NASA Reference Publication 1351

Basic Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates

A. T. Nettles

October 1994

NASA Reference Publication 1351

Basic Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates

A.T. Nettles Marshall Space Flight Center • MSFC, Alabama

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center· MSFC. Alabama 35812

October 1994

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION A. B. C. II. Intent and Scope Terminology and Notation Summary of Sections 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 6 10 11 11 11 15 17 23 25 25 25 28 28 28 33 40 43 43 43 45 46 46 50

GENERALIZED HOOKE'S LAW FOR NONISOTROPIC MATERIALS A. B. C. D. Normal Stress and Strain, Uniaxially Applied Force............................................. Stress and Strain, Plane Stress for Specially Orthotropic Plates............................ Stress and Strain, Plane Stress for Generally Orthotropic Plates........................... Invariant Stiffnesses

III.

MECHANICS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITES A. B. C. D. E. Assumptions Definitions of Strains and Displacements Definitions of Stress and Moment Resultants Constitutive Equations for a Laminate................................................................... Physical Meanings of the [A], [B], and [D] Matrices............................................. FOR DEFINING STACKING SEQUENCES..............................

IV.

NOMENCLATURE A. B.

Coordinate System Nomenclature

V.

IN-PLANE ENGINEERING CONSTANTS FOR THE LAMINATE A. B. C. D. Orientation of the Laminate Symmetric Laminates Nonsymmetric Laminates Summary EFFECTS

VI.

ENVIRONMENTAL A. B. C.

Importance Coefficients of Thermal Expansion Moisture Effects..........................

VII.

STRESSES AND STRAINS WITHIN LAMINAE OF A SYMMETRIC LAMIN ATE.................................................................................................................... A. B. Strains Within the Lanlinae.................................................................................... Stresses Within the Laminae iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VIII. STRESSES AND STRAINS WITHIN LAMINAE OF AN UNSYMMETRIC LAMINATE A. B. C. IX. Difference From Symmetric Laminates Example (O/+45)T Laminates Determination of the Neutral Plane

63 63 63 72 89 95 96

REFERENCE OF IMPORTANT EQUATIONS

REFERENCES APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................

iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRA TIONS Figure

1. 2.

Title Difference between an isotropic and an orthotropic plate Definition of shearing strains Generally orthotropic lamina Displacements of a plate Total displacements in a plate Definitions of plate curvatures Definition of stress resultant Direction of stress and moment resultants Cross section of a laminate Displacements in an unsymmetrical plate Coordinate system for a typical laminate Some laminate stacking sequences and their notation . . . . . . . . . .. . .

Page
3 5 7

3.
4. 5.

12
13 14

O.
7.

15 17
19

X.
9. 10. 11. 12.

23 26
27

REFERENCE

PUBLICATION

BASIC MECHANICS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES I. INTRODUCTION A. Intent and Scope

This report is intended only to be used as a quick reference guide on the mechanics of . continuous fiber-reinforced laminates. By continuous fiber-reinforced laminates, the following is assumed:
(1) The material to be examined is made up of one or more plies (layers), each ply consisting of fibers that are all uniformly parallel and continuous across the material. The plies do not have to be of the same thickness or the same material.

(2) The material to be examined is in a state of plane stress, i.e., the stresses and strains in the through-the-thickness direction are ignored. (3) The thickness dimension is much smaller than the length and width dimensions. An attempt is made in this report to develop a practical guide that can be easily referenced by the engineer who is not familiar with composite materials. or to aid those who have seen this subject matter before. The scope of the report will be limited to the elastic response of the above-mentioned class of material. Strength-of-laminated composites will not be covered. General composite material mechanics and strength are developed in more detail in texts such as Jones! and Halpin.s It is assumed that the reader has a general knowledge of elastic stress-strain behavior.

B. Terminology and Notation

Some terminology important to composite materials follows: Isotropic-Possessing are never isotropic. Laminate-A the same mechanical properties in all directions. Composite laminates

material consisting of layers (laminae) bonded together.

Transversely Isotropic=Possessing one plane that has the same mechanical properties at any direction in that plane, i.e., the laminate will have the same stress-strain behavior at any direction in the plane of the material (sometimes called quasi-isotropic). Orthotropic-A material that has different mechanical properties in three mutually perpendicular planes. Note that the properties of the material are direction specific in this case. All unidirectional laminae are individually orthotropic. Most laminated composites fall into this category.

Homogeneous-Material properties do not change from point to point within the material. Since filamentary composites consist of at least two distinct phases (fiber and matrix), laminated composites are never truly homogeneous, although on a macroscopic scale when discussing the linear elastic response (no damage) of laminated composites the material may be generalized as homogeneous. This assumption is termed "smearing" of fiber and matrix. In reality all composites are heterogeneous. Principal Material Directions-Directions parallel and perpendicular to the fibers in a lamina. Note that these directions are not necessarily the directions of principal stress as defined by continuum mechanics. Balanced Laminate-For each +8 ply in the laminate there is an equally thick -8 ply in the laminate. This does not apply to 0° and 90° plies. Symmetric Laminate-The midplane. plies of the laminate are a mirror image about the geometrical plies oriented at angle(s) other than 0° or 90°.

Angle Ply Laminate-Containing

The notation used throughout this report denotes the directions parallel, perpendicular, and through-the-thickness to the aligned fibers of a ply of material as 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The coordinates of the laminate are denoted by x,y (in-plane) and through-the-thickness z. Some texts and laminate analysis computer software have reverse notation, which is exactly opposite to that presented here. Some users prefer to use a primed and unprimed notation. Thus, it is important to note which notation is being used. Since a state-of-plane stress is assumed, the term "plate" will be interchangeable with material and composite laminate. Please note that in actual practice, the laminate does not need to be a plate, but may be a shell or other shape such that the material is considered "thin." C. Summary of Sections In section II, the behavior of an individual ply or lamina is considered. This behavior is the "building block" upon which laminated plate theory is based. The important concept of coupling, unique to anisotropic materials, will be introduced in this section. The main body of this report is considered in section III. It develops the relationship between loads and deflections for a composite laminate. Most information on the elastic response of laminated composites can be calculated from the equations given in this section. The constitutive equations that govern the laminate load/deflection behavior are given in this section. For those who have not dealt with laminates, section IV shows how stacking sequences of the plies that make up the laminate are denoted. This section simply presents a standard "code" by which a laminate can be described. Many will already be familiar with this material. Section V contains derivations of the most sought after numbers when dealing with the elastic response of these materials, the engineering constants. Many texts on laminated composites omit this part, or only present it for special types of laminates that make the calculation relatively simple. The engineering constants for any laminate can be found from the equations in this section. 2

Section VI introduces the effects of temperature and moisture on the strain of a composite laminate. These effects are often neglected, but are very important in determining the stresses and strains within each ply of the laminate. Determining these ply stresses and strains for symmetric laminates is presented in section VII and in section VIII for unsymmetric laminates. These sections provide information necessary to study the strength of composite laminates. Section IX is a summary of the most important equations presented in this paper. II. GENERALIZED HOOKE'S LAW FOR NONISOTROPIC MATERIALS A. Normal Stress and Strain, Uniaxially Applied Force

Normal stress is defined as the force per unit area acting perpendicular to the surface of the area. The corresponding strain is defined as the elongation (or stretch) per unit length of material in the direction of the applied force. For isotropic materials, the relationship between stress and strain is independent of the direction of force, thus only one elastic constant (Young's modulus) is required to describe the stress-strain relationship for a uniaxially applied force. For a nonisotropic material, at least two elastic constants are needed to describe the stress-strain behavior of the material. Figure 1 is a schematic of an isotropic and a unidirectional fiber-reinforced material. The stiffness of the isotropic plate can be described by one value, the modulus, E, of the material, regardless of direction of load. The stiffness of the orthotropic plate must be described by two values, one along the longitudinal direction of the fibers, commonly referred to as EL, and one transverse to the direction of fibers, usually denoted by ET. Subscripts 1 and 2 will be used such that EL = E1 and ET = E2. Thus, indices must be added to the stress, strain, and modulus values to describe the direction of the applied force. For example, for an isotropic material, the stress/strain relationship is written:
a= E e .
Isotropic Plate 1 Orthotropic Plate 1
Reinforcing fibers aligned in l-direction

(1)

L-------+-I_~

rttH:tttttttHHttt+tll~

stiffness in l-direction = stiffness in 2-direction stiffness in any direction

stiffness in l-direction » stiffness in 2-direction *" stiffness in other directions

Figure 1. Difference between an isotropic and an orthotropic plate. 3

For the orthotropic system, the direction must be specified. For example:
(2) If the applied load acts either parallel or perpendicular to the fibers, then the plate is considered specially orthotropic.

B. Stress and Strain, Plane Stress for Specially Orthotropic Plates The previous section dealt with an extremely simple type of stress state, uniaxial. In general, plates will experience stresses in more than one direction within the plane. This is referred to as plane stress. In addition, Poisson's ratio now becomes important. Poisson's ratio is the ratio of the strain perpendicular to a given loading direction, to the strain parallel to this given loading direction:
eT e2 eL el . P· Olsson, s rauo = v12 =- =or v21=-=eL el eT

(3)

e2

For loading along the fibers

For loading perpendicular to the fibers

The strain components are now stretch due to an applied force, minus the contraction of Poisson's effect due to another force perpendicular to this applied force. Thus:

(4a)

Using equation (2):

(4b)

Shear forces can also be present. Shear stress and shear strain are related by a constant, like the normal stresses and strains. This constant is called the shear modulus and is usually denoted by G. Thus:
(5)

Where 1'12 is the shear stress (the 1 and the 2 indices indicating shear in the 1-2 plane), and the shear strain. Figure 2 gives a definition of shear strain.

r12

is

Since it is known that a relationship exists between Poisson's ratios and the modulii in each of the two axes directions, namely:

(6)
4

-------- --------.., -- -- -- -,¥xy = change in right angle of element

Defined as "Engineering Strain"

(a)

--

__ ----------

_-1I
I I I I I I

I.------------ -----Defined as "Tensorial Strain"

112 '¥xy = Exy

x
(b)

Figure 2. Definition of shearing strains.

5

Equations (4b) and (5) can be written in matrix form as:

e2

= S12S22

0"2 f12

(7)

Y12 where,

0 S66

S22

= l1E2

(8)

Note that at the 3,3 position in this 3x3 matrix (called the compliance matrix), the subscripts are 6,6. This evolves from a detailed treatment of arriving at a constitutive equation for an orthotropic material from an anisotropic one. By inverting the compliance matrix, one can get stress as a function of strain. This turns out to be: 0 0

0"1 0"2 f12

Ql1 Q 12

e1 e2

Q12 Q22

(9)

0 Q66

Y12

where:
E1 Ql1= I-V12V21 V1~2 Q12= I-v12v21 Q22= E2 I-V12V21

(10)
•

v21E1 I-v12V21

Q66

= G12

The Q's are referred to as the reduced stiffnesses and the matrix is abbreviated as [Q].

C. Stress and Strain, Plane Stress for Generally Orthotropic Plates

Now suppose that the unidirectional lamina in figure 1 is loaded at some angle other than 0° or 90°. The lamina is now referred to as generally orthotropic, since, in general, the loading direction does not coincide with the principal material directions. The stresses and strains must now be transformed into coordinates that do coincide with the principal material directions. This can be accomplished using the free-body diagram in figure 3. From free body diagram (a), and summing forces in the l-direction:

O'x

't12

Area of face = dA
0'1

O'y

x y
't12

Area of face

= dA

'txy O'x O'x

'txy O'y

'txy O'y

(a) Figure 3. Generally orthotropic lamina. 'LF 1 = 0

(b)

= 0'1 dA-O'x(dA cos e)cos e - O'y( A sin e) sin e d

- rJdA
cos

e) sin e -

rJdA

sin

e) cos e e)cos e

(11)

From the free body diagram of figure 3(b) and summing forces in the 2-direction: 'LF2

= 0 = 0'2 dA-O'J dA sin e) sin e -O'idA

+rxy(dA cos
e)sin

cos

e + rJdA

sin

e)cos e

(12)

From free body diagram of figure 3(b) and summing forces in the l-direction: 'LF2

= 0 = rttJA+O'ldA
-rJdA
cos

sin

e) cos e -O'y(dA cos e) sin e

sin e)sin

e) cos e +rJdA

(13)

Simplifying equations (11), (12), and (13);

01 = 0 a,2=0

2 .2 2 . cos B +0 y sm B + "xy sm B cos B , .2 2 2 . sm e+oy cos B- "xy sm Bcos B,

(14)

Equation (14) can be written in matrix form as; cos B

. sm 2 B 2 . sm 2 B

01

2 sin Bcos B -2 sin Bcos B (cos B - sin B)

2 2

Ox

O2

cos B sin Bcos B

"12

- sin Bcos B

<
"xy

(15)

The 3x3 matrix in equation (15) is called the transformation matrix and is denoted by [1]. The same matrix is used to transform strains. Note that the tensorial shear strain must be used, not the engineering shear strain, when transforming strains. This arises from the geometrical considerations that the amount of shear must be equivalent with respect to both the x- and y-axes, since these axes will be transformed into new ones (fig. 2(b)). If it is desired to transform from the 1-2 coordinate system to the x-y coordinate system, the inverse of [T] must be found. It is given by: cos B
2 . sm 2 B

-2 sin Bcos B 2 sin Bcos B (cos B- sin B)

2 2

[Trl

. sm 2 B

cos B - sin Oco« B

(16)

sin Bcos B Thus;

(17)

Similarly for strain;

e1 e2 e12

= [T]

ex ey exy

ex
and

e1

ey exy

= [T]-1

e2 e12

(18)

Putting equation (9) into the second part of equation in (17):

(19)

Now putting the first equation of equation (18) into equation (19):

(20)

Defining a new matrix called the lamina stiffness matrix (sometimes called "Q-Bar") as:

[Q] = [T]-1 [Q]

and letting: m

010 002

1 0 0] [T]

(21)

= cos () ,

n = sin () , the components are:

Q12

= (QU+Q22-4Q66

)22 n +Q12 (44) +n m m

Q22 Q16

= Q un 4 +2( Q 12+2Q 66) m2n2 +Q22m 4 ,

m n + (Q12-Q22+2Q66) 3 m11 , 3

(22)

= (Q ll-Q12-2Q66)

---------------

-----

---

(22) (cont.)

