1

A Single-Phase Voltage Controlled Grid

Connected Photovoltaic System with Power
Quality Conditioner Functionality
Rosa A. Mastromauro, Student Member, IEEE, Marco Liserre, Senior Member, IEEE, Tamas Kerekes,
Student Member, IEEE, Antonio Dell’Aquila, Member, IEEE

Abstract— Future ancillary services provided by This problem together with the need of limiting cost and
photovoltaic (PV) systems could facilitate their penetration in size of the DPGS, that should remain economically
power systems. Also low power PV systems can be designed to competitive even when ancillary services are added, makes
improve the power quality. This paper presents a single-phase
photovoltaic system that provides grid voltage support and
the design problem particularly challenging.
compensation of harmonic distortion at the point of common The present paper proposes to solve this issue using a
coupling (PCC) thanks to a repetitive controller. The power voltage controlled converter that behaves as a shunt
provided by the PV panels is controlled by a Maximum controller improving the voltage quality in case of small
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on the voltage dips and in presence of nonlinear loads.
incremental conductance method specifically modified to Shunt controllers can be used as static var generator for
control the phase of the PV inverter voltage. Simulation and
experimental results validate the presented solution.
stabilizing and improving voltage profile in power systems
and to compensate current harmonics and unbalanced load
Index Terms—single-phase PV inverter, shunt controller, current [10-18].
MPPT algorithm.
In this paper the PV inverter supplies the power
produced by the PV panels but also improves the voltage
I. INTRODUCTION profile as already pointed out [19]. The presented topology
adopts a repetitive controller [20-27] able to compensate

A mong the renewable energy sources, a noticeable

the selected harmonics. Among the most recent MPPT
algorithms [28-31] it has been chosen an algorithm based
growth of small PV power plants connected to low-voltage on incremental conductance method [32-34]. It has been
distribution networks is expected in the future [1-2], as a modified in order to take into account the power
consequence, research has been focusing on integration of oscillations on the PV side and it controls the phase of the
extra functionalities such as active power filtering into PV PV inverter voltage.
inverters operation [3-4]. Anyway, distribution networks The paper is organized as follows, in § II it is discussed
are less robust than transmission network and their the possible voltage and frequency support provided by a
reliability, because of the radial configuration, decreases as DPGS converter connected to the grid; Section III
voltage level decreases. Hence, usually it is recommended discusses the use of shunt controllers for voltage dips
to disconnect low-power systems when the voltage is compensation; the PV system improved with shunt
lower than 0.85 pu or higher than 1.1 pu [5]. For this controller functionality is proposed in § IV; § V presents
reason PV systems connected to low-voltage grids should the simulation results and § VI shows the experimental
be designed to comply with these requirements but can results, finally, § VII presents the conclusions.
also be designed to enhance the electrical system offering
“ancillary services” [6]. Hence they can contribute to
II. VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY SUPPORT
reinforce the distribution grid maintaining proper quality
of supply which avoids additional investments. However The power transfer between two sections of the line
low-voltage distribution lines have a mainly resistive connecting a DPGS converter to the grid can be studied
nature and, when a distributed power generation system using short-line model and complex phasors, as shown in
(DPGS) is connected to a low-voltage grid, the grid Fig.1. When the DPGS is connected to the grid through a
frequency and the grid voltage cannot be controlled mainly inductive line X>>R, R may be neglected. If also
adjusting active and reactive power independently [7-9]. the power angle δ is small, then sin δ ≅ δ and cos δ ≅ 1 :
XPA (1)
Copyright (c) 2007 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted.
δ≅
VAVB
However, permission to use this material for any other purposes must be
obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs- XQA (2)
VA − VB ≅
[email protected]. VA

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 2

When a voltage sag occurs, the converter provides

reactive power in order to support the load voltage and the
grid current I g has a dominant reactive component
I g + I C = I load (3)
The amplitude of the grid current depends on the value
Fig. 1. (a) Power flow through a line; (b) phasor diagram. of the grid impedance since
V Lg
where VA , PA , QA denote respectively the voltage, the active Ig = (4)
power and the reactive power in A and VB is the voltage in jω Lg
the section B, indicated in Fig.1. where V Lg is the inductance voltage drop shown in Fig.
For X>>R, a small power angle δ and a small difference
3(c). If the shunt controller supplies the load with all the
VA − VB , equations (1) and (2) show that the power angle requested active and reactive power, in normal conditions
depends predominantly on the active power, whereas the
it provides a compensating current I c = I load , hence, the
voltage difference VA − VB depends predominantly on the
reactive power. In other words the angle δ can be system operates as in island mode and Ig = 0.
controlled regulating the active power whereas the inverter
voltage VA is controlled through the reactive power. Thus
by adjusting the active power and the reactive power
independently, frequency and amplitude of the grid voltage
are determined. These conclusions are the basis of the
frequency and voltage droop control through respectively
active and reactive power [7]. In this paper the relation (1)
has been adopted to optimize the power extraction from the
PV panels (MPPT).

