Chapter 3 – Variables and

Arithmetic Operations
 Variable Rules
 Must declare all variable names
– List name and type
 Keep length to 31 characters
– Older compiler restriction
 Give numeric values to variables with
assignment statement
variable_name = value;
assignment operator
Lesson 3.1
 Naming Identifiers
 First character must be letter
– a-z, A-Z or _
 Other characters
– letters (a-z, A-Z, _ ) or digits 0-9
 Cannot use C++ keywords (reserved words)
 Cannot have blank within identifies

Lesson 3.1
 Keywords
 Words with special meaning to C++
 Also includes alternative representations of
certain operators and punctuators
 Full listing in Table 3.1
 Examples:
– auto, bool, float, inline, union, delete
– namespace, private, void

Lesson 3.1
 Declaring Variables
 Variables MUST be declared
 List name and data type
 Variables of same type may be declared in
same statement (separate by comma)
 Causes C++ compiler to know size of space
to be reserved for storing variable’s value
data type double radius, diameter; variable names
separator
Lesson 3.1
 Assignment Statements
 Causes value to be stored in variable’s
memory cell
variable_name = value;
 Variable name MUST appear on left
 Equal sign is assignment operator
Note: be careful = does NOT mean equal
 Example: temperature = 78;

Lesson 3.1
 Constant Qualified Variables
 Use const qualifier
const double PI = 3.14159;
 Cannot modify later in program
 Style tip: use all uppercase characters to
name constant
– Makes constants easy to identify

Lesson 3.2
 Formatting Output
 Insert I/O manipulators (parameterized) into
cout statements for printing
– declared in header iomanip
#include <iomanip>
 Basic form
cout << manipulator(parameter);
Listed
what in Table
manipulator uses3.2
to modify output

Lesson 3.2
 setw( )
 Sets field width
 Right justifies contents
 C++ automatically expands if set width too
small
cout<<“number =“<<setw(7)<<num<<endl;

number = 5
*******
Field size
Lesson 3.2
 setprecision( )
 Sets number of digits after decimal point
 All digits retained in memory
 Once set may or may not be used until
another statement changes it (compiler)
num = 5.3415;
cout<<“num = “<<setprecision(2)<<num;

num = 5.34

Lesson 3.2
 setfill( )
 Specifies character for blank space in field
 Single quotes required around character
enclosed in parentheses
num = 5.34;
cout<<setw(10)<<setfill(‘*’)<<num;

******5.34

Lesson 3.2
 setiosflags(ios:: )
 Perform number of different actions based
on flag that is set
 Table 3.3
 Example:
left justifies in field
num = 5.34;
cout<<setiosflags(ios::left)
<< setfill(‘*’)<<setw(10)<<num;
5.34******
Lesson 3.2
 Printing “dollar” Format
 Necessary to use I/O manipulators
cout<<setprecision(2)
<<setiosflags(ios::fixed|ios::showpoint)
<<“Income = $” <<income;

Income = $7842.00

Lesson 3.2
 Character Data
 Lowercase and uppercase characters
 Also graphic characters (!, #, ^) and “space”
 Escape characters (\n) regarded as single
characters
 Numbers 0-9 can also be characters
 Declare character variable: char c1,c2;
 Assign value: c1 = ‘g’;
Can hold ONEincharacter
Enclose single quotes
Lesson 3.3
 Assigning Characters to int
 C++ assigns ASCII code value for the char
 Does not use numeric value if assign 0-9
character
 Table 3.5 gives characters and ASCII
code/values

Lesson 3.3
 Arithmetic Operations
 Look like algebraic expressions
 Expression consists of sequence of
operand(s) and operator(s)
– Operand (variable, constant, any value)
– Operators (+, - , * , / , % )
 Represent operation to be done
 Increment (++) and decrement (--)

Lesson 3.4
 Problems
 Uninitialized variables
– C++ assigns own value
– Does not trigger as an error
 Exceeding integer range
– int type range –32768 to 32767
– Due to limit of two bytes of memory
– Overflow error
 Division by zero

Lesson 3.4
 Pre- and Post- Operators
 ++ or --
 Place in front, incrementing or decrementing
occurs BEFORE value assigned
i = 2 and k = 1
k = ++i; i = i + 1; 3 k =--i; i = i - 1; 1
k = i; 3 k = i; 1
 Place in back, occurs AFTER value assigned
i = 2 and k = 1
k = i++; k = i; 1 k = i--; k = i; 2
i = i + 1; 3 i = i - 1; 1
Lesson 3.5
 Mixed Type Arithmetic
 Assign real to int
– Cut off fractional part of real
 Assign int value to real
– Put decimal point at end, converts method of
storage to exponential binary form
 Modify with cast operators
– Change type of expression
– Keyword static_cast
– Old form: (type) expression
Lesson 3.5
 static_cast Operator
 General form
static_cast <type> (expression)
 Keyword requires underscore
 Expression for which temporary copy is
made of type type
 Type can be any valid C++ data type

Lesson 3.5
Operator Precedence
( ) parentheses unary prefix L to R 1
++, -- post-(in/de)crement unary postfix L to R 2
++, -- pre-(in/de)crement unary prefix R to L 3
+ positive sign unary prefix R to L 3
- negative sign unary prefix R to L 3
static_cast cast unary prefix R to L 4
%, *, / remainder/multi/div binary infix L to R 5
+, - add/subtract binary infix L to R 6
+=, -=, *= math & assignment binary infix R to L 7
/=, %= math & assignment binary infix R to L 7
= assignment binary infix R to L 7

Lesson 3.5
 Real data types
 Decimal numbers
 float
– 4 bytes of memory, 6 digit precision
 double
– 8 bytes of memory, 15 digits precision
 long double
– 10 bytes of memory, 19 digits precision

Lesson 3.6
 Integer data types
 Whole numbers
 int, signed int, short int, signed short int
– 2 bytes, range: -32768 to 32767
 unsigned int, unsigned short int
– 2 bytes, range: 0 to 65535
 long int, signed long int
– 4 bytes, range: -2147483648 to 2147483645
 unsigned long int
– 4 bytes, range: 0 to 4294967295

Lesson 3.6
 Math Functions
 Need cmath or cstlib headers
#include <cmath> or #include <cstlib>
 General form: name(parameters)
 Note what type and form parameters take
– Trig functions use radian measure not angle
 Table 3.11 lists math library functions

Lesson 3.6
 Summary
Learned how to:
 Declare variables and constants
 Format output
 Work with character data
 Create mathematical expressions
 Work with mixed data types and casting
 Use different data types for precision
 Utilize available math functions
Chapter 3