Collins Easy Learning German Grammar
Collins Easy Learning German Grammar
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Collins
Collins
Gerrnan
Grammar
Harpercollins Publishers Acknowledgements
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A catalogue record forthis bookis available conditionbeing imposed on the subsequent and at the heart of Collins Dictionaries,
from the British Library purchaser. is language as it is reallyused. New
Gender 3
The cases v
Forming plurals to
Weak nouns 22
Proper nouns 24
Articles 25
Adjectives 4o
Using adjectives 40
' Making adjectives agree 42
Adjectives used as nouns 5o
Some other points about adjectives 5'l
Comparatives of adjectives 53
Superlatives of adjectives 55
Adverbs 57
How adverbs are used 57
How adverbs are formed 57
Adverbs ofplace 5o
Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs 62
Word orderwith adverbs 55
Emphasizers 57
Pronouns 69
Personal pronouns: subject 7o
Personal pronouns: direct object 74
Personal pronouns: indi rect object 76
Personal pronouns: after prepositions 78
Possessive pronouns 8o
Indefinite pronouns 82
Reflexive pronouns 8q
Relative pronouns 86
I nterrogative pronou ns 89
Verbs 9r
Weak, strong and mixed verbs 91
The present tense 93
Reflexive verbs 'l02
The imperative lo5
Verb prefixes in the present tense lo9
The perfect tense I3
The imperfect tense rt8 FOREWORD FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS
The future tense 123
'125
The conditional
The pluperfecttense 14 The Edsy Learning Cerman Crammar is designed to be used with both young and adult
The subjunctive 129
learners, as a group reference book to complernent your course book during classes,
The infinitive 134 or as a recommended text for self-study and homework/coursework"
Modalverbs 136 The text specifically targets learners from ab initio to intermed iate or GCSE level,
lmpersonalverbs 139 and therefore its structural content and vocabularV have been matched to the
There is,rfhere are 142 relevant specifications up to and including HigherCCSE.
Use of"es" as an anticipatory object 143
Verbs followed by prepositions r45 The approach aims to develop knowledge and understanding of grammar and your
Verbs followed by the dative case 't48 learners'abilityto apply it by:
The passive '150 r defining parts of speech at the start of each major section with examples
Prepositions 153 in English to clarify concepts
Using prepositions 153 o min imizing the use of grammar terminology and provid ing clear
r68 explanations of terms both within the text and in theGlossary
Conjunctions
Co-ordinating conjunctions r68 r illustrating all points with examples (and theirtranslations) based on
Co-ordinating conjunctions with two parts 170 toD ics and contexts wh ich are relevant to bec inner and intermed iate
Note on trademarks
Entered words wh ich we have reason to believe constitute tradonr,rr kr lravr, lrr'r,rr (lr'\r(lf tdt ed
as such. However, neitherthe presence northe absence ofsuclr rlcrir;rr.rttorI',lkri:lrl trl rr,r;,rrded
as affecti ng the legal status ofany trademark.
NTRODUCTION FOR STU DENTS
I
rtp
Use Sie in more formal situations for both singular and plural
Whether you are starting to learn cerman for the very first time, brushing up on vou.
topicsyou have studied in class, or revising foryourCCSE exams, the EasV Leorning
Cerman Crammaris here to help. This easy-to-use guide takes you through all the
basics you will need to speak and understand modern, everyday German.
Key points sum up all the important facts about a particular area of grammar, to
save you time when you are revising and help you focus on the main grammatical
Newcomers can sometimes struggle with the technical terms they come across oo i nts.
when theV start to explore the g rammar of a new language. The Edsy Learning Cermon
Crammar explains how to get to g rips with all the parts of speech you will need to
Key points
know, using simple language and cutting out jargon.
t/ witnmasculine sinqular nouns in the nominative * use ein.
The text is divided into sections, each dealing with a particulararea of grammar. y' witn femini ne si ngrl"r. norns in the nominative * use eine.
Each section can be studied individuallv, as numerous cross-references in the text y' Witplural nouns, usedie,derorden, dependingon thecase.
point you to relevant points i n other sections ofthe book for further information.
y' mei ndefi nite article is not usual ly used when you say what jobs
Every major section begins with an explanation of the area of grammar covered people do.
on the following pages. For quick reference, these definitions are also collected
together on pages x-xiv in a glossary of essential grammar terms.
lf you think you would like to continue with your Cerman studies to a h igher level,
check out the Grammar Extra sections. These are i ntended for advanced students
What is a verb? who are interested in knowino a little more about the structures thev will come
A verb is a'doing'word which describes what someone or something does, across bevond CCSE.
what someone or something is, or what hapPens to them, for example, be,
sing,live.
Grammar Extra!
Some 6erman adjectives are used as fem i n i ne nouns. They have fem inine adjective
end ings wh ich change according to the article which comes before them.
Each grammar point in the text is followed by simple examples of real cerman,
eine Deutsche a Cerman woman
complete with English translations, helping you understand the rules. Underlining
throughout the text to highlight the grammatical point die Abgeordnete the female M P
has been used in examples
being explained. {S rsr more informotion on Adjectives which can be used as nouns and for Feminine ddjective
endings, see pages 5o and 42.
L lf you are talking about a part oFyour body, you usually use a word like
my or his in English, but in Cerman you usually use the definite article. Finally, the supplement at the end of the book contains Verb Tables, where
Er hat sich das Bein gebrochen. He's broken his leg. 97 important Cerman verbs are conjugated in full. Examples show you how to use
Sie hat sich die Hinde schon 5he's already washed her these verbs in your own work. lf you are unsure of how a verb conjugates in Cerman,
gewaschen. hands. you can look up theVerb Index on pages 99-t03 to flnd eitherthe conjugation ofthe
verb itself, or a cross-reference to a model verb, which will show you the patterns
that verb follows.
In Cerman, as with any foreign language, there are certain pitfalls which have to
be avoided. Tips and Information notes throughout the text are useful reminders We hope that you will enjoy using the Easy Learning Cermon 1rammar andfind it
ofthe thinqs that often trip learners up. useful in the course ofvour studv.
vt tl
CO-ORDINATINC CONJ UNCTION a word FEM lNlN E one of three classifications for
GLOSSARY OF GRAM MAR TERMS such as and, but or however that links two the gender ofCerman nouns which
words, phrases or clauses. determines the form of articles, pronouns
ABSTRACT NOUN a word used to refer BASE FORM the form of the verb without and adjectives used with the noun and to
cONSONANT a letter of the alphabet
to quality, idea,feeling orexperience,
a any end ings added to it, for example, wolk, refer to it. The other two classifications are
which is not a vowel, forexample, b, I m,
rather than a physical object, for example, have, be, go. Comparewith infinitive. masculine and neuter.
s, v etc. Compare with vowel.
size, reason, happiness. cAsE the grammaticalfunction ofa noun
CONSTRUCTION an arrangement of FUTURE a verb tense used to tal k about
ACCUSATIVE CASE the form of nouns, in a sentence" something thatwill happen orwill betrue.
words together i n a phrase or sentence.
adjectives, pronouns and articles used in CLAUSE a group of words containing a
DATIVE CASE the form ofnouns, adjectives, GENDER whethera noun, article, pronoun
Cerman to show the direct object ofa verb VETD.
pronouns and articles used in German to or adjective is feminine, masculine or
and after certain prepositions. compare
coMPARATIVE an adjective or adverb show the i nd i rect object ofa verb and neuter.
with direct object.
with -er on the end of it or more or less in after certa i n verbs a nd prepos itions. GENITIVE CASE the form of nouns,
ACTIVE in an active sentence, the subject frontof itthat is used to compare people, DECLENSION Cerman nouns change adjectlves, pronouns and articles used in
ofthe verb is the person or thi ng that things or actions, for example , slower, less accordi ng to thei r gender, case and Cerman to show that something belongs
carries out the action described by the verb. portant., more carefully.
i m number. This is called declension. to someone and after certain prepositions.
ADJECTIVE a'describing' word that tells COMPOUND NOUN awordfora living IMPERATIVE theform of a verb used when
DEFINITE ARTICLE the Word the.
you more about a person or th i ng, such
being, thing or idea, which is made up of Compare with indefinite article. giving orders and instructions, for
as thei r appearance, colou r, size or other two or more words, for example,tin-opener, example, Shut the door!; Sit down!; Don't go!
q ual ities, for example, pretty, blue, big. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJ ECTIVE one of the
railway station. IMPERFECT one ofthe verb tenses used
words this. thdt,theseandthose used with a
ADVERB a word usually used with verbs, CONDITIONAL form used to talk
a verb to talk about the past, especia ly i n
noun to poi nt out a particular person or I
adjectives or other adverbs that g ives about th ings that wou ld happen or would descriptions, and to sav what was
th i ng, for exam ple, this womon, thot dog.
more information about when. where. happen ing, for example, lt wos sunnv
be true under certain conditions, for
how or in what circumstances something DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN one of the
example, I would help you if I could.lt is also attheweekend orwhat used to happen,
words this, th at, these and those used
happens, for example,quickly, happily, now. for example, I used to wllk to school.
used to say what you would like or need, instead ofa noun to point out people or
AGREE (to) to change word endings for example, Could you give me the bill? Compare with perfect.
th i ngs, for exam ple,Thot looks fun.
according to whetheryou are referring IMPERSONALVERB one which does not
coNJUGATE (to) to give a verb different DIRECT OBJECT a noun referring to the
to masculine, feminine, neuter, singular refer to a real person or th ing and where
endings according to whether you are person or thi ng affected by the action
or plural people and things. the subject is represented by rt, for
referri ng to l, you, they and so on, and descri bed by a verb, for example, She wrote
AGREEMENT see agree (to). according to whetheryou are referring to her name.: I shut the window. Compare with example, lt's going to roin; lt's10 o'clock.
APoSTRoPHE s an ending ('s) added to past, present or future, for example, I hove, indirect object. tNDEFtNtTEAD.IEcTtvE one of a small
a noun to show who or what someone she had, thev will have. group ofadjectives used to talk about
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN a word such
or something belongs to, for example, CONJUGATION a group of verbs which people orthings in a general way, without
as me, him, us and them which is used
Danielle's dog, the doctols husband, the have the same end i ngs as each other or instead ofa noun to stand i n for the saying exactly who or what they are, for
book's cover. change according to the same pattern. person or thing most directly affected by exam ple, severa l, oll, every.
ARTICLE a word likethe, a and an, which CONJUNCTION a word such as Ind, because the action described by the verb. Compare f NDEFf NITE ARTICLE the words a and an.
is used in front of a noun. Compare with or but that links two words or phrases of with indirect object pronoun. Compare with definite article.
definite article and indefinite article. a similartype ortwo parts of a sentence, ENDING a form added to a verb stem, for INDEFINITE PRONOUN a smallgroup
AUXILIARY VERB a Verb such as be, for example, Diane and I hove been friends example, geh + geht, and to adjectives and of pronou ns su ch as everything, nobody
have and do when used with a main verb for years.; I left b,gcqtlsgl was bored. Compare nouns depending on whetherthey referto and something,which are used to referto
to form some tenses, negatives and with co-ordinating conjunction and masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or people orthings in a general way, without
ou esti ons. subordinating conju nction. plural things. saying exactly who or what they are.
INDIRECT OBTECT a noun or pronoun MIXED VERB a German verb whose stem ORDINAL NUMBER a number used to POSSESSIVE PRONOUN one of the words
typically used in English with verbs that changes its vowel to form the imperfect indicate where something comes in an mine, yours, hers, his, ours or theirs, used
take two objects. For example , in I gave tense and the past participle, like strong order or sequence, for example ,first, frfth, i nstead ofa noun to show that one oerson
the carrot to the rabbit. the robbit is the verbs. lts past participle is formed by sixteenth. or thing belongs to another.
i nd i rect object and cdffof is the di rect adding -tto the verb stem, like weak verbs. PART OF SPEECH one ofthe categories PREPOSf Tf ON is a word such as ot, for,
object. With some Cerman verbs, what Compare with strong verb and weak verb. to which allwords are assigned and which with, into otfrom, which is usually followed
is the direct object in English is treated
MoDALVERBS are used to modifv or describe their forms and how thev are by a noun, pronoun or, in English, a word
as an indirect object in, for example,
change otherverbs to show such things as used i n sentences, for example, noun, verb, ending in -ing. Prepositions show how
fch hef fe ihr -
l'm helping her. Compare
ability, per m i ssi o n ot nece ssity. Fo r exa m p I e, a djective, preposition, pron oun. people and things relate to the rest ofthe
with direct object.
he con swim, may I comeT and he ought to go. sentence, for example, Shes ot home; a tool
PASSIVE a form ofthe verb that is used
INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN when a
NEGATIVE a question or statement when the subject ofthe verb is the person fu cutti ng grass: lt's fIgm David.
verb has two objects (a direct one and an
which contains a word such as not, or th in9 that is affected by the action, for
indirect one), the indirect object pronoun PRESENT a verb form used to tal k about
never or nothing, and is used to say that example, weweretold.
what is true at the moment. what
is used instead ofa noun to show the
something is not happening, or is not PAST PARTICIPLE a verb form, for example, happens regularly, and what is happening
person orthe thing the action is intended
true, for exa m ple, I never eot meot: watched, swum which is used with an
to benefit or harm, for exam ple, nie i n now, forexample,l'm a student;l trovel to
Don't Vou love me? auxi I iary verb to form perfect and
He gove me a bookand Can Vou get me a towel? college by troin; I'm studving languages.
Compare with direct object pronoun. NEUTER one oFthree classifications for pluperfect tenses and passives. Some past
PRESENT PARTICIPLE a verb form ending
the gender of German nouns wh ich participles are also used as adjectives,
INDIRECT SPEECH the words vou use to in -ing which is used in English to form
determ ines the form of article, pronou ns for example, a broken watch.
report what someone has said when you verb tenses, and which mav be used
and adjectives used with the noun and to PERFECT one ofthe verb tenses used
aren't using their actual words, for example, as an adjective or a noun, for example,
refer to it. The other two classifi catio ns to talk about the past, especially about
He soid that he was going out. What ore you doina?', the settina sun
are masculine and feminine. actions that took olace and were
INFINITIVE the form of the verb with to in Swimmina is easy!
NOMINATIVE CASE the basic form of completed in the past. Compare with
front of it and without anyend i ngs added, PRONOUN a word which Vou use instead
nouns, pronouns, adjectives and articles imperfect.
for example, to walk, to hove, to be, to go.
ofa noun, when vou do not need orwant
Comoare with base form. used in German and the one vou find in PERSONAL PRONOUN one ofthe group
to name someone orsomething directly,
the dictionary. lt is used forthe subject of words including l, you and theywhich
I NTERROGATIVE ADJ ECTIVE a question for example, it, you, none.
of the sentence. Compare with subject. are used to refer to yoursell the people
word used with a noun to ask who?, whot?
NOUN a'naming' word for a living being, you are talki ng to, or the people or thi ngs PROPER NOUN the name of a person,
or which?for exam ple, Whot instruments do
you are talking about. place, organization orthing. Propernouns
Vou plav?;Which shoes do You like?
thing or idea, forexample, woman, desk,
happiness, Andrew. are always written with a capital letter,
PLUPERFECT one ofthe verb tenses used
I NTERROGATIVE PRONOUN one of the for example, Kwin, Clasgow, Europe,
OBJECT a noun or pronoun which refers to describe something that had happened
words who, whose, whom, whot and which London Eye.
or had been true at a point in the past, for
when they are used instead ofa noun to ask to a person or thi ng that is affected by the
example, I'd for^otten to finish my homework. QUESTION WORD a word such as why,
questions, for example, Whof s happening?; action described by theverb. Compare
who's coming? with direct object, indirect object and PLURAL the form of a word which is used where, who, which or howwh ich is used to
subject. to referto more than one person orthing. ask a question.
MASCULINE one of three classifications
Compare with singular.
forthe gender of German nouns which OBJECT PRONOUN one ofthe set of REFLEXIVE PRONOUN a word ending
determi nes the form of articles, pronouns pronou ns i nclud i ng me, him and them, POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE one of the words in -selfor -selves, such as myselflor
and adjectives used with the noun and to which are used instead ofthe noun as the mV, Vour, his, her, its, our ortheir, used with themselves,which refers back to the
refer to it. The other two classifications are object oFa verb or preposition. Compare a noun to show that one person or th i ng subject, for example,He hurt himself;
feminine and neuter. with subject pronoun. belonos to another. Take core of vourself.
REFLEXIVE VERB a verb where the subject feeling, or to show doubt about whether
and object are the same, and where the something will happen orwhether NOUNS
action 'reflects back'on the subject. something is true. lt is only used
A reflexive verb is used with a reflexive occasionally in modern English, for
What is a noun?
pronoun such as myself, yourself, herself, example, If I were you, I wouldn't bother.:
Anoun is a'naming'word for a living being, th ing or idea, for example, womon,
for example, I washed mvselfi He shlved So be it.
happiness, Andrew. Cerman nouns change, according to their qender, case and
hinself. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE a clause which number.This is called declension.
RELATIVE CLAUSE Dart ofthe sentence in begins with a subordinating conjunction
which the relative pronoun appears. such as because or while and which must
RELATIVE PRONOUN WOTd SUCh AS thdt, be used with a main clause. In Cerman, Using nouns
who or which,when it is used to lin k two the verb always goes to the end ofthe
subordinate clause.
D n German, all nouns are either masculine,
I feminine or neuter. Th is is called
parts ofa sentence together.
their qender. In English, we call all things - for example, table, car, book, opple -
SENTENCE a group of wordswhich SUBORDINATI NG CONJUNCTION a word 'it', but in German, even words for things have a gender. lt is important to know
usually has a verb and a subject. In writing, that I inks the
such as when, because or while
that the gender ofCerman nouns rarely relates to the sex ofthe person or thing
a sentence has acapital letter at the subordinate clause and the main clause in it refers to. For example, in German, the word for "man" is masculine, but the
beginning and a full stop, question mark a sentence. ComDare with subordinate
word for "g irl" is neuter and the word for"person" is feminine.
or exclamation mark at the end. clause.
der Mann man
SINGULAR the form of a word which is SUPERLATIVE an adjective or adverb with
das MHdchen g irl
used to refertoone person orthing. -est on the end of it or rnost or ledst i n front
itthat is used to compare people, things die Person person
Comparewith plural. of
or actions, for example, thinnesf, most
STEM the main part of a verb to which
quickly, I ea st interesti ng.
endings are added.
SYLLABLE consonant+vowel u n its that
STRONG VERB a German verb whose stem German nouns are alwavs written with a capital letter.
make up the sounds of a word, for
changes its vowel to form the imperfect
example, ca-the-dral Q syllables),
tense and the past participle. lts past
i m-po-ssi-ble (4 syl lalrles).
participle is not formed by add ing -t to the > Wheneveryou are using a noun, you need to knowwhether it is masculine,
verb stem.Also known as irreqularverbs. TENSE the form of a verb wh ich shows fem in ine or neuter as th is affects the form of other words used with it. such as:
Compare with weak verb. whether you are referri ng to the past,
oresent or future.
o adjectives that describe it
SUBJECT the noun or pronoun used to . articles(such asderorein)that go before it
refer to the person which.does the action VERB a'doing'word which describes
described by the verb, for example, Mv cdt what someone or something does,
. pronouns(such aserorsie)thatreplace it
doesn't drink milk. Compare with object. what someone or something is, or what * For more information on Adjedives, Artictes or Pronouns, pages and 69.
see 4c., 25
word such as l, he, happens to them, for example, be, sing, live.
SUBJECT PRONOUN a
sheand theywhich carries out the action VoWEL one ofthe letters d, e, i, o or u. > You can find information about gender by looking the word up in a dictionary
described by the verb. Pronouns stand in ComDare with consonant. - in the Edsy Leorning Cerman Dtctionory,for example, you willfind the definite
for nouns when it is clearwho is being article (the wordforthe) in front of the word. When you come across a new noun,
WEAK VERB a Cerman verb whose stem
talked about, for example, n/y brother isn't always learn the word forthe that goes with itto help you remember its gender.
does not change its vowel to form the
here otthe moment.He'll be backin an hour. imperfect tense and the past participle. o der before a noun tells Vou it is masculine
Compare with object pronoun. Its past participle isformed byadding . die before a noun tells you it is feminine
SUBJUNCTIVE a verb form used in certain -t to the verb stem. Also known as regular o das before a noun tells vou it is neuter
circumstances to exDress some sort of verbs" compare with strong verbs.
Q psy rnsTs information on the Definite articte, see plge 25.
2 NoUNs Nour.ts 3
) We referto something as singularwhen we are talking about just one, and Gender
as pluralwhen we are talking about more than one.The singular is the form
of the noun you will usually fi nd when you look a noun up in the dictionary.
) In German a noun can be masculine, feminine or neuter. Gender is quite
unpredictable - the best thing is simply to learn each noun with its definite
As in English, nouns in Cerman change theirform in the plural.
article, that is the word for the (der, die or das) wh ich goes with it:
die Katze cat + die Katzen cats
derTeppich carpet
) Adjectives, articles and pronouns are also affected bywhethera noun is singular die Zeit time
or plural. das Bild picture
Howevet there are some clues which can help you work out or remember
the gender ofa noun, as explained below.
Ttp
Remember that you have to use the right word for the, o and so on
accord i ng to the gender and case ofthe German noun.
tr Masculine nouns
L Nouns referring to male people and animals are masculine.
der Mann man
der Ldwe (male) lion
> Seasons, months, days oftheweek, weatherand points ofthe compass are
masculine.
der Sommer SUmmer
derAugust August
der Freitag Friday
derWind wind
der Norden north
l Most nouns referring to things that perform an action are also masculine.
derWecker alarm clock
der Computer computer
Grammar Extra!
cerman nouns taken from other languages and ending in -ant, -ast, -ismus, and -or are masculine:
derTrabaIIE satel I ite
der Ballast
der Kapitalismus cap ital ism
derTresor safe
Key points
) Numbers used in counting, for example one, three, fifty are feminine.
y' Nouns referring to male people and animals are masculine. Er hat eine Drei gekriegt. He got a three
y' Seasons, months, days oftheweek, weatherand points ofthe compass D In German, there are sometimes verv different words for male and female,
are masculine. justas in English.
der Mann man
A Feminine nouns die Frau woman
) Most nouns beginning with Ge- are neuter. Neuter Ending Example Meaning
das Geschirr crockery, dishes -nis das Ereignis evenr
das Geschtipf creatu re -tum das Eigentum property
das Getreide crop
Nouns ending in -lein or-chen are also neuter. These are called the d iminutive
form and refer to small persons or objects. Grammar Ertra!
Cerman nouns taken from other languages and ending in -at, -ett, -fon, -ma, -ment, -um are
Endings to form the Example Meaning neuter.
diminutive
das Reserve! reservation
-lein das Kindlein I ittle ch i ld
das Tablett Iray
-chen das Hiuschen little house
dasTelefo4 pnone
dasThema subject, topic
E Note that if these words have one of the vowels a, o or u, an umlaut should
be added above the vowel. The final -e should also be dropped before these
das Medikament oru9
das Ultimatunl ultimatum BUT: der Reichtun0 wealth
end i ngs
das Studium studies
der Bach * Bich - das BHchlein (small) stream
die Katze - Kitz - das Kitzchen kitten
> Fractions are also neuter.
ey points
ein Drittel davon a third of it y'- vostnouns beginning with Ge- are neuter.
