Binomial Expansion

And More

Jeffrey Bivin
Lake Zurich High School

[email protected]

Last
Jeff Updated:
Bivin -- LZHS
March 28, 2008
 Let’s look at (x + y)p
(x + y)0 = 1

(x + y)1 = 1x + 1y

(x + y)2 = 1x2 + 2xy + 1y2

(x + y)3 = 1x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 +1y3

(x + y)4 = 1x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + 1y4

(x + y)5 = 1x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + 1y5

(x + y)6 = 1x6 + 6x5y + 15x4y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + 1y6

(x + y)7 = _x7 + _x6y + _x5y2 + _x4y3 + _x3y4 + _x2y5 + _xy6 + _y7

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Let’s look at (x + y)p
(x + y)0 = 1

(x + y)1 = 1x + 1y

(x + y)2 = 1x2 + 2xy + 1y2

(x + y)3 = 1x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 +1y3

(x + y)4 = 1x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + 1y4

(x + y)5 = 1x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + 1y5

(x + y)6 = 1x6 + 6x5y + 15x4y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + 1y6

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Let’s look at (x + y)p
(x + y)0 = 1

(x + y)1 = 1x + 1y

(x + y)2 = 1x2 + 2xy + 1y2

(x + y)3 = 1x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 +1y3

(x + y)4 = 1x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + 1y4

(x + y)5 = 1x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + 1y5

(x + y)6 = 1x6 + 6x5y + 15x4y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + 1y6

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Let’s look at (x + y)p
(x + y)0 = 1

(x + y)1 = 1 1

(x + y)2 = 1 2 1

(x + y)3 = 1 3 3 1

(x + y)4 = 1 4 6 4 1
(x + y)5 = 1 5 10 10 5 1

(x + y)6 = 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
(x + y)7 = 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
(x + y)8 = 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Let’s look at (x + y)p
(x + y)0 = 1

(x + y)1 = 1x + 1y

(x + y)2 = 1x2 + 2xy + 1y2

(x + y)3 = 1x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 +1y3

(x + y)4 = 1x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + 1y4

(x + y)5 = 1x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + 1y5

(x + y)6 = 1x6 + 6x5y + 15x4y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + 1y6

(x + y)7 = 1x7 + 7x6y + 21x5y2 + 35x4y3 + 35x3y4 + 21x2y5 + 7xy6 + 1y7

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 In how many ways can you arrange the letters
in the word MATHEMATICAL ?

12! 479001600
  4,989,600
2! 3! 2! 96

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 In how many ways can you arrange the letters
in the non-word xxxxyyy?

7! 5040
  35 x y
4 3

4! 3! 144
In how many ways can you arrange the letters
in the non-word xxyyyyy?

7! 5040
  21 x y
2 5

2! 5! 240
(x + y)7 = 1x7 + 7x6y + 21x5y2 + 35x4y3 + 35x3y4 + 21x2y5 + 7xy6 + y7
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Let’s look closer
(x + y)7 = 1x7 + 7x6y + 21x5y2 + 35x4y3 + 35x3y4 + 21x2y5 + 7xy6 + y7

7! 7! 7!
 1x 7 y 0  7 x 6 y1  21x 5 y 2
7! 0! 6! 1! 5! 2!

7! 7! 7!
 35 x 4 y 3  35 x y
3 4
 21x y
2 5

4! 3! 3! 4! 2! 5!

7! 7!
 7x y
1 6
 1x y
0 7

1! 6! 0! 7!

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 An alternate look
(x + y)7 = 1x7 + 7x6y + 21x5y2 + 35x4y3 + 35x3y4 + 21x2y5 + 7xy6 + y7

7! 7! 7!
 7 C7  7 C6  7 C5
7! 0! 6! 1! 5! 2!

7! 7! 7!
 7 C4  7 C3  7 C2
4! 3! 3! 4! 2! 5!

7! 7!
 7 C1  7 C0
1! 6! 0! 7!

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 (2x - y)4 = 16x4 - 32x3y + 24x2y2 - 8xy3 + y4
4!
 4 C4  1 (2 x) 4 ( y ) 0  116 x 4
4! 0!
4!
 4 C3  4  (2 x) 3 ( y )1  4  8 x 3 ( y )
3! 1!
4!
 4 C2  6  (2 x) 2 ( y ) 2  6  4 x 2 ( y 2 )
2! 2!
4!
 4 C1  4  (2 x)1 ( y ) 3  4  2 x ( y 3 )
1! 3!
4!
 4 C0  1  (2 x) 0 ( y ) 4  1 ( y 4 )
0! 4!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
(3x + 2y)5 = 243x5 + 810x4y + 1080x3y2 + 720x2y3 + 240x1y3 + 32y5
5!
 5 C5  1 (3x) (2 y )  1 243x
5 0 5