Note that if 0 is any angle other than zero, there will be nonzero ~ 16 and ~ 26 terms. Putting this into equation (20):

<ix <iy
'Z'xy

Q11

012

2Q16

ex ey exy ex ey
Yxy

Q12 Q22 2Q26 Q16 Q26 2Q66 Q11 Q12 Q16

<ix <iy
'Z'xy

(23)

Q12 022 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

it can be seen that a shear strain will produce normal stresses, and normal strains will contribute to a shear stress. This is referred to as extension-shear coupling and will take place in a lamina that is loaded at an angle to the fibers (other than 0° and 90°). That is, there will be coupling if the ~ 16 andlor {J 26 terms in the lamina stiffness matrix are nonzero.

D. Invariant Stiffnesses
The "Q-Bar" terms can be written as:

Q11 = U1+U2 cos (20)+U3 cos (40) , Q22 = U1-U2 cos (20)+U3 cos (40) ,
Q 12 = U4-U3 cos (40) ,

Q66 = US-U3 cos (40) , Q 16 = 1. U2 sin (20)+ U3 sin (40) ,

2 (24a)

Q26 = ~ U2 sin (20)-U3 sin (40) ,

10

where,
U1 =

1(Q 11+Q 22) + ! Q 12 + ! Q 66 , 842

U2=~(Ql1-Q22) ,

U4

="8

1(

Ql1+Q22 +

'4 Q12- 2" Q66 '

.

(24b)

US=!(Ql1+Q22)-!Q12+:!.Q66

842

Note that only U2 and U3 are coefficients to the sine or cosine terms in equation (24a). This implies that when calculating the Q-Bar values, UI, U4, and Us are independent or invariant to the ply orientation e. This concept of "invariant" quantities can make some calculations easier. This paper will not go into detail on this subject since only the basics are being presented.
ITI. MECHANICS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITES

A. Assumptions The following assumptions are made for the remainder of this paper:
(1)

The laminate thickness is very small compared to its other dimensions.

(2) The lamina (layers) of the laminate are perfectly bonded. (3) Lines perpendicular to the surface of the laminate remain straight and perpendicular to the surface after deformation. (4) The laminae and laminate are linear elastic. (5) The through-the-thickness stresses and strains are negligible. These assumptions are good ones as long as the laminate is not damaged and undergoes small deflections. B. Definitions of Strains and Displacements A displacement of the plate in the x-direction is designated as u. For the y-direction, it is designated as v and for the z-direction w. Figure 4 shows these displacements. The strains are now defined as:
11

I
1
yo

----------'I
Original shape

./

Deformed shape

y ... u
I I

Defurmed

I I I I I I I I

j.- _---I -Original shape

-/

shape

I I I

I I

I
I I

I
_--

i v ;.--- .....---.::;._----~-+.---~
Shear displacement

_j_

Normal displacement

Bending displacement

Figure 4. Displacements of a plate. (25a)

The slope of the plate if it is bending is given as:

aw aw ay

ax

along the x-direction , (25b) along the y-direction .

The total in-plane displacement at any point in the plate is the sum of the normal displacements plus the displacements introduced by bending. Denoting the displacements of the midplane of the plate for the x and y directions as u; and Vo respectively, with the help of figure 5 the total displacements are:
(26)

Note that for figure 5, x can be replaced by y when u is replaced by v (i.e., the view could be from any side of the plate). It is assumed that there is no strain in the thickness direction, only a displacement.
12

z Top surface of plate

Un deformed edge of plate

+z
M;tlnl~np

r -z

Bottom surface of plate

e = Slope

aw

ax

For small

Displacement along z-direction due to bending is sine times z. Since e is small, sine = e. Therefore the displacement is - z e where negative is compression and positive is tension

~uo~
, I

Figure 5. Total displacements in a plate. From equations (25) and (26):

e =-=--z-x

au auo
ax
ax ay

iw iw
ay2'

ai'
(27)
2 aw

e =-=--z-y

av

ay

avo

r, xy
Defining:

au av auo avo =-+-=-+--2z-ay ax ay

ax

axay
(28)

to be the midplane strains and defining:

a2w ax 2

as K x ; - --2 as Ky; and - 2--

a2w
ay

iw

axay

as Kxy

(29)

to be the plate curvatures will make notation easier.

13

----------------------

-----------

Equation (27) can now be written in matrix form as:

ex ey Yxy

Kx ey +z Ky 0 Kxy Yxy
0

ex

(30)

From figure 6, it can be seen that the plate curvature K, or Ky is the rate of change of slope of the bending plate in either the x- or y-direction, respectively. The plate curvature term Kxy is the amount of bending in the x-direction along the y-axis (i.e., twisting).

Slope

aw = ax

X2
at

xi
2

Rate of change of slope across x-direction =

~~

= Kx

aw

ax

at Y2

Rate of change of slope across y-direction =

;X;y
2

= Kxy

Figure 6. Definitions of plate curvatures. 14

From equation (23), the stresses in each ply of the laminate can be determined with equation
(30):
0 Qll Q12 Q16

O"x

Qll

Q12 Q16

ex

Kx Ky Kxy

O"y = Q12 Q22 Q26 Txy

Q16 Q26 Q66

ey
0

+z Q12 Q22 Q26

Q16 Q26 Q66

(30a)

rxy

C. Definitions of Stress and Moment Resultants Since the stress in each ply varies through the thickness of the laminate, it will be convenient to define stresses in terms of equivalent forces acting at the middle surface. Referring to figure 7, it can be seen that the stresses acting on an edge can be broken into increments and summed. The resulting integral is defined as the stress resultant and is denoted by Ni. where the i subscript denotes direction. This stress resultant has units of force per length and acts in the same direction

z=-W2~------------~~-------J'
Total force in x-direction =

L O'x(dz)(y)

As dz~O,

L O'x (dZ)0

=I

W2
O'xdz

-W2

Nx ==

JW2 O'xdz -W2

Figure 7. Definition of stress resultant.

15

as the stress state it represents. Figure 7 could also be drawn for the y-direction stress. The three stress resultants are therefore:

stress and shear

Nx

=1

hJ2
(J

-hJ2 hJ2

dz ,

Ny= Nxy=

1 1

-hJ2

(J

dz , dz :

(31)

hJ2
t

-hJ2

xy

As can be seen from figure 7, the stress acting on an edge produces a moment about the midplane. The force is (Jx (dz)(y) as denoted in figure 7. The moment arm is at a distance z from the midplane. Following the same procedure as for the stress resultants, the moment resultants can be defined as:

Mx= My = Mxy=

r
-hJ2
hJ2

(J

zd: ,

-hJ2

(J

zd: ,

(32)

)-hJ2

fhJ2

zd: . xy

These moment resultants have units of torque per unit length. The directions for all of the stress and moment resultants are shown in figure 8 double-headed arrow indicates torque in a direction determined by the right-hand-rule thumb of your right hand in the direction of the double-headed arrows and the direction the torque is in the direction that your four fingers are pointing). Note that M; and My plate to bend and Mxy will cause the plate to twist. for clarity. The (i.e., point the of rotation of will cause the

As an example of the relationship between stress and stress resultants, if a tensile test specimen is 2.54-cm (I-in) wide and 2-mm (0.08-in) thick, and is pulled on with a force of 4,500 N (1,000 lb), then the average stress on the cross section is:

«. = (0.025:~)( :'002 m) = 88.6MP. = 12,500

Nx={88.6MPa)(0.002m)=
16

i:
2

(33)

The stress resultant would be the average stress multiplied by the specimen thickness: 177.2 kN

= 1,000 ~b
m

(34)

Stress Resultants

Figure 8. Direction of stress and moment resultants. Since 1,000 lb was applied over 1 inch of specimen length, the expected result of 1,000 lb/in is obtained. Each individual ply of the specimen may have a stress other than 88.6 MPa (12,500 Ib/in2), but the average stress will be 88.6 MPa (12,500 lb/in").

D. Constitutive Equations for a Laminate

Putting equation (31) in matrix form:
Nx Ny

ihl2 - -hl2 (Jy

«:
dz ,
(35)

Nxy

fxy

17

and putting equation (32) in matrix form also:

(36)

The integrals in equations (35) and (36) must be performed over each ply and then summed, since discontinuities in stresses can occur at ply interfaces. Using the schematic of a laminate in figure 9, equations (35) and (36) must be written as:
Nx Ny Nxy (jx

=L k=l
n

ihk hk-l

(jy 1'xy k

dz ,

(37)

and,
Mx My Mxy (jx

=L= 1 k
n

ihk hk-l

(jy 1'xy k

zdz

(38)

Now equation (30) can be substituted into equation (23), which can then be substituted into equations (37) and (38) to give:

Nx; Ny Nxy

L = k=1

Ql1 Q12 Q16 Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

0 ex ey
0

hk-l

dz

k rxy

Ql1 Q12 Q16

Kx Ky k Kxy

(39)

ihk hk-l

Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

z dz

and,

18

z
Plyn Ply n-I

Ply k+2

Plyk+l Geometric ~___mW~~~ _____________

T
hie+1 hie

T ~-,
hk+2

Plyk

hk-t

Ply k-l

Ply 2 Ply 1

Note that ply k and ply k+ I are the same lamana (layer), but are separated into two plies by the geometric midplane.

Figure 9. Cross section of a laminate.

Mx My Mxy

=L

n J,h k hk-l

Q11 Q12 Q16 Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

k

ex ey z dz Yxy
(40)
Z

k=l

hk

Ql1 Q12 Q16 Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

k

hk-l

Kx Ky Kxy

dz

19

Since the middle surface strains and curvatures (the &'s and K's) are not a function of z (because these values are always at the middle surface z = 0), they need not be included in the integration. Also, the laminate stiffness matrix is constant for a given ply, so it too will be a constant over the integration of a lamina thickness. Pulling these constants to the front of the integral in equations (39) and (40) gives:

Nx Ny Nxy

=L k=l
+

Qll Q12 016

Q12 Q22 Q26 016 Q26 Q66 k

ex ey rxy
0 0

hk-1

dz

Qll Q12 Q16

Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66 k

Kx Ky Kxy

(41)

hk

hk-1

zdz

and
n

Qll Q12 Q16

Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66 k

=L k=l

(42)

Performing the simple integrations gives:

Nx

»;

~,

=L k=l
+

Ql1

Q12 Q16

ex ey rxy
(43)
0 0

Q12 Q22 Q26 016 Q26 Q66 k

(hk-hk-1)

e.. 012

Q16

Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66 k

Kx 2 2 Ky 1. (hk -h k-1 ) 2 Kxy

and

20

Q11 Q12 Q16 Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66 k

ex
ey

°
O

2 2 1. (hk -h k-1) 2

rxy
(44)

Since the middle surface strains and curvatures are not a part of the summations, the laminate stiffness matrix and the hk terms can be combined to form new matrices. From equations (43) and (44), these can be defined as:

Ajj=

k=l

I
n

[Qij]k(hk-hk-1)

(45)

Bij=~

k=l

[Qij]k(h~-h~_l)

(46)

(47)
In matrix form, the constitutive equations can easily be written as:

Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy

A 11 A 12 A 16 A 12 A 22 A 26 A16A26A66 -- -- -BllB12B16 B 12 B22 B26 B 16 B 26 B 66

I I I I I I I I I I

B 11 B 12 B 16 B 12 B 22 B 26 B16B26B66 -- -- -D11D12D16 D12D22 D26 D 16 D 26 D 66

eO x eO
Y

(48)

Kx Ky Kxy

Written in contracted form, equation (48) becomes:

(49)

21

This can be partially inverted to give:

[~*~~* [!~l 1[K]

M = C* I D* K where,

(50)

[A *] = [Ar [B*]

, ,
(51)

=-

[Ar1[B]

[c'] = [B][Ar1
1 [D*]=[D]-[B][Ar [B]
The fully inverted form is given by:

, .

eO x eO x

Au A12 A16
I I I

B 11 B 12 B 16
I I I

--- = --

11

A22 A26 A 16 A26 A66

12
I I I

--.-I I

B 12 B22 B26 B16B26B66 -- -- -I I I I I I

Nx Ny Nxy
Mx

«;
where,

Kx Ky

C 11 C 12 C 16
I I I

D11D12D16
I I I

(52)

C 12 C22 C26
I I I

D12 D22 D26

I I I

My

C 16 C26 C66

D16 D26 D66

Mxy

[i]=[A*]-[B*][D*r1[C*] [B'] /

, , (52a) ,

= [B*][D*r1

[C ]=-[D*r1[c*] [D']

= [D*r

The fully inverted form is the most often used form of the laminate constitutive equations.

22

For symmetric laminates (laminates that are configured such that the geometric midplane is a mirror image of the ply configurations above and below the midplane), the geometric midplane is also the neutral plane of the plate, and the [B] matrix will have all elements equal to zero (as will be shown later). However, if the laminate is unsymmetric, i.e., if the plies near the bottom of the plate are much stiffer in the x-direction, then the geometric midplane will not be the neutral plane of the plate; and the neutral plane will be closer to the bottom of the plate for x-direction bending as shown in figure 10. This is accounted for in the constitutive equations, since the [B] matrix will have some nonzero elements (as will be shown later), implying that a bending strain (plate curvature) will cause a midplane strain as depicted in figure 10. Likewise, a midplane strain will cause a bending moment. A method to find the neutral axis of the plate will be discussed in a later section about stresses within the plies of a laminate.
z
Top surface of plate +z

Undefonned edge of plate

-z

Very stiff plies

Bottom surface of plate x

Pure bending
Pure bending causes axial compression of geometrical midplane

Figure 10. Displacements in an unsymmetrical plate. E. Physical Meanings of the [A], [B], and [D] Matrices Recalling the definitions of the [A], [B], and [D] matrices,
n

(45)

Bij= ~

k=l

L [Qij]k(h~-h~_l) ,

(46)

(47) 23

and referring to figure 9, it can be seen that the last term in equation (45) is the kth lamina thickness which will be denoted by tk. Thus, equation (45) can be written as:

Aij=

k=l

L [Qijttk

(53)

This matrix is called the extensional stiffness matrix. From the constitutive equation (48), it can be seen that these terms relate the normal stresses and strains (much like the modulii of elasticity), except for the A16 and A26 terms which relate shear strains to normal stresses and normal strains to shear stresses. Thus, when A16 and A26 are nonzero, and the laminate has a shear strain applied to it, normal stresses will result and vice-versa. These terms are analogous to the Q16 and Q26 terms mentioned in the final part of section II.