III. SHUNT CONTROLLERS FOR VOLTAGE DIPS

MITIGATION
Fig. 2. Use of a shunt controller for voltage dips compensation: (a)
Shunt devices are usually adopted to compensate small simplified power circuit of the current controlled shunt controller; (b)
voltage variations which can be controlled by reactive simplified power circuit of the voltage controlled shunt controller.
power injection. The ability to control the fundamental
voltage at a certain point depends on the grid impedance
and the power factor of the load. The compensation of a
voltage dip by current injection is difficult to achieve,
because the grid impedance is usually low and the injected
current has to be very high to increase the load voltage.
The shunt controller can be current or voltage controlled.
When the converter is current controlled it can be
represented as a grid-feeding component ( Fig. 2(a)) that
supports the grid voltage by adjusting its reactive output
power according to the grid voltage variations. When the
converter is voltage controlled it can be represented as a
grid-supporting component (Fig. 2(b)) which controls its
output voltage. However also in this second case the
control action results in injecting reactive power in order to
stabilize the voltage. The vector diagrams of a shunt
controller designed to provide only reactive power are
reported in Fig. 3. When the grid voltage is 1 pu the
converter supplies the reactive power absorbed by the load
and the vector diagram of the current or voltage controlled Fig. 3. Vector diagram of the shunt controller providing only reactive
converter is the same, in the first case it is controlled the power: (a) current controlled converter in normal conditions; (b) voltage
controlled converter in normal condition; (c) vector diagram for
compensating current IC , in the second one it is controlled
compensation of a voltage dip of 0.15 pu.
the load voltage as underlined in Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b).

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 3

In case of a voltage dip, the converter has to provide the

active power required by the load and it has to inject the
reactive power needed to stabilize the load voltage as
shown in Fig. 4(b). The grid current in this case is reactive.
It can be seen that
V load = E + V Lg (5)
hence, during a voltage sag, the amount of reactive current
needed to maintain the load voltage at the desired value is
inversely proportional to ωLg. This means that a large
inductance will help in mitigating voltage sags, although it
is not desirable during normal operation.

Fig. 5. Grid-connected PV system with shunt controller functionality.

Fig. 4. Vector diagram of the shunt controller providing both active and A. Control of the converter
reactive power: (a) normal conditions; (b) vector diagram for The proposed converter is voltage controlled with a
compensation of a voltage dip of 0.15 pu. repetitive algorithm. An MPPT algorithm modifies the
phase displacement between the grid voltage and the ac
IV. PV SYSTEM WITH SHUNT-CONNECTED voltage produced by the converter in order to force it to
MULTIFUNCTIONAL CONVERTER inject the maximum available power in the given
In case of low power applications it can be atmospheric conditions. Hence the current injection is
advantageous to use the converter which is parallel controlled indirectly. The amplitude of the current depends
connected to the grid for the compensation of small on the difference between the grid voltage and the voltage
voltage sags. This feature can be viewed as an ancillary on the ac capacitor Vc’. The phase displacement between
service that the system can provide to its local loads. The these two voltages determines the injected active power
proposed PV converter operates supplying active and (decided by the MPPT algorithm) and the voltage
reactive power when the sun is available. At low amplitude difference determines the reactive power
irradiation, the PV converter operates only as harmonic exchange with the grid. The requested reactive power is
and reactive power compensator. As explained in Section limited by the fact that a voltage dip higher than 15 % will
III, it is difficult to improve voltage quality with a shunt force the PV system to disconnect (as requested by
controller since it cannot provide simultaneously control of standards). The active power is limited by the PV system
the output voltage and the output current. Besides, a large- rating and leads to a limit on the maximum displacement
rated converter is necessary in order to compensate voltage angle dδmppt. Moreover the inverter has its inner PI-based
sags. However this topology is acceptable in PV current control loop and overcurrent protections.
applications since the PV shunt converter must be rated for A phase-locked-loop (PLL) detects the amplitude Vpeak
the peak power produced by the panels. In the proposed and phase δgrid of the grid voltage. Then the phase
system the PV converter operates as a shunt controller; it is displacement dδmppt is provided by the MPPT algorithm
connected to the load through an LC filter and to the grid described in Section B. The voltage error between Vref and
through an extra inductance Lg* of 0.1 pu as shown in Fig. Vc’ is pre-processed by the repetitive controller which is the
5. periodic signal generator of the fundamental component
Usually in case of low power applications, the systems and of the selected harmonics: in this case the third and the
are connected to low voltage distribution lines whose fifth ones are compensated (Fig.6).
impedance is mainly resistive, but, in the proposed The proposed repetitive controller is based on a finite-
topology, the grid can be considered mainly inductive as a impulse response (FIR) digital filter [20]; it is a “moving”
consequence of Lg* addition on the grid side. However, or “running” filter, with a window equal to one
since the voltage regulation is directly affected by the fundamental period, defined as
voltage drop on the inductance Lg*, it is not convenient 2 N −1 ⎛ ⎡ 2π ⎤⎞
choosing an inductance Lg* of high value in order to limit FDFT ( z ) = ∑ i = 0 ⎜ ∑ h∈N cos ⎢ h ( i + N a ) ⎥ ⎟ ⋅ z − i (6)
N ⎝ h
⎣ N ⎦⎠
the voltage drop during grid normal conditions. It
represents the main drawback of the proposed topology. where N is the number of samples within one fundamental