) Nouns which refer to young humans and animals are neuter. y' thediminutiveform of nouns is neuter.
das Baby balry y' Nouns referring toyoung humansand animalsare neuter.
das Kind child y' the"to" forms of verlrs (called infinitives) used as nouns are neuter.
das Kalb calf y' Nouns ending in -nis or-tum are neuter.
das Lamm lamb
The Cases
Grammar Ertra!
Some Cerman nouns have more than one oender.Afew nouns have two oenders and sometimes
) InCerman,therearefourgrammatical cases-nominative,accusative,qenitive
one ofthem can only be used in certain regions and dative. The case you should use depends on the grammatical function ofthe
derllag Marzipan marzipan (der Marzipan is used mostly in Austria)
noun in the sentence.
derldas Keks biscu it (dds Keks is used mostlv in Austria)
der Leiter
die Leiter
leader, manager
ladder
+ For more informotion on Aftictes, see poge 25.
) In German, abbreviations have the same genderas the word they come from.
. the subject of the sentence, that is the person, animal or thing'doing' the
action
die BRD the Federal Republic of Cermany
(from die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) Das Midchen singt. The girl is singing.
Die Katze schl5ft. The cat is sleeping.
die DB theCerman Railways
(from die Deutsche Bahn) o after the verbs sein (meaning to be) and werden (meaning to be, to become)
das ZDF Germanw channel Erist ein guter Lehrer. He is a good teacher.
(from das Zweite Deutsche Fernsehen) Das wird ein Pullover. It's going to be a jumper.
Er hat ein Lied gesungen.* Wh at did he sing? + ein Lied (=/iysct object)
o after certain prepositions (words in English such as dt, for, with, into orfrom) d The genitive case
which are alwavs used with the accusative. ) Der for mascul ine nouns and das for neuter nouns change to des. Ein changes
to eines. The end ings of mascu line and neuter singular nouns also change in the
Es ist fiir seine Freundin. It's for his g irlfriend.
genitive case.
Es ist schwierig ohne einen Wagen. lt's difficult without a car.
durch das Rauchen wurde ich Smoking made me ill. D -s is added to masculine and neuter nouns ending in -en, -el, -er.
krank. -
der Wagen car des Wagens
Stell dein Rad neben mein Auto. Put your bike next to my car.
-
derTisch table des Tisches
Sie legten ein Brett liber das Loch. They put a board over the hole.
das Schloss castle - des Schlosses
Die Schwester desArztes hilft The doctor's sister helps him
[J ruotethatwhen there is no movement involved afterthese prepositions, manchmal in der Sprechstunde. in the surgery sometimes.
the dative case is used. Das Museum befindet sich The museum is nearthe castle.
Sie geht in die Stadt. (dccusdtive) She's going into town. in der Nihe des Schlosses.
Er war in der Stadt. (dotive) He was in town. ! Die changes to der and eine to einer in the genitive. The endings of fem inine
+ For more information on Prepositions followed by the accusotive or the dotive case,
sinqular nouns in the genitive case are the same as in the nominative.
see poge 158. die Arztin (female) doctor - der Arztin
o in many expressions of time and place which do not have a preposition Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative der Wagen die Dose das Lied
Das macht sie ieden Donnerstag. She does that everyThursday.
ein Wagen eine Dose ein Lied
Die Schule ist einen Kilometer The school is a kilometre awav.
Accusative den Wagen die Dose das Lied
entfernt.
einen Wagen eine Dose ein Lied
cenitive des Wageng der Dose des Lied5
eines Wagens einer Dose eines Lieds
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv. * For more information on Articles, see poge 25.
12 Nout'ts NouHs r3
) The genitive case is used:
. to show that something belongs to someone
Grammar Ertra!
-e may also be added to the dative singular ofmasculi ne and neuter nouns to make the phrase
DasAuto der Frau war rot. The woman's carwas red.
easrerto Dronounce
DerHundmeiner Mutteristganz Mymother'sdogisreallysmall.
zu welchem zwecke? to what purpose?
klein.
. after certain prepositions which always take the genitive
Weqen des schlechten Wetters We'll have to go home because The dative case is used:
miissen wir nach Hause gehen. ofthe bad weather. . to show the ind i rect object of a verb - an ind irect object answers the question
Ifglz ihrer Krankheit geht sie She goes for a walk every day, who to/for? ot to/for whatT
jeden Tag spazieren. despite her illness.
He gave the man the book. * Who did he give the book to? + the man
o in some expressions of time noun indirect object)
(=
o aftercertainverbs
E_l The dative case Erhilft seiner Mutter im He helps his motherwith the
) Der changes todem and ein toeinem in the dative. Singular nouns in the dative Haushalt. housework.
have the same form as in the nominative.
Q F or more i nformoti on on Verbs followed by the dotive cose, see po ge u8.
dem Auto to the car
dem Midchen to the girl o aftercertain prepositionswhich alwaystakethe dative
Nach dem Essen gingen wir After eating we went for a walk.
D Die changes to der and eine to einer in the dative. Singular nou ns in the dative
spazieren.
have the same form as in the nominative.
Er kam mit einer Freundin. He came with a friend.
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
t-) FormoreinformationonPrepositionsfollowedbythedotivecose,seepoge$3.
Nominative der Wagen die Dose das Lied
ein Wagen eine Dose ein Lied . aftercertain prepositions to show position
Accusative den Wagen die Dose das Lied an on, to, at
einen Wagen eine Dose ein Lied auf on, in, to, at
Genitive des Wageng der Dose des Lieds hinter behind
eines Wagens einer Dose eines Lieds in in, into, to
Dative dem Wagen der Dose dem Lied next to, beside
neben
einem Wagen einer Dose einem Lied
iiber over, acro55, above
unter under, among
Q For more information on Aftictes, see p\ge 25. front ol before
vor in
) -e is added to some nouns in certain set Dhrases. zwischen between
Wirgehen nach Hause. We're going home. lch sitze neben dem Fenster. l'm sitting next to the window.
Er hat sich zu Tode gearbeitet. He worked himself to death. Die Katze lag unter dem Tisch. The cat lay under the table.
[f ruote tnat when there is some movement involved afterthese prepositions, Key points
the aqcusative cis,g is used. y' In German, there arefourgrammatical cases- nominative, accusative,
Er war in der stadt. (dotive) He was in town. genitive and dative.
Sie geht in die Stadt. (accusative) She's going into town. ( necase you use depends on the grammaticalfunction of the noun
in the sentence.
+ For more information on Prepositionsfollowed bythe accusotive orthe dative cose, ( tnenominative case is used to showthe subjectofa sentence and
see page l58. after the verbs, sein and werden.
In certatn expressrons
y' The accusative case is used to show the direct object ofa sentence
and after certain prepositions.
Mir ist kalt. I'm cold.
y' negenitive case is used to show that something belongs to
o insteadofthepossessiveadjective(my,your,his,her,its,ourortheir)torefer somebody, and after certai n prepositions.
to parts of the body and items of clothing y' medative case is used to show the indirect object of a sentence,
lch habe mir die Haare gewaschen. I washed my hair. and after certain prepositions and verbs.
Zieh dirdieJacke aus. Takeyourjacketoff.
D Changesto the defi niteand indefi nitearticlesder, die ordasand ein, eine or
ein for each case are summarized in the table below to help make it easier for
you to rememberthem.
Forming plurals Die Blumen waren nicht teuer. The flowers weren't expensive.
Die Lehrerinnen sind ziemlich jung. The (female) teachers are quite
) |n English we usually make nouns plural by adding an -s to the end (gorden - youn9.
gordens',house* houses), although we do have some nouns which are irregular
Das Leben der Frauen in vielen In many countries, women's lives
- -
and do not follow th is pattern (mouse mice: child children).
Lindern ist schwierig. are difficult.
> In German, there are several differentways of making nouns plural. Wo gehst du rnit den Blumen hin? Where are you going with the
) The definite article changes in the plural, as shown in the table below: flowers?
Case
Masculine
singular
Feminine
Singular
Neuter
singular
All Genders
Plural
tr Nouns with no endinq in the plural
Nominative der die das die
D Many nouns have no plural endi ng - these are mostly masculine or neuter nouns
ending in -en, -eror-el.
Accusative den die das die
Genitive des der des der Case Singular Plural
Dative dem der dem den Nominative der Kuchen (cake) die Kuchen
der Lehrer (teacher) die Lehrer
* For more information on Afticles, see page 25. der Onkel (uncle) die Onkel
Accusative den Kuchen die Kuchen
den Lehrer die Lehrer
den Onkel die Onkel
Nouns in the dative plural ALWAYS end in -n, except those nouns wh ich come
Genitive des Kuchens der Kuchen
from other languages. Most of their pluralforms end in -s. For example: des Lehrers der Lehrer
des Onkels der Onkel
Dative dem Kuchen den Kuchen
dem Lehrer den Lehrern
dem onkel den Onkeln
t1-l Feminine plural nouns ending in -n. -en. -nen
Die Kuchen sehen lecker aus. The cakes look delicious.
> Most Cerman feminine nouns form their plural by adding -n, -en or -nen to their
singu lar form. Die onkel kommen morgen an. The uncles are coming tomorrow.
Das war die Schuld der Lehrer. That was the teachers'fault.
Case Singular Plural
Es gibt ein kleines Problem mit There's a slight problem with
Nominative die Blume (flower) die Blumen den Kuchen. the cakes.
die Frau (woman) die Frauen
die Lehrerin (teacher) die Lehrerinnen Some of these nouns also have an umlaut added to the first vowel a. o or u in the
Accusative die Blume die Blumen plural.
die Frau die Frauen
Case Singular Plural
die Lehrerin die Lehrerinnen
Nominative derApfel (apple) die Apfel
Genitive der Blume der Blumen der Garten (garden) die Garten
der Frau der Frauen
Accusative den Apfel die Apfel
der Lehrerin der Lehrerinnen den Garten die Girten
Dative der Blume den Blumen
Cenitive des Apfels der Apfel
der Frau den Frauen des Gartens der Girten
der Lehrerin den Lehrerinnen Dative dem Apfel den Apfeln
dem carten den certen
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
18 Nouns Nourus r9
Die Apfel sind genug.
nicht reif The apples aren't ripe enougn. Die Geschenke sind aufdem Tisch. The presents are on the table.
Die Girten waren wunderschiin. The gardens were beautiful. lch muss die Kinderabholen. I have to pick up the children.
Schau mal die Gr6Re derApfel ant Look at the size ofthe applest DieAuswahl derTische im Laden The shop had a large selection
Den Apfeln fehlt ein bisschen Sonne. The apples need a bit ofsun. war groB. oftables.
Sie geht mit den Kindern spazieren. She's going for a walk with the
tr Plural nouns ending in':e children.
) Some masculine nouns add an umlaut above the first vowel a, o or u and an -e D Some masculine and neuter nouns add an umlaut above the fi rst vowel a, o or u
end ing to form the plu ral. A few fem i ni ne nouns with a i n the stem also fol low and an -er ending in the plural.
this pattern. Nouns in this group often have one syllable only. Case singular Plural
Case Singular Plural Nominative das Dach (roof) die Dlcher
der Mann (man) die Minner
Nominative der Stuhl (chair) die Sriihte
die Angst (fear) die Angstg Accusative das Dach die Decher
den Mann die Minner
Accusative den Stuhl die stilhle
die Angst die Angstg Genitive des Dach(e)s der Dicher
des Mannes der Manner
cenitive des Stuhl(e)s der St!!hle
der Angst der Angste Dative dem Dach den DHchern
dem Mann den Miinnern
Dative dem Stuhl den stuhlen
der Angst den Angsteq
Die Ddcher werden repariert. The roofs are being repaired.
Die stlihle sind neu. The chairs are new. Man hatte die Minnerviillig The men had been completely
Die Regierung muss die Angste The government has to take ver9essen. forgotten.
der Bev6,lkerung ernst nehmen. the population's fears seriously. Was ist die Rolle der Minner in What is the role of men in our
Die Farbe der Stiihle. The colour of the chairs. unserer Gesellschaft? society.
DerTischler macht den Stiihlen The carpenter is making new Die Frauen sollten den Mlnnern Women should not always
neue Beine. legs forthe chairs. nicht immer recht geben. agree with men.
Die Hotelg in der Stadt sind The hotels in town are ouite
ziemlich teuer. exoensive.
Die Risike4 sind sehr hoch. The risks are very high.
y' Most German fem i n i ne r pt urat try add i ns -n, -en or
"",
-nen to their singular form. ":?:rTil:l
Die Kinder finden die Baby5 ganz The children think the balries are
niedlich. really cute.
y' uanVnouns have no plural ending -theseare mostly masculineor
Was heltst du von den Preisen der What do you think of the prices of neuter singular nouns end ing in -en, -er or-el. Some of these nouns
Autol? also have an umlaut added to the vowel in the plural.
the cars?
Das ist die Stadt mit den vielen That's the town with all the parks.
y' Some masculine nounsadd an umlautabovethefirstvowel a, o oru
Parks. and an -e ending to form the plural. A few femi n ine nouns with a in
the stem also follow this pattern.
y' Masculineand neuternouns often add-e or-er in the plural, and can
El Pluralversussingular sometimes add an umlaut above the first vowel a, o or u.
> Some nouns are always plural in English, but singular in German. y' There are some unusual plural nouns in German which don't follow
eine Brille glasses, spectacles any Pattern.
eine Schere scissors y' Some nouns are always plural in English, but singular in German.
eine Hose trousers y' Nouns of measurement and quantity usually remai n si ngular even
if preceded by a plural numlrer.
) These nouns are only used in the plural in German to mean more than one pair.
y' ne substance which they measure follows in the same case as the
zwei Hosen two pairs of trousers noun ofquantity.
) The substance which they measure follows in the same case as the noun of
quantity, and NOT in the genitive case as in English.
Sie hat drei Tassen Kaffee She drank three cups ofcoffee.
getrunken.
Erwollte zwei Kilo Kartoffeln. He wanted two kilos of potatoes.
Drei Glas WeiRwein, bitte! Three glasses ofwhite wine,
please.
Genitive des Jungen derJungen einer Woche nicht mehr gesehen. a weeK.
} Herr (meaningMr) is always declined when it is part of a proper name. > In Cerman, however, the definite article has manyforms.AllCerman nouns are
either masculine, femin ine or neuter and, just as in English, they can be either
an Herrn Schmidt to MrSchmidt
singularorplural.Theword you chooseforthedepends on whetherthe noun it is
Sehr geehrte Herrgn Dear Sirs used with is masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or pluralAND it also depends
D Surnames usually form their plurals by adding -s, unless they end in -s, -sch, -ss, on the case of the noun. This may sound complicated, but it is not too difTicult.
-8,-x, -2, or-tz, in which case they add -ens. They are often preceded by the Die Frau ging spazieren. The woman went for a walk.
definite article. Der Mann ist geschieden. The man is divorced.
Die SchmidtS haben uns zum The Schmidts have invited us to sie f5hrt mit dem Auto in die Stadt. She travels into town by car.
Abendessen eingeladen. dinner. Die Farbe derJacke gefSllt mir I don't like the colour ofthejacket.
Die Schultzens waren nicht zu The Schultzes weren't at home. nicht.
Hause. lch muss die Kinder abholen. I have to pick up the children.
Q For more information on Articles, see plge 25. Das will ich mit den Beh6rden I wantto discuss thatwith the
besprechen. authorities.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv. * For more informotion on Nouns, see plge 1.
26 ARTICLES Anrrclrs 27
>Thedefinitearticlechangesformasculine,feminineandneutersingularnouns. Der Mann ging ins Haus. The man went into the house.
Die Frau gehtjeden Abend Thewoman goes swimming
Definite Article Meaning
+ Noun schwimmen. every night.
Masculine der Mann tne man Sie wollen das Midchen adoptieren. They want to adopt the girl.
Feminine die Frau the woman Die zwei Frauen nebenan wollen The two women next door
ihr Haus renovieren. want to renovate their house.
Neuter das Medchen thegirl
Der Mann mit der reichen Frau. The man with the rich wife.
D The pluralforms of the definite article are the same forall qenders. Die Midchen gehen morgen ins The girls are going to the cinema
Kino. tomorrow.
DefiniteArticle Meaning lch will nicht nur mit den I don't j ust want to work with
+ Plural Noun the men.
Mennern arbeiten.
Masculine die Minner the men
Feminine die Frauen the women
Neuter diq Midchen Key points
the girls
y' the definite article changesfor masculine, feminine and neuter
singular nouns.
y'
rtp y'
The plural forms of the definite article are the same
theform ofthe definitearticle
forall genders.
also changes depending on the case
It is a good idea to learn the article or the gender with the noun when
ofthe noun in the sentence.
you come across a word for the first time, so that Vou know whether
it is masculine, fem inine or neuter. A good dictionary will also give you
this information.
3_l Using the definite article
L The definite article also changes according to the case ofthe noun in the ) article i n Cerman (der, die or das) is used in more or less the same
The defi nite
sentence - nom inative, accusative, genitive or dative. way as we use the in English, but it is also used in Cerman in a few places where
you might not expect it.
* For more informotion on Coses, see page g.
) The defi n ite article is used with words I i ke prices, Iife and time that descri be
) The forms of the definite article in each case are as follows: q ities, ideas or experiences (called abstract nouns) rather than someth i ng
ual
Masculine
thatVou can touch with your hand. Usually, the is missed out in English with this
Feminine Neuter All Genders
type of word.
Case singular Singular Singular Plural
Nominative der die das die
Die Preise sind wirklich hoch. Prices are really high.
Das Leben ist sch6n. Life is wonderful.
Accusative den die das die
Die Zeit vergeht schnell. Time passes quickly.
Genitive des der des der
Dative dem der dem den ruotethatthese nouns are sometimes used WITHOUTthe article.
[J
Es braucht Mut. It needs (some) courage.
Gibt es dort Leben? ls there (any) life there?
> You also use the definite article with the genitive case to show that something
belongs to someone.
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv. die Jacke der Frau the woman's jacket
28 ARTICLES Anrrcus z9
) You also use the definite article with the names of roads
El ruote that you do not usually use the definite article with the genitive case
Sie wohntjetzt in der Geisener She lives in Geisener Road now
if the noun is a proper name or is being used as a proper name.
A proper name is the name of a person, place, organization orthing. StraBe.
JansAuto Jan's car D The definite article is used with months of the yeal except after the prepositions
MuttisAuto Mummy's car seit. nach and vor.
Occasionally, the definite article l5 used with proper names: Der Dezember war ziemlich kalt. The Decemberwas auite cold.
Wir sind seit September hier. We have been here since September.
e to make the sex ofthe person or the case clearer
Er hat es der Frau Kekilli gegeben. He gave it to Frau Kekilli. Q For more information on Prepositions, see plge :53.
o where an adjective is used before the proper name D lf you're talking about prices and want to say eoch, per or o, you use the definite
Die alte Frau Schnorr ist Old Frau Schnorr has died. article.
gestorben.
Die kosten fiinf Euro das Pfund. They cost five eu ros a pou nd.
o in certain informalsituations orto emphasize something lch habe sechs Euro das Stlick I paid six euros each.
lch habe heute den Kevin I saw Kevin todav. bezahlt.
gesehen. ) In certain common expressions the definite article is used
Grammar b<tra!
I n cerman, the defi nite article can be used instead ofa demonstrative ad iective
Grammar Extra!
Du willst das Buch lesen! You want to read that book!
You also use the deflnite article when geographical names are preceded by an adjective
das heutige Deutschland today's Cermany Q ror more information on Demonstrative adjedives, see page 31.
D The definite article is used with names of seasons. > In German, the deflnite article is left out:
[f ruote that there are certain expressions with meals when you don't use the
definite article.
Um acht Uhr ist Fr[ihst0ck. Breakfast is at eight o'clock.
tr Shortened forms of the definite article tr Words declined like the definite article
> After certain prepositions, the definite article can be shortened, though it is ) These words follow the same Datterns as the definite article:
best to avoid using some of these forms in writing:
Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative
o fiir das -
fiirs Pluralonly alle alle aller allen
Es ist fiirs Baby. It's for the baby.
singular beides beides beides beiden
o vordem +vorm Plural beide beide beider beiden
Es liegtvorm Haus. It's lying in front of the house. singular dieser, diesen, dieses/diesen, diesem,
a um das * ums diese, diese, dieser, dieser,
dieses dieses dieses/diesen diesem
Es geht ums Geld. It's a question of money.
Plural diese diese dieser diesen
) The following shortened forms can lre used in writing: singular einiger, einigen, einiges,/einigen, einigem,
a an dem -am einige, einige, einiger, einigeL
einiges einiges einiges,/ein igen einigem
Am r. Mai fahren wir in die We go on holiday on the
Ferien. rst of May. Plural ernrge ernrge einiger einigen
singular jeder, jeden, jedes/jeden, jedem,
o indemrim jede, jede, jeder, jeder,
Das Buch liegt im Haus. The book's in the house. jedes jedes jedes/jeden jedem
a zu dem -zum Plural jede jede jeder jeden
lch muss zum Bahnhofgehen. I have to go to the station. 5ingular jener, jenen, jenelenen, Jenem,
jene, jene, jener, jener,
a zu der-zur jenes jenes jenelenen jenem
Sie gehtjeden Tag zur Schule. She goes to school every day.
Plural Jene Jene jener Jenen
Q Fo r m o re i nfo r m ati o n o n Shortened form s of p repositions, see p o ge $ 5 - Singular mancher, manchen, ma nch es/m a nc hen, manchem,
manche, manche, mancher, mancher,
manches manches manches/manchen manchem
Key points Plural manche manche mancher manchen
y' the definite article is used in Cerman witfr: Singular solchen solchen, so I c hes/so lc hen, solchem,
. abstract nouns solche, solche, solcher, solcher,
solches solches solches/solchen solchem
. the genitivecaseto show possession
solche solche solcher solchen
. propernames, incertain exceptional cases Plural
welches/welchen, welchem,
o masculine and feminine countries and districts 5ingular welcher,
welche,
welchen,
welche, welcher, welcher,
o names ofseasons and with months ofthe yeat except after the welches welches welches/welchen welchem
prepositions seit, nach and vor
Plural welche welche welcher welchen
o names of roads
. ra"O Or*,
"nO trtote that dieser orjener are used to translate the English demonstrative
y' the defi nit" a.rman can lre used in certain set expressions. @
"rr,a,a,n adjectives this, thot, th ese and th ose
y' wnen combined with certain prepositions, the definitearticle can
lre shortened.
o alf e, aller, allen (plural only) all, allof them
Wir haben alle gesehen. We saw all of them.
Die Eltern fuhren mit allen The parents went offwith all
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x'xiv.
Kindern weg. their children.
32 ARTTCLES Anlcus 33
beide (plurol only) both pronouns - a pronoun is a word you use instead ofa noun, when you do not
lch habe beide B0cher gelesen. l've read both books. need or want to name someone or something d irectly, for example,
tt, v?u, none.
dieser, diese, dieses this, this one, these
Willst du diesen? Do you want this one?
Dieserjunge Mann ist begabt. This young man talented.
is
This old house is really beautiful. Man kann ja nicht alles wissen. You can't know everything.
Dieses alte Haus ist wirklich schiin.