(54)

where tk is the thickness of the kth ply, and (hk+hk-1)/2 is the distance from the geometric midplane to the center of the kth ply. This matrix is called the coupling stiffness matrix. From the constitutive equation (48), it can be seen that these terms relate bending strains (plate curvatures) with normal stresses and vice-versa. The B16 and B26 terms relate twisting strains to normal stresses and shear strains to bending stresses. If the laminate is symmetric, then the Bij terms will be the same for each mirrored ply above and below the midplane, with the exception of the sign of the (hk+hk-1)/2 term being negative if it is below the midplane (-e) and positive if it is above the midplane (+z). Thus, when summed, the result will be zero for all Bij. Now define:

Part of equation (47) can be written as: (h~-h~-J

= [( h~+h~_l) (h k-h

k-l)

+ h~h k-l-h kh~_l]

(55)

= [(hk-hk-1f
= [(h k-h

+ 3h~hk_1-3hkh~_1]

k-lf

+ 3{h k-h
3

k-l)( h k+h k_l)2-3( h!-h!_l)]

3) 3 = tk + 12tz-2 k

=> 4 ( hk-hk_1

24

Therefore, equation (47) can be written as:

(56)

It can be seen that the last term is the second moment of the kth ply with respect to the geometric midplane. Dij is called the bending stiffness matrix and relates the amount of plate curvatures with the bending moments.

IV. NOMENCLATURE FOR DEFINING STACKING SEQUENCES A. Coordinate System

The choice of coordinate system used for the laminate will determine its stacking sequence. For example, a unidirectional composite can be said to be made up of all 0° plies in the x-direction, and all 90° plies in the y-direction. Alternatively, the same composite can be said to be made up of all 0° plies in the y-direction, and all 90° plies in the x-direction. The composite can also be referenced by any other x-y coordinate system in the plane of the plate. The choice of coordinate system is totally arbitrary, but some general procedures are usually followed to make calculations or communication about the laminate easier for others to understand. A coordinate system is almost always chosen such that one of the axes runs in the direction of fibers of one of the plies of the laminate. This will make analysis much easier. The x-axis is usually chosen as the "longitudinal" axis, with the corresponding y-axis being the "transverse" direction. This is similar to what was defined earlier for laminae. The main load bearing fibers (if these are known) are usually called the 0° fibers, longitudinal fibers, or x-direction fibers. The other ply orientations will then be defined with this coordinate system. An example of a typical coordinate system is given in figure 11.

B. Nomenclature
There is more than one way to denote the stacking sequence of laminates. However, once one method is learned, any other is easy to interpret, even though it may not be in the form that the user is accustomed to. Once the 0° fiber direction has been defined (and thus the x-axis), the plies that are not at 0° must be assigned an angle. To do this, start from the x-axis and rotate to the fiber direction of the ply being defined. Clockwise rotations are positive angles, and counterclockwise rotations are negative angles, although the reverse can also be used since only plane-stress is being examined for plates and the material is the same whether viewed from one surface or the other surface. Now that all plies have an angle associated with them, a method of presenting the stacking sequence follows. If the laminate is symmetric, then start with the angle of the outermost ply and write the ply angles, separated by a comma, until the midplane is reached. Enclose this string of angles in brackets or parentheses and subscript the brackets or parentheses with an "S" to denote "symmetric." If the laminate is not symmetric, then proceed as above until the bottom ply is 25

Direction of primary loading

Fiber orientation of the 8 plies as seen from the primary loading direction edge

The stacking sequence from top to bottom is now 0°, +45°, -45°, 90°,90°,-45°,+45°,0° y

Figure 11. Coordinate system for a typical laminate.

26

reached. Subscript the brackets or parentheses with a "T' to denote "total" laminate. Referring to figure 10, this laminate is denoted as [0, +45, -45, 90]s . This is more convenient than writing [0, +45, -45, 90, 90, -45, +45, OlT. Further simplifications can be made when two or more plies of the same orientation are grouped together. The angle of these plies need only be written once with a subscripted number denoting the number of plies in the group. For example, [0, 90, 90, 90, 90, O]T can be written as [0,904, OlT. Since this laminate is symmetric, further simplifications can result, and this laminate could be described by [0, 902]S. If a symmetric laminate consists of an odd number of plies, then the geometrical midplane of the laminate will lie at the midplane of the center ply. In this case, a bar is placed over the angle of this ply to denote that half of it resides in the top half of the laminate and the other half resides in the bottom half of the laminate. For example, a laminate with stacking sequence [0, 90, 90, 90, O]T can be written as, [0, 90, 90] s . Any repeating units within the laminate can be placed in parentheses with a subscripted number representing the number of repeats. For example, a [0, 90, 0, 90, 0, 90, 0, 90]s laminate can be written as [(0, 90)4]S. If adjacent plies are of the same angle, but with different signs, then a plus-minus sign is usually placed in front of the angle of the plies. For example, a [0, +45, -45, 90, +30, -30]T laminate can be written as [0, ±45, 90, ± 30]r. Some examples of stacking sequences and how they can be denoted are given in figure 12.
+45 90 -45 -45 90 +45 0 0 0 +45 -45 -45 +45 0

[+45,90, -45]s

0 0 0 0

[0, ±45]s

+45 -45 90 0 90 0 90 -45 +45

0
90

+45 -45 0 +45 -45 0 +45 -45 0

0 90

[ ±45, 90, 0, 90] s

0
90

[(±45,0}Jh

0
90

Figure 12. Some laminate stacking sequences and their notation. 27

v. IN·PLANE

ENGINEERING CONSTANTS FOR THE LAMINATE

A. Orientation of the Laminate

For a given stacking sequence of laminae whose engineering properties are known, it is possible to determine the in-plane engineering constants of the laminate from the Aij matrix for symmetric laminates, and the Aij' Bij' and Dij matrices for unsymmetric laminates. The choice of coordinates will determine the directions of the laminate engineering constants being evaluated. These directions are arbitrary, but are usually chosen as described in section IV. A.

B. Symmetric Laminates
Recall that for symmetric laminates, the Bij matrix consists of all elements being zero. This greatly simplifies finding the in-plane engineering constants of the laminate. To find the x-direction modulus, the value of the x-direction stress to the x-direction strain must be calculated. In equation form:
(57)

where h is the thickness of the laminate. Since the Bij's are zero, the constitutive equations are:
ex ey
0 0

Nx Ny Nxy

A 11 A 12A 16

A 12A22A26 A 16A26A66

(58)

Yxy

Since a relationship between N x and ex are being sought, when a load is applied in the x-direction, from equation (58):
(59)

(60) (61) From equations (60) and (61):

(62)

28

and

(63)

(64)

Thus, Ex can be calculated by dividing equation (64) by the thickness of the laminate, h which will give equation (57). The same procedure is followed to obtain Ey• The constitutive equations are: (65) (66) (67) From equations (65) and (67):

(68)

and (69)

Equations (68) and (69) can he substituted into equation (66) with the result:

(70)

Dividing equation (70) by the laminate thickness will give Ey•

29

Gxy is found in the same manner. The constitutive equations are: (71) (72) (73) From equations (71) and (72):

(74)

and (75)

Equations (74) and (75) can be used with equation(73) to obtain: (76)

Dividing equation (76) by the laminate thickness will give Gxy. To find Poisson's ratio of the laminate, use equations (60) and (61) to obtain:

(77) Rearranging to get:

o -e
vxy=

(A
=(

12 __ A_

e{

16_A_26) A66

A22---

A262) A66

(78)

30

Using equations (65) and (67): 0= A l1ex +A 12e +A 16 - y

(A

ex - e A66 A66 Y

16 0

26 0)

(79)

Rearranging to get:

(80)

Example 1: Suppose a 4-ply laminate of AS4/3501-6 is laid up in a [0,+451s stacking sequence. The ply properties are given below for this material: E, = 20,0 I 0,000 lb/in? , E2 = 1,301,000 Ib/in? , G12 = 1,001,000 lb/in? ,
V12 V21

= 0.3

= 0.02 ,

Ply thickness = 0.005 in This is all of the information needed to calculate the in-plane engineering constants. Calculating Ex will demonstrate the general procedure applied to any of the engineering constants. From equation (10): Q 11 =
I-V

E1
12 21

= 20,010,000 Ib/in = 20 130 785lb/in2 1-(0.3)(0.02) " = 1,301,000 Ib/in = 1 308 853lb/in2 1-(0.3)(0.02) , ,
2 ) 2

Q22 =
I-V

E2
V 12 21

Q12=

V1~2

I-v

V 12 21

= (0.3)(1,301,000Ib/in 1-(0.3)(0.02)

=3926561b/in2 ,
.

(E1.I)

Q66 = 1,001,000 Ib/in

From equation (22), for the 0° plies: 31

-0 Q 11 -0 -0

= 20,130,785

Ib/in

.2

Q 12= 392,656 Ib/m , Q 22 = 1,308,853 lb/in

-0 Q16 -0 Q26 -0 Q66 .2

.2

, (E1.2)

=0

=0 , lb/in
.2

= 1,001,000

For the +450 plies:

2 Q ~5 = (20,130,7851b/in )(0.707)4

+2( (392,6561b/in2 +2(1,001,000 Ib/in2»)(0.707)2(0.707)2

+ (1,308,8531blin2)(0.707)4

= 6,557,2371b/in2

Q ~5

2 = ( (20,130,785 Iblin + I ,308,853 Iblin 2-4(1,001 ,000 Iblin 2»)(0.707) 2(0.707) 2 +392,6561b/in 2 (0.707)4+(0.707)4)
2

= 4,555,2381b/in2

Q~5

(20,130,7851b/in )(0.707)4

+2( (392,6561b/in2 +2(1,001,000 Ib/in2))(0.707)2(0.707)2

+(1,308,8531b/in2)(0.707)4

= 6,557,2371b/in2

Q ~5

= ( 20,130,785

Ib/in 2- 392,656 Iblin 2- 2(1,00 1,000 Iblin 2))(0.707)

'<o.707)
= 4,705,483 Iblin 2 ,

2 + (392,656 Iblin -1,308,853

Iblin 2 + 2( 1,001,000 Iblin 2))(0.707)(0.707)3

Q;:5

= ( 20,130,785

Iblin 2- 392,656 Iblin 2- 2( I ,00 1,000 Iblin 2)

Ib/in +2(1,001,000

)to. 707) 3(0.707)

= 4,705,483 Iblin 2 ,

2 + (392,656 Iblin -1,308,853

Iblin 2))(0.707)(0.707)3

Q ~5

= ( 20,130,785

2 Iblin + 1,308,853 Iblin 2- 2(392,656 Iblin 2+ 1,001,000 Iblin 2») (0.707) 2(o. 707) 2
=

+1,001,000 Ib/in2 (0.707)4+(0.707)4) 32

5,163,5821b/in2 .
(E1.3)

Now from equation (53), the Aij are obtained:

All

[20,130,785+6,557,237+20,130,785+6,557,237]lb/in 2

(0.005 in) (0.005 in)

= 266,880
In

In

~b ,

A 12= [392,656+4,555,238+392,656+4,555,238]lb/in
A22 =

= 49,479

~b ,

[1,308,853+6,557,237+1,308,853+6,557,237]lb/in A 16= [0+4,705,483+0+4,705,483]lb/in

A 26

(0.005 in) = 78,661 ~b ,

In

(E1.4)

(0.005 in) (0.005 in)

= 47,055

~b ,
In

= [0+4,705,483+0+4,705,483]lb/in2

= 47,055

~b ,
In

A 66 = [1,001,000+5,163,582+ From equations (64) and (57):

2 1,001,000+5,163,582] Ib/in (0.005 in) = 61,646 ~b .

In

Ex-

266 880 lb ' in 0.02 in

( ) (47,055)(47,055)-(49,479)(61,646) + 49479 2 (78,661)(61,646)-(47,055) (

lb in ,0.02 in lb

+ (47,055)

-(47,055) ( )+ 61,646

(47,055)( 49,479)( 61,646 )-(47,055 )2(47,055) (78,661)( 61,646)2_(47,055 )2(61,646) 2

in 0.02 in . (E1.5)

Ex

= 11,333,000

lb/in

c.

Nonsymmetric Laminates

Since for a nonsymmetric laminate there are nonzero Bij terms, the calculation of in-plane engineering constants become more involved; however, the same basic procedure is followed as for symmetric laminates. Since there are now six equations instead of three, it will be much easier to use matrix notation. The constitutive equations are given by equation (48):

33

Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy

A 11 A 12 A 16 A 12 A 22 A 26 A16A26A66 = -- -- -B11BI2BI6 B12B22B26 B16B26B66I

I I I I I I I I I

B 11 B 12 B 16 B 12 B 22 B 26 B16B26B66 -- -- -D11D12Di6 D12D22D26 D16D26D66

eO x eO
Y

(48)

Kx Ky Kxy

To find Ex, only the x-direction in-plane load is applied and a relationship between Nx and sought. The constitutive equation now becomes:

e£

is

Nx
0 0

0 0 0

A 11 A 12 A 16 A 12 A22 A26 A 16 .A 26 A 66 = -- -- -B11BI2BI6 B 12 B 22 B 26 B 16 B 26 B 66

I I I I I I I I

B 11 B 12 B 16 B 12 B 22 B 26 B 16 B 26 B 66 -- -- -Dl1D12DI6 D 12 D 22 D 26 D 16 D 26 D 66

eO x eO
Y

(81)

Kx Ky Kxy

Using Cramer's rule to solve for

e£ :
Nx A 0 0
12

A 16

Bl1 B12 B16 B B

12 16

A22 A26 A26 A66

B22 B26 B26 B66

0 B12B 16 0 B22B26 0 B26B66

D11 D12DI6 D12D22D26 D16 D26 D66 (82)

eOxA A A
11 A 12 A 16 12 A 22 16 A 26

B B B

11 12 16

B B B

12 B 22 26

16

A A

26 66

B 26 B 66

Bl1B12BI6 B12B22B26 B16B26B66

D11DI2DI6 D12D22D26 D16D26D66

34

Determinants for two 6x6 matrices must be found. At this point, it should be clear why a computer (or calculator) program makes calculations much easier. To write out the solution for equation (82) would require 6! = 720 terms for the numerator and the denominator. Cofactor expansion can be used in the numerator for some simplification:

A22A26

B12B22B26 B 16 B26B66 Dl1D12D16 D12D22D26 D16D26D66

A26A66 B12B16B16 B22B26B26

£0

B26B66B66

Al1A12A16

Bl1B12B16

(83)

A 12 A 22 A 26 B 12 B 22 B 26 A 16A26A66 Bl1B12B16 B 12 B22 B26 B16B26B66 B16B26B66 Dl1D12D16 D12 D22 D26 D16D26D66

From equation (57), Ex can be found by evaluating:

Al1A12A16 A 12A22A26 Bl1B12B16 B 12 B22 B26

A 16 A 26 A 66 B 16 B 26 B 66 Bl1B12B16 B12B22B26 Dl1D12D16 D12D22D26

B16B26B66 D16D26D66 Nxlh -=E x = o A26 £x A22 B12 B22 A26 B12 B22 B26 A66 B16 B26 B66 B16 Dl1 D12 D16 B26 D12 D22 D26

1
B26 B66 D16 D26 D66

(84)

Appendix A shows a Fortran program to calculate the determinant of a 6x6 and 5x5 matrix. 35

Ey can be found in a similar manner. The denominator will be different since equation (81) is being solved for
£~ .