5! 0!
5!
 5 C4  5  (3 x) 4 (2 y )1  5  81x 4  2 y
4! 1!
5!
 5 C3  10  (3 x) 3 (2 y ) 2  10  27 x 2  4 y 2
3! 2!
5!
 5 C2  10  (3x) 2 (2 y ) 3  10  9 x 2  8 y 3
2! 3!
5!
 5 C1  5  (3x)1 (2 y ) 4  5  3 x 16 y 4
1! 4!
5!
 5 C0  1 (3x) (2 y )  11 32 y
0 5 5

0! 5!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Given: (x + y)15
What is the coefficient of the term ____ x5y10 ?
In how many ways can you arrange the
letters in the non-word
xxxxxyyyyyyyyyy ?
15!
 15 C5  3003  x  y
5 10

5! 10!
5 10
3003x y
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Given: (4x - 3y)10
What is the coefficient of the term ____ x7y3 ?
In how many ways can you arrange the
letters in the non-word
xxxxxxxyyy ?
10!
 10 C7  120  (4 x) (3 y )
7 3

7! 3!
120 16384 x   27 y
7
 3

 53,084,160 x y 7 3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Expand: (x + y + z)2
(x + y + z) (x + y + z)

x2 + xy + xz + yx + y2 + yz + zx + zy + z2

x2 + 2xy + 2xz + y2 + 2yz + z2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 We did this in the
last example Expand: (x + y + z)3
(x + y + z)2 (x + y + z)
(x2 + 2xy + 2xz + y2 + 2yz + z2)(x + y + z)

x3 + x2y + x2z + 2x2y + 2xy2 + 2xyz

+ 2x2z + 2xzy + 2xz2 +2y2x + 2y3 + 2y2z
+2yzx + 2y2z + 2yz2 + z2x + z2y + z3

x3 + 3x2y + 3x2z + 4xy2 + 6xyz

+ 3xz2 + 2y3 + 4y2z + 3yz2 + z3
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Given: (x + y + z)3
What is the coefficient of the term ____ xyz ?
In how many ways can you arrange the letters in
the non-word xyz ?
3!
 6  x  y  z
1! 1! 1!
What is the coefficient of the term ____ x2z ?
In how many ways can you arrange the letters in
the non-word xxz ?
3!
 3  x  z
2

2! 0! 1!
x3 + 3x2y + 3x2z + 4xy2 + 6xyz
+ 3xz2 + 2y3 + 4y2z + 3yz2 + z3
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Given: (x + y + z)15
What is the coefficient of the term ____ x2y7z6 ?
In how many ways can you arrange the
letters in the non-word
xxyyyyyyyzzzzzz ?
15!
 180180  x  y  z
2 7 6

2! 7! 6!
2 7 6
180,180 x y z
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Given: (2x + 3y - z)9
What is the coefficient of the term ____ x3y4z2 ?
In how many ways can you arrange the
letters in the non-word
xxxyyyyzz ?
9!
 1260  (2 x) (3 y ) ( z )
3 4 2

3! 4! 2!
1260  8 x  81y  z
3 4 2

3 4 2
816,480 x y z
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Given: (a + b + c + d)20
What is the coefficient of the term ____ a5b6c7d2 ?
In how many ways can you arrange the
letters in the non-word
aaaaabbbbbbcccccccdd ?
20!
 2,793,510,720  a  b  c  d
5 6 7 2

5! 6! 7! 2!
5 6 7 2
2,793,510,720 a b c d
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Binomial Probability
Can be determined in a binomial experiment that
meets the following criteria:
► There are n independent trials.
► Each trial has only two possible outcomes:
■ Success
■ Failure
► The probability of success (s) is the same for each trial
and the probability for failure (f) is the same for each trail.

Pr  k successes in n trials   n Ck  s  f k nk

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Binomial Probability
A die is rolled 5 times. What is the probability
of rolling exactly 3 ones?

5!
3!2!
  
1 3 5 2
6 6  5 C   
1 3 5 2
3 6 6

10  1
216  25
36  250
7776  125
3888

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Binomial Probability
A bent coin has a probability of heads of 4/7.
If the coin is tossed 10 times, what is the
probability of tossing exactly 6 heads?

10 C    
4 6 3 4
6 7 7

210  4096
117649  81
2401  69, 672, 960
282, 475, 249  0.247

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Binomial Probability
A bent coin has a probability of heads of 4/7.
If the coin is tossed 10 times, what is the
probability of tossing at least 8 heads?

10 C      10 C      10 C    
4 8 3 2
8 7 7
4 9 3 1
9 7 7
4 10 3 0
10 7 7

45  7   7   10  7   7   1 7   7 
4 8 3 2 4 9 3 1 4 10 3 0

35, 454 , 976

282 , 475, 249  0.126
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Binomial Probability
A bent coin has a probability of heads of 4/7.
If the coin is tossed 10 times, what is the
probability of tossing at least 3 heads?
H H H H H H H H H H H
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1  10 C   
4 0 3 10
0 7 7  10 C  1 7  
4 1 3 9
7  10 C 2 7   
4 2 3 8
7

1  1   
4 0 3 10
 10 
4 1 3 9
   45 
4 2 3 8
  
 
7 7 7 7 7 7

1 14 0 310  1041 39  454 2 38

10
7
276 , 904 , 960
282 , 475, 249  0.980
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS