Exercise 1

To study nominal data

To run a Frequencies analysis, from the menus choose:

File Name: contacts.sav.

Analyze

Descriptive Statistics Frequencies

Select Department as an analysis variable. ~ Click Charts.

Select Pie charts.

~ Click Continue.

,

~ Click OK in the Frequencies dialog box.

These selections produce a frequency table and pie chart

. of the departments to which your contacts belong.

A pie chart is a good visual tool for assessing the relative frequencies of each category.

To obtain an ordered bar chart, recall the Frequencies dialog box.

~ Click Charts

~ Click Charts

Select Bar charts. ~ Click Continue .

.. Click Format in the Frequencies dialog box.

Select Descending counts .

.. Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Frequencies dialog box.

These selections produce a bar chart with the categories ordered by descending frequency.

Exercise 2

To study the ordinal data

File Name: contacts.sav

Click Reset to restore the default settings.

~ Select Company Rank as an analysis variable.

Select Bar charts.

~ Click Continue.

~ Click Format in the Frequencies dialog box. Select Descending 'values.

~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Frequencies dialog box.

These selections produce a frequency table and bar chart with the categories ordered by descending value.

Exercise 3

To study scale data

File Name: contacts.sav

To summarize the amounts of the last sales, from the menus choose:

Analyze

Descriptive Statistics

Frequencies

Click Reset to restore the default settings.

~ Select Amount of Last Sale as an analysis variable. ~ Deselect Display frequency tables.

Click OK in the warning dialog box.

It is a good idea to tum off the display of frequency tables for scale data because scale variables usually have many different values.

~ Click Statistics in the Frequencies dialog box. Check Quartiles, Std. deviation, Minimum, Maximum, Mean, Median, Skewness, and Kurtosis.

~ Click Continue.

~ Click Charts in the Frequencies dialog box.

Select Histograms.

~ Select With normal curve. ~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Frequencies dialog box. Exercise 4

Summary Statistics Using Descriptives

Descriptives

Select Long distance last month, Toll free last month, Equipment last month, Calling card last month, and Wireless last month as analysis variables.

~ Click OK.

-

To recode O's as missing values, from the menus choose:

Transform

Recode Into Same Variables

Select Long distance last month, Toll free last month, Equipment last month, Calling card last month, and Wireless last month as numeric variables.

~ Click Old and New Values. Type 0 as the Old Value.

~ Select System-missing New Value. ~ Click Add.

Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Recode into Same Variables dialog box.

Further analysis of each variable should now be considered conditional upon the customer's having the service,

To run a Descriptives analysis on the recoded variables, recall the Descriptives dialog box ..

~ Click Options in the Descriptives dialog box. Deselect Minimum and Maximum.

~ Select Skewness and Kurtosis. ~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Descriptives dialog box.

Exercise 5

. T=Test

The One-Sample T Test procedure: .

• Tests the difference between a sample mean and a known or hypothesized value

• Allows you to specify the level of confidence for the difference

• Produces a table of descriptive statistics for each test variable

File Name: brakes.sav.

.. --~

One Sample T Test to determine whether or not the mean

diameters of the brakes in each sample significantly differ from 322 millimeters

Data

Split File ...

Analyze

Compare Means One-Sample T Test ...

Select Disc Brake Diameter (mm) as the test variable. ~ Type 322 as the test value.

~ Click Options.

Type 90 as the confidence interval percentage. ~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the One-Sample T Test dialog box.

Exercise 6

T-Test

PJlired sample T -Test

The Paired-Samples T Test procedure is used to test the hypothesis of no difference between two variables. The data may consist of two measurements taken on the same subject or one measurement taken on a matched pair of subjects.

File name: dietstudy.sav

The Descriptives table displays the mean, sample size, standard deviation, and standard error for both groups

Analyze

Compare Means

Paired-Samples T Test...

Select Triglyceride and Final Triglyceride as the first set of paired variables.

Select Weight andFinal Weight as the second pair. ~ Click OK.

Across all 16 subjects, triglyceride levels dropped between 14 and 15 points on average after 6 months of the new diet. The subjects clearly lost weight over the course of the study; on average, about 8 pounds.

It he standard deviations for pre- and post-diet measurements reveal that subjects were more variable with respect to weight than to triglyceride levels.

Exercises 7

T-Test Independent-Samples T Test

File Name: creditpromo.sav.

To begin the analysis, from the menus choose:

Analyze Compare Means

Independent.. .

The Independent-Samples T Test procedure tests the significance of the difference between two sample means. Also displayed are:

• Descriptive statistics for each test variable

• A test of variance equality

• A confidence interval for the difference between the two variables (950/0 or a value you specify)

Select $ spent during promotional period as the test variable.

~ Select Type of mail insert received as the grouping variable.

~ Click Define Groups.

Type 0 as the Group 1 value and 1 as the Group 2 value.

J ,). .

~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Independent-Samples T Test dialog box.

Exercise 8

One way ANOV A

An important first step in the analysis of variance is establishing the validity of assumptions. One assumption of ANOV A is that the variances of the groups are equivalent. This example illustrates how that test is performed.

A sales manager wishes to determine the optimal number of product training days needed for new employees. He has performance scores for three groups: employees with one, two, or three ays of training.

File Name: salesperformance.sav.

Before running the analysis of variance, you graph the means and standard errors.

~ To create an error bar chart, from the menus choose:

Graphs

Chart Builder ...

11

Select the Gallery tab, and select Bar from the list of chart types.

~ Drag and drop the Simple Error Bar icon onto the canvas area.

~ Drag and drop Score on training exam onto the y axis. ~ Right-click Sales training group and select Nominal for the measurement level.

~ Drag and drop Sales training group onto thex axis. Click Element Properties.

~ In the Error Bars Represent group, click Standard Error.

~ Click Apply and then click OK in the Chart Builder to create the error bar chart.

To test the equality of variance assumption, from the menus choose:

Analyze

Compare Means One-Way ANOYA ...

Select Score on training exam as the dependent variable. ~ Select Sales training group as the factor variable.

~ Click Options.

Select Descriptive and Homogeneity of variance test.

~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the One-Way ANOV A dialog box.

Exercise 9

One way ANOV A Analyze

Compare Means

One-Way ANOVA ...

Select Total DVD assessment as the dependent variable.

~ Select Age Group as the factor variable.

~ Click Options.

The means plot is a useful way to visualize the group differences.

~ Select Means plot. ~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the One-Way ANOV A dialog box.

Exercise 10

Factor Analysis is primarily used for data reduction or structure detection.

• The purpose of data reduction is to remove redundant (highly correlated) variables from the data file, perhaps replacing the entire data tile with a smaller number of uncorrelated variables.

File Name: car sales.sav

To run a principal components factor analysis, from the menus choose:

Analyze

Data Reduction

Factor

If the variable list does not display variable labels in file order, right-click anywhere in the variable list and from the context menu choose Display Variable Labels and Sort by File Order.

~ Select Vehicle type through Fuel efficiency as analysis variables.

~ Click Extraction. Select Scree plot.

~ Click Continue.

~ Click Rotation in the Factor Analysis dialog box.

Select Varimax in the Method group.

Select Save as variables and Display factor score coefficient matrix.

~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Factor Analysis dialog box· ~ Click Continue.

~ Click Scores in the Factor Analysis dialog box.

To produce a scatterplot matrix of the component scores, from the menus choose:

Graphs

Chart Builder. ..

Click the Gallery tab, select ScatterlDot for the chart type, and drag and drop the Scatterplot Matrix icon to the canvas.

~ Select REGR factor score 1 for analysis 1 through REGR factor score 3 for analysis 1 as the matrix variables.

~ Click OK.

~ Select Long distance last month through Wireless last month and Multiple lines through Electronic billing as analysis variables.

~ Click Descriptives.