Es gibt manche, die keinen There are some people who don't
einiger, einige, einiges some,afew,alittle
Alkohol miigen. likealcohol.
Einioe von uns gingen spazieren. Some of us went fora walk.
Wir haben einiges gesehen. We saw quite a lot of things. + For more information on Pronouns, see page 59.
o articles Esgab einen Bleistift und ein Bild There was one pencil and one
und er hat beides genommen. picture and he took both.
Dieser Mann kommt aus Si.idamerika. This man comesfrom SouthAmerica.
sie geht ieden Tag ins Biiro. She goes to the office every day. @ Notethat beides is singular in cerman, whereas both is plural in English.
Beides ist richtig. Both are correct.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
34 ARncLEs Amcles 35
) dies often replaces the nom inative and accusative dieses and diese when it Key points
is used as a Dronoun.
y' rhereis a grou p of woros wn icn-#;".;;" ke the defi ite arti cte der.
Hast du dies schon gelesen? Have you already read this?
I i n
sie ist mit dem ganzen Geld 5he disappeared with allthe
r/ ganz must lre used instead ofalle in certain situations.
verschwunden. monev.
* ror more information on Adiedives, see page 40.
6 I The indefinite article
) ganz must be used: > In English we have the indefi nite article o, wh ich changes to an in front of a word
. in time phrases that starts with a vowel. I n the plu ral we say either so me, onY or nothi n g at all.
Es hat den ganzen Tag geschneit- lt snowed the whole day long
L word you choose for a depends on whether the noun it is used
n German the
o when talking about geography I
mein my Mein kleiner Bruder will auch MV little brother wants to come too
dein y our (singulor fami liar) mitkommen.
sein h islits Wo steht dein altes Auto? Where is vour old car?
ihr herlits Er spielt FuBball mit seinerTante. He is playing football with his aunt.
unser our Was ist mit ihrem Computer los? What is wrong with her computer?
euer your (plurol familior) lhre Kinder sind wirklich verw6,hnt. Their children are really spoiled.
ihr thei r Wie geht es lhrer Schwester? How is your sister?
lhr your (polite singular ond plural)
lch will meine Kinder regelmiRig I want to see my children regularly.
D Possessive adjectives are formed in the following way. sehen.
dein deines deinem Wo ist deine rote racke? Where is your red jacket?
dein
Plural deine deine deiner deinen irgendein(meaningsome... orother)and itsplural formirgendwelchealsotaketheseendings
Singular setnr setnen, seines, seinem, Er ist irgendein bekanntgl Schauspieler. He's some famous actor or other.
seine, setne, seiner, seiner, justsomeold woman orother
Sie ist nur irgendeine alte Frau. She's
sein sein seines sernem
Sie hat irgendein neues Buch gekauft. She bought some new book or other.
Plural setne setne seiner sernen
lch muss irgendwelche bliiden Touristen I have to show some stupid tourists or
singular ih r, ihren, ihres, ihrem.
herumfiihren. other round.
ihre, ihre, ih rer, ihrer,
ihr ihr ih res ihrem
Plural ihre ihre ih rer ihren
Singulal unser, unseren, unseres, unserem,
unsere, unserel unserer, unserer,
unser unser unseres unserem y' possess ive adj ectives, y, you r, hi s, her, its,ou r or th ei r,
)> In English, the only time an adjective changes its form is when you are making
a comparison.
5he's cleverer than her brother.
That's the silliest idea I ever heardl
with the noun or pronoun it describes, you simply add Genitive der alten
)> To make an adjective ag ree
Minner/Frauen/HAuser
one ofthree sets ofdifferent endings:
Dative den alten
MHnnern,/Frauen,/Heusern
tr TheWeak Declension
)> The end ings used after the defi n ite articles der, die and das and other words
declined likethem are shown below. 3_l The Mixed Declension
Masculine Feminine Neuter All cenders ) The end i ngs used after ein, kein, irgendein and the possessive adjectives are
Case Singular Singular Singular Plural shown below.
Nominative -e -e -e -en
-en -e -e -en
[| trtote that th is declension d iffers from the weak declension on ly i n the three
Accusative forms underlined below.
Genitive -en -en -en -en
-en
Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders
Dative -en -en -en
Case Singular Singular Singular Plural
The following table shows you how these ifferent end ings are added to the
d Nominative -er -e -es -en
adjective alt, meaning old, when it is used with the definite article. Accusative -en -e -es -en
Genitive -en -en -en -en
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Dative -en -en -en -en
Case Singular Singular
Nominative der alte Mann die alte Frau das alte Haus
die alte Frau das alte Haus
t ) For more information on the Possessive odjeaives, see page 37.
Accusative den alten Mann
Genitive des alten Mann(e)s der alten Frau des alten Hauses D The following table shows you how these different endings are added to the
Dative dem alten Mann der alten Frau dem alten Haus adjective lang, meaning long.
Plural All cenders [) ruote that the plural form of Kise is normally Kisesorten.
article by showing the case of the noun and whether it is singular or plurar,
Masculine Feminine Neuter All cenders masculine, feminine or neuter.
Case Singular singular singular Plural
Nominative -er -e -es -e F The article is omitted more often in Cerman than in English, especiallywhere
y ou have prepositi on * adjective + noun com b i nations.
Accusative -en -e -es -e
cenitive -en -er -en -er Nach kurzer Fahrt kamen wir in Aftera short journeywe arrived
-em -er -em -en Glasgow an. in 6lasgow.
Dative
Mit gleichem Gehalt wie du wiirde l'd be able to afford a holiday on the
The following table shows you how these d ifferent end ings are added to the ichmireinenUrlaubleistenkijnnen. samesalaryasyou.
adjective gut, meaning good.
wenrger fewer, less . Weak. when the definite article comes first:
einige (plural forns only) some Das wenige frische Obst, das es The little fresh fruit that was
etwas some, any (singular) damals gab, warteuer, available then, was exDensive.
mehr more Die zwei kleinen Jungen, die die The two small boys who came
nothing but, sheer, pure
StraBe entlangkamen. alono the street.
lauter
solch such o Mixed, when a possessive adjective comesfi rst:
was fiir what, what kind of Meine zwei kleinen Jungen sind My two small sons are cheeky
viel much, many, a lot of manchmal frech. sometimes.
welch...! what ...1 what a ...!
These strong declension endings also need to be used after possessives where
manch many a
no otherword shows the case of the followinq noun and whether it's masculine.
wenig little, few, not much
feminine or neuter, singular or plural
zwei, drei €tc two, three etc
Sebastians alte5 Buch lag auf Sebastian's old book was lying
dem Tisch. on the table.
Morgen hHtte ich ein wenig freie I could spare you some time
tomorrow Mutters neuer Computer sieht Mother's new computer looks
Zeit fiir dich.
toll aus, I rear.
sie hat mir ein paar guteTipps she gave me a few good tips.
gegeben.
obst als ich.
Er isst weniger frisches He eats less fresh fruit than me.
Heutzutage wollen mehrjunge Nowadays, more young women rrp
Frauen Ingenieurinnen werden. wantto beengineers. When these various end ings are added to adjectives, you have to watch
Solche leckere Schokolade habe ich I haven't had such good chocolate out for some spel I i ng changes.
schon lange nicht mehrgegessen. fora long time. When endings are added to the adjective hoch, meaning hrgh, the simple
Wir haben viel kostbargZeit We have wasted a lot of valuable form changes to hoh.
verschwendet. time. Das Gebiude ist hoch. The building is high.
Welch herrliches Wetter! What wonderfu I weatherl Das ist ein hohes Gebdude. That is a high building.
Adjectives ending in -el lose the -e when endings are added.
Das Zimmer ist dunkel. The room is dark.
Man sieht nichts in dem You can't see anything in the
dunklen Zimmer. dark room.
Adjectives ending in -er often lose the -e when endings are added.
Das Auto war teuer. The car was expensive.
Sie kaufte ein teures Auto. She bought an expensive car.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, Please see Pages x-xiv'
Aolecrves 49
48 Aorrcnves
leicht easv for
Key points Du machst es dir wirklich zu leicht. You really make things too easyfor
y' with the noun it is describing' you simply
To make an adjective agree vourself.
addoneofthreesetsofendings:weak,mixedorst'ron9. nah(e) close to
y'
v Strong end i ngs are also used after particular words
when not preceded
Unser Haus ist nahe der Universitit. Our house is nearthe universitv.
;;;;il;;,?;r example, ein bisschen, ein paar' wenig and after
possessive adjectives. peinlich embarrassing for
Das war ihr aber peinlich. She was really embarrassed.
unbekannt unknown to
tr Participles as adiectives Das war mir unbekannt. I didn't know that.
in -ing' which may be used
l In English, the present particlple is a verb form ending
asanadjectiveoranoun.Incerman,yousimp|yadd-dtotheinfinitiveofthe
Verbtoformthepresentparticip|e,Whichmaythenbeusedasanadjectivewith Key points
all the usual endinqs' y' In Cerman, both present and past participles can also be used as
Auf demTisch stand ein Foto There was a Photo of a laughing adjectives.
von einem lachenden Kind. child on the table. y' winmany Cerman adjectives you use the dative case.
be used ke this'
@ trtote that the present participles of sein and haben cannot
li
tr Adjectivespreceded bvthedativecase
> With many adjectives you use the dative case' for example:
o ihnlich similarto
He's very like his father.
Er ist seinem Vater sehr ihnlich'
. bekannt familiarto
sie kommt mir bekannt vor. She seems familiar to me'
. dankbar gratefulto
lch bin dir sehr dankbar. l'm very gratefulto You.
[) trtote that the feminine form of such nouns is formed by add ing -in in the
singularand -innen in the plural.
Christine, die Londonerln war, Christine, who was from London,
wollte nach Glasgow ziehen. wanted to move to clasoow.
points
Com pa ratives of adjectives
Key
y' Adjectives describing nationality are notspeltwith a capital letter in What is a comparative adjective?
cermanexceptinpub|icorofficia|names,BUTwhentheyareusedas A comparative adjective in English is one with -eradded to itor more or less in front
nouns to refer to a language, they do have a capital letter' of it, that is used to compare people or things, for exampl e, slower, morebeautiful.
y' ndjectives taken from place names are formed Lly add i ng -er to the na m e
ofthe town and never change by add i ng end i ngs to show case' ln Cerman, to say that somethingis eosier, more expensive and so on, Vou add
y' Theycan also be used as nounsdenoting the inhabitantsofa
place' -er to the simDle form of most adiectives.
einfach * einfacher
Das war viel einfacher fiir dich. That was much easier for Vou.
[J ruote that adjectives whose simple form ends i n -en or -er may d rop the fi nal
-e to form the comparative, as in teurer.
teuer + teurer
DieseJacke ist teurgl. This jacket is more expensive.
> To introduce the person or th ing you are making the com parison with, use als
(meaning than).
Erist kleiner als seine Schwester. H e is sma ller tha n h is s ister.
Diese Frage ist einfacher als die This question is easier than the
erste. firstone.
> To say that something or someone is os ... os something or someone else, you
use so ... wie or genauso ... wie, ifyou want to mal<e it more emphatic. To sav
not as ... ds, you use nicht so ... wie.
Sie ist so gut wie ihr Bruder. She is as good as her brother
Er war qenauso gli,icklich wie ich. He was j ust as happy as I was
Sie ist nicht so alt wie du. She is not as old as you
Here are some examples of commonly used adjectives which have a vowel
change in the comparative form:
Adjectives whose simple form ends in -el lose the -e before adding the comparative
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv' ending -er.
54 ADJEcflvEs Ao;rcrves 55
> with a few adjectives, comparative forms may also be used to translate the idea of -ish or lch wollte die teuersteJacke im Iwanted to buy the most
rather ... Laden kaufen. expensivejacket in the shop.
Comparative Meaning Adjectives ending in -t, -tz, -2, -sch, -ss or -R form the superlative by adding -est
elter elderly instead of-st.
diinner thinnish de r/d e/das hteste
i sc h I ec the worst
fattish
dicker Das war der schlechtgglg Film seit That was the worst film in vears
griif3er largish
Jahren.
ji.jnger youngish
der/ dle/ das sch m erzhafteste the most painful
kleiner smallish
shortish
Das war ihre schmerzhafteste That was her most painful injury
kiirzer
Verletzung.
neuer newish
der/die/das siiReste the sweetest
Eine iltere Frau kam die stral3e An elderlywoman was coming along
entlang. the street. lch miichte den siiBesten Nachtisch. I would like the sweetest dessert.
Er war von ji.ingerem Aussehen. He was ofyoungish aPPearance. der/die/das stolzeste the proudest
MM4WWIbMWNMMNWqUMMMIWNWMqMWMqilWIW@WlWMN@itMMWilx!x,@!M'MfuMWMWWlM4b@fuEMM4MMI Sie war die stolze5lg Mutter in der She was the proudest mother in
Gegend. the area.
Key points
der/ die/ das frischeste
y' In Cerman, to form the comparativeyou add -erto the simpleform of the freshest
F0r dieses Rezept braucht man You need the freshest fru it for th is
most adjectives.
das frischeste Obst.
y' To compare people or things in German, you use so ." wie, genauso "'
recipe.
wie, if you wantto make it more emphatic, or nicht so ." wie' > Adjectives end i ng i n -eu and -au also add -est to form the superlative.
y' rhan in comparatives corresponds to als. der/die/das neueste the newest, the latest
y' thereis a change in the vowel in many of the simple forms of German lch brauche die neueste Ausgabe I need the latest edition ofthe
adjectives when form ing their comparatives. des Wiirterbuchs. dictionary.
y' ndjectives whose simple form ends in'el, such as dunkel, lose the'e
der/ die/ das sch laueste the cleverest
before adding the comparative ending'er.
Sie ist die schlaueste Schiilerin She is the cleverest student in the
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, Please see pages x-xiv'
in der Klasse. cta55.
56 ADJEcrlvEs
in Cerman by any
} The English superlative most, meaning very, can be expressed ADVERBS
of the following words.
SuPerlative Meaning
extremely What is an adverb?
euBerst
An adverb is a word usually used with verlrs, adjectives or other adverbs that
sehr very
g ives more information about when, how, where, or in what circumstances
besonders especially
something happens: quickly, happily, noware all adverbs.
au [3erordentlich exceptionallV
KeY
> A small number of German adverbs which do not d irectly comment on the verb
Points
are formed by adding -weise or-sweise to a noun.
y' Most German superlatives are formed by add i n g -st to the si m ple form
ofthe adjective.
y' Adjectives ending in -t' -tz, -2, -sch, -ss, -R' -eu or-au' form the
superlative lry adding -est instead of-st'
y' Gut,hoch, viel and nah have irregular comparative and
superlative
forms: gut /besser/der beste, hoch,/hiiher/der hijchste'
viel/mehr/
der meiste, nah/niher/der nHchste.
Meaning Adverbs often express the idea of'to what extent', for example, words in English
Noun Meaning Adverb
likeextremelyandespecially.fhese are sometimes called adverbs of degree. Some
das Beispiel exampre beispielsweise for example
common adverbs of this type in German are:
die Beziehung relation, beziehungsweise ot/or .ather/
connection that is to say Adverb ofdegree Meaning
der schritt step schrittweise step by step eu fEerst extremely
die zeit time zeitweise at times besonders especially
der Zwang compulsion zwan9swerse compulsorily betrachtlich considerablV
fast almost
kaum hardly, scarcely
Orammar Extra! ziemlich fairlV
Some Cerman adverbs are also formed by adding -erweise to an uninflected adjective.
These adverbs are mainlV used by the person speaking to express an oPinion' Es hat mir nicht besonders gefallen. ldidn't particularly like it.
lch bin fast fertig. l'm almostfinished.
Adjective Meaning Adverb Meaning
Erwarziemlich sauer. He was quite angry.
erstaunlich astonlshing erstaunlicherweise astonishingly
enough
>> There is another important group of adverbs which are NoTformed from
adjectives or nouns, for example, words like unten, oben and leider.
Das beste Buch lag unten auf The best book was at the bottom
dem Stapel. ofthe Dile.
Die Schlafzimmer sind oben' The bedrooms are uPstairs.
lch kann leider nicht kommen. unfortunately I can't come.
D Adverbs oftimefit into this categoryand thefollowing are some common ones:
morgen tomorrow
mor9ens in the mornings
sofort at once
Sie kann erst morgen kommen' She can't come till tomorrow.
Priska hat immer Hunger. Priska is always hungrY.
Ja, ich mache das sofort. Yes. l'll do it at once.
) Adverbs of olace are words such aswhere?,there, up, nowhere. German adverbs of y' Many Cerman adverbs are simplyadjectives used as adverbs, butthey
are not decl ined, unlike adjectives.
place behave very differently from their English counterparts in the following ways:
y' ln German,someadverbsareformed tryadding -weise or-sweise to a
. where there is no movement involved and the adverb is simply referring to a
noun.
location, Vou use the form ofthe adverb you find in the dictionary'
Where is she?
y' Compound adverbsformed byadding hin orherare often used to show
Wo ist sie?
movement away from or towards the person speaki n g (or writi ng).
Sie sind nicht da. They're notthere.
Hier darf man nicht Parken. You can't park here.
Toshow some movementAWAY from the person speaki ng, you use the adverb hin
oliver und Andrea geben heute eine
oliver and And rea are having a
Party. Gehen wir hin? party today. Shallwe go?
In Cerman, hin is often added to another adverb to create what are called
compound adverbs, which show there is some movement involved. ln English,
we would j ust use adverbs in this case'
dorthin there
hierhin here
iiberallhin everywnere
wohin? where (to)?
o To show some movementTOWARDS the person speaking, you use the adverb
her. As with hin, this is often added to another adverb.
D The superlative of adverbs in German is formed in the following way and, unlike
adjectives, is not declined:
just as they can in English' am+odverb+-sten
D Adverbs can be used to make comparisons in cerman,
The comDarative of adverbs is formed in exactly the same way as that of adjectlves' Wer von ihnen arbeitet am Which of them works fastest?
that is by adding -er to the basicform' Als is used for thon' schnellsten?
Sie lSuft schneller als ihr Bruder. She runs faster than her brother. Er hat es am lanqsamsten gemacht. He did it slowest.
I see him less often than before.
lch sehe ihn seltener als friiher' ) Adverbsending in-d,-t,-tz,-2,-sch,-ss,or-Bformthesuperlativebyadding
you tne same -esten.This makes oronunciation easier.
To make os ... os or not os.'. as comparisons with adverbs'
use
phrases as with adjectives. Das Erdbeereiswar bei den The strawberry ice cream was the
Kindern am beliebte$en. most popular one with the kids.
o so... wie a5 "' as
Bruder. He runs as fast as his lrrother. Am heiBesten war es im Siidspanien. ltwas hottest in southern Spain.
Er lHuft so schnell wie sein
t) For more information on Superlotive adjeaives, see plge
o nicht so ... wie not as ... as SS.
Sie kann nicht so 9ut schwimmen She can't swim as well as You
wie du.
[J ruote tnat some superlative adverbs are used to show the extent of a qual ity
ratherthan a comparison.Thefollowing adverbsare used in thisway:
immer and
) The idea of more ond more... is expressed in German lry using Adverb Meaning
the comParative form'
bestens verywell
DieMSnnersprachenimmerThemenwereta|kinglouderand hiichstens atthe most/at best
lauter. louder'
meistens mostly/most often
> the more ...tne more'.. is expressed in Cerman byje "'
desto "' orje "' umso "'
spatestens at the latest
The sooner the better'
lg eher, desto besser. wenigstens at least
schneller sie fihrt, umso mehr The faster she drives, the more
le
Angst habe ich! frightened lam! Die Geschifte gehen bestens. Business is going very well.
see poge 53 Er kommt meistens zu spit an. He usually arrives late.
Q For more informotion on Comparotive odiedives'
At least I'm getting more money
WedSEleIE bekomme ich mehr
Geld dafiir. for it.
sie hat am meisten gewonnen. She won the most. o Adverbs of time often come first in the sentence, but this is not fixed.
Morgen gehen wir ins Theater OR:
KeY
Points Wir gehen moroen ins Theater. We're going to the theatre
y' tomorrow.
Comparatives of adverbs are formed in the same way as comparatives
of adjectives, add ing -er to the basic form. o Adverbsofplacecan be putatthe beginning ofasentenceto provide
y' To compare people orthings, you use so ... wie, ebenso ... wie or nicht emphasis.
so... wie. Dort haben sie FuBball gespielt OR:
y' thon i n com paratives of adverbs corresponds to als. Sie haben dort FuBball gespielt They played football there.
y' Superlatives ofadverbs are formed by using theformula am' odverb + o Adverbs of man ner are adverbs wh ich com ment on verbs. These are I i kely to
-sten/-esten. come after the verb to which they refer, but in tenses which are made up of
y' Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not change theirform to agreewith the haben or sein + the past participle of the main verb, they come immediately
verb, adjective or other adverb they relate to. before the past participle
5ie spielen qut. They play well.
Sie haben heute qut gespielt. They played welltoday.
Du benimmst dich immer schlecht. You always behave lradly.
Du hastdich schlecht benommen. You have behaved badly.
> Where there is more than one adverb in a sentence. it's useful to rememberthe
following rule:
"time, mannel place"
Wir haben qestern gu! dorthin We found ourway there al
gefunden. right yesterday.
gestern = adverb of time
gut = adverb ofmanner
dorthin = adverb ofplace
L Where there is a pronou n object (a word I i ke her, it, me or them) i n a sentence, Emphasizers
it comes before all adverbs.
What is an emphasizer?
Sie haben es qestern sehr billiq They bought itvery cheaPlY An emphasizer is a type of word commonly used in both Cerman and English,
gekauft. yesterday.
especially in the spoken language, to emphasize or change the meaning of a
es = pronoun object sentence.
gestern = adverb of time
billig = adverb of manner The following words are the most common emphasizers.
* For more information on Pronoun obieds, see plge 74. o aber is used to add emphasis to a statement
Das ist aber schiinl Oh, that's pretty!
Diese Jacke ist aber teuerl This jacket is really expensivel
y' In cerman, the position is notfixed, butthet, o denn is also used as a conjunction, but here it is used as an adverb
"r"o:""[LTl"n,.n."
generally come close to the words they refer to. to emphasize the meaning.
y' Where there is more than one adverb in a sentence, it is useful to Was ist denn hier los? What's going on here then?
rememtrer the rule: time, manner, place. Wo denn? Where?
/ yJffi:l.re is a pronoun object in a sentence, it comes before all
ln informal language:
PRONOUNS
Mal sehen. We'll see.
Hiiren Sie mal ... Look here now...
Er soll es nur mal versuchen! Just let him try it! What is a pronoun?
A pronoun is a word you use instead of a noun, when you do not need or want
Ja can also be used in one of two ways.
to name someone or something directly, for example, it, you, none.
To strengthen a statement:
Er sieht ja wie seine Mutter aus. He looks like his mother
jg sein. That may well be.
D There are several d ifferent types of pronoun :
Das kann
ln informal language:
o Personal pronouns such as t, you, he, her andthey, which are used to refer to
yourself, the person you are talking to, or other people and things. They can be
la und? So what?,/What then? either subject pronouns (1, you, he and so on) or obiect pronouns (him, her,them
Das istja licherlich. That's ridiculous. and so on).
ist es ja. That's just it.