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 4

period, Nh is the set of selected harmonic frequencies and

B. MPPT algorithm
Na is the number of leading steps determined to track the
reference exactly. Power supplied from a PV array depends mostly on
The repetitive controller ensures a precise tracking of the present atmospheric conditions (irradiation and
selected harmonics and it provides the reference for the temperature), therefore in order to collect the maximum
inner loop. In it a proportional-integral (PI) controller available power the operating point needs to be tracked
improves the stability of the system offering low-pass filter continuously using a Maximum Power Point Tracker
function. The PI controller Gc algorithm [28]. To find the maximum power point (MPP)
ki for all conditions, it has been used an MPPT control
Gc ( s ) = k p + (7) method based on the Incremental Conductance Method
s
[32], [34], which can tell on which side of the PV
is designed to ensure that the low frequency poles have a
characteristic the current operating point is. The MPPT
damping factor of 0.707. The open-loop Bode diagram of
algorithm modifies the phase displacement between the
the system is shown in Fig. 6(b): the stability is guaranteed
grid voltage and the converter voltage providing the
since the phase margin is about 45 degrees.
voltage reference Vref, furthermore, there is an extra feature
In normal operation mode the shunt-connected converter
added to this algorithm, which monitors the maximum and
injects the surplus of active power in the utility grid and, at
minimum values of the power oscillations on the PV side.
the same time, it is controlled in order to cancel the
In case of single-phase systems, the instant power
harmonics of the load voltage. At low irradiation, the PV
oscillates with twice the line frequency. This oscillation in
inverter acts only as a shunt controller eliminating the
the power on the grid side leads to a 100 Hz ripple in the
harmonics. Controlling the voltage Vc’ the PV converter is
voltage and in the power on the PV side.
improved with the function of voltage dips compensation.
If the system operates in the area around the MPP the
In presence of a voltage dip, the grid current Ig is forced by
ripple of the power on the PV side is minimized [33]. This
the controller to have a sinusoidal waveform which is
feature can be used to detect in which part of the power-
phase shifted by 90° with respect to the corresponding grid
voltage characteristics the system operates. It happens in
voltage.
the proposed control scheme where the information about
the power oscillation can be used to find out how close the
current operating point is to the MPP, thereby slowing
down the increment of the reference, in order not to cross
the MPP.
A flowchart of the MPPT algorithm is shown in Fig. 7
explaining how the angle of the reference voltage is
(a)
modified, in order to keep the operating point as close to
the MPP as possible. The MMP can be tracked by
comparing the instantaneous conductance I pv _ k V pv _ k to
the incremental conductance dI pv dVpv as shown in the
flowchart. Considering the power-voltage characteristic of
a PV array, it can be observed that operating in the area on
the left side of the MPP dδ mppt has to decrease. This
decrement is indicated in Fig.7 with side = −1 , moreover,
operating in the area on the right side of the MPP dδ mppt
has to increase and it is indicated with side = +1 . The
increment size determines how fast the MPP is tracked.
The measure of the power oscillations on the PV side is
(b)
Fig. 6. Proposed repetitive-based controller: (a) control scheme; (b) used to quantify the increment which is denoted with incr
Open–loop Bode diagram of the system obtained using kFIR=1, Na=0 and in Fig. 7.
Nh={1;3;5}.

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 5

Fig. 7. Flowchart of modified MPPT algorithm.