A 11 A 12 A 16 B 11 B 12 B 16 A 12A22A26 B 12 B22 B26

A 16 A 26 A 66 B 16 B 26 B 66 B 11 B 12 B 16 Dll B 12B22B26 D12 D16

D12 D22 D26 D16D26D66 Bll B16 Dll D12 D16 B12 B26 D12 D22 D26 B16 B66 D16 D26 D66

Nih -=E o
£y

=
All A 16 Bll B12 B 16

B16B26B66 A 16 A66 B16 B26 B66

1
h

(85)

Gxy will be given by:

A 11 A 12 A 16 B 11 B 12 B 16 A 12A22A26 A16A26A66 BllB12B16 B12B22B26 B 12B22 B26 B16B26B66 DllD12DI6 D12D22D26 D16D26D66 Bll B12 Dll D12 D16 B12 B22 D12 D22 D26 B16 B26 D16 D26 D66

Nxylh --=G xy = o Yxy

B16B26B66 All A12 Bll B12 B16 A12 A22 Bl2 B22 B26

(86)

36

Poisson's ratio will be determined as it was for symmetric laminates. For vXY' the contraction in the y-direction upon an applied stress in the x-direction must be obtained. This is given by:

A 12 A 16

A26 A66 B16 B26 B66

B12 B16 Dll D12 D16

B22 B26 D12 D22 D26

B26 B66 D16 D26 D66

-N) Bll
B12
0

B16

£Y

=
AllA12A16 BllB12B16 A 12 A 22 A 26 B 12 B 22 B 26 A 16 A 26 A 66 B 16 B 26 B 66 BUB12B16 B 12 B22 B26 B16B26B66 DllD12D16 D12 D22D26 D16D26D66

(87)

Thus,

YAY

will be given by:

A 12 A 16
-

A26 A66 B16 B26 B66

B12 B16 Dll D12 D16

B22 B26 D12 D22 D26

B26 B66 D16 D26 D66

Bll B12

xy

-£ =.2
0 £x

B16

=
A22 A26 B12 B22 B26 A26 A66 B16 B26 B66 B12 B16 Dll D12 D16 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66

(88)

Vyx

is given by:

37

A12 A 16 B12 B22 0 -ex vyx- 0-_ey B16

A 16 A66 B16 B26 B66

B11 B16 D11 D12 D16

B12 B26 D12 D22 D26

B16 B66 D16 D26 D66

(89)
Au A16 B11 B12 B16 A 16 A66 B16 B26 B66 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66

Example 2:

Given a 2-ply laminate of stacking sequence [0,+45]r, Ex will be calculated. From example I, the Ai/S are known. The Bi/S and Dij's must be calculated. To obtain the Bij, use equation (54) with the already determined values in equations (E1.2) and (E1.3).
B 11 = 20,130,755Ib/in
2 2

(0.005 in)(0.0025 in) (0.005 in)(--O.0025 in)

+ 6,557,237Ib/in B 12 = 392,6561b/in
2

= 170 lb
,

(0.005 in)(0.0025 in)

2

+ 4,555,2381b/in
B22

(0.005 in)(0.0025 in)

= -521b

= 1,308,853Ib/in

(0.005 in)(0.0025 in)

2
2

(E2.1)

+ 6,557,2371b/in

(0.005 in)(--O.0025 in) = -661b (0.005 in)(-0.0025 in) in)

B 16 = 0+4,705,4831b/in B26

= -591b

, ,

= 0+4,705,4831b/in2 (0.005 in)(-0.0025 2 B 66 = 1,001,000 Ib/in (0.005 in)(0.0025 in)

+ 5,163,582Ib/in
2

= -591b
.

(0.005 in)(--O.0025 in)

= -521b

Use equation (56) to find the Dij's:

38

Dl1

= 20,130,7851b/in
+ 6,557,2371b/in

2 ((

0.005)3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(0.0025) in Q005 )3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(-0.0025) in = 1.112 in-lb ,

2 ((

D12

= 392,656 lb/in

2 ((

0.005)3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(0.0025) in

+ 4,555,238 lb/in

2 ((

0.005)3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(-0.0025) in = 0.206 in-lb

D22

= 1,308,853 Ib/in

2 ((

0.005)3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(0.0025) in

+ 6,557,2371b/in

2 ((

0.005)3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(-0.0025) in = 0.328 in-lb ,

D16

= 0+ 4,705,483 lb/in

2 ((

0.005)3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(-0.0025) in = 0.196 in-lb ,

D26

= 0+ 4,705,4831b/in

2 ((

0.005 )3 2) 3 12 + (0.005)(-0.0025) in = 0.196 in-Ib ,

D66

= 1,001,000 lb/in 2 ((0.005f 12

+ 5,163,5821b/in ((0.005 12

+ (0.005)(0.0025) in

2) 3 2) 3 = 0.257 in-lb.
(E2.2)

+ (0.005)(-0.0025) in

Now use equation (84) and the Fortran programs in appendix A to obtain:

-0

Nxlh

ex

= Ex =

8.43xl0

11

Ib

14,440,7501b -in 0.01 in

5.

= 5,839,000 lb/in

(E2.3)

39

D. Summary

The equations for the in-plane engineering constants of a symmetric laminate are:

A 12 __ A_16_A2_6)
A66

40

For unsymmetric laminates, the engineering constants are given by:

AllA12A16 A 12A 22A26 A16A26A66 BllB12B16 B 12 B22 B26 B 16 B26 B66

BllB12B16 B 12 B22 B26 B16B26B66 DllD12D16 D12 D22 D26 D16 D26 D66

Ex

=
A22 A26 B12 B22 B26 A26 A66 B 16 B26 B66 B12 B16 Dll D12 D16 B22 B26 D12 1)22 D26 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66

1
h

AllA12A16 A12A22A26

BllB12B16 B12B22B26

A 16 A 26 A 66 B 16 B 26 B 66 BllB12B16 B 12 B22 B26 B16B26B66 DllD12D16 D12 D22 D26 D16D26D66

E yAll A 16 Bll B12 B 16 A 16 A66 B 16 B26 B66 Bll B16 Dll D12 D16 B12 B26 D12 D22 D26 B16 B66 D16 D26 D66

41

A 11 A 12 A 16 B 11 B 12 B 16 A 12 A 22 A 26 B 12 B 22 B 26 A 16 A 26 A 66 B 16 B 26 B 66 Bl1B12B16 B12B22B26 B16B26B66 Dl1D12D16 D12D22D26 D16D26D66

GxyA11 A12 Bl1 B12 B16 A12 A22 B12 B22 B26 Bl1 B12 Dl1 D12 D16 B12 B22 D12 D22 D26 B16 B26 D16 D26 D66

1 h

42

A12 A 16

A 16 A66 B16 B26 B66

B11 B16 D11 D12 D16

B12 B26 D12 D22 D26

B16 B66 D16 D26 D66

B12 B22 B16

A11 A16 B11 B12 B16

A 16 A66 B16 B26 B66

B12 B16 D11 D12 D16

B22 B26 D12 D22 D26

B26 B66 D16 D26 D66

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS A. Importance

Like all engineering materials, laminates will contain residual stresses from processing, or will experience strains due to thermal effects or moisture absorption. However, because of the anisotropic nature of composite laminates, these effects become much more important. It is well known that most laminates are processed or "cured" at elevated temperatures. It is at this elevated temperature that the molecular structure of the material is set. Upon cooling, the laminate will experience many internal stresses as each ply contracts a different amount in different directions. For unsymmetric laminates, this can be seen by warpage of a flat plate as it is removed from its molding platens. In some cases, this warpage is desirable to achieve a natural "twist" in the material (such as for helicopter rotors). In general, the more anisotropic the laminate, the more important the residual thermal and moisture absorption stresses become. The thermal effects will be quite important in the next section on ply stresses.

B. Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

Just like any other material, fiber/resin systems will experience a change in strain with a change in temperature. These strains are defined by the coefficients of thermal expansion. These values are material constants in each principal material direction. Thus, two constants will describe the thermal expansion coefficients for any lamina. These are defined as: a1 - coefficient of thermal expansion in the fiber direction and a2 - coefficient of thermal expansion in the direction perpendicular to the fibers. 43

These values have dimensions of inch/inch/'P that is being used.

or inch/inch/vC, depending on the temperature scale

Just as with the mechanical strains, the thermal strains must be transformed into the laminate coordinate system: 2 cos 8
=

ax axy

. sm 28 cos 8 -sin 8cos 8 2

-2 sin 8cos 8 2 sin 8cos 8

2 2 (cos 8- sin 8)

al a2
0 (90)

<

. sm 28 sin 8 cos 8

Note that a coefficient of thermal expansion for shear is formulated if the lamina being examined does not have its material axes as principal material axes (i.e., 8:j:: 0° or 90°). The amount of thermal strain induced in each lamina is given by:

ex

= ax I:1T

, (91)

where the superscript T denotes "thermal," and I:1T denotes the change in temperature from cure to operating temperature. These thermal strains are now treated just like the mechanical strains considered earlier. Therefore, from equation (43). it can be seen that when these thermal strains are combined for each layer of the laminate, thermal stress resultants are present: NT

x
y

NT NT
xy

=L k=l

Qll

Ql2 Ql6

ex
ey k

T T
(hk-hk-l)

Ql2 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

(92)

Yxy

From equation (44), it can be seen that thermal moment resultants also develop: MT
t

MT

Mxy

=L k=l

Qll

Q12Q16

ex

T T

Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66 k

ey

.!_ 2
k

(h

2 2 -h ) k k-l

(93)

Yxy

44

These thermal stress and moment resultants can be added to the mechanical stress and moment resultants to arrive at the total stress and moment resultants:
Tot Nx Tot Ny Tot N xy NT x

n,
+
Ny Nxy

NT y NT xy

and

Tot x Tot My Tot M xy

MT x

u,
+
My Mxy

MT y MT xy

(94)

where the superscript

Tot denotes "total".

Typical values of the thermal expansion coefficients for carbon/epoxy is a1 = -0.072xlO-6 in/in/oF and a2 = 32.4x10-6 in/in/oF. Note that in the fiber direction, the material actually contracts upon heating (or expands upon cooling). Also, note the large differences in the two coefficients. For this reason, composite materials have been used in many applications where a certain thermal expansion is desired, since plies can be combined to give a wide range of values (including near zero which is very convenient for optical benches).

C. Moisture Effects
Swelling of a composite material due to moisture absorption is handled in the exact same manner as expansion due to temperature differences. The moisture swelling coefficients in each principal material direction must be known. They are designated as f31, along the fiber direction, and {32, perpendicular to the fiber direction. The strain due to moisture , absorption is given by:

ex

M M

= f3x!l.m = f3y!l.m

, ,
(95)

ey

Yxy = f3xy!l.m ,
where the f3i' S are the transformed moisture expansion coefficients, Sm is the moisture concentration in weight moisture/weight material, and the superscript M denotes "moisture." Stress and moment resultants can be determined due to the effects of moisture absorption. Typical values of moisture expansion coefficients for carbon/epoxy are, f31 = 0.01 in/in/gIg and f32 = 0.35 in/in/gIg. The moisture concentration is usually a very low number under normal operating circumstances -0.0005 gIg. However, in humid environments this number may be much higher.

45

VII. STRESSES AND STRAINS WITHIN LAMINAE OF A SYMMETRIC LAMINATE A. Strains Within the Laminae
So far, in this paper, methods have been shown to describe the stress-strain behavior of a laminate as a whole. In many instances, however, the stresses and/or strains in each ply may need to be known. To do this, the constitutive equation (52) is used to find the total midplane strains and curvatures. From these values, the total strain in each ply can be calculated from equation (30). These strains can then be transformed into strains in the principal material directions by the first equation in (18). As in finding the engineering constants of a laminate, the most involved step in performing this analysis is the manipulation of matrices. The A', B', and D' matrices must be found from the A, B, and D matrices.

Example 3:
Using the symmetric laminate in example 1, [0,+45]s, find the strains in each ply in each ply's principal material direction given a tensile load of 1,000 lb on a 2-in wide specimen in the x-direction. The x-direction is parallel to the 0° fibers. Assume no environmental effects. The specimen is 2-in wide, therefore, the stress resultant is N
x

1,000 lb 2in

= 500

lb in

(E3.1)

From example 1, the Aij ,are known. Since the laminate is symmetric, the Bij are zero. The Dij are given by:

Du

= 20,130,7851b1in2((0.~~5)'

+ (0.005)(0.0075)2) in

2 + 6,557,237 Iblin2 (( O.~~5)' + (0.005)(0.0025) }n 3

+ 6,557,237Ibfm2 ((0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(~.0025Y) in3

2 + 20,130,785 Iblin2 ( (0.~~5)' + (0.005)(~. 0075) }n 3 = 12.3 in-lb ,

46

D 12 = 392,656 lb/in ( (0.~~5)' + (0.005)(0.0075) )

in 3

+ 4,555,238 Iblin2 ( (0.~~5 )3 + (0.005)(0.0025)2 }n3

0 2 + 4,555,238 lb/in 2 ( ( .~~5)' + (0.005 )(-0.0025) ) in 3 3 2 ( (0. ~~5) + (0.005 )(-0.0075) 2) in 3= 0.609 in-lb , + 392,656 Ib/in

D22 =

1,308,853 lb/in 2 ( (0.~~5)' + (0.005)(0.0075

Y)

in 3

+ 6,557 ,2371blin2 (( 0.~~5 )3 + (0.005)( 0.0025)2) in3

0 + 6,557,237 lb/in 2 ( ( .~~5)' + (0.005 )(-0.0025

Y) in 3
in3 = l.31 in-lb ,

+ 1,308,8531blin2

(0.~~5 )3 + (0.005)(-0.0075)2)

3
D [6 = 0 lb/in ( (0.~~5 ) + (0.005)(0.0075
2

Y}n

+ 4.705,4831blin2 ( (0.~~5 )3 + (0.005)(0.0025)2)

in3

+ 4,705,483 lb/in 2 ( (0.~5 )3 + (0.005)(-0.0025

Y)

in3

47

D26 = 0 Iblin 2 ( (O.:5

)3 + (O.005){0.0075)2) in3

+ 4.705,483 Iblin2 ({ 0.~~5)' + (O.005){0.0025

3

Y)

in3

+ 4,705,483 Ib/in 2 ( (0.~~5 ) + (O.005 )(-D. 0025)' }n

+ 0 lb/in 2 ( (O.:5)'

+ (0.005 )(-D. 007 5

Y)

in 3 = 0.392 in-Ib ,

D66 = 1,001,000 lb/in 2 ( (0.:5 )3 + (O.005)( 0.0075) ) in

+ 5,163,582 Iblin 2 ( (O.~~5)' + (0.005 )(0.0025) }n

+ 5,163,582 Iblin2 ( (O.~~5)' + (O.005)( -D.0025)2) in

+ 1,001,000 Iblin 2 ( (O.~~5

+ (O.005)( -D.0075 ) }n

= 1.014 in-Ib

Using equations (51) and (53). the A' and D' matrices can be found. The B' and C' matrices will be zero since the B matrix is zero.