Das
o Possessive Dronouns like mineand yours,which showwho someone or
Schon also has more than one use. something belongs to.
It is used informally with an imperative: o Indefi n ite pronou ns like someone or nothing, wh ich refer to people or thi ngs
Mach schon! Cet on with it! in a general way without saying exactly who orwhat they are.
It is also used in other informal statements: o Relative pronouns I i ke who, which or thot, wh ich I i nk two parts of a sentence
together.
Da kommt sie schon wieder! Here she comes agai n!
Schon gut. lch habe verstanden. Okay, I getthe message. o Demonstrative Dronou ns i ke this or those, wh ich poi nt thi n gs or people out.
I
o The pronouns wer? (mean ing who?) and was? (meaning what?) and their
differentforms. which are used to ask ouestions.
> Pronounsoften stand infora noun to save repeating it.
| finished my homework and gave it to my teacher.
Do you rememberJack? I saw him at the weekend.
D Word orderwith personal pronouns is usually different in German and English.
ihr you (plural) Use Sie in more formal situations for both the sinqular and plural you.
ste lney
Sie you (polite)
lch fahre nachste Woche nach I'm going to ltaly nextweek. rtp
Italien. Allof the subject pronouns only have a capital letterwhen they begin a
Wir wohnen in Frankfurt. We live in Frankfurt. sentence, except for the polite form of you, Sie, which always has a capital
letter.
* For more informotion on the Nominative case, see page 9.
lch gebe dir das Buch zuriick, l'll give you the book back when
tr du, ihrorsie?
wenn ich es zu Ende gelesen habe. I've finished reading it.
D In Eng ish we have on ly one way of saying you. I n Cerman, there are three words:
I
Du kannst mich morgen You can come and visit me
du, ihr and Sie. The word you use depends on: besuchen, wenn du Zeit hast. tomorrow, ifvou have time.
o whetheryouaretalking toone person ormoretnan one person Wir wiren lhnen sehr dankbar, We'd be very grateful if you could
o whetheryou are talking to afriend orfamily member, orsomeone else wenn Sie uns telefonisch ohone and let us know.
benachrichtigen wiirden.
L Use the familiar du if talking to one person vou know well, such as a friend,
someone younger than you or a relative
Kommst du mit ins Kino? Are you coming to the cinema?
tr Er/sie/es
rq
) | n ish we general ly refer to th i n gs (such as toble, book, car) only as if . I n German'
En g I
Man is often used to avoid a Dassive construction in Cerman.
er (meaning he), sie (meaning she) and es (meaning it) are used to talk about a
Man hat das schon oft im It's already been shown a lot
thing, as well as about a person or an animal. You use er for masculine nouns,
sie forfeminine nouns and es for neuter nouns. Fernsehen gezeigt. onTV.
DerTisch ist groR + Er ist groB * For more information on the Possive, see poge $o.
The table is large + lt is large
DieJacke ist blau + Sie ist blau Theform oftheverb you use with man is the same as the er/sie/esform.
The jacket is blue + lt is blue
* For more informotion on Verbs, see pages gi,4s2.
Das Kind stand auf Es stand auf
The child stood up He,/she Stood uP
[f ruote tnat Engl ish speakers often make the m istake of cal li ng al I objects es. Key points
y' The German subject pronouns are: ich, du, er, sie, es, Sie and man in
) The sutrject pronoun sie (meaning they) is used in the plural to talk about things, the singulat and wir, ihr, sie and Sie in the plural.
as well as people or animals. Use sie for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.
'Where are Michael and Sebastian?'-
y' rosay youin Cerman, use du ifyou aretalking to one person you know
'Wo sind Michael und Sebastian?'- well or to someone younger than you; use lhr if you are talking to more
'Sie sind im Garten.' 'They're in the garden.'
than one person you know well and use Sle ifyou are talking to one or
'Hast du die Karten gekauft?'- 'Did you buy the tickets?'- more people you do not knowwell.
'Nein, sie waren ausverkauft.' 'No, they were sold out.' y' er/sie/es (masculine,/feminine/neuter singular) and sie (masculine
'NimmstdudieHundemit?'- Areyoutakingthedogswithyou?'- to refer to things, as well as to
or feminine or neuter plural) are used
'Nein, die Nachbarin passt auf 'No, the next-door neighbour is people or animals.
sie auf.' looking afterthem.' y' Uancan mean you, they or people in general. lt is often used instead
of a passive construction.
ll_l Man
F This is often used in German in the same way as we use you in English to mean
people in general.
Wie schreibt man das? How do you spell that?
Man kann nie wissen, You never know.
Personal pronouns: direct object D When a modal verb I i ke wol len (mean i ng to wlnt) or kiinnen (mean i ng t0 be able
to, can) is followed by another verb in the infinitive (the'to'form of the verb), the
What is a direct object Pronoun? direct object pronoun comes directly AFTER the modal verb.
A direct object pronoun is a word such as me, him, us and them which is used Wir wollen Sie nicht mehr sehen. We don't want to see you anymore
instead ofthe noun to stand in forthe person orthing mostdirectlyaffected by
the action expressed by the verb. t ) For more information on Modol verbs, see page :r;6.
ihn him/it
ste herlit
es itlhim/her
etnen one
uns il<
lch lade dich zum Essen ein. l'll invite you for a meal
Sie hat ihn letztesJahr kennengelernt. She met him last year.
Personal pronou ns: i ndirect object 4 Word orderwith indirect object pronouns
) Wordorderforindirectobjectpronounsisthesameasfordirectobjectpronouns.
What is an indirect object Pronoun? The pronoun usually comes directly after the verb, except with tenses like the
when a verb has two objects (a direct one and an indirect one), the indirect perfectand modal verbs such aswollen.
object pronoun is used instead ofa noun to showthe person orthing the
it intended to benefit or harm, for example, me in He gIve me 0 bo1k; Sie bringt mir das Schwimmen bei. She'steaching me how to swim
".iion
Con you get me o towel? Sie hat es ihm gegeben. She gave it to him.
lch will dir etwas sagen. I want to tellyou something.
> When you have both a d irect object pronoun AN D an ind irect object pronoun
tr Usinq indirect obiect Pronouns i n the same sentence, the d i rect object pronoun or personal pronoun i n the
uns tofor us
Sie haben ihnen eine tolle Thev told them a great storY.
Geschichte erzihlt.
lch bin mit ihm spazieren gegangen. lwentforawalkwith him' Preposition hin or her + Preposition
D When a thing rather than a person is referred to, da- is added at the beqinning au5 hinaus,/heraus
ofthe preposition: auf hinauf/herauf
Manuela hatte ein Messer Manuela had brought a knife tn hinein,/herein
geholt und wollte damit den and was about to cut the cake
with it. Er ging die Treppe leise hinauf. He went up the stairs qu ietly.
Kuchen schneiden.
Endlich fand sie unser zelt und She fi nally found our tent and came
@ ruotethat before a preposition beginning with avowel, theform dar-+ kam herein. inside.
preposition is used. Sie iiffnete die Reisetasche und she opened the bag and put in her
legte die Hose hinein. trousers.
Lege es bitte darauf. Put it there Dlease.
a prepositions.
that
Note these com bi ned forms are also used after verbs followed by
hers/its/theirs,lhrer,
li a r), sei ner, m ea n i n g hi s /its, ihrer,
g yours (fo mi
meaningVours (polite), unserer, meaning ours
What is a possessive pronoun? and euerer, meaning yours (plural familior) have the same endings as meiner.
ln English you can say This is my cor orThis cor is mine.In the first sentence my is
a possessive adjective. In the second, mine is a possessive pronoun.
A possessive pronoun i s one of the w ords mine, yours, hers, his, ours or theirs,
which are used instead ofa noun to showthatone thing or person belongs to Unserer, meaning ours is often pronounced unsrerand euerer, meaning
another, for example, AskCarol if this pen is hers. often pronounced eurer.This pronunciation is
yours (plural familiar) is
occasionally reflected in writing.
Cerman possessive pronouns are the same words as the possessive adjectives
mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, lhr, with the same endings, EXCEPT in the Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders
masculine nominative singular, the neuter nom inative singular and the neuter Case Singular Singular Singular Plural
accusative singulal as shown below Nominative uns(e)rg1 uns(e)re u ns(e)rgg uns(e)re
> Here is the German possessive pronoun meiner, meaning mine, inall its forms: War euer Urlaub billiger als unsrer? Was your holiday cheaper than ours?
Masculine Feminine Neuter All cenders E Note the translation of o[mine, o[yours etc, where the personal pronoun in the
Case sinoular Singular Singular Plural dative is used:
Nominative merner metne mein(e)s merne Er ist ein Freund von mir. He isafriend of mine.
Accusative merngl metne mein(e)s metne lch habe eine CD von dir bei mir I have a CD ofvours at home.
Genitive metnes metner merngE metner zu Hause.
Dative merneE merngl mernglD mernen
Key points
@ Note that the nominative and accusative neuter forms only of all the possessive y' Cermanpossessive pronouns have the same form and endings asthe
pronouns are often pronounced without the last -e, for example meins instead possessive adjectives mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, lhr, except
of meines. in the masculine nominative singular, the neuter nominative singular
DerWagen da driiben ist meiner. The car over there is mi ne. and the neuter accusative singular.
Er ist kleiner als deiner. It is smallerthan yours. y' rhe nominative and accusative neuterforms of allthe possessive
Das ist besser als meins! That's betterthan mine! pronouns are often pronounced without the last -e, for example meins
Das Haus nebenan ist sch6,ner als seins. The house next door is nicerthan his. instead of meines.
MeineJacke warteurer als ihre. My jacket was more expensive y' Unserer, meaning ours is often pronounced unsrerand euerer, meaning
than hers. yours(plural fomilior) is often pronounced eurer.This pronunciation is
occasionally reflected in writing.
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
82 PnonouHs Pnoruourus 83
rtp lch brauche nureins (e.9. ein Buch, ein Notizbuch etc) | only need one.
lfvou wantto express the sen seof somebody or other, use irgendjemand
which is declined likejemand. Key points
lch habees irgendjemandem gegeben. I gave ittosomebodyorother' y' lemand and niemand can be used without endings in spoken Cerman
but have endings added in written Cerman.
The indefinite pronoun keiner has the same endings as the article kein, keine,
y' Keiner has the same endings as the article kein, keine, kein except
in the nom inative masculine and nom inative and accusative neuter
kein except in the nominative masculine and nominative and accusative neuter
forms, and can be used to referto peopleorthings.when referring to peoPle it
forms, and refers to people or things.
meansnobody,not...anybodyornoneandwhenreferringtothings,itmeansnot... y' Eineronly hasa singularform and refersto people orthings.
lnv ot none.
Reflexive pronouns > Unlike English, reflexive pronouns are also used after prepositions when the
pronoun "reflects back" to the subject ofthe sentence.
What is a reflexive pronoun? Er hatte nicht genug Geld bei sich. He didn't have enough money
A reff exive olrject pronoun such as myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself and
pronoun is an on him.
ourselves thatforms Dart of German reflexive verbs like sich waschen (meaning fo Hatten Sie nicht genug Geld bei sich? Didn't you have enough money
wosh) orsich setzen (meanin gto sit down).Areflexive verb is a verb whose subject on vou?
and object are the same and whose action is "reflected back" to its subject.
L Another use of reflexive pronouns in Cerman is with transitive verbs where the
action is performed for the benefit ofthe subject, as i n the Engl ish phrase:
Cerman reflexive Dronouns have two forms: accusative (for the direct object I bought myselfa new hat" The pronoun is not always translated in English.
pronoun) and dative (for the indirect object pronoun), as follows: lch hole mir einen Kaffee. l'm going to get (myself) a coffee
Accusative Form Dative Form Meaning Sie hat sich eine neueJacke gekauft. She bought(herself;a newjacket"
mich mtr myself L Reflexive pronouns are usually used in Cerman where eoch other and one another
dich dir yourself (familiar) would be used in English.
sich sich h i m se lflh erse lfli tse lf
Wir sind uns letzte Woche begegnet. We met (each other) last week.
uns uns ou rselves
euch euch yourselves (plur4l) @ ruotethateinander, (meaning one another, eoch other),which does notchange
in form, mav be used instead of a reflexive pronoun in such cases.
sich sich themselves
sich Vou rselTVourselves (polite)
Wir kennen uns schon OR
sich
Wir kennen einander schon. We already know each other
Er hat sich rasiert. He had a shave.
> After prepositions, einander is always used instead of a reflexive pronoun.
Du hast dich gebadet. You had a bath.
The preposition and einander are then joined to form one word.
lch will es mir zuerst iiberlegen. l'll have to thi nk about it first.
Sie redeten miteinander. Theyweretalking to each other.
@ trtote that unlike personal pronouns and possessives, the polite forms have no
In English, pronouns used foremphasis arethe same as normal reflexlve pronouns, for
caDital letter.
example, I did it myself" In Cerman selbst or, in informalspoken language, selber
setzen Sie sich bitte. Please take a seat
are used instead ofreflexive pronouns for emphasis.They never change theirform
Nehmen Sie sich ruhig etwas Zeit. Take your time.
and are always stressed, regardless oftheir position in the sentence:
) The reflexive pronou n usually follows the fi rst verb in the sentence, with certa in lch selbst habe es nicht gelesen, aber... I haven't read it myself, but ...
exceDtions:
Sie wird sich dariiber freuen. 5he'll be pleased aboutthat.
Key points
o lfthe subject and verb are swapped round in the sentence' and the subject
y' Cerman reflexive pronouns have two forms: accusative for the d irect
is a personal pronoun, then the reflexive pronoun must comeAFTER the
personal pronoun. object pronoun and dative for the indirect object pronoun.
Dariiberwird sie sich freuen. She'll be pleased aboutthat. y' Reflexive pronouns are also used after prepositions when the pronoun
"reflects back" to the subject ofthe sentence.
. lf the sentence is made of up two parts or clauses, then the reflexive pronoun
y'
comesAFTERthe subject in the second clause. Reflexive pronouns are usually used in Cerman where each other or
one anotherwould be used in English, buteinander can be used as an
lch frage mich, ob sie sich I wonder if she'll be pleased
about that. alternative and is always used after prepositions.
dariiber freuen wird.
y'
+ For more information on Word order, see page V5.
SelUst or, in informal spoken German, selber are used instead
reflexive pronouns for emphasis.
of
+ For more information on Reftexiveverbs, see poge rc2.
ln cerman the most common relative pronouns der, den, dessen, dem etc
have
E asNoten that ish,
i
the genitive forms are used in relative clauses in much the same way
Engl but to translate of whom,
one of whom
some the followi ng
use
the same forms as the definite article, except in the dative pluraland
genitive
constructions.
sing ular and plural. They are declined as follows: Das Kind, dessen Fahrrad The child whose bicvcle had
Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders gestohlen worden war, fing been stolen started to crv
Singular singular Singular Plural an zu weinen.
Case
der die das die Die Kinder, von denen einige The children, some of whom
Nominative
das die schon lesen konnten, ... could alreadv read, ...
Accusative den die
deren
Meine Freunde, von denen My friends, one of whom ...
Genitive dessen deren dessen
einer...
Dative dem der dem denen
Relative pronouns must agree in gender and number with the noun to which Orammar bctra!
they refer, butthe case they have depends on theirfunction in the relative clause' When a relative clause is introduced by a preposition, the relative pronoun can be replaced by
The relative clause is simply the part of the sentence in which the relative wo- or wor- ifthe noun or pronoun it stands for refers to an object or someth i ng abstract. The fu
pronoun appears. Relative clauses are ALWAYS seParated by commas from the
||
Der Mann, den ich gestern The man that I saw Yesterday Das Buch, aus dem ich vorgelesen The book I read aloud from belongs
gesehen habe, kommt aus ZUrich' comes from Z0rich' habe, gehiirt dir. ro you.
tr Wasftirein?.welcher? VERBS
> These are used to mean whot kind of '. ' Tand which one?and aredeclined likethe
definite article.
What is a verb?
hatjetzt ein Autot'- "He has a car now." -
,,Er A verb is a'doing'word which describes what someone or something does, what
"What kind (of one) did he buY?"
,,Was fiir eins hat er gekauft?" someone or someth ing is, or what happens to them, for example, be, sing, live.
Welches hast du gewollt? Which one did You want?
4 For more i nformati on n Words declined like the definite article, see pa ge 31'
o
Weak, strong and mixed verbs
) TheV can refer to people or thi ngs and requ re the aPPropriate end ngs'
i i
> Verbs are usually used with a noun, with a pronoun such as l, you or she, orwith
Filr welchen (e.g. welchen Job, welchen Whisky etc) hat sie sich somebody's name. They can relate to the present, the past and the future; this is
entschieden? OR: called theirtense.
Fiirwelches (e.g. welches Haus, welches Buch etc) hat sie sich t ) For more information on Nouns lnd Pronouns, see plges t and 69.
entschieden? OR:
Flir welche (e.g. welche Person, welche Jacke etc) hat sie sich > Verbsareeither:
entschieden? o weak; thei r forms follow a set pattern. These verbs may also be called reg u lar.
Which one did she choose? o strong and irregular; theirforms change according to different patterns.
OR
o mixed; thei r forms fol low a m ixtu re of the patterns for wea k and stron g verbs.
KeY Points
y' meinterrogative pronounswerand wascan be used fordirectand > Regular English verbs have a base form (the form of the verb without any endings
indirect questions and only have a singular form. added to it, for example, walk).This is the form you look up in a dictionary.The base
form can have to in front of it, for example, to wolk.This is called the infin itive.
y' When used with prepositions, was becomes wo-' orwor-when the
preposition begins with a vowel. > cerman verbs also have an infinitive, which is the form shown in a dictionary;
y' wasfiirein?and welcher? are used to mean what kind of . "? andwhich most weak, strong and mixed verbs end in -en. For example, holen (meaning to
one? fletch) is weak, helfen (mean i ngto help) is strong and denken (mean ing to think)
is mixed. All Cerman verbs belong to one of these groups. We will look at each of
these three groups in turn on the next few pages
> Eng I ishverbs have other forms apart from the base form and i nfi n itive: a form
end g i n -s (wolks), a form end i ng in -ing (walking), and a form end i n g i n -ed
i n
(wolked).
> Cerman verbs have many more forms than this, which are made up of endi ngs
added to a stem. The stem of a verb can usuallV be worked out from the infinitive
and can change, depending on the tense ofthe verb and who or what you are
ralking about.
> German verb endings also change, depending on who orwhatyou are talking
about: ich (l), du (you (informal)), erlsie/es(he/she/it),Sie (you (format)) in the
s ingular, or wir (we), ihr (you (informal)), Sie (you (formal)) and sie (they) in the
plural. German verbs also have different forms depending on whether you are
referring to the present, future or past.
l! Usingtheoresenttense
> | n English there are two forms of the present tense. One is used to talk abour
things happeni ng now and the other is used for things that happen all the time.
ln Cerman, you use the same form for both of these.
o thingsthatare happening now
Es reqnet, It5 raining.
Sie spielen FuBball. Th ey teplayrng footba ll .
rrp Which one you choose will depend on whether you are referring to ich, du, er,
sie, es, wir, ihr, Sie or sie.
Although English sometimes uses parts of the verb to be to form the
or.r.ni t.nt. of other verbs (fo r exam ple, I am listenin g, shds tllking)'
() For more informotion on Pronouns, see page 69.
Cerman N EVER uses the verb sein in this way'
past
D Here are the present tense end ings for weak verbs end i ng i n -en:
when using seit orseitdem to describe an action which began in the
and is continuing in the present, the presenttense is used in Cerman' Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings
where in English a verb form with have or has is used' e.g. spiel-
lch wohne seit drei Jahren hier. I have been livinq here for three
ich -e ich spiele lplay
lam playing
vears.
-st
Seit er krank ist, hat er uns nicht He hasn't visited us since he's du du spielst you play
you are playing
besucht. been ill'
-t
Seitdem sie am Gymnasium ist, Since she's been qoing to grammar
er
sie
er spiel!
sie spiel!
he/she/it plays
he/she/it is
hat sie kaum mehr Zeit. school, she's hardlY had anYtime.
es es spiel! playing
Seit seinem Unfall habe ich ihn I have only seen him once since we are playing
nur ein einziges Mal qesehen. his accident ihr -t ihr spiel! you (plural) play
you are playing
sie -en sie spielen they play
they are playing
e Forming the Present tense of weak verbs
Sie Sie spielen you (polite) play
n German end in -en in the
their infl nitive form. This is you are playing
)> Nearlv all weak verbs i
ho|en.
form of the verb vou find in the dictionary, for examp|e, spie|en, machen,
weak verbs are regular and thei r changes follow a set pattern or conjugation. Sie macht ihre Hausaufgaben. She's doing her homework.
out what holt die Kinder. He's fetch ing the children.
To know which form of the verb to use in German, you need to work
Er
>'
the stem ofthe verb is and then add the correct ending.The stem ofmost verbs
intheoresenttenseisformedbychoppingthe-enofftheinfinitive. m Note that you add -n, not -en to the stem ofweak verbs ending in -ern and -eln
to get the wir, sie and Sie forms of the present tense.
lnfinitive Stem (without-en)
Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings
spielen (to play) spiel-
e.g. wander-
machen (to mdke) mach- wtr -n wir wandern we hillwalk
holen (to fetch) hoF we are hillwalking
sie -n sie wandern they hillwalk
where the infin itive of a weak verb ends in -eln or -ern, only the -n is chopPed they are hillwalking
off to form the stem. sie sie wandern you (polite) hillwalk
you are hillwalking
lnfinitive Stem (without-n)
wandern (to hillwalk) wander- Siewandern gern, oder? You like hillwalking, don'tyou?
segeln (to sail) segel- lm Sommer wandern wir fast jedes In the summerwe go hillwalking
Wochenende. most weekends.
Sie lern! alles ganz schnell. She learns everything very quickly
Vou (plurdl) talk
you are talking
Key points
You talk about Yourwork allthe y' Weakverbs are regularand mostofthem form their presenttense
Du redest doch die ganze Zeit liber
time! stem by losing the-en from the infinitive.
deine Arbeit!
( mepresent tense endingsforweakverbs ending in-en are:
-t, -en, -t, -en, -en.
-e, -st,
y' lfthestem ofaweakverlr ends in-d,-t,-m or-n, an extra-e isadded
before the endings to make pronunciation easier.
-
he/she/it works
he/she/it is working
3 j Formino the present tense of strono verbs
you (plural)work
D The presenttense of moststrong verbs isformed with the same endings that
you are working
are used for weak verbs.