V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation results, shown in Fig. 8-9, are obtained
The PV system with power quality conditioner in case of a voltage dip of 0.15 pu. During the sag the
functionality has been tested in simulation with the inverter sustains the voltage for the local load (Fig. 8)
following system parameters: LC filter made by 1.4 mH injecting a mainly reactive current into the grid. The
inductance and 2.2 µF capacitance and 1 Ω damping amplitude of the grid current Ig grows from 4.5 A to 8.5 A,
resistance; an inductance Lg* of 0.1 pu; an 1 kW load. as shown in Fig. 9, which corresponds to the reactive
The control has been validated in presence of sudden power injection represented in Fig.10. The inductance Lg*
changes of the PV power caused, for example, by connected in series with the grid impedance limits the
irradiation variations. The reported tests show the behavior current flowing through the grid during the sag.
of the MPPT for a voltage sag. The results refer to the case
of inverter controlled in order to collect the maximum
available power: 2 kW.
The controller parameters are kFIR= 0.3, N=128
(sampling frequency = 6400 Hz) Na = 0, kp = 4.5, ki = 48.
The set of test aims to demonstrate the behaviour of the
system during a voltage sag and the interaction of the
voltage control algorithm with the MPPT algorithm.

Fig. 9. Performance of the voltage controlled shunt converter with MPPT

Fig. 8. Performance of the voltage controlled shunt converter with MPPT
algorithm: grid current Ig, converter current Ic’, load current Iload.
algorithm: grid voltage E, load voltage Vload.

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 6

Fig. 10. Active and reactive power provided by the shunt-connected Fig. 12. Laboratory setup.
multifunctional converter to compensate the voltage sag of 0.15 pu.

The experimental tests have been made with grid

voltage approximate background distortion THD=1.5%.
They have been executed with two different kinds of loads.
In the first case it has been tested the voltage sag
compensation capability when the system feeds a purely
resistive load absorbing 1200 W. In the second one the
performances of the proposed system in presence of a
highly distorting load have been analyzed.

A. Voltage sag compensation

The system has been tested in the following conditions:
dc voltage Vdc=460 V. The results obtained in simulation in
case of a voltage sag of 0.15 pu are confirmed
Fig. 11. Power-voltage characteristic of the PV array and current and experimentally in Fig. 13. During the dip the load voltage
voltage on the PV side in presence of a grid voltage sag to 0.85 pu.
remain constant and equal to the desired voltage. The
When the voltage sag of 0.15 pu occurs the converter shunt-connected converter injects reactive current into the
current grows from 8 A to 10.5 A, for this reason the shunt grid in order to compensate the load voltage, the current is
controller is not a good choice to compensate deeper dips. mainly capacitive as it can be seen in Fig. 14.
Fig. 11 demonstrates the robustness of the presented
MPPT algorithm to the voltage dip, in fact in it there are B. Voltage harmonic compensation in case of highly
shown the voltage and the current on the PV side during
distorting load
the sag. They are not significantly influenced by the dip.
The performances of the shunt-connected converter
have been analyzed in presence of a distorting load
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS consisting of a single-phase diode bridge connected via a
In order to verify the previous analysis, some 10 mH inductance to the grid. The bridge feeds a 500 µF
experiments have been carried out on a laboratory set-up capacitor with in parallel a 100 Ω resistor.
(Fig.12) to test the performance of the PV system with Before connecting the shunt converter the load voltage
shunt controller functionalities. The hardware setup, shown appears highly distorted, as shown in Fig. 15, and the
in Fig.12 consists of the following equipment: a Danfoss voltage THD is around 17%. When the shunt-converter is
VLT 5006 7.6 kVA inverter, whose only two legs are used, connected to the grid, it compensates the voltage
two series connected dc voltage sources to simulate PV harmonics introduced in the system by the distorting load,
panels string and dSPACE 1104 system. The PV converter as it is evident in Fig. 16 where the voltage THD is 2%. A
is connected to the grid through an LC filter whose detailed harmonic spectra comparison between Fig. 15 and
inductance is 1.4 mH, the capacitance is 2.2 µF with in Fig. 16 cases are reported in Fig. 17.
series a resistance of 1 Ω; besides an inductance Lg* of 15
mH (0.1 pu) has been added on the grid side of the
converter as explained in the previous Sections.

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 7

controlled by a software that implements the PV voltage-

current characteristics as function of the irradiance (see
Fig. 18).
The test has been done considering a fixed power level of
700 W and a voltage dip of 0.15 pu occurring for 1.5 s.
The experimental results are reported in Fig. 19: the dc
voltage is not significantly influenced by the sag.