[A'] = [A

49,479 49,479 78,661 ( 47,055 47,055

266,880

4.41 -1.4 -2.31 . -6 In -1.4 23.8 -17.1 x 10 Ib -2.3 -17.1 31.05

(E3.2)

48

-1

[D'] = [Dr

12.3 0.6090.392) = 0.609 1.31 0.392 in-lb ( 0.392 0392 1.014

0.0836 -0.033 -0.0195 1 = -0.033 0.876 -0.326 (in-Ibr -0.0195 -0.326 1.12

(E3.3)

Therefore, the constitutive equation is:

0

£x

A11 A12A16 A12 A22 A26

000 000 000 D11 D12 D16

D12 D22 D26 D16D26 D66 Nx

£y
0

0 0 0 0 0

Yxy

=
Kx Ky Kxy

A16A26A66

o o o
11

00 00 00

£0
x

=A'

Nx = 4.41xl0-6 in (500 lb) = 0.00221 in

lb

in

in

(E3.4)

' eo =A12Nx=-1.4xlO
y

-6

in ( 500-;- =-0.0007-;lb) • in lb 10 10

Yxy =A16Nx = -2.3xl0 Kx=O;

0'

-dn (lb) in = -0.00115 in in lb 500

Kxy=O

Ky=O;

These are the midplane strains and curvatures. Using equation (30), it can be seen that since the midplane curvatures are zero, then the strains in each ply will be equal to the midplane strains. In other words, the strains are constant through the thickness in any given direction since there is no bending and therefore z does not enter into the calculation. To transform these strains into the principal material directions for the +45° ply:

49

£1 £2 =

2 cos 45° 2 sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

2 sin 45° 2 cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

2sin 45° cos 45° -2sin 45° cos 45° 2 (cos 245° - Sin 45°)

0.00221 -0.0007 -0.00115 2 (E3.5)

r12

+45

£1

+45

= 0.00018;

£2 = 0.00133;

+45

r12

+45

= -0.00291
exy

Note: Recall that the engineering shear strain must be put into tensorial shear strain, before transformation.

= 112 rxy,

B. Stresses Within the Laminae

The stresses in a lamina can be determined once the strains are known by applying equation (23) to each ply. If thermal or moisture strains are present, these strains must be subtracted from the total strain since they are not caused by an external force.

Example 3a:
Find the stresses in each ply of the laminate in example 3. 0.00221 -0.0007 -0.00115

(Jx

20,130,785 =
0

392,656 1,308,853 0

0 0 1,001,000 Ib/in

<
1'xy

392,656 0

«:
(Jy

44,214]
=
0

·48

Ib/in

, (E3a.l)

1'xy

-1,151

6,557,2374,555,2384,705,483
=

0.00221

5,892 =
+45 1'xy +45

4,555,2386,557,2374,705,483
4,705,4834,705,4835,163,582

Ib/in

-0.0007
-0.00115

66 1,167

2 Ib/in .

(E3a.2)

xy +45

Transforming the +45° ply into its principal material directions:

(J1 (J2

2 cos 45° 2 sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

+45

2 sin 45° 2 cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

+45

2sin 45° cos 45° -2sin 45° cos 45° 2 2 (cos 45° _ sin 45° ) 2
+45

5892 66 1167 Ib/in

12 +45
(J1

= 4,1461b/in

(J2

= 1,8121b/in ;

1'12

=-2,913Ib/m

.2

(E3a.3)

50

Example 4: The importance of thermal effects can be found by working problem 3, taking into account that the laminate was cured at 176.7 °C and tested at 21.1 "C. This implies a f).T of -155.6 °C. The coefficients of thermal expansion for AS4/350 1-6 are given below:

al =-0.04xl0

-6

in -in °C

a = 18xlO
2

-6

in -in °C

(E4.1)

Using equation (90), for the 0° plies the coefficients are:

a
and for the +45° plies:

=-0.04xlO

-6

in -in °C

a = 18xlO
y.

-6

in -in °C

(E4.2)

6 ~. a+45 = 8.98xl0-6 ~. +45 = 8.98xlO+45 =-9.02xlO-6 y x in 0C ' a in °C ' axy From equation (91), the thermal strains in the 0° and the 45° plies can be found:
£0 T = x

~ in °C

(E4.3)

0.0000062 in in

ey =-0.0028
= -0.0014

OT

r, xy

OT

=0

(E4.4)

£+45 T
x

= -0.0014 in ; in

£+45 T

; r,+45 T = 0.0028
xy

(E4.5)

Using equations (92) and (93), these can be converted into thermal stress and moment resultants:
NT

-33.57 = -60.42 12.83

NT y NT xy

lb

(E4.6)

The thermal moment resultants will be zero for the same reason the Bij are zero, the laminate is symmetric. Thus:

51

ex ey
0

0 0

An A12A16
A12A22A26 A16A26A66

000 000 000

Dn D12D16
D12 D22 D26 D16D26D66

Nx Ny

Tot Tot Tot

Yxy
=

Nxy

Kx Ky K xy 2

000 000 000

6

0 0 0

eO= 4.41xlO-6 in (466.43 lb) -1.4xl0x lb in eO= -1.4xl0y

6

in (-60.42 Ib) -2.3xlO- in (12.83 Ib) lb in lb in

= 0.00211 = -0.00231 = 0.00036

(E4.7)

2 Ib) +23.8xlO-6 in2(_60.42 lb) -17.lxl0-6 in (12.83 lb) in (466.43 lb in lb in lb in 2 2 in (466.43 lb) -17.1xlOlb in Kx=O
6

'l = -2.3xl0xy

2 lb in

2 Ib in

in (-60.42 lb) +31.05xl0-6 in (12.83 lb)

Ky=O

Kxy=O

Transforming these into principal material directions for the 45° plies gives: 2 cos 45° sin245° - sin 45° cos 45°
+45

e1 e2 2
Y12

sin245° 2 cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

0.00211 -2sin 45° cos 45° -0.00231 (COS245° - Sin245°) 0.00036 2

Y12

2sin 45° cos 45°

e1

+45

= 0.0001

e2

+45

= -0.0003

+45

= -0.00442

. (E4.8)

The lamina stresses are:

52

(jx (jy

20,130,785
=
0

392,656 1,308,853 0

0 0 1,001,000 Ib/in

392,656 0

0.00211-0.000006 -0.00231-(-0.0028) 0.00036-0

0

T.\y

(jx

42,543
=

(E4.9) Ib/in 2

«;
t

1,467 360

XYo

For the 0° ply, the x-direction, stress is altered slightly, but the y-direction quite different due to the thermal effects. 6,557,237 4,555,238 4,705,483

and shear stresses are

=
l' xy +45

4,555,2386,557,2374,705,483 4,705,4834,705,4835,163,582

Ib/in

0.00211-(-0.0014) -0.00231-(-0.0014) 0.00036-0.0028

+45

(jx (jy

7,389

(E4.10) Ib/in 2

=
+45

-1,460 -366

Txy

Transforming

the +45° ply stresses into principal material direction stresses:

(j1 (j2

= +45
(j1

2 cos 45° 2 sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

+45 = 2,600 Ib/in

2 sin 45° 2 cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

+45
(j2

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45° 2 (cos 45° - sin 245°) 2
+45

7,389 -1,460 -365

.2

Ib/in

1'12

. (E4.11)

= 3,330 Ib/in

1'12

= -4,425Ib/m

For the + 45° plies, the stresses vary substantially in all directions due to thermal effects. Example 5: Perform the same exercise as above taking into account moisture uptake. The amount of moisture absorbed by the composite is 0.007 gIg, and the moisture swelling coefficients are /31 = 0.01 in/in/gIg and f32 = 0.35 in/in/g/g.

53

The moisture expansion coefficients need to be transformed for the +4So plies;

fix fiy

cos2 4So

sin245° cos 45°

2

-2 sin 45° cos 45° 2'sin 45° cos 4So

2 2

=
+45 5

sin 45° sin 45° cos 45°

Pxy

- sin 45° cos 45° cos 45° - sin 4So ; fi~5

0.01 0.3S 0 (ES.l)

fi-:

= 0.18 in/inlg/g

/3;45 = 0.18 in/in/gIg

= -0.17 in/in/gIg

The strains due to moisture uptake are given by equation (9S):

cOM

xin

= 0.00007 in
in
y

. cOM 'y

= 0.00245 in
in

. '110M = 0 in ' fxy

£+45M
x

= 0.00126 in

; £+45M

= 0.00126 in

; r,+45M = -0.00238 in xy in

(ES.2)

The stress and moment resultants due to moisture swelling can now be calculated using equations (92) and (93):

< {

tI!

51.7 in 60.4 Ib -4.3

(ES.2)

The moisture moment resultants will be zero since the laminate is symmetric. The new total stress resultant is the sum of the mechanical, thermal, and moisture stress resultants:

= [SOO].~b+ [-33.6]. 0 -60.4 o 12.8

~b+ [51.7]. ~ 60.4 -4.3

= [518.1]. 0
8.5

~b·

(ES.4)

Using the constitutive equation, the midplane strains can be calculated as they were in equations (E3.4) and (E4.7).

S4

r Ex°
£y

AllA12A16 A12A22A26 A16A26A66

000 000 000

Dll D12D16
D12 D22 D26 D16D26D66
2

Nx

Tot Tot Tot

° Yxy °

Ny

Nxy

Kx Ky Kxy

000 000 000

0 0 0

£0

= 4.41xlO-6
6

in (51S.1 lb) -1.4xl0-6 in (0 lb) -2.3xlO-6 in (S.5 lb) lb in lb in lb in

2 6 2 6 2

= 0.00227 = -0.000S7 = -0.00093

. (E5.5)

£0

= -1.4xl0-

in (51S.1 lb) +23.Sxl0- in (0 lb) -17.1xlO- in (S.5 lb) lb in lb in lb in in (51S.1 lb) -17.1xlO-6 in (0 lb) +31.05xlO-6 in (S.5 lb) lb in lb in lb in
Kx=O; Ky=O; Kxy=O
2 2 2

r.,0

xy

= -2.3xl0-6

Transforming these strains into principal material direction strains for the +45° plies;

sin245°

0.00227 2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45° (cos2 45° _ sin 245° ) -0.000S7 -0.00093
2

=
- sin 45° cos 45°

cos 45°

+45 £1

= 000024 .

C>2+45-_ G

0.00117

Y12

+45

= -0.00314

(E5.6)

The stresses in the 0° plies are given by:

55

O'x

<
1'xy 0

20,130,785 392,656 392,656 1,308,853

0.00227-0.000006-0.00007 2 -0.00087-(-0.0028)-0.00245 lb/in o -0.00093-0-0 1,001,000 43,963 2 181 Ib/in -931

o
(E5.7)

O'x O'y 1'xy 0

The stresses in the +45° plies are given by: 6,557,2374,555,2384,705,483 4,555,2386,557,2374,705,483 4,705,4834,705,4835,163,582 0.00227-(-0.0014)-0.00126 2 -0.00087-(-0.0014)-0.00126 Ib/in -0.00093-0.0028-(-0.00238) 6,125 2 -161 Ib/in 934

+45

O'x O'y

(E5.8)

xy +45

Transforming these stresses into principal material directions for the +45° plies:

0'1 0'2

=
+45

2 cos 45° sin245° - sin 45° cos 45°

sin245° 2 cos 45° sin 45° cos 45° ,

+45 0'2

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45° (cos2450- sin245°)
,
+45

6,125 -161 934

.

Ib/in2

1'12

+45 0'1

= 3,9161b/in

= 2,048 lb/in2

1'12 = -3,143Ib/m

(ES.9)

The swelling strain of moisture uptake tends to diminish the contraction due to processing thermal differences.
Example 6:

Find the stresses and strains in each lamina of the laminate used in the previous examples if the laminate is subjected to a bending moment in the 0° fiber direction of S in-Ib/in.

56

The constitutive equation is:

0

ex ey
0

A11 A12A16 A12A22A26

000 000 000

D11 D12D16 D12 D22 D26 D16D26D66

Yxy

=
Kx Ky Kxy

A16A26A66

0 0 0
Mx

000 000 000

0 0

, Kx=DllMx=0.0836:--lb
Ky = D1,

In-

( 5-. - =0.418:in-Ib) In In

#x

in-Ib) =-0.165:=-0.033 :--lb ( 5 -.InIn In

(E6.1)

Kxy=D~6Mx=-0.0195

:--lb (5 i~-lb) =-0.0975:1010 v t xy

10

ex =0;

000

eY =0;

=0

Using equation (30), it can be seen that the strains in each ply will vary across the thickness of the ply. Thus, the distance the ply is away from the geometric midplane must be taken into account, as well as the direction of the fibers as in the previous examples. For clarity, assign the four plies of the laminate numbers as shown in the following:

z
.005 in. .005 in.
--

Ply # 1 Ply # 2 Ply # 3 Ply#4

00 +450 +450 00

.005 in. .005 in.