I am driving
au + iu (seelaufen) du -st du fHhrst you drive
o + ii (see stoRen) you are driving
o longe * ie er -t er€hr! he/she/it drives
Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings sie sie fah4 helshe/it is driving
e.g. seh- es es€hrt
ich -e ich sehe I see wtr -en wirfahren we drive
Iam seeino we are driving
du -st du siehst you see
-t
ihr ihr fahrt you (plurol) drive
Vou are seeing
you are driving
er -t er sieh! helshe/it sees
sie siehl he/she/it is seeing sie -en sie fahrgn they drive
sie
es essieht they are driving
wtr -en wir sehen we see Sie Sie fahren you (polite) drive
we are seeinq yo.u are driving
ihr -t ihr seht Vou (plural) see
Vou are seeing Am Samstag fEhrt sie nach ltalien. She's driving to ltaly on Saturday.
sie -en sie sehen they see
they are seeing au- iu
sie Sie sehen ' you (polite) see
you are seeing Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings
e.g,lauf-
Siehst du fern? Are you watchingTV? ich -e ich laufe Irun
o shorte + i
I am running
du -st du lHufst you run
Pronoun Ending Add to'Stem, Meanings
you are running
e.g. helf-
-e ich helfe help er -t er leuft helshe/it runs
ich I
lam helDino sie sie lAuft helshe/it is running
du -st du hilfst you help es es liuft
you are helping wtr -en wir laufen we run
er -t er hilft helshe/it helps we are runnrng
sie sie hilf! he,/she/it is helping
ihr -t ihr lauft you (p,urol) run
es es hllft
you are running
wtr -en wir helfen we help
we are helpinq sie -en sie laufen tney run
ihr -t ihr helft you (plurol) help they are running
you are helping Sie Sie laufen you (polite) run
sie -en sie helfen they help you are running
they are helping
sie Sie helfen you (polite) help Er liuft die roo Meter in He runs the 1oo metres in record
you are helping Rekordzeit. time.
Heute hilf! er beim Kochen. He's helping with the cooking today.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
IOO VERBS Venes tot
o+ > The nine mixed verbs are:
Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings Mixed Meaning Mixed Meaning Mixed Meaning
e.g. stoB- Verb Verb Verb
ich -e ich stoBe I push brennen to burn kennen to Know senden to send
I am pushing
bringen to Ilring nennen to name wenden to turn
du -st du stiiBt you push
you are pushing
denken to think rennen to run wtssen to know
E Note that strong AN D weak verbs whose stem ends in -s, -2, -ss or -R (such as y' There are nine mixed verbs in German.
stoBen) add -t rather than -st to get the du form i n the present tense. However, y y_.t:it mixed verbs,has the.same endings as weak verbs
ifthe stem ends in -sch. the normal -st is added. l!: 1enllof
and has no vowel or consonant changes in the stem.
-
Verb Stem Du Form
wachsen wachs- wachst
waschen wasch- waschst
Key points
( strongverbs have the same end ings in the present tense as weak
or that involve a change of some sort (getting dressed, sitting down, getting
lch erlaube mirjetzt ein Bier. Now l'm going to allow myself a beer.
excited, being in a hurry).
Er erlaubt sich ein Stlick Kuchen. He's allowing himself a piece of cake.
D The reflexive pronoun is either the d irect object in the sentence, wh ich means
it is in the accusative case, or the indirect object in the sentence, which means > Some of the most common German reflexive verbs are listed here:
it is in the dative case. OnlV the reflexive pronouns used with the ich and du forms Reflexive Verb with Reflexive Pronoun Meaning
ofthe verb have separate accusative and dative forms: in Accusative
sich anziehen to get dressed
Accusative Form Dative Form Meaning
sich aufregen to get excited
mich mrr myself
sich beeilen to hurry
dich dir yourself (fomiliar)
sich bescheftigen mit to be occuDied with
sich sich him selTh erself/i tself sich bewerben um to apply for
uns uns ou rselves sich erinnern an to remember
euch euch Vourselves (plurdl) sich freuen auf to lookforward to
sich sich themselves sich interessieren flir to be interested in
you rself/you rselves (polite) sich irren to lre wrong
sich sich
sich melden to report (for duty etc) orto volunteer
l The present tense forms of a reflexive verb work i n j ust the same way as an sich rasieren to shave
sich setzen orhinsetzen to sit down
ordinaryverb, exceptthatthe reflexive pronoun is used aswell.
sich trauen to dare
l Below you willflnd the present tense of the common reflexive verbs sich setzen sich umsehen to look around
(meaning to sit down) which has its reflexive pronoun in the accusative and sich
erf auben (meaning to ollow oneself) which has its reflexive pronoun in the dative. lch ziehe mich schnell an und l'll get dressed quickly and then we
dann gehen wir. can go.
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv. Wir mlissen uns beeilen. We must hurry.
1()4 VERBS Venas ro5
* For more information on word order with Reflexive pronouns, see poge 84 Htir zul Listenl
Hol esl Fetch it!
> | n the i mperative form of a refl exive verb such as sich waschen (mean i ng to Sag mal, wo warst du? Tell me,wherewereyoul
wash oneself) or sich setzen (mean ing to sit down), the reflexive Pronou n comes Versuchen Sie es mal! Cive it a try!
immediatelv after the verb. Komm schon! Do come/Please come.
Mach es auch richtig! Be sure to do it properly.
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
r()8 VERBS Vrnas ro9
Verb prefixes in the present tense
Gnmmar Extra!
There are some alternatives to using the imperative in 6erman: What is a verb prefix?
In English, a verb prefix is a word such as up ordown which is used with verbs to
.Infinitives(thetoformofaverb)areoftenusedinsteadoftheimperativeinwritten
create new verbs with an enti rely d ifferent mean ing.
i nstructions or Dublic announcements
get+getup+ getdown
Einsteigen! All aboard!
put + put up + put down
Zwiebeln abziehen und in Ringe schneiden. Peel the onions and slice them.
shut * shut up + shut down
. Nouns, adjectives oradverbs can also be used as imperatives
Ruhe! Be quiet!/Silence!
Vorsicht! careful!/Look outl > | n Cerman there is a similar system, but the words are put before the infi nitive
and joined to it:
Some ofthese have become set expressions
zu (meaning to)+geben (meaning ta give)=2tJgsben (meaning to ldmit)
Achtungl Listen !/Attention!
an (meaning on, to, by) + 2ishen (meaning to pull) = anziehen (meaning
Rauchen verboten! No smoking.
to put on or to attroct)
) Prefi xes can be found i n strong, weak and m ixed verbs. Some prefi xes are always
joined to the verb and never separated from it- these are called inseparable prefixes.
However, the majority are separated from the verb in certain tenses and forms,
and come at the end ofthe sentence. They are called separable preflxes.
E Inseparable prefixes
D There are eight inseparable prefixes in German, highlighted in the table of
common inseoarable verbs below:
[| ruote that when you pronounce an i nseparable verb, the stress is N EVER on the
inseparable prefix:
erhqften
verlieren
empfongen
vergessen
Das muss ich wirklich nicht vergessen. I really mustn't forget that.
E Separable prefixes
> There are many separable prefixes in German and some of them are highlighted
in the table lrelow which shows a selection of the most common separalrle verbs:
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
rTO VERBS VERBS IIT
Separable
Verb
Meaning Separable
Verb
Meaning
]4 Verbcombinations
abfahren to leave mitmachen tojoin in
) Below you wi ll see some other types of word wh ich can be com bi ned with verbs.
These combinations are mostlv written as two separate words and behave like
ankommen to arrive nachgeben to give way/in
seDarable verbs:
aufstehen to get up vorziehen to prefer
. Noun + verb combinations
eUsgehen to go out weglaufen to run away
Ski fahren to ski
einsteigen to get on zuschauen to watch
lch fahre gern Ski. I likeskiing
feststellen to establish/see zurechtkommen to manage
zuriickkehren to return
Schlittschuh laufen to ice-skate
freihalten to keep free
to come (here) zusammenpassen to bewell-suited;
lm Winter kann man Schlittschuh You can ice-skate in Winter.
herkommen
laufen.
hinlegen to put down to go well together
lnfi nitive + verb combinations
Der Zug fihrt in zehn Minuten ab. The train is leaving in ten kennenlernen to meet or to get to know
minutes. Meine Mutter m6chte dich My motherwants to meet you.
lch stehe jeden Morgen frijh auf. Iget up early every morning. kennenlernen,
Sie gibt niemals nach. She'll never give in. Er lernt sie nie richtig kennen. He'll never get to know her properly.
L1-] Usingtheperfecttense
) The German perfect tense is the one generally used to translate an English form
such as I havefinished.
I have finished the book. lch habe das Buch zu Ende qelesen.
D The perfect tense is also sometimes used to translate an Enqlish form such as
t qove.
ri+
When a specific time in the past is referred to, you use the perfect
tense in German. In English you use the *ed form instead.
cestern Abend habe ich einen Krimi Last night lwatched a
im Fernsehen gesehen. thrilleronW.
The perfect tense is used with seit or seitdem to describe a completed action in
the past, whereas the present tense is used to describe an action which started
in the past and is still continuing in the present.
Seit dem Unfall habe ich sie nur l've only seen her once since the
einmal qesehen. accident.
t) For more information on this use of the Presenttense, see poge 94.
du -st du hast you have Infinitive Take off-en Add ge- and -t
er -t er hat helshe/it has bringen (to run) bring- gebracht
sie sie hag denken (to think) denk- gedacht
es es ha!
wtr -en wir haben we nave D Theperfecttenseofseparableverbsisalsoformedintheaboveway,exceptthat
ihr -t ihr hab! you (plural) have the separable prefix isjoined on to the front ofthe ge-: ich habe die Flasche
sie -en sie haben they have aufggmacht, du hast die Flasche aufggmacht and so on.
Sie Sie haben you (polite) have
D With inseparable verbs, the only d ifference is that past participles are formed
without the ge-: ich habe Kaffee bestellt, du hast Kaffee bestellt and so on.
Pronoun Ending PresentTense Meanings
ich ich bin lam t .) For more information on Seporabte and lnseporoble verbs, see poge rcg.
du du bist you are
er er ist helshe/i,t is
sie sie ist
41 Verbs that form their perfect tense with haben
es es ist D Most weak, strong and m ixed verbs form thei r perfect tense with haben,
wtr wir sind we are for example machen:
ihr ihr seid you (p,ura,) are
Pronoun haben Past Participle Meaning
ste sie sind they are
ich habe gemacht I did, I have done
5ie Sie sind you (polite) are
du hast gemacht you did,you havedone
er hat gemacht her/sher/it did,
f|l Forming the past participle sie helshe/it has done
L To form the past partici ple of weak verbs, you add ge- to the beg inn in g of the es
verb stem and -t to the end. wtr haben gemacht we did, we have done
ihr habt gemacht you (plural familiar)
lnfinitive Take off-en Add ge- and -t
did, you have done
holen (to fetch) hoF geholt
ste haben gemacht they did, they have done
machen (to do) mach- gemacht
5ie haben gemacht y ou (si n gul a /
r p I u ral form ol)
did, you have done
@ ruote that one exception to this rule is weak verbs ending in -ieren, which omit
tne ge.
Sie hat ihre Hausaufgaben schon 5he has already done her
studieren (to study) studiert (studied) gemacht. homework.
To form the past participle ofstrong verbs, you add ge- to the beginning ofthe Haben Sie gut geschlafen? Did you sleep well?
verb stem and -en to the end. The vowel in the stem may also change. Er hat fleiRig gearbeitet. He has worked hard.
Lql haben orsein! r ) Here are the perfect tense forms of a very common strong verb, gehen, in full:
) MOST verbs form thei r perfect tense with haben. Pronoun setn Past Participle Meanings
lch habe das schon gemacht. l've already done that. ich bin gegangen I went, I have gone
Wo haben Sie fr0her gearbeitet? Where did you work before? du bist gegangen you went, you have gone
er ist ge9an9en helshe/it went,
> With refl exive verbs the refl exive pronoun comes i mmed iately after haben. sie he,/she,/it has gone
lch habe mich heute Morgen geduscht. I had a showerthis morning. es
Sie hat sich nicht daran erinnert. She didn't remember. wtr sind 9egan9en wewent, we have 9one
ihr seid gegangen you (plural familiar) went,
* For more information on Reflexiveverbs, see plgerc2. you have gone
Gestern bin ich ins Kino gegangen. I went to the cinema yesterday.
Sieist heute Morgen ganz friih She left really early this
abgefahren. morning.
An welcher Haltestelle sind Sie Which stop did you get off at?
ausqestiegen?
The imperfecttense
What is the imperfect tense?
rw
Remem ber that you N EVER use the verb sein to translate was or werein
The imperfecttense is one ofthe verb tenses used to talk aboutthe past, especially
forms like was roining orwere looking and so on. You change the Cerman
in descriptions, and to say what used to happen, for example, lt wos sunny atthe
verb ending instead.
weekend; I used to walk to school .
Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings To form the imperfect tense of strong verbs you add the following endings to
e.g. arbeit- the stem, which undergoes a vowel change.
ich -ete ich arbeitete lworked
Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings
I was working
e.g. rief-
du -etest du arbeitgles! you worked
ich ich rief I shouted
you were working
lwas shouting
er -ete er arbeitete helshe/it worked
du -st du rlgfs! you shouted
sie sie arbeitete helshe/it was working
you were shouti ng
e5 es arbeitete
wtr -eten wir arbeiteten weworked er er rlef helshe/it shouted
we were working sie sie rjgf he/she/it were shouti ng
es es rlef
ihr -etet ihr arbeitetet you (plural) worked
you were working wtr -en wir riefen we shouted
-eten we were shouting
ste sie arbeiteten they worked
they were working ihr -t ihr rieft you (plurdl) shouted
-eten you were shouting
Sie Sie arbeiteten you (polite) worked
you (polite) were working ste -en sie rlgfen they shouted
theywere shouting
Sie arbeitete ijbers Wochenende. She was working over the weekend. Sie Sie rlefen you (po,ite) shouted
lhr arbeitglgl ganz sch6,n viel. You worked a lot. you were shouti ng
. lfthe -m or-n has one ofthe consonants l, ror h in front of it, the -e is not Sie rief mich immerfreitags an. 5he always called me on Friday.
added as shown in the du, er, sie and es, and ihr forms below. Sie liefen die StraBeentlang. They ran along the street.
Als Kind sangst du viel. You used to sing a lot as a child.
Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings
e.o. lern-
As in othertenses, the verb sein is a very irregular strong verb since the
du -test du lerntest you learned
you were learning
imperfect forms seem to have no relation to the infinitive form of the verb:
ich war, du wa'st,er/sie/es war, wirwaren, ihrwart, sie,/Sie waren.
er -te er lernte helshe/it learned
sie sie lernte helshe/it was learning
es es lernte Forming the imperfect tense of mixed verbs
E_]
ihr -tet ihr lerntet you (plural) learned
you were learning ) The imperfect tense of m ixed verbs is formed by add ing the weak verb end ings
to a stem whose vowel has been chanoed as for a strono verb.
Sie lernte alles ganz schnell. She learned everything very quickly
Pronoun Ending Add to Stem, Meanings
e.g. kann-
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv. Er kannte die Stadt nicht. He didn't know the town.
I22 VERBS Venas rz3
> Bringen (mean i ng to bring) anddenken (meani ng to think) have a vowel AN D The future tense
aconsonantchange in their imperfectforms
bringen (to bring) denken (to think)
What is the future tense?
future tense is a verb tense used to talk about someth ing that will happen
The
ich brashte ich dachte
orwill lre true.
du brashtest du dachtest
er/sie/es braqhte er/sie/es dachte
wir brgghten wir dashten tr_] Usingthefuturetense
ihr brashtet ihr dachtet
sie,/Sie braqhten
> In English the future tense is often shown by will or its shortened form 'll.
sielSie dachten
What willyou do?
E verbs
Note that the imperfect tense of the most important strong, weak and mixed
shown in theVerlrTables.
is
The weather will be warm and dry tomorrow.
He'll be here soon.
+ For VerbTables, see supplement. l'll give you a call.
> J ust as in English, you can use the present tense in German to refer to someth ing
Key points that is going to happen in the future.
A Forminothefuturetense
> The future tense has TWO parts to it and is formed in the same way for allverbs,
be they weak, strong or mixed:
. the presenttense of the strong verb werden (meaning to become),which acts
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv. as an auxiliary verb like haben and sein in the perfect tense
124 vERBs Vrnas rz5
y' voucANNoT usegehen with an infi nitive to refertothingsthatwill ste wiirden holen they would fetch
Das wUrde ich nie machen. I would never do that. The pluperfect tense
Wlirdest du mir etwas Geld leihen? Would you lend me some money?
What is the pluperfect tense?
Wiirden Sie jemals mit dem Rauchen Would you ever stoP smoking?
The pluperfect is a verb tense which describes something that had happened
aufhOren?
or had been true at a point in the past, for example, I'd forgotten to finish my
n Note that you have to be careful not to mix uP the present tense ofwerden,
used to form the future tense, and the subjunctive ofwerden, used to form
homework.
ich werde ich wtirde > You can often recogn ize a pluperfect tense in English by a form like I had arrived,
you'd fallen.
du wirst du wiirdest
er/sie/eswird erAieles wiirde Sie waren schon wegoefahren. They had already left.
wirwerden wir w0rden Diese Blicher hatten sie schon gelesen. They hAd-already read these
books.
ihr werdet ihr wiirdet
Meine Eltern waren schon ins Bett My parents had gone to bed early.
sielsie werden sielSie wlirden
oe9anoen.
@ t tote tnat when translat ing had done/had been doing i n conj unction with
Key points seit,/seitdem, you use the imperfect tense in cerman.
y' The conditional tense is formed from the subjunctive orwiirde part sie machte es seitJahren. She had been doinq itforyears.
of werden and the infinitive of the main verb.
y' The conditionaltense is often used with the sulrjunctive. Q For more informotion on the tmperfect tense, see poge n8 .
to be)
. thepastparticiple.
> lf a verb takes haben in the perfecttense, then itwilltake haben in the
plu perfect too. lf a verb takes sein i n the perfect, then it wi ll take sein i n the
plu perfect.
* For more information on the tmperfect tense and the Perfect tense, see poges n8
and fi3.
tr Verbstaking haben
> Here are the pluperfect tense forms of holen (meaning to fetch) in full.
Sie sagte: ,,Er kennt deine Schwester" She said, "He knows your sister"
Pronoun sern Past Participle Meanings
ich war gereist I had travelled OR indirectlv:
du warst gereist you had travelled Sie sagte, er kenne meine Schwester. She said he knew my sister.
er war gereist helshe/it had travelled
sie [) ruote tnat the change from direct to ind irect speech is indicated by a change
es oftense In English, but is shown by a change to the subjunctive form in Cerman.
wtr waren gereist we had travelled
ihr wart gereist you (plurol) had travelled
waren gereist they had travelled
Grammar Extra!
sie
you (polite) had travelled
> There are two ways of introducing indirect speech in Cerman, as in Engl ish.
Sie
. The conjunction dass (meaning rhdt) beg ins the clause containing the indirect speech
Sie war sehr spet angekommen. She had arrived verv late. and the verb goes to the end ofthe clause.
Sie hat uns gesagt, dass sie ltalienisch She told us that she spoke ltal ian.
spreche.
r' r dassisdroppedandnormalwordorderappliesinthesecondclause-theverbcomes
directly afterthe subject.
at a point in the past before something else happened.
y with the imperfect tense of haben orsein and the past Sie hat uns gesagt, sie spreche ltalienisch. She told us she spoke ltalian.
i,::_f:lfd
participle.
y' Verbswhich take haben in the perfecttensewill takehaben in the
pluperfect tense and those which take sein in the perfect tense will
L lf you want to express a possible situation I n English, for example, I would be
happy if you cIme,you use'if'followed by the appropriate tense of the verb.
take sein in the pluperfect tense.
In cerman you use the conjunction wenn followed by a subjunctive form of
the verb.
@ ruote that the verb ALWAYs goes to the end of a clause beginning with wenn.
OR
> The three main forms of the sutrjunctive are the present subiunctive, the
i m perfect subj u nctive and the pl uperfect su bi u nctive,
Wenn du kim(e)st, wiirde ich froh sein. I would be happy if you came.
trtotethatthe main clause can either have a subjunctiveform orthe
D The presentsubjunctive ofweak, strong and mixed verbs has the same endings:
@
conditional tense. Pronoun Present Subjunctive:
Wenn es mir nicht oefiele, wiirde ich Weak and Strong Verb Endings
es nicht bezahlen. ich -e
OR du -est
Wenn es mir nicht qefiele, bezahlte lf I wasn't happy with it, er/sie/es -e
(subjunctive) ich es nicht. lwouldn't pavfor it. wtr -en
ihr -et
rtp sie,/5ie -en
The imperfect forms of bezahlen, and of all weak verbs, are exactly
the same as the im perfect su bj u nctive forms, so it's better to use a
o hofen (weakverb, meaning tofetch)
conditional tense to avoid confusion. ich hole I fetch
du holest you fetch
wenn ... nur (mean ing i[only), selbst wenn (mean ing even if or even though) o fahren (strong verb, meaning to drive, to go)
and wie (meaning how) work in the same way as wenn.This means that the ich fahrg I drive, lgo
normal word order is chanqed and the verb comes at the end of the clause.
du fahre$ you drive, you go
a wenn ... nur
Wenn wir nur erfolgreich wiren! lf only we were successful!
o denken (mixed verb, meaning tothink)
ich denkg Ithink
o selbstwenn
du denkes! you think
Selbst wenn er etwas wi.isste, wiirde Even if he knew about it,
er nichts sagen. he wouldn't sayanythlng.
o wie, expressing uncertainty
Erwundertesich,wieesihrwohloinqe. Hewondered howshewas.
l Unlike wenn and wie etc, the word order does not change after als (meaning
when it is used in conditional clauses: it is immediately
as if or os though)
followed bv the verb.
Sie sah aus, als sei sie krank. She looked as if she were ill. tq Forminq the imperfect subjunctive
D The imperfect subjunctive is very common and is not always used to describe
rrp actions in the past. lt can, for example, express the future.
It is quite common to hear the subj unctive used when someone is Wenn ich nurfriiher kommen lf only I could come earlierl
asking you something politely, for example, the person serving you kdnnte!
in a shop might ask:
D The imperfect tense and the imperfect subjunctive of weak verbs are identical.
Wire da sonst noch etwas? Willthere be anything else?
holtest you fetched Wenn ich du wire, rennte ich. lf lwereyou, lwould run.
du
er/sie/es holte he/she/it fetched lch wilrclg so etwas nie denken!
wll holten we fetched INSTEAD OF
ihr holtet you (plurdl) fetched would never think such a thinql
lch dichte so etwas nie! I
@ wote that you add the _e to the du and ihr parts of the verb if it makes
Dron u nciati on easi er, for exam ple :
>> The im perfect subju nctive forms of the m ixed verbs brennen, kennen, senden,
nennen, rennen ano wenden add weak verb imperfect endings to the stem of
the verb, which DoEs NoT change the vowel. The imperfect subj u nctive forms
of the remaining mixed verbs bringen, denken and wissen are also the same as
the imDerfect with one major difference: not only does the stem vowel change,
but an umlaut is also added to the a or u. However, all of these forms are rare'
with the conditional tense beinq used much morefrequently instead'
o after nouns
lch habe keine Zeit, Sport zu treiben. I don't have the time
to do anv sDort.
lch habe keine Lust, meine I don'twantto do my
Hausaufgaben zu machen, homework.
Ttp
The English -ingform is often translated by the Cerman infinitive,
as shown in some of the examples lrelow.
D Here are the most common impersonal verbs. ln some of these expressions
mussen solten wollm it is possible to drop the es, in which case a personal pronoun such as mich
ich muss ich soll ich will or mir begins the clause. For example:
du musst du sollst du willst Es ist mir egal, ob er mitkommt
er/sie/eslman muss erlsie/eslman soll erlsie,/eslman will OR
wtr mussen wir sollen wirwollen Mir ist egal, ob er mitkommt I don't care if he comes with us.
ihr miisst ihr sollt ihrwollt
sielSie miissen sielSie sollen sielSie wollen
Q For more informotion on Personal pronouns, see poge lo.