Fig. 13. Experimental results in case of a voltage sag of 0.15 pu: A grid
voltage [300V/div], C load voltage [300 V/div], 1 grid current [10V/div].

Fig. 16. Experimental results in case of distorting load and shunt converter
connected to the grid: A) grid voltage [300V/div], C) load voltage
[300V/div], 1) load current [10V/div].

15
Magnitude [%]

10

Fig. 14. Experimental results in case of a voltage sag of 0.15 pu: 1

capacitive current injected into the grid to sustain the voltage sag. 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
harmonic order
Fig. 17. Load voltage harmonic spectrum in case of distorting load: (black
bars) without shunt converter; (white bars) with shunt converter connected
to the grid.

Fig. 15. Experimental results obtained in case of distorting load and

without shunt converter: A grid voltage [300V/div], C load voltage
[300V/div], 1 load current [10V/div].

C. Test with solar panels simulator

This section proves the capability of the system to Fig. 18. Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the solar panels simulator
compensate a voltage dip when the inverter is fed by two software.
PV arrays connected in parallel. In fact the two dc voltage
sources, used in laboratory to feed the inverter, have been

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 8

Power Systems, 2007.

[7] Josep M. Guerrero, José Matas, Luis García de Vicuña, Miguel
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Rosa A. Mastromauro (S'05) received the M.Sc. Tamas Kerekes (S’06) was born in 1978 in Cluj-
Degree in Electrical Engineering in 2005 from Napoca, Romania. He obtained his Electrical
the Politecnico di Bari, where she is currently Engineer diploma in 2002 from Technical
working toward the Ph.D. degree. Since 2005 she University of Cluj, Romania, with specialization
has been with the Converters, Electrical in Electric Drives and Robots. In 2005, he
Machines and Drives Research Team at the graduated the Master of Science program at
Politecnico di Bari. Her research activity Aalborg University, Institute of
concerns power converters control for distributed Energy Technology in the field of Power
power generation systems based on renewable Electronics and Drives. In September 2005 he
energies. began the PhD program at the Institute of Energy
She is member of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Power Technology, Aalborg University. The topic of the PhD program is: "High
Electronics Society, Industrial Applications Society, Women in frequency analysis and modeling of transformerless PV inverter systems".
Engineering Society and of the Italian Electrical and Electronic
Association (A.E.I.T.), she has been collaborating for IEEE journals and
conference as a reviewer.

Marco Liserre, (S'00-M'03-SM'07) received Antonio Dell`Aquila (M'87) received the M.Sc.
the MSc and PhD degree in Electrical degree in Electrical Engineering from the
Engineering from the Polytechnic of Bari, Università di Bari in 1970. Since 1970, he has
respectively in 1998 and 2002. From January been working with the Converters, Electrical
2004 he is an assistant professor in the same Machines and Drives Research Team at the
university teaching courses of power electronics, Università di Bari. He is currently a Full
industrial electronics and electrical machines. Professor of Electrical Machines at the
Recently his research interests are focused on Politecnico di Bari, Italy, where he is also in
industrial electronics applications to distributed charge of courses on power electronics and
power generation systems based on renewable electrical drives. He has published over 100
energies. He has co-authored 100 technical papers, 20 of them in technical papers in the fields of electrical machines models, transient
international peer-reviewed journals and 3 chapters of a book. analysis of rotating machines, inverter-fed induction machine
He has been a visiting Professor at Aalborg University (Denmark) and he performance, digital signal processing for non-sinusoidal waveforms,
has been giving lectures in different universities including four tutorials in Kalman filtering for real-time estimation of induction motor parameters,
international conferences. Marco Liserre is member of the Industrial control, monitoring and diagnostic of ac drives. His research current
Electronics Society, Power Electronics Society and Industry Applications interests include harmonic pollution produced by electronic power
Society. He has served them as reviewer both for conferences and systems, PWM techniques for power converters, power converters in
journals. Within the IES he has been active as responsible of student renewable energy conversion systems, active power filters, multilevel
activities, AdCom member, editor of the newsletter, responsible of region inverters and intelligent control of power electronics equipment with
8 membership activities, and chairman of the Technical Committee on fuzzy logic controllers. Prof. A. Dell'Aquila is a member of the IEEE
Renewable Energy Systems. He has been involved in IEEE conferences Power Engineering Society and of the Italian Electrotechnical and
organization in different capacities. He is an Associate Editor of the IEEE Electronic Association (A.E.I.T.)
Transactions on Industrial Electronics. He is Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE
Industrial Electronics Magazine.

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