Since this laminate is symmetric, the geometric midplane is also the neutral plane of the plate. Thus, the strains will be zero at the bottom of ply No.2 and at the top of ply No.3. The following are calculations for other planes within the plate. . 57

The top of ply No.2:

Top

Yxy

0.418 = 0.005 in -0.165 -0.0975

+45

In

0.00209 -0.00083 -0.00049

(E6.2)

The bottom of ply No. 1 is at the same geometric location as the top of ply No.2 (Le., at z = 0.005 in). Thus, the strains will be the same. The top of ply No.1:
Top

[ e,

lYxy
The bottom of ply No.3: ex ey

ey

0.00418 0.418 = 0.01 in -0.165 - -0.00165 in -0.000975 -0.0975

0

(E6.3)

Bot

Yxy

0.418 =-0.005 in -0.165 -0.0975

+45

-0.00209 - 0.00083 In 0.00049

(E6.4)

The top of ply No.4 is at the same location as the bottom of ply No.3 and, thus, will have the above strains. The bottom of ply No 4:
Bot

Yxy 0 .

-0.00418 0.418 = -0.01 in -0.165 - 0.00165 in -0.0975 0.000975

(E6.5)

58

Transforming these strains into strains in the principal material directions for the +45 Top of ply No.2:

plies:

81 82

2 cos 45° 2 sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

2 sin 45° 2 cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45°

0.00209 -0.00083 -0.00049 2 (E6.6)

Y12

(COS245° Y12

sin 245°)

+45
81

+45

= 0.00039

82

+45

= 0.00088

+45

= -0.00292

Bottom of ply No.3:

81 82

2 cos 45° 2 sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

2 sin 45° 2 cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45° 2 2 (cos 45° - sin 45°)

-0.00209 0.00083 0.00049 2 (E6.7)

Y12

+45
81

+45

=-0.00039

82

+45

=-0.00088

, Y12 = 0.00292

+45

The stresses within the laminate is calculated from the strain using equation (23): Top of ply No. I:

Top

20,130,785

392,656 1,308,853

392,656

o o
1,001,000

0.00418 Ib/in2 -0.00165 -0.000975

o
(E6.8)

Top

ax
=

83,500
-518 -976 Ib/in
2

59

Bottom of ply No.1:

Bot.

ax ay
Txy

=
0

0 20,130,785 392,656 0 392,656 1,308,853 1,001,000 0 0

Ib/in2

0.002091 -0.00083 [ -0.00049

o
(E6.9)

Top of ply No.2:

Top

6,557,237 4,555,238 4,705,483 4,555,2386,557,2374,705,483 4,705,4834,705,4835,163,582

Ib/in2

[ 0.002091 -0.00083 -0.00049

+45

(E6.10)
:: Top

= [~:~~~1Ib/in2
3,399

T
xy +45

Since the laminate is symmetric, the stresses on the bottom half of the laminate will mirror those on the top, only with a change of tensile stresses to compressive and compressive to tensile (i.e., a change in sign). Transforming the stresses into the principal material directions for the +45° ply: Top of ply No.2:
Top

2 sin 45° cos 45°

=
T 12 +45

-2 sin 45° cos 45° - sin 45° cos 45° (cos 45° - sin 45°)
2 2

7,618] 1,772 lb/in2 [ 3,399

. (E6.11)
:: Top

= [ ~:~::
-2,923

]lb/in2

T
12 +45

60

The stresses in the bottom of ply No.3 will be the mirror of the stresses in the top of ply No.2, thus, for the bottom of ply No.3:
Bot (i1

-8,094 -1,296 Ib/in2 2,923

(E6.12)

12 +45

All of the information in example No.6 can be tabulated: Strains Plane Ply 1 (Top) Ply 1 (Bot.) Ply 2 (Top) Ply 2 (Bot.) Ply 3 (Top) Ply 3 (Bot.) Ply 4 (Top) Ply 4 (Bot.) Stresses Plane Ply 1 (Top) Ply 1 (Bot.) Ply 2 (Top) Ply 2 (Bot.) Ply 3 (Top) Ply 3 (Bot.) Ply 4 (Top) Ply 4 (Bot.)

z (in)
+0.01 +0.005 +0.005 0 0 -0.005 -0.005 -0.01 z (in) +0.01 +0.005 +0.005 0 0 -0.005 -0.005 -0.01

Cx

Cy

Yxy

c1 0.00418 0.00209 0.00039 0 0 -0.00039 -0.00209 -0.00418

C2

Y12

0.00418 0.00209 0.00209 0 0 -0.00209 -0.00209 -0.00418

-0.00165 -0.00083 -0.00083 0 0 0.00083 0.00083 0.00165

-0.00098 -0.00049 -0.00049 0 0 0.00049 0.00049 0.00098

-0.00165 -0.00083 0.00088 0 0 -0.00088 0.00083 0.00165

-0.00098 -0.00049 -0.00292 0 0 0.00292 0.00049 0.00098

(ix

(iy

Txy

(i1

(i2

1'12

83,500 41,747 7,618 0 0 -7,618 -41,747 -83,500

-518 -266 1,772 0 0 -1,772 266 518

-976 -490 3,399 0 0 -3,399 490 976

83,500 41,747 8,094 0 0 -8,094 -41,747 -83,500

-518 -266 1,296 0 0 -1,296 266 518

-976 -490 -2,923 0 0 2,923 490 976

Since the stresses and strains vary linearly through the thickness of each ply, a diagram of the stresses and strains through the laminate can be made. A few examples follow.

61

Z (in.)

-.5

l_.:::::;::g~~!El:~ J
Ply 4 -.4 -.3

o
-.005 -.01

-.2

-.1

ex

0 .1 (percent)

.2

.3

.4

.5

Z (in.)

Ply 1 Ply 2

~1·01 ~

'il'
-----------. Ply 4

.005
0

j.. Ply 3

-.5

l__..:::::;::g~~~~/0:,i~~~
-.4 -.3

J
.3
.4

-.005 -.01

-.2

-.1

0 .1 1 (percent)

.2

.5

r---------p;J_rl·
I
Ply 1 Ply 2~

Z (in.)

01 .005

-100 -80

l_~~~~~~l::-i:~ J
Ply 4

Ply 3

o
-.005 -.01

-60 -40 -20

ax (ksi)

20

40

60

80

100

62

VIII. STRESSES AND STRAINS WITHIN LAMINAE OF AN UNSYMMETRIC LAMINATE A. Difference From Symmetric Laminates
If the laminate being examined is not symmetric, then additional complexities arise in the material's behavior from that examined in the previous section. The neutral plane of the plate will not coincide with the geometrical midplane of the plate as it did for symmetric plates. Thus, there will be less simplifications, such as knowing the bottom half of a symmetric laminate will consist of a negative mirror image of stresses and strains from the top half due to bending moments. Also, environmental effects may become critical since the plate can warp due to these effects. Coupling now becomes extremely important and can cause very unique mechanical behavior characteristic of anisotropic plates

B. Example (O/+45)r Laminate Example 7:

Consider a 2-ply laminate of AS4/3501-6 properties were given in example 1 as: with a (01+45)T stacking sequence. The lamina

E1 = 20,010,000 lb/in? ,

E2
G12

= 1,301,000 lb/in?
= 1,001,000 lb/in?
V12 V21

, ,

= 0.3

, , in ,

= 0.02

Ply thickness and the resulting values for

-0

= 0.005

Q ij

for the 0° and the +45° plies were given as:

.2

Q 11 = 20,130,7851b/m
-0

12

= 392.656 =0
=0
, ,

lb/m

.2

, ,

= 6,557,237 -+45 Q 12 = 4,555,238

Q 11
-+45 Q22 -+45

-+45

Ib/m lb/in

.2 .2 2

, , ,

-0 Q22 -0 Q16 -0 Q26 -0 Q66

. = 1,308,8531b/m 2

. = 6,557,2371b/m

. = 4,705,483 lb/in 2 , -+45 .2 Q26 = 4,705,483Ib/m ,

Q 16

= 1,001,000

lb/in

.2

-+45 Q66

= 5,163,582Ib/m.

63

From equation (53), the Aij are obtained: 2 1b/in (0.005 in) = 133,440 ~b ,
10

All = [20,130,785+6,557,237]
A 12= [392,656+4,555,238]

2 lb/in (0.005 in) = 24,739 ~b ,

10

A 22= [1,308,853+6,557,237]

2 lb/in (0.005 in) =39,330 ~b ,

10

(E7.1)

A 16= [0+4,705,483] lb/in (0.005 in) :: 23,527 ~b ,

10

2 A 26= [0+4,705,483] Ib/in (0.005 in) = 23,527 ~b ,

10

A 66= [1,001,000+5,163,582]

2 Ib/in (0.005 in) = 30,823 ~b .

10

From equation (54), the Bij can be determined: B 11 = [20,130,785-6,557,237] B 12= [392,656-4,555,238] B 22 = [1,308,853-6,557,237] 2 lb/in (0.005 in) (0.0025 in) = 170 lb , 2 lb/in (0.005 in) (0.0025 in) = -52 lb , 2 Ib/in (0.005 in) (0.0025 in) = -66 Ib , , , . (E7.2)

B 16== [0-4,705,483] lb/in2 (0.005 in) (0.0025 in) = -59lb

B 26= [0-4,705,483]
B66

2 lb/in (0.005 in)(0.0025 in) = -59Ib

= [1,001,000-5,163,582]

2 lb/in (0.005 in)(0.0025 in) =-52Ib

From equation (56), the Dij can be determined:

Dll = [20,130,785 + 6,557,237] Ib/in

2 (( 0.005 in. )3 2) 12 + (0.005 in.)( 0.0025 in.) = 1.11 in-Ib ,

D12 = [ 392,656 + 4,555,23X ] lb/in 2((0.005in.r 12

+ ( 0.005 in. )( 0.0025 in. )2) = 0.206 in-lb ,

64

D22

= [1,308,853

+ 6,557,237] lb/in

((

0.005 in. )3 2) 12 + (0.005 in.)( 0.0025 in.)

= 0.328

in-lb ,

D16

= [0 + 4,705,483] = [0 + 4,705,483]

2 0.005 in. )3 lh/in (( 12 + (0.005

in.)( 0.0025 in.) ) = 0.196 in-lb

2

, (E7.3)

D26

lh/in

((

0.005 in. )3 2) 12 + (0.005 in.)( 0.0025 in.)

= 0.196 in-lb

D 66 = [ 1,001,000 + 5,163 ,582]lb/in

((

.o~~ ) in.

+ (0.005 in. )( 0.0025 in

Y) ,;

0.257 in-lb .

Find the stresses and strains in each of the two plies given a stress resultant in the x-direction 250 lb/in. The primed matrices must be obtained from equations (51) and (53): 8.80 -2.80 -4.60 -2.80 47.7 -34.3 -4.60 -34.3 62.1

of

[A *] =

x 10-6

in , lb

[B*]

-1.91 0.0014 0.115

0.933 0.979 0.866 02.66 1.16 0.934

x 10- in ,

[C*]=

1.91 -0.115

-D.933

-2.66 -1.16 xlO- in

3

-D.0014 -D.979

-D.866 -0.934

0.580 0.087 0.115 0.087 0.195 0.078 0.115 0.078 0.151 Therefore, in-lb .

65

17.0 -3.07 -11.6 -3.07 54.6 -25.9 -11.6 -25.9 77.7 -4.07 0.353 3.68
X

10

-6 In

lb '

0.368 3.38 3.72 x 10 lb ' 3.75 3.72 1.43 -4.07 0.368 3.75 0.353 3.38 3.68 3.72

-3

3.72 x 10 lb ' 1.43

-3

2.05 -0.366 -1.37 -0.366 6.53 -3.09 -1.37 -3.09 C},27

in-lb

Using the constitutive equation (52), the midplane strains and plate curvatures can be found. ' eo =Al1Nx=
x

in 17.0xlO -6 - ( 250:lb

Ib) =0.00425
In In

o = A ' N = -3.07xlO 12 x

-6

in lb) - ( 250:- = -0.00077 ,

fu

0' Y, =A16Nx=-11.6xlO
xy

-6

in lb) - ( 250:- =-0.0029 lb

In

,
(E7.4)

, Kx=Cl1Nx=-4.07xlO

-3

- ( 250:- =-1.02:, lb In In

Ib)

, Kxy=C16Nx=3.68xlO

-3 -I

( 250:lb)
In

=0.92:-

In

66

The strains throughout the laminate can now be calculated from equation (30). Use the following diagram for clarity;

z
+.005 in. ] Ply # I Ply # 2 0° +450
--i---------t--

-.00') in. --'--------------1 At the top of ply No.1:

Top

ex ey
Yxy
At the bottom of ply No.1:
0

0.00425

-1.02 + 0.005 in 0.088 0.92 in

-0.00085

-0.00077 -0.0029

-0.00033 0.0017

(E7.5)

Bot

ex ey
Yxy
At the top of ply No.2:
Top 0

0.00425

-1.02 +0 in 0.088 0.92 in

0.00425

-0.00077 -0.0029

- -0.00077
-0.0029

(E7.6)

ex ey
r, xy
At the bottom of ply No.2:
Bot

0.00425

-1.02 + Oin 0.088 0.92

m

0.00425

=
+45

-0.00077 -0.0029

- -0.00077
-0.0029

(E7.7)

ex ey
Yxy
+45

0.00425

-1.02 + 0.005 in 0.088 0.92 in

0.0094

-0.00077 -0.0029

-0.0012 -0.0075

(E7.8)

67

Transforming Top of ply No.2:

Top

the strains in the + 45° ply into the principal material directions.

e1 e2 =

cos 45° sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

+45 +45 e1 = 0.00029 2

sin 45° cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

2

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45° (cos 45° - sin 45° )
2 2

0.00425 -0.00077 -0.0029 2 (E7.9)

Y12 2

+45 e2 = 0.00319 ;

Y12 = -0.00502

+45

Bottom of ply No.2:

Bot

e1 e2 =

cos 45° sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

+45 +45 e1 = 0.00035 2

sin 45° cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

2

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45° (cos 45° - sin 45° )
2 2

0.0094 -0.0012 -0.0075 2 (E7.10)

Y12 2

+45 e2 = 0.00785

Y12 = -0.0106

+45

Putting these values of strain into tabular format: Strains Plane Ply 1 (Top) Ply l(Bot.) Ply 2 (Top) Ply 2 (Bot.)

z (in)
+0.005 0 0 -0.005

ex

£y

Yxy

£1

£2

Y12

-0.00085 0.00425 0.00425 0.0094

-0.00033 -0.00077 -0.00077 -0.0012

0.0017 -0.0029 -0.0029 -0.0075

-0.00085 0.00425 0.00029 0.00035

-0.00033 -0.00077 0.00319 0.00785 follows:

0.0017 -0.0029 -0.00502 -0.0106

A diagram of the through-the-thickness

strain in the x-direction

Z (in.)