) These expressions are marked with a * in the list below:
In tenses consisting ofone verb part, the infinitive ofthe verb used with the
modal comes at the end ofthe sentence or clause.
. es freut mich,dass/zu I am glad that/to.
Es freut mich, dass du gekommen l'm pleased that you have come.
Sie kann sehr gut schwimmen. She is a very good swimmer.
bist.
Es freut mich, Sie in unserer Stadt I'm pleased to welcome you to
begriiBen zu dfirfen. ourtown.
Grammar Extra!
I n sentences with modal verbs where the other verb expresses movement, it can be dropped es gefdllt mir I like it.
ifthere is an adverb or adverbial phrase to show movement instead. Es gefdllt mir gar nicht. I don't like it at all.
lch muss nach Hause. I must go home. a es geht mir gut/schlecht. l'm fine,/nottoo good.
Die Kinder sollen ietzt ins Bett. The children have to go to bed now.
o es geht nicht. it's not possible
Q For more information on Adverbs, see page 57
o es geht um it's about
Es geht um die Liebe. It's about love"
o es ist mirwarm ORes ist mir kalt" l'm warm OR l'm cold
o es klingelt someone's ringing the bellOR
the phone is ringing
Es hat gerade geklingelt. The bell just went OR the phone
just rang.
a es klopft someone's knocking (atthe door)
Es qibt zu viele Probleme dabei. There are too manY Prolrlems > With some verbs, es is often used as the object to antici pate th is clause or
involved. infinitive ohrase.
Es qibt keinen besseren Wein' There is no betterwine.
Er hatte es abgelehnt, mitzukommen. He refused to come.
o Es gibt is used to refertothingsofa general nature.
D When the dass clause or infi nitive phrase lreg ins the sentence, es is not used in
gibt bestimmt Regen.
Es It's definitely going to rain.
the main clause. Instead, it can lre replaced by the pronoun das (meaning thdt).
wenn wir zu spit kommen, qibt es lf we arrive late, there'll be
Dass es Karla war, das haben wir ihr verschwiegen.
Arger. trouble.
o lt is often used informallY' [} ruote tnat dass is a subordinating conjunction and das is a demonstrative
pronoun.
Was gibts (=gibt es) zu essen? What is there to eat?
Was gibts? What's wrong?, What's uP? t) For more information on Subordinating conjunaions, see plge V2.
so was gibts doch nicht! That's impossiblel
D The following common verbs usually have the es object.
. Here, the es simply introduces the real subject ofthe sentence, so ifthe o es aushalten, zu tun,/dass ... to stand doing
subject is plural, es sind is used.The subject is in the nominative case. lch halte es nicht mehr aus, I can't stand working for them
Es sind kaum Leute da. There are hardly anY PeoPle there. bei ihnen zu arbeiten. any longer.
o where the subject and verb swap places in the clause or sentence, the es ls . es ertragen, zu tun/dass... to bear doing
dropped. lch ertrage es nicht, dass sie mir I can't bear her contradicti ng me.
Da sind kaum Leute. There are hardly anY PeoPle there. widerspricht.
ruote that es gibt frequently used i nstead of es ist/es sind i n the above two o es leicht haben, zu ... to find it easy to
@ is
examDles. Sie hatte es nicht leicht, sie zu She didn't have an easyjob
[iberreden. persuading them.
o Es ist ores sind are used to referto a temporary situation'
Es war niemand da' There was no-one there. o es niitig haben, zu ... to need to
lch habe es nicht niitig, mit dir I don't have to talk to you
o Theyarealso used to begin a story.
dariiberzu reden. about it.
Es wareinmal eine Kiinigin. Once upon a time there was a
Queen... . es satt haben, zu ... to have had enough of(doing)
lch habe es satt, englische Verben l've had enough of learning
zu lernen. English verbs.
r/
t,l
o esverstehen, zu ... to know howto
Sie versteht es, Autos zu reparieren. She knows about repairing cars.
D The following common verbs often have the es object' Verbs followed by prepositions
. esjemandemanhdren/ansehen, to tell by listening to,/looking
D Some English verbs must befollowed by prepositionsforcertain meanings,
dass... at someone that
forexample, towaitU,to [email protected] happens in German:
Man h6rte es ihm an, dass er kein You could tell by listening to
him that he wasn't German. sich sehnen nach to long for
Deutscher war.
wartenaqf to wait for
a es bereuen, zu tun,/dass ... to regret having done/that bitten um to ask for
lch bereue es nicht, dass ich I don't regret coming.
gekommen bin.
. esjemandem verbieten, zu ... to forbid someone to rrp
As you can seefrom the examples above, the preposition that is used
lhre Mutter hat es ihr verboten, Her motherforbade her to go
in German is not always the same as the one that is used in English.
dort hinzugehen. there.
Whenever you learn a new verb, try to learn which preposition is used
es wagen zu ... to dare to
after it too.
Erwagte es nicht, ein neuesAuto He didn't dare lruy a new car.
zu kaufen.
completely d ifferent mean i ngs.
bestehen to pass (a test etc)
bestehen aus to consist of
bestehen auf to insist on
sich freuen auf to look forward to
sich freuen iiber to lre pleased about
Prepositions used with these verbs behave like normal prepositions and affect
the case of the following noun in the normal way. For instance, with verbs
followed lryfiirthe accusative case is always used.
sich interessieren fiir to be interested in
Sie interessiert sich nicht She isn't interested in the new
flir den neuen Wagen. car.
Averb plus preposition is not always followed by a noun or pronou n. lt can also
befollowed by a clause containing anotherverb. This is often used to translate
an-ingform in Englishand isdealtwlth in oneof twoways:
. lfthe verbs in both parts ofthe sentence have the same subject, da- or dar-
is added to the beginning of the preposition and the following verb lrecomes
an infinitive used with zu.
lch freue mich sehr darauf, I am looking forward to workjng
Forfurtherexplanation ofgrammatical terms, please see Pages x'xiv' mal wieder mit ihr zu arbeiten. with heragain.
146 VERBS
Vecas r47
o abhingenvon to depend on
tr Verbsfollowed bv a preposition + the accusative case Das hangt von der zeit ab, die That depends how much time
) The following list contains the most common verbs followed by a preposition uns noch bleibt. we have left.
pl us the accusative case: o sich beschdftigen mit to occupy oneself with
o sich amiisieren iiber to laugh at, smile about Sie beschiftigen sich im Moment They're busy with their new
Sie haben sich Uber ihn am0siert. They laughed at him. mitdem neuen Haus. house at the moment.
o fehlen to be absent or missing y' some cerman verbs are usr", J;]"ilLTa irecrAN D an ind rect object.
d i
Mir fehlt das n6tige Geld. don't have enough money.
I
y' Theindirect object isALWAYS in the dative case.
o geben to give y' The normal word order after such verbs is for the direct object to follow
Gib mir das sofort! Cive me that nowl the indirect, EXCEPTwhere the direct object is a personal pronoun.
, Cerman verbs can only be foltowed by an object in the dative
.a;::'"
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see Pages x-xiv'
r50 VERBS Venas r5r
> Here is the present tense of the verb sehen (mean i ng to see) in its passive form.
The passive
ich werde gesehen I am seen
What is the passive? du wirst gesehen you are seen
The passive is the form ofthe verb that is used when the subject ofthe verb is er/sie,/es wird gesehen helshe,/it is seen
the person or th ing that is affected by the action, for example, I wos given,we wirwerden gesehen' we are seen
were told. it hId been mIde. ihr werdet gesehen you (plural) are seen
sie/Sie werden gesehen. they/you (formal) are seen
Ryan (subject) hit(activeverb) me (object). Es wird immer viel getrunken There is always a lot of
aufseiner Party. drinking at his party.
) In English, as in German, you can turn an active sentence round to make a
Dassive sentence.
| (subject) was hit (possive verb) lry Ryan (lgent). > You can form other tenses ofthe passive by changing the tense ofthe verb
werden, for example, the imperfect passive.
l Verv often, however, you cannot identifywho is carrying outthe action
indicated bVtheverb. ich wurde gesehen I was seen
I was hit in the face. * For more informotion on the tmperfect tense, see page ng.
The trees will be choPPed down.
I've been chosen to represent the school.
rtp
tr Formino the passive There is a very important difference between Cerman and English in
sentences containing an indirect obiect. ln English we can quite easily
) | n En glish we use the verb to be with the
past partici ple (wos hit, was given)
turn a normal (active) sentence with an ind irect object into a passive
to form the passive and the word'by' usually introduces the agent. In German
sentence.
the passive is formed using werden and the past participle, while the agent
is introduced by Active
o von, for a person or organisation, Someone (subject) gave (active verb) me (indirect object) abook(direct object).
o ordurch,forathing. Passive
The child was bitten by a dog. | (subjecr) was g iven (passive verb) abook(direct object).
Das Kind wurde von einem Hund
qebissen. In German, an indirect object can NEVER become the subject of a passive
verb. Instead, the indirect object must remain in the dative case, with
DieT0rwurde durch den Wind The doorwas opened bY the either the direct object becoming the subject ofthe passive sentence
oeiiffnet. wind. OR use of an impersonal passive construction.
Ein Buch (subject) wurde mir geschenkt.
Q For more informotion on the Post participle, see poge n4.
lhr wurde von Susi ein Auto geschenkt. She was given a car by Susi. Comewith me.
This brush is really good for cleaning shoes.
Key points * For more information on Nouns and Pronouns, see pages t and 69.
y' nepresent tense of the passive is formed by using the present tense D n Engl ish, a preposition does not affect the word or phrase
I it i ntroduces,
of werdenwith the past participle. for example:
y' ln cerman, an indirect olrjectcan NEVER becomethe subjectofa the inspector to the inspector
passive vertr.
me with me
y' youcan often avoid a passive construction lry using the pronoun man
cleaning shoes forcleaning shoes
plus an infinitive oran active tensewhere the agent is
il:[:]"*"" D In Cerman, however, the noun following a preposition must be put into the
accusative, genitive or dative case.
. aus outof,from
Er trinkt aus der Flasche. He is drinking out of the bottle.
Der Fahrstuhl war auBer Betrieb. The lift was out of order' Seit er krank ist, spielt er nicht He's stopped playing football
ruote tnat when used as a preposition, gegen[iber is placed AFTER a pronou n, Die Mutter von diesen Midchen The mother of these girls is an
[J ist Kiinstlerin. artist.
but can be placed BEFORE oTAFTER a noun.
Sie ist eine Freundin von She is a friend ofAlexander's.
o mit with Alexander.
Er ging mit seinen Freunden He went for a walk with his
spazieren. friends. Q For more informotion on the Genitive cdse, see page n.
@ ruotethatwhen nach meansoccordingto,asinthe lastexample, itcan be placed Q For more information on Shoftened forms of prepositions, see page $5.
AFTER the noun.
o durch through
Gnmmar Extra! Sie guckte durch das Loch. She looked through the hole.
Some ofthe above prepositions are also used as separable verb prefixes, that is the part at the Durch Zufalltrafen sie sich They met again, by chance.
beginning ofa separable German verb. wieder.
aushalten to endure
lch halte es nicht mehr aus. I can't stand it any longer.
. entlang olong
Die Kinder kommen die StraRe The children are coming along
(emandem) beistehen to stand by (somebody)
entlang. the street.
Er stand seinem Freund bei. He stood by his friend.
qeoen0berstehen to have an attitude towards @ trtote tnat entlang comes AFTER the noun in this meaning.
Er steht ihnen kritisch qegentiber. He has a critical attitude towards them.
rw Benehmen.
Er hat sie umarmt. He gave her a hug. . with the dative case
Umfaf fen separable to fall over Das Wort stand an derTafel. The word was written on the
Sie ist umgefallen. She fell over. blackboard.
widersprechen inseporable to go agai nst Wirtreffen uns am Bahnhof. We're meeting at the station.
Das hat meinen Wiinschen That went against my wishes.
widersprochen. E Note that an plus the defi n ite article can be shortened to am.
(sich)widerspiegeln
Der Baum spiegelt sich im
separoble
Wasserwider.
to reflect
The tree is reflected in the water,
+ For more information on shortened forms of prepositions, see plge $s.
Q For more information on Seporable verbs and lnseparabte verbs, see pages rcg and no .
D You useauf:
. with the accusative case
Stell die Suppe bitte auf llen Tisch. Put the soup on the table please.
Key points Wirfahren morgen aufs Land. We're going to the country
y' durch,entlang,fiir, gegen, ot n", r-,
and widerare the most tomorrow
common prepositions used with the accusative case. Erwarfeinen Blick aufdas Buch. He glanced atthe book.
y' trlost of them have several different possible meanings, depending on
the context they are used in.
[} ruotetnatauf plus the defi nite article can be shortened to aufs.
y' durch,entlang and gegen can also lre used as separable verb prefixes. * For moreinformation on Shortenedformsof prepositions, see page$5.
y' um andwider can also be used as variable verbal prefixes. o with the dative case
Die Suppe steht aufdem Tisch. The soup's on the table.
Aufdem Land ist die Luft besser. The air is better in the countrv.
tr Prepositions followed bythe accusative orthe dative case
D There are a number of prepositions which can be followed bV the accusative or
> You use hinter:
the dative case. You use: o with the accusative case
. the accusative case when there is some movement towards a different place Stell dich hinter deinen Bruder. Stand behind your brother.
o the dative casewhen a location is described ratherthan movement. orwhen . with the dative case
there is movementwithin the same Dlace
Sie saB hinter mir. She was sitting behind me,
o with the dative case ) When auf or an is used in th is way, the case used depends on the verb - it's much
easier to learn such examples together with the case which follows them.
Die Lampe soll iiber dem Tisch The lamp should hang over the
sich verlassen auf * accusative to depend on
hingen. table.
lch verlasse mich ggfdich. l'm depending on you.
ruote that when iiber me ans about, it is always followed by the accusative case,
[J bestehen auf + dotive to ins ist on
NOT the dative.
Wir bestehen auf sofortiger We insist on immediate payment.
Wir haben viel iiber sie gesprochen. We talked about her a lot. Bezahlung.
D You use unter: glauben an + 4ccusative to believe in
r Sie glaubt an ihre Schwester. She believes in her sister.
with the accusative case
Sie stellte sich unter den Baum. She (came and) stood under leiden an + dotive to sufferfrom
the tree. Er leidet an einer tiidlichen He is suffering from a terminal
Krankheit. illness.
,r' E Note that statt, trotz, wehrend and wegen can also be followed by the dative
ca5e.
Statt dem Abendessen musste lnstead ofhaving dinnel I had
ich arbeiten. to work.
bj Prepositions followed bv the genitive case Trotz allem will ich weiterstudieren. ln spite of everyth ing, I want to
) The following are some of the more common prepositions which take the continue studying.
genitive case: WHhrend dem Vortrag schlief er ein. He fell asleep during the lecture.
auBerhalb, infolge, innerhalb, statt, trotz, um... willen, wAhrend, wegen Wegen mir musste sie friih nach She had to go home early because
Hause, of me.
Orammar Ertra!
There are some other prepositions which take the genitive case:
o beiderseits on both sides of
Beiderseits des Flusses gibt es ein Ufer' On both sides ofthe river there is a
river bank.
o diesseits onthissideof
Diesseits der Grenze spricht man On this side ofthe border Polish and
Polnisch und Deutsch. GermanarespoKen.
o ... halber
Vorsichtshalber nehme ich heute To be on the safe side l'm taki ng an
meinen Regenschirm mit. umbrella today. tr Shortened forms of prepositions
Sicherheitshalberverschliefit er dieT[ir' For safety's sake he locks the door. > After many cerman prepositions, a shortened or contracted form of the defin ite
o hinsichtlich with regard to article can be merged with the preposition to make one word.
habe
Hinsichtlich lhrer Beschwetde With reqards to your complaint, I have
auf+das
zustindigen
ich lhren Briefan die passed on your letterto the relevant - aufs
geschickt.
Beh6rden authorities. bei+dem- beim
r jenseits on the other side of zu+der + zul
Das Dorf liegt 2 km ienseits der Grenze' The village is 2km on the other side
ofthe border. * For more information on the Dqinite ofticte, see poge 25.
@
D This can be done with all of the following prepositions:
4 For more information on Possssive pronouns and Relotive pronouns, see pages 80 and 86.
o aufs
Wirfahren morgen aufs Land. We're going to the country
tomorrow n:
o durchs
5ie flog durchs Abitur' Shefailed herA Levels. i
o flirs
Das ist fiirs neue Haus. That's for the new house.
D lfyou use a co-ordinating conjunction, you do not putthe verb atthe end ofthe
coNJUNCTIONS clause ffi inning with the conjunctlon.
Wir wollten ins Theater, aber wir We wanted to go to the theatre
What is a conjunction? hatten kein Geld. butwe had no money.
A conjunction is a lin king word such as and, but, if and becouse, that links two wir= subject
words or phrases of a sim ilar type, for example, Dione ond I hove been friends for hatten = verb
yeors. Conj unctions also lin k two clauses, for exam ple,l left because I was bored.
In German there are two types of conjunctions, called co-ordinating
conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions'
Co-ordinating conjunctions
D aber, denn, odef sondern and und are the most important co-ordinating
conjunctions.
. aberbut
Wir wollten ins Kino, aber wir hatten We wanted to 90 to the cinema,
kein Geld. butwe had no moneY.
trtote that you can't use aberafter a negative to mean not . '. but you must
@ .. ':
use sondern.
o aberhowever
lch wollte nach Hause, er aber wollte I wanted to go home; however,
nicht mit. he wouldn't come.
[J trtote tnat when aber means'however', it comes between the subject and verb
in the clause.
o denn because. since
Wirwollten heute fahren, denn We wanted to travel today because
montags ist weniger Verkehr. there is less trafTlc on MondaYs.
o oderor
Sie hatte noch nie Whisky oder She had never drunk whisky or
Schnaps getrunken. schnapps.
Willst du eins oder hast du vielleicht Do you want one or aren't you
keinen Hunger? hungry?
o sondern but
Es kostet nicht zwanzig, sondern It doesn't cost twenty euros,
fiinfzig Euro. but fifty.
o undand
Susi und Oliver 5usi and Oliver
Er ging in die Stadt und kaufte sich He went into town and bought
ein neues Hemd. himself a new shirt'
5u bordinating conjunctions
Ttp
l The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by a comma. lf translating when.i:n a sentence which describes a single, completed
It is called a subordinate clause because it cannot stand on its own without action in the past, you use als, NOT wenn. you use wenn for single,
the other clause in the sentence and is linked to this by a subordinating momentary actions in the present or futu re.
conJuncuon.
Sie ist zu FuB gekommen, weil der She came on Foot because the o weil because
Bus zu teuer ist. bus is too dear.
Morgen komme ich nicht, weil ich I'm not coming tomorrow
MAIN CLAUSE = Sie ist zu FuR gekommen keine Zeit habe. Decause I don't have the time.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE = weil der Bus zu teuer ist
o um ... zu in orderto...
[J ruotethatthe verb comes atthe end ofthe subordinate clause. Um friih aufzgstehen, musste sie In order to get up early, she had
l als, da, damit, dass, ob, obwohl, wihrend, wenn, weil, um ..' zu, and ohne ... den Wecker stellen. to set the alarm.
zu are some of the most important subordinating conjunctions.
@ trtote tnat zu is inserted between a separable verb and its prefix.
o als (when) S ps7 msys informotion on Seporobleverbs, see plge rcg.
regnete, als ich in Glasgow ankam. It was raining when I arrived in
Es o ohne... zu without...
Glasgow.
Er verlieR das Haus, ohne ein Wort He left the house without
o da (as, since) zu sagen. saying a word
Da du nicht kommen willst, gehe ich Since you don't want to come,
allein. l'llgo on my own. @ ruotetnatum...zuandohne...zuarealwaysusedwithinfinitiveconstructions.
. damit so (that) @ ruote that with the subordinating conjunctions als, da, damit, dass, ob,
obwohl, wihrend, wenn, weil, um ... zu, and ohne... zu, the subordinate
lch sage dir das, damit du es weiBt. l'm telling you so thatyou know. clause can come BEFORE the main clause, as seen in the example with da.
. dassthat When this happens, the verb and subject of the main clause swap places.
lch weiB, dass du besser in Mathe I know (that) you're better * For more information on the tnfrnitive, see page ;54.
bist als ich. at maths than me.
> ln tenses which only have one verb part, such as the present and imperfect,
o ob if, whether the verb comes last in the subordinate clause.
fragt, ob du auch kommst. 5he wants to lcnow if you're
Sie
coming too.
Wenn er mich sah, lief er davon. Whenever he saw me, he ran awav.
o > In tenses which have two verb parts, such as the perfect tense, it is the form
obwohlalthough of haben, sein orwerden which comes last in the subordinate clause. afterthe
Sie blieb lange auf, obwohlsie mlide She stayed up late although she past participle.
war. was ti red.
Siewill nicht ausgehen, weil sie She doesn't want to go out
o wihrend while noch nichts qegessen hat. because she hasn't eaten
Sie sah fern, wihrend sie ihre She was watchingWwhile she anything yet.
Hausaufgaben machte. was doing her homework.
* For more information on the Perfect lnd lmperfeatenses, see pages n3 ond n8.
o wenn when, whenever/if
D Any modal verb, for example m6,gen (meaning to like) and k6,nnen (meaning
Wenn ich nach Hause komme, When I get home, the first thing can, to be able to), used i n a subord i nate clause is placed last i n the clause.
dusche ich erst mal. l'm going to do is have a shower.
Sie wusste nicht, ob sie kommen She didn't know if she could come
Wenn er anruft, sag mir Bescheid. lf he calls, tell me.
konnte.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv. 9 For more information on Modolverbs, see p0ge36
174 CoH,urusnorus
WORD ORDER
> Here is a ready-reference guide to the key points of German word order.
tr Main clauses
) Inamainclausethesulrjectcomesfirstandisfollowedbytheverb,asinEnglish.
Seine Mutter (subject) rrinkt (verb) H is mother (su bject) drinks (verb)
Whisky. whisky.
> In tenses with more than one verb element, such as the perfect tense and the
passive, the part ofhaben, sein or werden comes after the subject, and the
past participle or inflnitive goes to the end of the clause.
Sie hat mir nichts gesaot. she told me nothing.
Er ist spit ansekommen. He arrived late.
Es wurde fiir ihn oekauft. It was bought for him.
) A d irect ol,:ject usually follows an ind irect object, except where the d irect
object is a personal pronoun.
f ch gab dem Mann (indirect object) I gave the man the monev
das Gefd (direct object).
fch gab ihm (indirect object)das Geld I gave him the money.
(direct object).
BUT
lch gab es (direct object) ihm (indirea I gave it to him.
object).
@ trlotetnattheindirectobjectcanalsobeplacedlastforemphasis,providing
it is NOTa pronoun.
Er gab das Geld seiner Schwester. He gave the money to h is sister.
(not his brother)
9 For more informotion on Direct and lndirea objects, see pages 9 ond 4.
Q For more informotion on lJsing direct and tndireaobjeapronouns, see pogesT4 lnd76.
