class Insecta
• Largest group of animals, about 800,000
species described
• Among most numerous inhabitants of terrestrial
environments
• Ability to fly - contributes to abundance and
distribution
• Many are pests of humans and crops.
• Some are major vectors of disease (eg.
malaria, bubonic plague)
• Many positive impacts – pollination,
pharmaceuticals, biological control
Insect body plan

• Distinct head, thorax and abdomen


• Head segments are fused
• Head features compound eyes, antennae,
three pairs of mouthparts
• Thorax has 3 pairs of walking legs, and 2
pairs of wings
• Abdomen lacks appendages except for cerci
Class Insecta

• Variety of feeding
methods
• Gas exchange
through spiracles
that open externally,
lead to tracheae,
divide into
tracheoles
• Excretion system:
Malpighian tubules
Major insect orders
Coleoptera (beetles)
Hemiptera (bugs)
Diptera (flies)
Orthoptera (crickets, locusts)
Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies)
Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps)
Trichoptera (caddis flies)
Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Blattodea (cockroaches)
Siphonaptera (fleas)
Phasmatodea (stick insects)
Mantodea (mantids)
Isoptera (termites)
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)
Class Insecta
• Incomplete
metamorphosis
(successive instars)
• Complete
metamorphosis
(adult form has a
completely different
body form and
feeding pattern to the
juvenile stage)
(e.g. Wanderer
Butterfly)
Phylum Mollusca
• Second largest animal
phylum (after
Arthropods)
• >100,000 living species
• Aquatic and terrestrial
forms
• Includes chitons,
gastropods (snails,
slugs,nudibranchs),
bivalves (mussels,
oysters, cockles),
cephalopods (squids,
octopuses)
Phylum Mollusca
• Consist of muscular foot, visceral mass and
mantle (secretes the shell)
• Open circulatory system

• Well developed nervous system

• Respiratory system: gills within the mantle cavity

• Complete digestive system, including the radula

• Excretory system present


Phylum Mollusca: Class Gastropoda

• Variety of form –
coiled, flattened
• Distinct head with
well-developed
sense organs
• Strong radula
• Variety of habitats
Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda:
nudibranch

Class Polyplacophora:
chiton
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Cephalopoda
(head-foot)

Head surrounded by
ring of arms and
tentacles

Well developed brain,


advanced capability in
vision (colour vision)
Phylum Echinodermata
(“spiny skin”)
6000 marine species
• Asteroidea - sea stars
• Crinoidea - feather stars
• Ophuroidea- brittle stars
• Echinoidea - sea urchins
• Holothuroidea - sea
cucumbers
Internal skeleton composed
of calcereous ossicles
Brittle star (top) and Sea star
Phylum Echinodermata
• Larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults exhibit
secondary radial symmetry (5-rayed)
• No head
• Have modified coelom - unique water vascular
system and tube feet used in feeding and
locomotion
• No excretory organs – diffusion across body surface
• Well-developed digestive tract - radial
• Circulatory system via coelomic fluid
• Nervous system – relatively simple
• Respiratory system varied – gills, respiratory trees
Phylum Chordata

• Possess at some stage during development:


– a notochord (pre-cursor to a backbone)
– pharyngeal slits
– hollow dorsal nervous cord
• Primitive chordates include:
– Urochordates (tunicates: e.g. sea-squirts)
– Cephalochordates (e.g. Amphioxus)
– Hemichordates (e.g. acorn worms)
Phylum Chordata: Sub-phyla Vertebrata
~38,000 species
Diagnostic
Posses cartilaginous or bony vertebrae (backbone)
Embryonic tissue called the ‘neural crest’

Typical
• Bilateral symmetry
• Specialized head with a skull to protect brain and sensory organs
• Teeth
• Closed circulatory systems – heart, arteries and veins
• Respiratory system – from skin to lungs
• Complex digestive and excretory systems
• Well developed nervous system
• Variation in modes of locomotion
Sub-phyla Vertebrata
Classes
• Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)
• Osteichthyes (bony fishes - all common fish)

Tetrapods
• Amphibia (frogs, salamanders)
• Reptilia (snakes, crocodiles, turtles, lizards)
• Aves (birds)
• Mammalia (mammals)
Sub-phyla Vertebrata
Chondrichthytes
• cartilaginous skeleton

Osteichthytes
• bony fish
• includes teleosts
– fusion of vertebrae in caudal fin
– loss of dentine and enamel from scales

Lobe-finned fish (salamanders, lungfish and


coelacanth) are closes relatives to tetrapods
Sub-phyla Vertebrata: Tetrapods
Animals with four limbs

Amphibians – aquatic larvae; glandular skin


used in respiration

Amniotes (birds, reptiles and mammals) have


extra-embryonic membrane (adaptation for
life on land)

Birds have evolved many features for flight


(feathers, wings, lightweight bones)

Some reptiles (snakes) have secondarily lost


limbs
Sub-phyla Vertebrata: Class Mammalia

• Mammary glands (produce milk)


• Hair
• Four-chambered heart; double circulation
• Endothermic
• Highly developed nervous system
Class Mammalia
Sub-class Prototheria (monotremes)
– Lay eggs
– Cloaca
– Echidna and Platypus
Sub-class Theria
• Metatheria (marsupials)
– Young born at early fetal stage
– Nourished and grow in pouch (marsupium)
• Eutheria (placental mammals)
– Young develop in uterus nourished by well-
developed placenta
– 4500 species

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