Scribd
Upload
75 views

3.5 The Hyperbolic Functions: Pearson Education Limited, 2000

This document defines the hyperbolic functions of cosine, sine and tangent. It provides the formulas for calculating these functions and graphs showing their properties and shapes. The key properties discussed are that hyperbolic cosine is always positive, hyperbolic sine is odd and hyperbolic tangent ranges between -1 and 1.

Uploaded by

apocalypt
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
75 views

3.5 The Hyperbolic Functions: Pearson Education Limited, 2000

This document defines the hyperbolic functions of cosine, sine and tangent. It provides the formulas for calculating these functions and graphs showing their properties and shapes. The key properties discussed are that hyperbolic cosine is always positive, hyperbolic sine is odd and hyperbolic tangent ranges between -1 and 1.

Uploaded by

apocalypt
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

✎

3.5
✍ ✌

The hyperbolic functions


Introduction
In a number of applications, the exponential functions ex and e−x occur in particular combina-
tions and these combinations are referred to as the hyperbolic functions. This leaflet defines
these functions and show their graphs.

1. The hyperbolic functions


The hyperbolic cosine is defined as

ex + e−x
cosh x =
2
The hyperbolic sine is defined as

ex − e−x
sinh x =
2

These are often referred to as the ‘cosh’ function and the ‘shine’ function. They are nothing
more than combinations of the exponential functions ex and e−x .
Your scientific calculator can be used to evaluate these functions. Usually the ‘hyp cos’ and
‘hyp sin’ buttons are used. You may need to refer to your calculator manual. Check that you
can use your calculator by verifying that

sinh 3 = 10.018 and cosh 4.2 = 33.351

You may like to verify that the same values can be obtained by using the exponential functions,
that is
e3 − e−3 e4.2 + e−4.2
sinh 3 = and cosh 4.2 =
2 2

The hyperbolic tangent is defined as

sinh x ex − e−x
tanh x = = x
cosh x e + e−x

Other hyperbolic functions are


1 1 cosh x 1
sech x = , cosech x = , coth x = =
cosh x sinh x sinh x tanh x
3.5.1 copyright 
c Pearson Education Limited, 2000
By drawing up tables of values, or indeed by using the properties of the exponential functions,
graphs can be plotted. The graphs of cosh x, sinh x and tanh x are shown below.

2. Graphs of the hyperbolic functions

cosh x
10

1
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Some properties of cosh x

• cosh 0 = 1 and cosh x is greater than 1 for all other values of x


• the graph is symmetrical about the y axis. Mathematically this means cosh(−x) = cosh x.
Cosh x is said to be an even function,
• cosh x → +∞ as x → ±∞
sinh x

-1 x
-3 -2 0 1 2 3
-5

Some properties of sinh x

• sinh 0 = 0, the graph passes through the origin


• sinh(−x) = − sinh x. Sinh x is said to be an odd function - it has rotational symmetry
about the origin.
• sinh x → +∞ as x → +∞, sinh x → −∞ as x → −∞
tanh x
1

x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-1

Some properties of tanh x

• tanh 0 = 0 and −1 < tanh x < 1 for all x


• tanh(−x) = − tanh x. Tanh x is said to be an odd function - it has rotational symmetry
about the origin.
• tanh x → +1 as x → +∞, tanh x → −1 as x → −∞

3.5.2 copyright 
c Pearson Education Limited, 2000

You might also like