> As a general rule, adverbs are placed next to the words to which they refer.
o Adverbs of time often comefirst in the clause. butthis is notfixed.
Gestern gingen wir ins Theater
OR
WirgingengesterninsTheater Wewenttothetheatreyesterdav.
o Adverbs of Dlace can also come first in the clause when Vou want to
emphasize something.
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x'xiv. Dort haben sie FuRball gespielt. Thats where they played football.
176 Wono Onoen Wono Onorn r77
. Where there is more than one adverb, a useful rule of thumb is:
"TIME. MANNER, PLACE" tr Subordinate clauses
Wir haben oestern gU! hierhin We found ourwav here all right ) A subordinate clause may be introduced by a relative pronoun (a word such as
gefunden. yesterday. der, die or dessen) or a subordinating conjunction (a word such as da, als or ob).
gestern = adverb of time
gut=adverb ofmanner
Die Kinder, die wir gesehen haben ... The children whom we saw ...
adirect or indirect object o A clause which normally begins with wenn, butfrom which it can be left out.
Seinen Freunden wollte er es nicht He wouldn't show it to his Findest du mein Handy, so ruf mich
friends. bitte an.
zeigen.
INSTEAD OF
an infinitive phrase Wenn du m€in Handy findest, ruf mich lf you find my mobile, please give me
lhren Freunden zu helfen, hat sie She didn'ttrv to help herfriends. bitte an. a call.
nicht versucht.
. Indirectspeech withouttheconjunction dass(meaningthat).
another noun or pronoun Sie meint, sie werde es innerhalb einer
Deine Schwester war es. It was your sister. Stunde schaffen.
Sie war es. It was her. INSTEAD OF
Sie meint, dass sie es innerhalb einer 5he thinks (that) she will manage it
a past particiPle Stunde schaffen wird. inside an hour.
Geraucht hatte er nie' He had never, ever smoKed.
Q For more informotion on the tmperotive, see page to5' lch will nicht mitgehen. I don't want to come.
rtp
Nicht applies to verbs. Remem ber that when you want to make a
negative statement about a noun, you must use kein. lfyou want to say
I don't drink milkany more,you would say lch trinke keine Milch mehr.
I sentence with two verb parts, such as the perfect tense and the passive,
na
the part ofhaben, sein or werden comes after the subject and the negative
word usuallV comes directly before the past participle or infinitive. The position
ofthe negative doesn't change in direct questions.
5ie haben es nicht gemacht. You haven't done it.
Haben sie es nicht gemacht? Haven'tyou done it?
tr The basic rules warum, normalword order changes and the subject and verb swap places.
Wann ist er gekommen? When did he come?
> There are three ways of asking d irect q uestions in German:
Wo willst du hin? Where are you off to?
o bychanging round theorderofwords in a sentence
Wie haben Sie das gemacht? How did you do that?
o by adding nicht, nicht wahr, oder or doch (meaning isn't it) to a sentence
Warum ist sie so spit aufgestanden? Why did she get up so late?
o by using a question word
> In tenses with more than one verb, such as the perfect tense and the passive, When questions are formed with interrogative pronouns and adjectives,
the part ofhaben, sein or werden comes BEFORE the subject, and the past word order is normal if the interrogative pronoun or adjective is the subject
participle or infinitive goes to the end of the clause. ofthe verb at the beginning ofthe clause.
Haben Sie es gesehen? Did you see it? Wer (subject) hat (verb) das gemacht? Who d id that?
lfthe interrogative pronoun or adjective is NOT the subject ofthe verb at the
tr Asking a question by adding nicht, nicht wahr. oder or doch
beginning ofthe clause, the subject and verb swap places.
> Astatementcan be made intoaquestion byadding nicht, nichtwahr, oderor Wem hast (verb) du (subject) es Who did you give itto?
doch, inthesamewayasisn'tit, won'tVou etc isadded in English.You'd normally geschenkt?
expect the answer to such questions to be a simple yes or no.
Das stimmt, nicht wahr? That's true, isn't it? Q For more information on tnterrogotive pronouns and Adjeaives, see plges 89 ond 3t
NUMBERS
o null
'I eins
zwei
drei
4 vier
5 fiinf
6 sechs
sieben
8 acht
9 neun
'to zehn
ll elf
12 zwiilf
r3 dreizehn
't4 vierzehn
'r5 fiinfzehn
r6 sechzehn
17 siebzehn
r8 achtzehn
'r9 neunzehn
20 zwanzig
2'l einundzwanzig
22 zweiuiidzwanzig
3o dreiRig
40 vierzig
5o fiinfzig
6o sechzig
7o siebzig
8o achtzig
9o neunzrg
a hundred hundert
one hundred einhundert
'lol hunderteins
i02 hundertzwei
l2r hunderteinundzwanzig
200 zweihundert
a thousand tausend
one thousand eintausend
'rool tausendeins
2000 zweitausend
'loo,ooo hunderttausend
l,OOO,OOO eine Million
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms' please see Pages x'xiv.
r85 Nuusrns Nuuaens r87
'r,ooo,ooo r.ooo,ooo 0rl ooo ooo When these numbers are used as nouns, thev are written with a
7.5(seven point.five) z5 (sieben Komma fiinf) caDital letter.
l5L r. dererste
2nd z. der zweite
derdritte sie ist die zehnte. She's the tenth.
3'd 3.
4th 4. dervierte half /2 halb
5tn 5. derfiinfte third /3 das Drittel
r.th 6. dersechste
two thirds /3 zwei Drittel
7th 7. dersiebte
8rn 8. derachte quarter das Viertel
three quarters 3/ drei Viertel
gth 9. derneunte
ro. derzehnte one and a half l'/, anderthalb, eineinhalb
rr. der elfte two and a half zweieinhalb
r2th rz. derzwiilfte
l3th r3. derdreizehnte BEISPIELE EXAMPLES
l4tn 14. dervierzehnte
15th r5. derflinfzehnte Sie hat zwei Autos. She has two cars.
t6th r6. dersechzehnte Er ist zwanzig Jahre alt. He is twenty years old.
ITth r7. dersiebzehnte Sie wohnt im dritten Stock. She lives on the third floor.
t8th r8. derachtzehnte Er hat am 3r. August Geburtstag. birthday is on the
H is of
3rst
l9'' r9. derneunzehnte August.
20'' 20. der zwanzigste
lch brauche anderthalb Stunden, I need an hour and a halforone
2ist zr. der einundzwanzigste
z2no zz. derzweiundzwanzigste um nach Hause zu kommen. and a half hours to get home.
3otn 3o. der dreiBigste Sie aB zwei Drittel von dem Kuchen. She ate two thirds of the cake.
40'" 40. dervierzigste
50th 5o. derflinfzigste [f ruote tnat ordinal numbers (erste, zweite, and so on) are declined according
to the number, case and genderofthe noun.
6oth 6o. dersechzigste
70"' 7o. dersiebzigste lch habe gerade mein erstes l've just bought my first car.
8otn 8o. derachtzigste Auto gekauft.
gotn 90. derneunzigste Sie kam zum zweiten Mal mit 5he arrived late for the second
'roo'' roo. derhunderste Verspitung an. time.
rolst ror. derhunderterste
'ro2"' roz. der hundertzweite 4 For more information on Nouns, see plget.
'l2l)' rzr. der hunderteinundzwanzigste
2()0'' zoo. derzweihundertste
Forfurther explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
r88 TTMEAND DAIE True Rruo Dnre r89
DIE ZEIT THETIME DAs DATUM THE DATE
Wie spit ist es? or Whattime is it? WOCHENTAGE DAYS OFTHE WEEK
Wie viel Uhr ist es? Montag Monday
Es ist... It's ... Dienstag Tuesday
Mitternacht or null Uhr or midnight or twelve o'clock Mittwoch Wednesday
vierundzwanzig Uhr or zwiilf Uhr Donnerstag Thursday
zehn (Minuten) nach zw6lf or ten (minutes) past twelve Freitag Friday
null Uhr zehn Samstag Saturday
Viertel nach zw6lf or quarter pasttwelve Sonntag 5unday
null UhrfUnfzehn
halb eins or null Uhr dreiBig half past twelve Wann? When?
zwanzig (Minuten) vor eins or twenty (minutes) to one Montag (on) Monday
null Uhr vierzig montags (on) Mondays
Viertel vor eins or drei viertel eins or quarter to one jeden Montag every Monday
null Uhr flinfundvierzig letzten Dienstag lastTuesday
ein Uhr one o'clock nechsten Freitag next Friday
zehn (Minuten) nach eins or ten (minutes) past one Samstag in einer Woche or a week on Saturday
ein Uhr zehn in achtTagen
Viertel nach eins orein Uhr fiinfzehn quarter past one Samstag in zwei Wochen two weeks on Saturday
halb zwei or ein Uhr dreiRig half past one
zwanzig (Minuten) vor zwei or twenty (minutes) to two
ein Uhrvierzig MONATE MONTHS
Viertel vor zwei or drei viertel zwei or quarter to two
Januar January
ein Uhr fiinfundvierzig
Februar February
zehn (Minuten) vor zwei or ten (minutes) to two
Mirz March
ein Uhrfiinfzig
April April
zwiilf Uhr twelve o'clock (midday)
Mai May
halb eins orzwiilf Uhr dreiRig half past twelve
ein Uhrordreizehn Uhr one o'clock Juni June
halb fiinf or sechzehn Uhr dreiRig half past four Juli July
zehn Uhror zweiundzwanzig Uhr or
August August
ten o'clock
zwoundzwanzig Uhr September September
Oktober October
Um wie viel Uhr? At what time? November November
Wann? When? Dezember December
morgen um halb drei tomorrow at half past two Wann? When?
um drei Uhr (nachmittags) at three (pm)
im Dezember in December
kurzvorzehn Uhr just before ten o'clock
im April inApril
gegen vier Uhr (nachmittags) around four o'clock
niichsten Januar nextJanuary
(in the afternoon)
letzten August lastAug ust
erst um halb neun not until half past-eight
Anfang,/Ende September at the beginning,/
ab neun Uhr from nine o'clock onwards
morgen friih tomorrow morning end ofSeptember
morgen Abend tomorrow evening
im Friihling in spring a Note that to talk about the year in which something happens, you don't use in
in Cerman.
NUTZLICHE VOKABELN USEFULVOCABULARY Das findet 2006 statt. That's taking place in zoo6.
Wannl When? Sie wurde r99o geboren. 5he was born in r99o.
today
lch ging r99r flir ein Jahr nach I went to Cermany for a year
heute
Deutschland. in r99r.
heute Morgen this morning
heute Nachmittag this afternoon
heute Abend this evening
(im Jahr(e)) zoo5 in 2oo5
. Sentenceswhich contain averband preposition in English might NOT ) Cerman punctuation differs from English in severalways.
contain a preposition in Cerman.
to look at somebody/someth i ng
o Decimal places are always shown by a comma, NOTa full stop.
Jemanden,/etwas ansehen
to listen to somebody/something l,+ (drei Komma vier) 3.+ (three point four)
Jemandem/etwas zuh6ren
. However, manV sentences which contain a verb and preposition in Cerman
. Large numbers are separated by means of a space or a full stop, NOT a
comma.
DO contain a preposition in English.
20 000
sich interessiern flir to be interested in
tothinkabout OR: 20.ooo (zwanzigtausend) 20,ooo (twenty thousand)
denken [iber
) Remember that Cerman prepositions are of two types:
. Subordinate clauses are always separated from the rest of the sentence
Dya comma.
. Some are onlv ever used one case, such as gegen (accusative), bei
with
Er bleibt gesund, obwohl er zu viel He stays healthy, even though
(dative) and auRerhalb (genitive). For all ofthese it is useful to learn the
preposition and its case bY heart.
trinkt. he drinks too much.
according to whether movement from one place to another is involved or o When two main clausesare linked byund (meaning and) oroder(meaning
not.The translation of the same preposition from the last group can change or), no comma is required.
according to the case being used.
wrote a letter to her brother.
Wir gehen ins Kino oder wir bleiben We'll go to the cinema or stay
Sie schrieb einen Brief an ihren She
zu Hause, at home.
Bruder.
Wirtreffen uns am Bahnhof. we're meeting at the station.
@ trtote that they are only used i n the plural in Cerman to mean more than one
pair, for example, zwei Hosen = two pairs of trousers.
Also, was wollt ihr heute Abend 50, what do you want to do lhr is kalt She is cold
machen? ton ight? NOT
Sie ist kalt
the formal or polite Sie if talking to one or more people vou do not know so
well, such as your teachet your boss or a stranger. > When talking aboutyour health, use thefollowing forms oftheverb gehen.
Was haben Sie gemacht? What did Vou do? Wie geht es dirllhnen? How are you?
Es geht mir gut
tr =i!s OR
Mir geht es gut. I'm fine.
) Although English sometimes uses parts of the verb to be to form the present
tense of other verbs (for exam ple,l am listening, she5tolking), German N EVER
uses the verb sein in this wav. Instead, it uses the normal present tense ofthe trrt
VETD. ) There are three ways of saying it in Cerman: er, sie and es. These correspond
play tennis to the three different genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.
lch spieleTennis. I
OR: Wo ist der Wagen? - Er steht da Where is the car? - lt's over
I am plavinq tennis drtiben. There.
lch finde meine Uhr nicht. Hast du I can't find my watch. Have you
sie gesehen? seen it?
Was hiltst du von meinem Haus? What do vou think of mv house?
- Es ist ganz schdn. - lt's really nice.
For further explanation ofgrammatical terms, please see pages x-xiv.
196 TlPs Trps r97
> When talking about a particular day or date, use the preposition an + the dative L You do NOT add a -t to the erlsie,/es parts of the imperfect tense of strong verbs.
case i n the following constructions: Er/sie/es ging He,/she/it went
lch fahre am Montaq nach Hause. l'm going home on Mondav' NOT
) When stating the time of a particular event, use the preposition um + the * For more information on the lmperfecttense, see page n8.
accusative case in the following construction.
C,C (tsay) adjective+verbcombinations rl bei 78, r53, r54, r55, 169 defi n ite article 9, il,12, 14, r6, 25,
Itse:] adjective endi ngs 42 beide 3r,32,33 26,32,40,90
D,d [de:] (dav) adjectives r,40 beides 3r,33 dein 34,38, 80
E,e (av) adjectives describing beim 154,165,166 deiner 8r
[e:] nationality 5r bleiben * infinitive il6, r34 dem r6,86
F,f lefl (ef) adjectives preceded by dative both...ond vo demonstrative adjectives 29, 3r, 32
for r53, r55, r57 him 69,74 its 37,81 nicht r79, r8o perfecttense 74,77,113,118 seit r53, r55
foreign nouns 3 himself 84,102 itself 84,102 nicht ein 37 perfect tense of refl exive seit+imperfecttense i8,127
forming plurals 16 hin 60,79 je... desto 62 nicht mehr V9 verbs n6 seit + perfect tense 94,113
forming the conditional 125 hinauf 79 je ... umso 62 nicht nur... sondern auch 17o perfect tense of separable seit+ presenttense 94
formingthefuturetense r23 hinaus 79 jede 3r,32 nichts 179 verDs il5 seitdem' imperfecttense .ll8,r27
forming the imperative ro5 hinein 79 jemand 82 nichtso... wie 53,62 personal pronouns 69,74,77, seitdem + perfect tense 13
forming the imperfect hinter ro, 13, r58, r59, 165 jene 31,32 nicht... sondern l8'l 84,167 seitdem + perfect tense 94
subjunctive r3l his 34,32 80, 8r kein 36,37,43,179 i nie r79, r8o personal pronouns: seitdem + present tense 94
forming the imperfect tense hoch 47,56 keine 36,3'1,82 ni€mand 82, r8o after prepositions Z8 selber 85
of mixed verbs r2l hiichstens 63 Kennen lol nirgends t8o personal pronouns: selbst 85
forming the imperfect tense hiiher 56 kdnnen 75,134,8G i nirgendwo 18o direct object 74 selbstwenn r3o
ofstrong verbs r2o how? r83 lassen + inflnitive r34 nobody 82,r8o personal pronouns: separable prefixes roz ro9,
forming the imperfect tense howadverbsareformed 57 least 55,63 i no longer V9 indirect object 76 156,158
ofweakverbs r19 how adverbs are used 57 lieber 64 i nominative case 9,15,26 personal pronouns: subject 70 separable verb prefixes rS, r58
forming the passive r5o howto aska question in linking words see conjunctions none 82,179 pluperfectsubjunctive r3r she 70,72
forming the past participle il4 German r82 marn ctauses 't72,175,178 no one 82, r8o pfuperfecttense 14 shortened forms of
forming the perfecttense 13 | 69,70 making adjectives agree 42 not 36,179 prural 2,40,45 prepositions 165
forming the pluperfecttense r27 if 129,130,172 mal 67 not ... any 82 position ofverb in subordinate shortened forms ofthe
forming the present ihm 76 imperative
mal* 1o7 not ... anybody 82 cla u se 173,177 definitearticle 30
subjunctive r3l ihn 74 man 70,72,73,152 not ... any more v9 possessiveadjectives A,37,38, sich 84j02
forming the present tense ihnen 76 manch 46 not os ... as 53,62 39,43, 80 sie 70,72,73,74
of mixed verbs loo lhnen 76 manche 3r,32,33 not... onywhere r8o possessivepronouns 34,69, sie 70,71,74
form ing the present tense ihr 38,70,71,76,80 masculine 1,40,45 not... but 18r 80,84 (rmnlo n:<t tan<p
ofreflexive verbs ro2 lhr 38,80 masculrne nouns 3,9,72 nothing 69,179 possessives 47 since 155
forming the present tense ihrer 8l me 74 notonly...butalso 17o prefix combinatlons with sein rr s ing u lar 2,40,45
ofstrong verbs 97 lhrer 8l mehr 46.56.64 noun * verb combinations rl preposition + adjective + noun 45 so ... wie 53, 62
formi ng the present tense im 160,165 mein 38, 80 nouns r,16 prepositional objects 161 solch 46
ofweakverbs 94 immer 62 meiste 5O nouns: case 15 prepositions r5,78, 153 solche 3r,32
forms of the imperative ro5 imperative ro5 meistens 63 nou ns of measu rement and prepositions expressing sollen 136,137
fractions 6 imperative of verbs with mich 74,84,102 quanuly 20 movement 79 some unusual plurals 19
from 79, r53, r55 separable prefixes 1o7 mine 69,80 nouns with more than one prepositions followed by the some 25
fiir 30,78, 156, r5Z 165 imperfect subj unctive of mir j6,84,1o2 gender 8 dLLU5dLrVe Ld5e I5O somebody 82
fiirs 165, 166 mixed verbs 82 mit 78, r53, r54 nouns with no ending in the prepositions followed by the someone 69,82
future tense r23 imperfect subj unctive of mixed declension 43 pru ral 17 accusative or the dative something 82
9an2 34 strongverbs i32 mixed verbs 9r nowhere 6o, r80 case r58 sondern 168
9e- ro9, il4, il5 imperfecttense 1r8 modal verb + verb of numbers 5,47,186 prepositions followed by the sowohl ... als (auch) 17o
9e9en 156, r57 impersonal verbs r39 movement r38 ob 172 datlve case 153 statt r6j
gegeniiber r53, r54 in 30,78,79, r59, 160, 165 modalverb forms r38 object 84 prepositions followed by the stem ofaverb 9r
gehen: perfecttense 17 in 79 modal verb in subordinate object pronouns 69 genitive case 162 strong declension 44
genauso... wie 53 indefiniteafticle 25,35,40,r8o clause 173 obwohl 172 Present gl strong verbs 9l
gender l,D indefinite article in negative modalverbs 75,77,86 oder t68 present participle 48 suDJ ecr 9,84
genderofabbreviations 8 sentences 36 modalverbs*inflnitive r34 of mine 8l present tense 74,93 pronouns
subject 69
genderofcompoundnouns 7 indefinite pronouns 69, 82 miigen rj6 ofyours 8l present tense ofauxi I iary subjunctive r29, r3o
genderofinfinitives 6 indirectobject 8,76,1o2 months 3,29,189 on ne r56, r57 verbs il4 subordinateclause v2,177,178
genderofnouns 3 indirect object pronouns 76, more 53 onne... zu 172,173 pronounsusedforemphasis 85 subordinating conjunctions
genitive case 2Z 86, r53, r55 n,rc6 more and more 62 on 79 pronouns r, 33, 69, 86, r53 143,172
zo2 MRrrrr lruorx
verbs followed by
13
wie
rt
r-l(
I
Introduction
theirs 8o,8r prepositions 78,145 wie? rE i
them 69,71 verbs followed by preposition will t) 1
there is/there are 142 verbs followed by preposition with r53, r5,1 Ihe Verb Tables in the following section contain 97 tables of Cerman verbs
Lhere is/there are r5r + oalve case 47 without t,,/ (strong, weak and mixed) in alphabetical order. Each table shows you the
there 60 verbs followed by the dative wo- 87,8,r
following forms: Present, Perfect, Future, Present Subjunctive, lmperfect,
they 69.70.72 case r48 wo? rll j
this 69 verbs that form their perfect woher tlJ i Conditional, lmperative and the Present and Past Participles. For more
those 69 tense with sein n6 wohin 60, t8 r Information on these tenses, how they are formed, when they are used and so
through tS7 verbs thatform their perfect wollen 75,136, I ri
time r88 tensewith haben 15 word order 17\ on, you should look at the section on Verbs in the main text on pages 9r-'r52.
time, manner, place V6,178 verbs with a direct and indirect word order jn questions r11i
tlme pnrases 34 object r48 word orderwith direct object In order to help Vou use the verbs shown in Verb Tables correctlv, there are also
to 154,155,157 verbswith separableprefixes r78 pronouns /4
'to form oftheverb 134 verbswith thei r object I n the word order with indirect object a number of example phrases at the bottom oF each page to show the verb as it
towords r54 datrve 49 pronouns / i is used in context.
trotz 163 von r5o,153, r55, 16l, 165 word orderwith negatives r8r,
ijber 78, r59, 160, 165 vor 30, 161,165 word orderwith refl exive
um 156, r5Z 158, 165 vowel chanqe in the pronouns 84 In Cerman there are weak verbs (their forms follow regular patterns), strong
umlaut 6, rZ 18, r9, 106,132 imperative 106 word order with separable verbs (their forms follow irregular patterns) and mixed verbs (their forms follow
um ..- willen 163 vowel change in the imperfect prefixes r r( l
um... zu 172,173 tense 120 word order with the a mixiure of regular and irr-egular patterns). Two of the weak verbs in these
und 168 vowel changes in strong verbs 98 imperatave ro(i tables are holen (to fetch) and machen (to do, to make). All weak, strong ano
uns 74,76,84'1c2 wihrend 163,172 words declined like the mixed verbs are shown in full.
unser 38,80 wann? r83 definitearticle l
uns(e)re 8r warum? r83 words declined like the
unten 58 was 46, 69, 8Z 88, 89 indefinite article .a/ The Verb Index at the end of this section contains over tooo verbs, each of
unter 78, r59,165, 166 was fiir 46 would rrr,
which is cross-referred to one of the verbs given in the Verb Tables. The table
unterm 165, 166 weak declension 42 you 69,71, /4
!s 74 weak masculine nouns 22 your 8r, shows the patterns that the verb listed in the index follows.
use of'es'as an anticipatory weaknouns 22 yours 69, 80, 8 |
object r43 weak,strong and mixed verbs 9r yourself 84' tct.'
using adjectives 40 WEAK VCTDS 9r yourselves 84, ro,
using direct object pronouns 74 weder noch r8o zu 3o,78, r43, r53, r55, r6,,
using indirect object pronouns 76 weder ... noch r7o, r80 zu + infinitive tl4
using modal verbs 136 wegen r63, r64 zu a separable verb
using negatives V9 weil 172,173 zum 155, r6,,
using nouns r welch 46 zuf r55, r6',
using prepositions r53 welche 31,32 zwischen 78,159, rOr
using reflexive verbs ro2 wenig 46,47
using subject pronouns 7o wenigstens 63
using the conditional r25 wenn 129, 13o , r72 , 177
usingthedefinitearticle 4 wenn.,, nur 130
usingthefuturetense r23 wer 69, 8Z 89, r83
using the imperative ro5 werden 9, r5,123
using the imperfecttense il8 werden + past participle t50
usingtheindefinitearticle 35 werden: presenttense n4
usingthe inflnitive 84 werden: subjunctive D5
using the passive r5o what 89
usingtheperfecttense 1r3 when? r83
using the pluperfect tense D7 whenever r3o
usrngthepresenttense 93 where 60
using the subjunctive r29 wherea r83
variableverb preflxes r58 which 69, 86, 89
, l.ii t
i* ir,,', Vrns Tnglrs Vens Tneles r
Sie konnte wieder frei dtmen. She was able to breathe freely again Dos 6eld hat nicht ausgereicht. There wasn't enough money.