~------------~-------------1

.005

-.005 -1.0 -.8 -.6 -.4 -.2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0

Ex (percent)

68

Note that although only a tensile stress is applied to the plate, a small amount of compressive strain is produced in the outer fibers of part of the 0° ply. This is due to the Bij terms which relate midplane strains to plate curvatures (i.e., due to the nonsymmetry, the plate is bending even though no bending moment is applied). As can be seen from the diagram, the plate is curving into the 0° fiber direction. Example 8: Consider an applied moment of 2.5 inch-lb/inch in the 0° fiber direction. The constitutive equation is:

CX
C

0 0

Al1 A12A16 A12A22A26 A16A26A66 = 000 000 000

00 00 0 0 0

Yxy Kx Ky Kxy

000 Dl1 D12 D16 D12D22 D26 D16D26D66

u,
0 0

(E8.1)

From this the midplane strains and plate curvatures can be found.

Cx

o = B 11 Mx = -0.00407 lb 2.5 ~ in-Ib) = -0.0102

I ( I (

o in-Ib) cy = B 12Mx = 0.000368 lb 2.5 ~ = 0.00092

Kx=Dl1Mx=
I

2.05 :--lb
Ill-

in-Ib) 2.5 -. - = 5.1-;III

III

Ky=DI2Mx=-0.366:--lb
I

In-

in-Ib) 2.5-.=-0.92-;III

(E8.2)

In

Kxy=DI6Mx=-1.37
I

:--lb
Ill-

in-Ib) =-3.43-;2.5 -.III

III

69

Using equation (30), the strains through each of the two plies can be calculated. For the top of the 0° ply:
Top

-0.0102 = 0.00092 0.00938 + 0.005 in

5.1 -0.92 -03.43

0.0153 . - -0.00368 in -0.0078 (E8.3)

For the bottom of the 0° ply (which will be the same as the top of the +45° ply since the laminate axes are being used, not the principal material axes for a specific ply):
Bot Top

ex ey Yxy
0

-0.0102 = 0.00092 0.00938

5.1 + 0 in -0.92 -03.43

In

-0.0102 = 0.00092 0.00938

ex

= ey

(E8.4)

r,

xy +45

For the bottom of the +45° ply:

Bot

-0.0102 = 0.00092 - 0.005 in

5.1 -0.92 -03.43 in -

-0.0357 0.00552 0.0265 (E8.5)

r,

0.00938

xy +45

Transforming the strains, in the +45° ply into principal material directions:
Top

e1 e2 Y12 -

cos 45° = sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

+45 +45 e1 = 0.000
2

sin 45° cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

2

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45°

(COS 2

-0.0102 0.00092 0.00938 2

45° - sin 45°)

+45 e2 =-0.00933

+45 Y12 = 0.0111

, (E8.6)

Bot.

e1 e2

cos 45° = sin 45° - sin 45° cos 45°

+45 +45 e1 = 0.00184
2

sin 45° cos 45° sin 45° cos 45°

2

2 sin 45° cos 45° -2 sin 45° cos 45° (cos 45° - sin 45°)
2 2

-0.0357 0.00052 0.0265 2 (E8.7)

Y12

+45 e2 = -0.0283

+45 Y12 = 0.0412

70

Putting the above values of strain into tabular form: Strains Plane Ply 1 (Top) Ply l(Bot.) Ply 2 (Top) Ply 2 (Bot.)

(in.)

ex

By -0.00368 0.00092 0.00092 0.00552

Yxy

e1 -0.00085 0.00425 0 -0.00184

e2 -0.00033 -0.00077 -0.00933 -0.0283

Y12

+0.005 0 0 -0.005

0.0153 -0.0102 -0.0102 -0.0357

-0.0078 0.00938 0.00938 0.0265

0.0017 -0.0029 0.0111 0.0412

A diagram of the through-the-thickness

strain in the x-direction follows: Z (in.)

.005

o
-.005 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -.05 0 .5 1.0 1.5

Ex (percent) Note that at the geometric midplane, the strain is not zero but -1.02 percent, even though only a bending moment has been applied. This is due to the bending-extension coupling that is present in this unsymmetric laminate. The plane of zero strain in the x-direction. can be determined by setting ex equal to zero in equation(30) and solving for z: 0 -0.0102 0.00938 in)Z 5.1 -3.43
10

ey = 0.00092 +z -0.92

Yxy

(E8.8)
=>z=0.002in

=> 0=-0.0102+(5.1

Thus, at z = 0.002 in, the x-direction strain is zero for this example. A diagram of the through-thethickness strain along the fibers in each ply follows:

71

Z (in.) .005

_~~

-.005 -.2 -.1

.1 £1 (percent)

.2

.3

.4

.5

c.

Determination

of the Neutral Plane

The plane of zero strain for any direction in an unsymmetric laminate can be calculated from equations (52) and (30). For pure bending in the x-direction:

0 0 0

»;». =
Bl2Mx Bl6Mx

»:».
+z
Dl2Mx Dl6Mx

in

(96)

z=-,
Dll

- BII

for the

ex = 0 plane

z=-,Dl2 - Bl6 Dl6

-B12

for the Ey

= 0 plane = 0 plane

(97)
for the Y, xy .

Z=-,-

72

For example No.8, these values of

are; 0.00407 lb

For the ex = 0 plane;

z=

2.05 --:--lb Ill-

=0.002 in

For the ey = 0 plane ;

z=

-0.000353 lb -0.366 --:--lb

Ill-

= 0.00096 in (98)

-0.00368 For the Yxy = 0 plane;

z=

Ib

-1.37 --:--lb Ill-

= 0.0027 in

The general form of equation (96) is: For the ex = 0 plane;

0= B11Mx+B12My+B16Mxy+z(D11Mx+D12My+D16Mxy):For the

III

(99)

ey = 0 plane;

o = B 12M x+ B 22M y + B 26M xy+ z (D 12Mx +D 22M y+D 26M xy):III

For the Yxy = 0 plane;

(100)

o = B 16M x + B 26M y + B 66M xy+z (D 16Mx +D 26M y+D 66M xy):III

(101)

It can be seen that if only one moment resultant is acting on the laminate then the planes of zero str s (the neutral planes) will not depend on the value. However, if more than one moment resultant is being applied to the plate, then the magnitude of these moment resultants will determine where the neutral planes are located. Regardless, equations (99), (100), and (101) can be used to find the planes of zero strain for an unsymmetric laminate subjected to bending moments. Example 9: Consider a square laminated plate of AS4/3501-6 with a stacking sequence of [+45, 0, 90lT. Find the stresses and strains at room temperature (70 OF) in each ply in both the laminate and material directions due to thermal processing effects. The material was processed at 350 "F. Assume no moisture effects.

73

The lamina properties are: E

= 20,010,000 Ib/in2 , 2 E2 = 1,301,000 Ib/in , 2 G12 = 1,001,000 1b/in ,

1

v12=0.3
V21

,
,
-6

= 0.02
10

a1 = -0.072x

FO'

a2 = 32.4x 10 Ply thickness

-6

FO' .

= 0.005 in

From equation (10), the reduced stiffnesses can be calculated:

Q 11 =

E1 = 20,010,000 Ib/in = 20130 7851b/in2 1-V12V21 1-(0.3)(0.02) "

E2

Q22 =

1-V

12 21

= 1,301,000 Ib/in = 1 308 8531b/in2

1-(03)(0.02) (0.3 )(1,301,000 lb/in 2)

,
.2

V 12E2

(E9.1) ,

Q 12 =

1-V12V21

1-(0.3)(0.02)

= 392,656 lb/in

Q 66 = 1,001,000 Ib/in
From equation (22); for the 0° plies:

Q 11 = 20,130,785 Ib/in ,
-0 -0

-0

.2

Q 12 = 392,656 lb/in ,
. = 1,308,8531b/m 2 , -0
Q16 Q26

.2

Q22

=0

(E9.2)

-0 -0

=0 , lb/in
.2

Q66

= 1,001,000

74

For the +450 ply: Q ~5 = (20,130,785 lb/in 2)(0.707)4 +2( (392,656 lb/in 2+2( 1,001,000 lb/in +(l,308,853Ib/in2)(0.707)4
Q ~5 = ((20,130,785

1 707) 2(0.707)2 )to.

2

= 6,557,237Ib/in2

lb/in 2+ 1,308,853 lb/in 2-4(1,00 1,000 lb/in 2»)(0.707)2(0.707)

+392,656Ib/in2 (04 +(0.707)4)

5

= 4,555,238Ib/in2

Q~ = (20,130,785 IMn 2)(0.707)4 +2( (392,656 Iblin 2+2( 1,00 1,000 Iblin +(1,308,853Ib/in2)(0.707)4 Q ~5

1 707) 2(0.707)2 }to.

= 6,557,237Ib/in2

= ( 20,130,785

Iblin 2- 392,656 lb/in 2_2(1,00 1,000 Iblin )(0.707)3(0.707) Ib/in 2 2( 1,00 1,000 IWm

+( 392,656 lb/in 2-1,308,853

Q ~5

1 o.707)( o.707) 3 = 4,705,483 )( 1 707) 3(0.707) }to.

lb/in

= ( 20,130,785

lb/in 2-392,656 lb/in 2- 2(1,00 1,000 lb/in

+ ( 392,656 lb/in 2-1,308,853

lb/in 2+2(1,001,000 Iblin 2»)(0.707)(0.707)3 = 4,705,483 lb/in

Q ~5 = (20,130,785 lb/in 2+ 1,308,853 Ib/in 2- 2(392,6561b1in 2+ 1,001 ,000 IMn 1 707) 2(0.707)2 )(0.
+ 1,001,000 Ib/in2 (0.707)4 +(0.707)4) For the 900 ply:
-90

= 5,163,582Ib/in2

(E9.3)
Q 11 = 1,308,853Ib/m
-90 Q 12 -90 Q22 .2

= 392,656
-90 Q16 -90 Q26

lb/m ,
.2

.2

= 20,130,785Ib/m =0 =0
, ,

, (E9.4)

-90 Q66

= 1,001,000

lb/m .

.2

75

From equation (53):

All

= [20,130,785+6,557,237+1,308,853]
A
12

Ib/in (0.005
2

in) = 139,984
= 26,703

~: '

= [392,656+4,555,238+392,656]

Ib/in (0.005 in)

2

~: ' ~: '

A22

= [1,308,853+6,557,237
A
16

+ 20,130,785] Ib/in (0.005 Ib/in (0.005 in)

2 ( 0.005 2

in) = 139,984
~b ,
In

= [4,705,483]

= 23,527

A 26 = [4,705,483] lb/in A

in) = 23,527 ~b ,
In

(E9.5)

66

= [1,001,000+5,163,582+

1,001,000] Ib/in (0.005 in)

= 35,828

~: .

From equation (54); the Bij's will be: B 11 = [6,557,237(0.005)-1,308,853(0.005)] B 12 = [4,555,238(0.005)-392,656(0.005)] B 22 = [6,557,237(0.005)-20,130,785(0.005)] ~b(0.005 in)

In

= 131.21b =
1041b ,

~b (0.005 in)
In

~b (0.005
In

in)

= -339.41b
,

, (E9.6)

B 16 = [4,705,483] Ib/in2 (0.005 in)(0.005 in)

B26
B66

= 117.61b = =

[4,705,483] Ib/in (0.005 in)(0.005 in)

117.61b , 1041b .

[5,163,582(0.005)-1,001,000(0.005)]

!b (0.005 in)
In

From equation (56); the Dij's will be:

76

6,557,237( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(0.005)2) + 20,130,785( (0.~~5)3 + 0)

Dll=
= 1.275

in-lb ,

+ 1,308,853( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(0.005)2)

4,555,238( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(0.005)2) + 392,656( (0.~~5)3 + 0)

= 0.674 in-lb
+ 392,656( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(-0.005)2)

6,557,237( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(0.005)2) + 1,308,853( (0.~~5)3 + 0)

= 3.628 in-lb
+ 20,130,785( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(-{).005)2 )

D16 = 4,705,483( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(0.005)2) = 0.637 in-Ib ,

D26 = 4,705,483

(0.005) 3) 12

+ (0.005)(0.005)

2.

0.637 in-lb ,

3 3 2) + 1,00I,OOO(0.~~5) + 0) 5,163,582( (0.~~5) + (0.005)(0.005) (

= 0.845 in-lb .

+ I,OOI,OOO( (0.~~5)3 + (0.005)(-0.005)2)

(E9.7)

77

The extensional

stiffness [A], coupling stiffness [B], and bending stiffness [D] matrices are:

139,984 26,703 23,527 lb 26,703 139,984 23,527 in 23,527 23,527 35,828·

[B] =

131.2 104 117.6 104 -339.4 117.6 lb , 117.6 117.6 104 1.2750.6740.637 0.6743.6280.637 in-lb . 0.637 0.637 0.845

[D] =

The fully inverted form of the constitutive equations is needed. First, the partially inverted form is given by equation (51):

[A *] = []-1 A
[B*]=-[Ar1[B]=

8.1 -0.73 -4.8

-0.73 8.1 -4.8 ~4.8 -4.8 34.3

X 10-6 lb

In

'

-4.22 -5.26 -3.67 -1.82 33.9 -3.67 xlO-4in -29.05 -51.6 -24.38

[C*]=[B][Ar1=

4.22 1.82 29.05 5.26 -33.9 51.6 xlO-4in 3.67 3.67 24.38

[D*]=[D]-[B][Ar1[B]=

0.859 0.350 0.264 0.3501.8160.437 in-lb. 0.264 0.437 0.505

78

The fully inverted form can now be determined from equation (52a): 8.5 -0.91 -2.175 x 106 ~: '

-0.91 18.1 -10.3 -2.175 -10.3 55.2 -299 -120 -467

-427 2,614 -2,765 x 10 lb ' -1,932 -1,959 -2,124 (E9.8) -299 -427 -1,932
-6

-6

-120 2,614 -1,959 x 10 lb ' -467 -2,764 -2,124

[D'] = [D*]-

1.41 -0.119 -0.633 = -0.119 0.706 -0.548 in-lb -0.633 -0.548 2.79

The thermal expansion coefficients for each ply can be calculated from equation (90): For the +45° ply: ax= 16.16xlO For the 0° ply:
-6

po;

ay= 16.16xlO

-6

po;

axy=-16.24xlO

-6

FO

For the 90° ply: a x = 32.4xlO

-6

DO;
r

a y =-0.072xlO

-6

DO;

a xy = 0-F 0

The thermal stresses in each ply can be found using equation (91).