Select Anti-image and KMO and Bartlett's test of sphericity.

~ Click Continue.

~ Click Extraction in the Factor Analysis dialog box Select Principal axis factoring from the Method list. ~ Select Scree plot.

.. Click Continue .

.. Click Rotation in the Factor Analysis dialog box. Select Varimax in the Method group.

~ Select Loading plot(s) in the Display group . .. Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Factor Analysis dialog box.

11)

Analyze

Data Reduction Factor

Exercise 11

Factor Analysis

• The purpose of structure detection is to examine the underlying (or latent) relationships between the variables.

File Name: telco.sav

To run a factor analysis, from the menus choose:

If the variable list does not display variable labels in file order, right-click anywhere in the variable list and from the context menu choose Display Variable Labels and Sort by File Order.

~ Select Long distance last month through Wireless last month and Multiple lines through Electronic billing as analysis variables.

~ Click Descriptives.

If the variable list does not display variable labels in file order, right-click anywhere in the variable list and from the context menu choose Display Variable Labels and Sort by File Order.

Exercise 12

Bivariate Correlation

Information concerning various makes of motor vehicles is collected in car _ sales.savSample Files for more information. Use Bivariate Correlations to measure the importance of fuel efficiency to the salability of a motor vehicle.

FIle Name:car sales.sav

To run a correlations analysis, from the menus choose:

Analyze Correlate Bivariate ...

Select Sales in thousands and Fuel efficiency as analysis variables.

~ Click OK.

These selections produce a correlation matrix for Sales in thousands and Fuel efficiency.

To produce a scatterplot of Sales in thousands by Fuel efficiency, from the menus choose:

Graphs

Chart Builder ...

\ 1-

~ Select Model as the variable to label cases by.

Select the ScatterlDot gallery and choose Simple Scatter. ~ Select Sales in thousands as the y variable and Fuel efficiency as the x variable.

~ Click the GroupslPoint ID tab and select Point ID Label.

~ Click OK.

Exercises 13 Partial Correlation

File Name: health_funding.sav . To obtain partial correlations:

~ From the menus choose:

Analyze

Correlate Partial

Select Visits to health care providers ... as the control variable.

Click Options

Click (check) Zero-order correlations and then click Continue.

In the main Partial Correlations dialog, click OK to run the procedure.

Exercise 14·

Linear Regression

File N arne : Polishing.sav

To produce a scatterplot of time by diam, from the menus choose:

Graphs

Chart Builder ...

Select the ScatterlDot gallery and choose Simple Scatter. ~ Select time as the y variable and diam as the x variable.

~ Click OK.

These selections produce the scatterplot.

To see a best-fit line overlaid on the points in the scatterplot, activate the graph by double-clicking on it.

~ Select a point in the scatterplot.

~ ".. -

i. /'.,

.. Click the Add fit line at Total tool, then close the Chart Editor.

To run a linear regression analysis, from the menus choose:

Analyze Regression Linear ...

Select time as the dependent variable.

~ Select diam as the independent variable. ~ Select type as the case labeling variable. ~ Click Plots.

Select *SDRESID as the y variable and *ZPRED as the x variable.

~ Select Histogram and Normal probability plot. ~ Click Continue.

~ Click Save in the Linear Regression dialog box. Select Standardized in the Predicted Values group. ~ Select Standardized in the Residuals group.

Select Cook's and Leverage values in the Distances group.

.. " ,. ,

~ Click Continue.

~ Click OK in the Linear Regression dialog box.

Exercise 15 Chi-square Test File Name: dischargedata.sav.

To weight the cases, from the Data Editor menus choose:

Data ~ W~ight Cases ...

Select Weight cases by.

~ Select Average Daily Discharges as the frequency variable.

~ Click OK ..

The cases are now weighted by frequency of patient discharge.

To begin the analysis, from the menus choose:

Analyze Nonparametric Tests Chi-Square ...

Select Day of the Week as the test variable. ~ Click OK.