Wir atmeten tief ein und dus. We took deep breaths. Reicht. dir dls ous? ls that enough for you?
Er hat ganz normal geotmet. He breathed normally. Die Zeit reichte nie ous. There was never enough time.
'r
sie = they Sie = VoU ich=l du:Vou er=helit sie=she,/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Sie=Vou
W" ttfl Vene Tnelrs
"rww \1'
vens reees W
strong, rormed with haben
ich=ldu=you er=he/it sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=Vou sie=theV Sie=Vou ich=l du:you er:he/it sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie.they sie=you
Vena tneles 'ffi
weak, inseparable, formed with haben
ich=ldu=you er-he/it sie=she,/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie=you kh=ldu=you er:helit sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=Vou
#,;t: :,
F .-"4 Veng TReLes VERBTABLES ,or,,
ich=ldu:you er:helit sie=she/it es-it/helshe wir=we;6y=you sie=they Sie=you ich-l du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie:you
uiffii[tta
vens rnares
#ffith.ffi, vene TneLes
W
strong, formed with haben/sein'' mixed, formed with haben
Mir bricht das Herz. lt's breaking my heart. Das ganze Haus brannte. The entire house was on flre.
Der Sturz broch ihm fast den Arm.The fall almost broke his arm. Wir werden diese CD zuerst brennen We'll burn this CD first.
Sie hot ihr Versprechen gebrochen. She broke her promise. Dos Streichholz brennt. nicht.. The match won't liqht.
ich= | du :you er: he,zit sie=she/it es =it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie = they Sie = you ich-l du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie-you
ffi
,1ffifu!,.
Klnnst du mich zum Flughofen bringenl Can you take me to the airport? Wie denken Sie darilber?What do you think about it?
Max hat mir Blumen gebrocht. Max brought me flowers. Das war ftr ihn gedacht. lt was meant for him.
Das brachte mich auf eine ldee. lt gave me an idea. Es war das Erste, woran ich dochte. lt was the first thing I thought of.
ich=l du=you er:he/it sie=she,/it es.itlhe,/she wir=we ihr-you sie=they Sie:you lch=ldu:you er=he/it sle=she/it es.it/helshe wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=Vou
d[i+k
E#"ili vene TneLes
ich.ldu=Vou er=he/it sie=she/it es.it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=yorl kh = | du: you er= helit sie = she,/it es =it/he/she wir " we ihr= Vou sie = thev Sie = Vou
.
,, Vens TRsLes
aO""
ich-ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you rie=they Sie=you ich=ldu=you erihe/it sie=she/it es-it/he/she wir=we ihr:Vou sie=thev Sie=Vou
ii*',, VERB TngLes Ve*"torrrs Wffii
weak, inseparable, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
ich=ldu=you er=helit sie.she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie:you ich=l du=you er=he,/it sie=she,/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie.they Sie=you
Jli;t;t
VeRe TngLrs vsRs Thales M
) fahr€fl (to drive/ro go) strong, formed with haben/seini' ) faf lgn (to fall) strons, formeawitnssein
Sie fohren mit dem Bus in die Schule. They go to school by bus. Er fiel vom Fohrrad. He fell off his bike.
Rechts fahren! Drive on the right! tch bin durch die Prilfung gefallen. I failed my exam
Ich bin mit der Fomilie n\ch Spanien gefohren. I went to Spain with my family. Die Aktien fielen im Kurs. Share prices fell down.
Sie hot dos Auto gefahren She drove the car.
ich=ldu:you er:helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you 3ie=they Sie:you ich=l du=Vou er-he/it sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we i6;=you sie.they Sie=you
i.
-.;;1Jc:
-, Veng Tnsles vens TneLes '@'dM
Ich fing den Boll. I caught the ball. Hast du deine Brieftosche gefunden? Have you found your wallet?
Die Polizei hot. die Verbrecher gefongen. The police caught the criminals. Er fand den Mut, sie zu fragen. He found the courage to ask her.
Die Kotze flng die Mous. The cat caught the mouse. lch finde, sie ist. eine gute Lehrerin. I think she's a good teacher.
ich=f du=you er:he/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=thev Sie=vou ich=l du=you er=helit rie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie=thev Sie=you
',: '
0", vece Tngtes
) fliegefl (to ny) strong, formed with haben/sein" > fliehen (to flee) strong, formed with haben/sein'!
*When fliegen is used with no direct object, it is formed with sein. *When fliehen is used with a direct object, it is formed with haben.
ich=ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=thev Sie-you ich=ldu.you er:he/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie=you
;* ,"i Vene Tngles
Welcher Fluss flieSt durch Hamburg? Which river flows through Hamburgl Er gab mir das Geld filr die Bi)cher. He gave me the money for the books.
Die Trrinen flossen in Strdmen. There were floods of tears. Wos gibt es im Kino?What's on at the cinema?
Es ist genug Blut geflossen. Enough lrlood has been spilled. Wir wiirden alles darum geben, ins Finole zu kommen. We would give anything
to reach the finals.
ich=f du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=thev Sie=you ich=l du=Vou er=he,/it sie=she,/it es-it/he,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you
Vene Tneles Vens TReLrs
W
E
du-you er=he,/it sle =she,/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you si€=they Sie=you ich=ldu=you er=he,/it sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie=thev Sie=you
Mn
" 14. Vene TneLes Vens Tneles M
l!$M&#w
(to greet) weak, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
Unsere Nochbarin grilBt uns jeden Margen. Our neighbour greets us every morning. Hast. du eine Schwesterl Have you got a sister?
Er hot mich nicht gegril$t. He didn't say hello to me. Er hatte Hunger. He was hungry.
Oliver ltisst. dich gri)[3en. Oliver sends his regards. Sie hqt heute Ceburtstag. lt's her birthday today.
ich=ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you ich=ldu:you er=he,/it sie=she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie.you
,{tffi**
h',,r#" Vene Tneles Vrne TRaLrs ffi
%fl##{
lch=ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it 93=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sieiyou ich=l du=you er=he/it sle=she/it es.it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they SiG=Vou
W "*t^"* Vrortorrw MW'fu
ich=ldu-you er=helit sle=she,/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you si€=thev Sie:Vou ich=l du=you er=he,/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they sie=you
,", VgngTngtes vene TneLrs '#..*
'1-r,,
ich=ldu:you er=helit sie-she,/it es=itzhe/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=theV Sie=Vou ich.ldu=you er=he,/it sie.she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=Vou
W vene TnsLes vexe teetes
W
strong, formed with sein
ich=ldu=you er=he,iit sie=she,/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=thev Sie=vou ich=ldu:Vou er:he/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie=you
,ffiMwr
m**** Vecg Tnsles vene rneres 4*m
modal, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
ich=l du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhe/she wir=we ihr=you sie=thev Sie:you kh=ldu=you er=he,/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you
,t#.f&tt
q*; Vene Tneles Vrortorr'* W"'.ffi,
ich=ldu:you er=helit sie.she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sle=you ich=l du=Vou er:he,/it si€=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie=you
vene tneles ffi
strong, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
ich-ldu=you er=he/it sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you ich=l du=you er=he/it sie=she/it es=itlhe/she wir=we ihr=you sie=thev sie=you
W Vpns TnsLes ve*e rnetcs ffi
strong, formed with haben weak, formed with haben
Irigend machend
Er log stiindig. He was always telling lies. Wos mochst du? What are you doing?
Ich wiirde liigen, wenn ich das sagen wiirde. l would be lying if I said that lch habe die Betten gemocht. I made the beds.
Das ist gelogen! That's a lie! tch werde es morgen machen. l'll do it tomorrow.
ich-ldu=you er:he,/it sie=she,/it es=itlhe/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=thev Sia=you ich=l du:Vou er=he/it sie=she,/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=theV Sie=you
Vene Tneles VERB TABLEs i'tffi
modal, formed with haben
ich=ldu:you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=Vou ich=ldu=Vou er=he,/it sie=she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Sie=you
M, vruereees
d#-ffi Vrns Tnsles
W
modal, formed with haben
- strong, forned with haben
ich=ldu=Vou er=he,zit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sle:you ich=ldu=Vou er=he/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr:you sle=they Sie=you
- .' --
Vene Tneles venetneues
W
weak, formed with haben weak, formed with haben
ich=ldu:you er:helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr:Vou sie=thev Sie=Vou ich=l du=you er:he,/it sie.she/it er=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Sie=you
vene tnsLss ii,ji-,fi$,1li
ich=ldu:you er=helit sie'she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr:Vou sie=thev Sie.vou ich=l du:you er=he/it sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Si€=you
ve*a tnses ffi#i
Seem) strong, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
ich=ldu=you er=he/it sie=she/it es=itlhe/she wir=we ihr=you sie.they Sie=Vou ich=l du=Vou er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we 16;=you sie=they Sie=you
,"'ijfiw
. ,,
"-; l
Vene Tneles vsne Tnsles
ffi
strong, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
England hat Deutschland geschlogen, England beat Cermany. Sie schneidet ihm die Haore. She cuts his hair.
lhr Herz schlug schneller. Her heart beat faster. Ich hobe mir in den Finger geschnitten. l've cut my finger.
Die Uhr xhliigt drei.The clock strikes three. Sie schnitt die Tomoten in Scheiben. She sliced the tomatoes.
ich-l du;you er=helit sie=sherzit es--it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=thev Sie=you ich"l du=you er=he,/it sie=she,/it es=it/he,/she wlr=we 161 =you sie=they Sie=you
uliril u.*r rorr* Vene Tneles ffi
strong, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
ich=l du=you er=helit sie=she,/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie=thev Sie=you ich=l du=you er=he,zit sie=she/it as=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sle=they Sie=you
ffi v,*, r^rr* v.o, rorrr, 4i#Lti.,i
) schwimrnen (to swim) strong, formed with sein strong, formed with haben
ich.ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you ich=ldu-you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you
."t':;"
' I .'. VeRe TngLes vzee reeu;s lw#
ich=l du:you er=he/it sie=she/it es.it/he,/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=thev Sie=Vou ich=l du=you er=helit sie=she,/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you
,.," ,' Vr*, taetes
Torres veea
ffil
strong, formed with sein strong, formed with haben
ich=ldu:you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/helshe wir=we i61 =you sie=thev Sie=you ich=l du=you er=he/it sie=she/it es"itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Sie=you
," Vpns Tngus vtlte reeres
W
) sollen 1to be to) modal, formed with haben strong, formed with haben
ich.ldu=you er:helit iie=she/it es=it/helshe wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=Vou ich=l du=you er=he/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you 3ie=they Sie=you
ii
, Vene TneLes vena tneres
'l.ffiffiHq
ich.ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you ich-l du:you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we lhr=you sie=theV sie=you
".'. Vene TReLes vens rneles #ffi1ffi411
ich=l du:you er"helit sie =she./it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr.Vou sia=thev Sie=Vou ich=ldu=Vou er:he/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Sie=you
uffi.;
4-. . Vene TReLes Vsns TnsLrs _nffF
strong, formed with sein strong, formed with haben
ich=l du-you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sle=thev Sie=Vou ich-ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es'it/helshe wir=we ihr=you iie=they Sie=you
' Veng TneLes vanernau;s
W
) tragefl (to wear, to carry) strong, formed with haben ) treffefl (to meer) strong, formed with haben
ich=l du=Vou er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=theV Si€=Vou ich=l du=you er=he,/it sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie=you
j
,;.n;' ,
Vens Tnsles vene reeues
W
) tretefl (ro kick/to step) strong, formed with haben/sein'' ) trinken 1to drink) strong, formed with haben
ich=ldu=you er:he,/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie=you ich-l du=you er=helit sie-she,/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Sie=you
.,'),i
+
{.1.C. r VeRg
---r- Tneles
------- vrns rneLss Hffi
strong, formed with haben (to consider) *"'0,'n'?ilX?,;,#i";;:?
Sie = you ich.ldu:you er:he,/it sie=she/it es=itzhe/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they 5i€:you
)
-
: r
l.
Veng Tneles Vena Tneles
ffi
verlier€rt (to tose) strong, inseparable, formed with haben ) verschwindefi (ro disappear) strong, inseparable,
formed with sein
PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTTVE
ich verliere ichverliere ich
verschwinde ich verschwinde
du verlierst du verlierest du
verschwindest du verschwindest
eVsie/es verliert er/sie/es verliere er/sie/es verschwindet erlste/es verScnwtnde
wir verlieren wir verlieren wir verschwinden wir verschwinden
ihr verliert ihr verlieret ihr verschwindet ihr verschwindet
sielSie verlieren sie/5ie verlieren sielSie verschwinden sie/Sie verschwinden
ich=ldu:you er:helit sie=she,/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=thev Sie=Vou ich=l du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he,/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie:you
vene tnetes
W
) wachS€fl (to grow) strong, formed with sein > Wand€Ifl (to roam) weak,formed with sein
Der Baum wiichst. nicht. mehr.fhe tree has stopped growing. tm Schwarzwald kann man gut wondern.The Black Forest is good forwalking.
Er lief3 sich einen Bart wochsen. He grew a beard. Wir sind am Wochenende ga tdndert. We went hiking at the weekend.
lch bin im letzten JThr rc Zentimeter gewachsen.I've grown ro centimetres in the Seine Qedonken wanderten zuriick in dieVergongenheit. His thoughts strayed back
past year. to the Dast.
ich=ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/ie/she wir=we ihr:you sie=they Sie=you ich=l du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=you sie=thev Sie=you
J&s,
*, ; Vene Tnsles
) waschen (ro wash) stronq, formed with haben ) Wgfb€fl (to recruit, to advertise) strong, formedwithhaben
ich=ldu=you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you ich=l du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhe,/she wir=we ihr=you sie=they Sie=Vou
wq:wh,
uffie"&M
VERB IABLES vene tneLes m
) werd€h (to become) strong, formed with sein strong, formed with haben
ich=ldu=you er:he,/it sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir.we ihr=you sie=they Sie=you ich=l du=you er=he/it sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=you sie=thev si€=you
j
, ,, , Vens TRgLes vene TnaLes
ffi
mixed, formed with haben
ich=l du=you er=helit sie=she/it es=itlhelshe wir=we ihr=Vou sia=thev Sie=Vou ich=ldu=Vou er:he/it sie=she,/it es=it/helshe wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Si€=Vou
## q}
&*#- Vrne Tneles
ste/5te haben zerstort sie/Sie zerstdrten sie/Sie sind/haben qezoqen sielSie zogen
ich=l du:Vou er=helit sie=she/it es=it/he/she wir=we ihr=Vou sie=they Si€=you ich=ldu=Vou er=he/it sie=she,/it es=itlhe,/she wir-we ihr:you sle=thev Sie=you
*"-'"
'. ' Vrne Tneles vene lNorx : "
FUTURE CONDITIONAL 4 for more information on separable ond inseparable verbs, see page rcg.
anlprobieren
54
n auflhalten
33
34
ihr werdet zwingen ihr wurdet zwingen ablfliegen 26 add ieren n an I
rufen 57 auflhingen 36
sie,/Sie werdenzwingen sielSie wr-irden zwingen ablfragen 5 adres5teren n anlschalten 3 auflheitern (hoben) 89
29 ahneln rdot 35 anlscnauen 5 auflhdren 5
IMPERATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE ablgewohnen 39 ami.isieren sich occ 77 an lsch re ien ol auflklaren 5
ablhangen 36 anlDauen 5 anlsehen 65 dur trd5>er | +5
zw ing(e)l / zwin gen wi r!,/ gezwungen ablholen 5 anlbieten 9 anlsprechen v dcc)
aufllctsen (sich 5
nachlsehen 65 reisen (sein) 37 segeln 35 Uuschen (sich d6c) 49 unternehmen 53 verlangen 85 vorlKommen +dot 41 zerren 39
nehen 39 reizen 37 sehen 65 teilen 39 unternchten (sich dcc) 3 verlassen 43 vorlnehmen (sich occ) 53 zerschlagen (sich dcc) 60
nehern +ddr (sich dcc) rennen 56 sehn€n sich dcc 39 teillnehmen 53 unterschatzen 37 verlaufen (sjch occ) 44 vorlschlagen 60 zerschneiden 6l
(haben) 89 repafleren 77 sein 66 telefonieren 77 unterscheiden verlernen 85 vorlstellen (sich dcc) 5 zerstitren 96
nenmen 53 reservreren 77 setzen sich ocr 37 testen 3 occ)
(sich 6r verletzen (sich d.c) 37 vorltauschen 5 zerstreuen (sich dcc) 96
n rcken 49 Tetten 3 seufzen 37 ilppen 39 unterschreiben 62 verlieben sich rcc 85 vorlwerfen 93 ziehen 97
n iesen 39 richten (sich acc) 3 sichern sjch occ (haben) 89 IODCN 39 unterlstellen 5 verlieren 86 vorlziehen 97 zielen 39
ndrgel n 35 risl(ieren 77 sregen 39 toten 3 unterstellen 19 ccc
verloben sich 85 wachsen 88 zischen 49
nutzen 37 ro ilen 39 srezen 37 tragen 7a unterstlitzen 37 vermieten 3 wa9en 39 zittern (hdben) 89
n0tzen 37 rontgen 55 singen 67 transportieren n untersuchen 19 vernachlessigen 85 wahlen 39 zoge.n (hoben) 89
offnen 54 rosten 3 sinken 68 trauen rddt 39 urteilen 39 vernichten 3 wahrlnehmen 53 zulbereiten 3
ohrfeigen 39 ri]cken 39 sitzen 69 treffen 79 verabreden (sich dcc) 55 veroffentlichen 8s wandern 89 zfichten 3
openeren 77 rufen 57 sollen 70 trau men 39 verabsch ieden verpflichten 3 warnen 39 zucKen 39
organisieren 77 rlihren (sich occ) 39 sonnen srch dcc 39 trennen (sjch occ) 39 (sich dcc) 55 verreisen 85 warten 3 zulgeben 29
ordnen s4 rutschen (sein) 49 sParen 39 treten 8o verallgemeinern versammeln (sich dcc) 35 waschen (sich occ) 90 zulgenen 30
orienlieren (sich occ) 77 sagen 39 spenden 55 trinken 8r (hoben) 89 verseumen 85 wecnsetn 35 zulhdren *dot 5
packen 39 sammeln 35 Sperren 39 trocknen 54 (sein)
veralten 3 verschlafen 59 wecken 39 zulKommen 4r
parKen 39 schaden *dot 55 39 trommeln 35 veraindern (hoben) 89 versch lechtern weglgehen 3o zulrassen 43
passen +ddt 32 schalen 39 sPot!en 3 trosten (sich dcc) 3 veranlassen 85 (hoben)
(sich occ\ 89 wegllassen 43 zulmachen 5
passieren 77 schalten 3 sprechen 7r trolzen +ddt 37 veranstalten 3 verschonen 85 weg llaufen 44 zulmuten 3
penoeln 35 schamen sich dcci*gen 39 springen 72 tun 82 verantwoTten 3 verschreiben 62 weglnenmen 53 zulnehmen 53
pflanzen 37 schatzen 37 37 turnen 39 verargern (hob€n) 89 verschwinden 87 weglwerfen 93 zurechtlfl nden
pflegen 39 schauen 39 spucken 39 ilben (sich dcc) 39 verbessern (hdben) 89 vers ichern (sicn acc:+gen) wehr€n (sich occ) 39 sich occ 25
pfli]cken 49 schaukeln 35 39 iiberanstrengen verbieten 9 (haben) 89 wehltun 82 zurechtlkommen 41
plagen (sich dcc) 39 scheinen 58 5pu ren 39 (sich dcc) r9 verbliiffen 85 versdhnen (sich ccc) 85 weigern sich dcc zurr.icklfahren 22
planen 39 scheitern 89 stammen 39 iiberdenken r5 verllluten (sein) 3 versprechen 71 (hoben) 89 zuri]cklgehen 30
platzen 37 SCnenKen 39 Starten 3 0berfah ren 22 verbrauchen 85 verstehen 73 weinen 39 zurr.ickll(ehren 16
plaudern (hdben) 89 schicken 49 stattlfinden 25 riberfal len verbrennen (sich acc) 13 versuchen 85 weiterlgehen 30 zur0ckll(ommen 41
pranren 39 schimmeln 35 staunen 39 i.iberfordern(hdben) 89 verbringen 4 verteidigen (sich dcc) 85 werben 9r zuriickl legen r6
pressen 32 schimpfen 39 siecken 49 ii lrarnolron verdichtigen 85 verteilen (sich dcc) 85 werden 92 zur0ckltreten 8o
probieren 77 schlachten 3 stehen 73 i.lberholen r9 verdanken *ddt 85 vertragen 78 werfen 93 zuriicl(lzahlen r6
produzreren 77 schlafen 59 stehlen 74 ri berho ren r9 verdauen 85 veTtrauen +ddt wetten 3 zu riicklziehen 97
profitieren 77 schlagen 6o steigen 75 i.lberlassen 43 verdienen 85 (sich ddt) 85 widersprechen *ddt zulsagen 5
protesleren 77 schleudern (haben) 89 stellen 39 rlberletren '19 verooppern 35 vertreten 80 (sich ddt) V zusammenlbrechen 12
ffi ffi
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{cl}!n* ilasy {-**r*ing $cri*s
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Didionary
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18.99
Grammat
16.99
ftc hesfs*lli*r; l**g:l*g* f*.xi)ilrrdsi
-lr' l*rprt fyc*'re l*.*rrtir:g G*r*rc*;lr:i ile
;trst tirrre *r $r*shing *f *r.r rusly slifl"r.
:
riEIi!lftXilrilWil:!
ffi ffi
EI
Iii
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Verbs wofas
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ifthe stem e
rsBN 978-0-00-725278-7