79

For the +45° ply: T ex = axfl.T= T ey = ayfl.T= T rxy = 2axyfl.T= For the 0° ply:

16.16xlO ~ po (-280 OF) =--0.004525 , 16.16xlO ~ F (-280 of ) =--0.004525 ,

O

(E9.9)

-32.48x10

-6

po (-280 of ) = 0.009094 .

T ey = ayfl.T=

r:

32.4xlO -6 po (-280 of ) = -0.009072 , = 2axyfl.T= 0 FO (-280 OF) = 0 .

(E9.10)

For the 90° ply;

T ex = axfl.T=

32.4xlO -6 Co (-280°C
6

=-0.009072 , (E9.11)

e;

= ayfl.T = -0.072xlO-

Co (-280°C) = 0.00002016 ,

I = 2a xyfl.T = 0 -Co (-280 DC)= 0 . xy

The thermal stress resultants can be found using equation (92):

80

6.557 4.555 4.7051 [-0.004525 4.555 6.557 4.705 -0.004525 + 4.7054.7055.164 0.009094 + 20.131 0.393 0 0.393 1.309 0 o 0 1.001 1.309 0.393 0 0.393 20.131 0 o 0 1.001 0.00002016 -0.009072 + x106 (0.005 in) Ib/in
2

-0.009072 0.00002016

(E9.12)

_112.6] -112.6 ~b 21.9 L in

The thermal moment resultant is given by equation (93):

6.5574.5554.705 4.555 6.557 4.705 4.7054.7055.164

-0.004525 -0.004525 (0.005 in) + 0.009094 0.00002016 -0.009072 (0 in) +

20.131 0.393 0 0.393 1.309 0 o 0 1.001 1.309 0.393 0 0.393 20.131 0 o 0 1.001 0.1093 = -0.1084 lb 0.1095

x106 (0.005 in) Ib/in2

-0.009072 0.00002016 (-0.005 in)

. (E9.13)

81

The mechanical stress and moment resultants have only one component due to the applied load; M, = -16.7 lb. Thus, the complete set of stress and moment resultants are:

-112.6 lb in

Nx Ny

Tot Tot

-112.6 lb in 21.91 lb in

N xy

Tot

Tot Mx

=
0.10931b -0.1084Ib 0.10951b

(E9.14)

My

Tot Tot

M .xy

The midplane strains and curvatures can now be calculated from the constitutive equations (52).
eO

= [(8.5)(-112.6) - (0.91)(-112.6) - (2.175)(21.91)] xl0-6

+ [(-299)(0.1093) - (120)(-0.1084) - (467)(0.1095)] xlO-6 = -0.0009731

eO

'

= [(-0.91)(-112.6)

+ (18.1)(-112.6) - (10.3)(21.91)] xlO-6

'

+ [(--427)(0.1093) + (2,614)(-0.1084) - (2,765)(0.1095)] xlO-6 = -0.002794

'i = [(-2.175)(-112.6)
xy

- (10.3)(-112.6) + (55.2)(21.91)] xlO-

+ [(-1,932)(0.1093) - (1,959)(-0.1084) - (2,124)(0.1095)] xl0-6

K, = [(-299)(-112.6) - (427)(-112.6) - (1,932)(21.91)] xl06

= 0.002383

' (E9.15)

+ [(1.41)(0.1093) - (0.119)(-0.1084) - (0.633)(0.1095)] = 0.1371 ~

in

Ky

= [(-120)(-112.6)

+ (2,614)(-112.6) - (1,959)(21.91)] xl0-6

m

+ [(-0.119)(0.1093) + (0.706)(-0.1084) - (0.548)(0.1095) = -0.4733 ~

82

Kxy

= [(-467)(-112.6)

- (2,764)(-112.6) - (2,124)(21.91)] x10-6

III

-+ [(-0.633)(0.1093) - (0.548)(-0.1084) + (2.79)(0.1095)] = 0.6130:-

Now equation (30) can be used to find the strains within the laminate, and once these are found, equation (23) can be used to find the stresses. At the top of the +45° ply, z = 0.0075 in:
Top

Cx

cy

r,

0.1371 0.000055 -0.0009731 -0.006344 -0.002794 + 0.0075 in -0.4733 in = 0.006981 0.6130 0.002383

(E9.16)

xy +45

At the bottom of the +45° ply (the top of the 0° ply, z = 0.0025 in:
Bot Cx

r,

C y
xy +45

-0.0009731 0.1371 -0.000630 -0.002794 + 0.0025 in -0.4733 :- = -0.003977 III 0.002383 0.6130 0.00391

(E9.17)

At the bottom of the 0° ply (the top of the 90° ply), z = -0.0025 in:
Bot

Cx

cy
Yxy 0

-0.001316 0.1371 -0.0009731 -0.002794 - 0.0025 in -0.4733 - -0.001611 in 0.000851 0.6130 0.002383

(E9.18)

At the bottom of the 90° ply, z = -0.0075 in:

Bot

Cx

cy r,
xy 90

-0.002001 0.1371 -0.0009731 -0.002794 - 0.0075 in -0.4733 - 0.000756 in -0.002215 0.6130 0.002383

(E9.19)

83

Transforming the +450 ply strains into principal material strains:

Top

£1 £2

=
+45

Y12

0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 0

0.000055 -0.006344 0.006981 2

0.000346 -0.006635 -0.003200

(E9.20)
£1

=>

£2
Y12

0.000346 -0.006635 -0.006400

Bot

£1 £2 -

=
+45

Y12
2

0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 -1 -0.5 05 0

-0.00063 -0.003977 0.003916 2

-0.000346 -0.004262 -0.001674

(E9.21)
£1

=>

£2
Y12

-0.000346 -0.004262 -0.003348

The stresses in the laminate material directions are; Note: Recall that the thermal strains must be subtracted out of the total strain.
Top
O'x O'y 'l'xy

=
+45 Bot

6.557 4.555 4.705 4.555 6.557 4.705 xI06lb/in2 4.7054.705 5.164

0.000055-(-0.004525) -0.006344-(-0.004525) 0.006981-0.009094

11.80 = -1.01 ksi , 2.08

(E9.22)

«:
O'y 'l'xy

6.557 4.555 4.705 -0.000630-(-0.004525) 6 2 = 4.555 6.557 4.705 x10 lb/in -0.003977-(-0.004525) 4.7054.7055.164 0.003916-0.009094
+45

3..67 -3.03 ksi , (E9.23) -5.83

84

Top
O'x O'y

'l'xy

-0.000630-0.00002016 20.131 0.393 0 6 2 x10 1b/in -0.003977-(-0.009072) 0 = 0.393 1.309 0.003916-0 1.001 0 0
0

-11.09 = 6.41 ksi , (E9.24) 3.92

r «.
'l'xy

Bot

y
0

-0.001316-0.00002016 20.131 0.393 0 6 2 x10 lb/in -0.001611-(-0.009072) 0 = 0.393 1.309 0.000851-0 1.001 0 0
Top

-24.0 = 9.24 ksi , 0.85

(E9.25)

O'x O'y t

-0.001316-(-0.009072) 1.309 0.393 0 6 2 x10 lb/in -0.001611-0.00002016 = 0.393 20.131 0 0.000851-0 1.001 0 0
Top

9.51 = -29.8 ksi , 0.85

(E9.26)

xy 90

O'x O'y

-0.002001-(-0.009072) 1.309 0.393 0 6 2 x10 lb/in -0.000756-0.00002016 = 0.393 20.131 0 0.002215-0 1.001 0 0

9.55 = 17.6 ksi -2.22

(E9.27)

xy 90

Transforming these stresses into the +450 ply's principal material directions;
Top 0'1 0'2

0.5 0.5 1 = 0.5 0.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 0

11.80 7.48 -1.01 ksi = 3.32 ksi , -6.41 2.08

(E9.28)

12 +45 Bot.

0'1 0'2 'l'12 +45

0.5 0.5 1 = 0.5 0.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 0

-5.51 3.67 -3.03 ksi = 6.15 ksi -5.83 -3.35

(E9.29)

85

Putting the strain and stress results into tabular form: PI S trams . Ly Location Top +45 Bot. +45 Top 0 Bot. 0 Top 90 Bot. 90

ex
0.000055 -0.000630 -0.000630 -0.001316 -0.001316 -0.002001

Sy -0.006344 -0.003977 -0.003977 -0.001611 -0.001611 0.000756

Yxy

e1
0.000346 -0.000346 -0.000630 -0.001316 -0.001611 0.000756

e2
-0.006635 -0.004262 -0.003977 -0.001611 -0.001316 -0.002001

112
-0.006400 -0.003348 0.003916 0.000851 -0.000851 0.002215

0.006981 0.003916 0.003916 0.000851 0.000851 -0.002215

PI S tresses m ksi . Ly SI Location O"x Top +45 Bot. +45 Top 0 Bot. 0 Top 90 Bot. 90

O"y

1"xy

0"1

0"2

1"12

11.80 3.67 -11.09 -24.0 9.51 9.55

-1.01 -3.03 6.41 9.24 -29.8 17.6

2.08 -5.83 3.92 0.85 0.85 -2.22

7.48 -5.51 -11.09 -24.0 -29.8 17.6

3.32 6.15 6.41 9.24 9.51 9.55

-6.41 -3.35 3.92 0.85 -0.85 2.22

The deformed shape of the plate can be predicted from the midplane strain and plate curvature results:

t? = -0.0009731
o ey = -0.002794 , o Yxy = 0.002383 ,
Kx=0.1371:m
x

(E9.30)

Ky = -0.4733 in ' K,\y= 0.6130:- .

10

From the definition of plate curvatures, equation (29), it is seen that these can be used to find the out-of-plane displacements w. Along the edge parallel to the 0° fibers (the x-direction) the plate will bend with a change in
wof:

(E9.31) 86

Let Wo

= 0 and Xl = O. This

edge will vary parabolically with length as shown in the following:

x (in.)

-.1371 -.5484

-----

-1.234

w (in.)

Along the edge perpendicular to the 0° ply fibers (the y-direction):

(E9.32)

This edge will also vary parabolically, but with a different bending direction with a more pronounced curvature.

w (y) in. 4.26

1.89

---------

.4733

Y (in.)

87

There will also be a twist to the plate:

(E9.33)

Again letting

Wo

= 0 and Xl

and YI

= 0:
w

= 3.7 in.

Superimposing the three curvatures will demonstrate what the plate will look like after it cures to room temperature:

88

IX. REFERENCE OF IMPORTANT EQUATIONS Transformation matrix: cos 28 . SIn 28 - sin 8cos 8 .2
2
')

SIn
COS

2 sin 8cos 8 -2 sin 8cos 8

(COS

[T] =

(1x

sin 8cos 8

8 - sin 8)

<
'fxy

[Tr =

2 cos 8 . SIn 28 sin 8cos 8

. SIn 28 2 cos 8 - sin 8cos 8

- 2 sin 8cos 8 2 sin 8cos 8

2 2 (cos 8- sin 8)

(11 (12 'f12

(1x

= [TJ

<
'fxy (11

(1x (1y 'fxy

= [TJ-1

(12 'f12

el e2 e12

ex

= [TJ

ey exy

ex ey exy

el

= [TJ-1

e2 e12

89

Stress-strain relationship for a lamina, along the principal material directions:

0"2 T12

Q12 Q22 0

e2
Y12

0 Q66

Q66 Stress-strain relationship for a lamina:

= G12

Q12 = (Q 1l+Q2r4Q66)m2n2 Q22 = Qlln Q16 Q26 4

+Q12(m 4+n 4)

+2( Q 12+2Q66)m2n2 +Q22m 4

Q12-Q22+2Q66)mn 3 3

= (Q ll-Q
= (Q

12-2Q66)m3n+(

ll-Q 12-2Q 66}/m+(

Q 12-Q22+2Q66)nm

= cos (}

n = sin (}

O"X O"y

Ql1 Q12 Q16

ex ey

Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

T),y

Yxy

90

Laminate constitutive

equations:

Extensional stiffness matrix:

n

Coupling stiffness matrix:

Bij=
Bending stiffness matrix:

k=l

L [Qij]ktkZ~

Partially inverted forms:

[B *] = - [A r1[B] ,

[c*] = [B][Ar

91

Fully inverted forms:

Fully inverted constitutive

equations:

Strains within a laminate: Ex Ey Ex

0

Kx Ky
KAY

Ey +Z

Yxy
Engineering constants for symmetric laminates:

Jiy

92

_A_16_A_26 12) -A
A66

Thermal stains: ex ey
T

= a!1T x = a!1T y
T

, ,

e =- =a !1T xy 2 xy Thermal stress and moment resultants: NT

Yxy

x
y

Ql1 Q12 Q16 Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

k

ex ey

T T
tk

NT NT
xy

=L

k=l

T
Yxy
k

MT

x
y

MT MT

=L

Q11 Q12Q16 Q12 Q22 Q26 Q16 Q26 Q66

k

ex ey

T T
tkzk

k=l

xy

Yxy

93

REFERENCES
1. Jones, R.M.: "Mechanics of Composite Materials." New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. 2. Halpin, J.C.: "Primer on Composite Materials: Analysis." Revised edition, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1984.

95

APPENDIX

A Fortran program to find the determinant of a 6x6 matrix is given below: C C C THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES THE DETERMINANT OF A 6 X 6 MATRIX WITH ELEMENTS "E" REAL E(6,6), ES(6,6), M INTEGER TAG,I,J,N M=1 N=1 DO 101=1,6 PRINT *, 'ENTER ROW #', I, 'OF THE MATRIX' READ *, E(I,I),E(I,2),E(I,3),E(I,4),E(I,5),E(I,6) CONTINUE CONTINUE TAG=N DO 75 I=N,5 IF (ABS(E(TAG,N» .GT. E(I+l,N» THEN TAG=TAG ELSE TAG=I+l ENDIF CONTINUE DO 80 J=N,6 ES(N,1)=E(TAG,1) ES(T AG ,J)=E(N,1) CONTINUE DO 90 J=N,6 E(N ,J)=ES(N,JO E(T AG ,J)=ES(T AG,1) CONTINUE M=M*E(N,N) DO 91 J=N,6 ES (N ,J)=E(N ,J )/E(N ,N) CONTINUE DO 95 J=N,6 E(N,J)=ES(N,J) CONTINUE DO 200 I=N+l,6 DO 150 J=N,6 ES(I,J)=( -1 *E(I,N)*E(N,J»+E(I,J) CONTINUE CONTINUE DO 300 I=N+l,6 DO 250 J=N,6 E(I,J)=ES(I,J) CONTINUE CONTINUE

10
40

75

80

90

91 95

150 200

250 300 96