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Experiment 6. Adsorption Official Power Point

The document describes an experiment on the adsorption of acetic acid onto activated charcoal. It discusses key concepts related to adsorption including the definitions of adsorbent and adsorbate. The experiment aims to determine constants for both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations by measuring the amount of acetic acid adsorbed from solutions of varying concentrations onto activated charcoal. The results show that the adsorption of acetic acid onto activated charcoal follows the Langmuir isotherm more closely than the Freundlich isotherm based on the correlation coefficients. The maximum monolayer coverage of acetic acid onto the charcoal surface was determined to be 584 mg/g.

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Elaine Tan
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4K views

Experiment 6. Adsorption Official Power Point

The document describes an experiment on the adsorption of acetic acid onto activated charcoal. It discusses key concepts related to adsorption including the definitions of adsorbent and adsorbate. The experiment aims to determine constants for both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations by measuring the amount of acetic acid adsorbed from solutions of varying concentrations onto activated charcoal. The results show that the adsorption of acetic acid onto activated charcoal follows the Langmuir isotherm more closely than the Freundlich isotherm based on the correlation coefficients. The maximum monolayer coverage of acetic acid onto the charcoal surface was determined to be 584 mg/g.

Uploaded by

Elaine Tan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 6.

Adsorption

Renon, Mike Angel T.


Tan, Elaine D.
The Phenomenon Called Adsorption

 The attachment of a substance to the surface


of a solid or a liquid.

 Has two components:


 Adsorbent: the solid or liquid
 Adsorbate: the substance attached to the surface
Four Factors Affect Adsorption
(Gas Adsorbed in a Solid)
 natures of the adsorbent and the gas being
adsorbed
 area of the adsorbent
 temperature of the gas
 pressure of the gas
Adsorption Has Two Types

 Physisorption
 Chemical Adsorption
Adsorption Isotherms

 describe the relation between the amount of


substance adsorbed by an adsorbent and the
equilibrium pressure or concentration at
constant temperature
The 2 Common Adsorption
Isotherms
 Freundlich Isotherm (1909)
 empirical
 Langmuir Isotherm (1916)
 theoretical
Objectives
(Acetic Acid Adsorbed in Charcoal)
 To determine the saturation value for
monomolecular coverage for the adsorption
of acetic acid by activated charcoal

 To determine the values of the constants k


and n in the Freundlich equation

 To determine the values of constants a and b


in the Langmuir’s equation
Methodology
Prepare 100 mL solutions of the ff. concentrations from 17 M acetic acid
using serial dilution: 1.0 M, 0.50 M, 0.25 M, 0.125 M, 0.0625 M

Measure 50 mL 1.0 M solution into 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask (A)

Add 1.0 g accurately weighed activated charcoal, shake the mixture and allow to
equilibrate for one hour (B)

Agitate the mixture from time to time during the equilibration process (C)

While equilibration is taking place, titrate 5.0 mL original solution with 0.1 M NaOH
to the phenolphthalein end point (D)

Calculate the original concentration of the solution from the titration data (E)
After equilibration, filter off the activated carbon

titrate 5.0 mL of the filtrate with 0.1 M NaOH to the phenolphthalein end point

Repeat A-E

For the titration of 0.25 M-0.0625 M analyte, use 10 mL

Calculate equilibrium concentration (C2) and the specific adsorption (y) for each
concentration

Plot y versus C2 and determine the saturation value for monomolecular coverage
Plot ln y versus ln C2 and determine the values of K and n for Freundlich’s equation
Plot 1/y versus 1/C2 and determine the values of a and b for Langmuir’s equation
Results
Does the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal obey the Freundlich equation? Support your answer.
 
Yes it somehow obeys the Freundlich equation since the r value is close to 1.
 
 
Does the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal obey the Langmuir equation? Support your answer.
 
Yes it obeys the Langmuir equation since the r value is close to 1.
 
 
Which equation better describes the adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal? Explain your
answer.
 
The adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal is best explained by the Langmuir equation
since the r value for Langmuir is closer to 1 than that of the r value from the Freundlich
equation.
What gives rise to adsorption?

 Solids:
 The intermolecular forces between the repeating
units that make up the lattice are saturated
 At the surface, these intermolecular forces are
unsaturated
 Consequently, any available molecule or ion
is adsorbed to the surface.
The Two Components of Adsorption

 Adsorbent: solid phase


 Adsorbate:
 system of the molecules that are adsorbed on the
adsorbate
 can be either a gas molecule or a solute molecule
or ion
Adsorption is Different from Absorption

 Adsorption: surface accumulation


 Absorption: diffusion into the liquid or solid

The term “sorption” encompasses both


processes.
The Case of Bonding Requirements
 solid :
 bulk material
 bonding requirements of the atoms of the materials are
filled
 form of ionic, covalent or metallic bonds
 Surface:
 bond deficiency is experienced

Thus, energetically favourable bonding with whichever


available species is made possible.
Bonding Requirements and The Two
Types of Adsorption
 Physisorption
 Chemisorption
Physisorption
 Van der Waals adsorption
 adsorbate adheres to the
surface only through weak
intermolecular interactions
 Examples:
 Acetic Acid Adsorbed on
Charcoal
 The ability of geckos
(Uroplatus fibriatus) to climb
walls
Chemisorption

 molecule adheres to a
surface and consequently
forms a chemical bond
 high activation energy
 monolayer form
 Examples:
 Corrosion
 Metallic Oxidation
Activated Charcoal and
Its Role on Adsorption
 Large surface area
 High surface area to mass ratio
 Highly porous
The Freundlich Isotherm

-Empirical basis
Where:
Y: specific adsorption (mg/g)
c: concentration (mol/L)
k and n: experimentally determined constants
In the experiment, we are to find k and n.

 We need Y.
 Y (mg of adsorbate/ g of adsorbate)
 We determine, from titration, the amount of
acetic acid not adsorbed by charcoal.
The Freundlich Isotherm: A Derivation
Note that:
 At low pressure, x: mass of adsorbate (mg)
m: mass of adsorbent (g)
x/m = Y = specific adsorption (mg/g)

 At high pressure,
 At an intermediate value of pressure,

Note that n > 1.

 By using a constant of proportionality, k,


 By taking the logarithm of both sides, we
obtain:

 Upon plotting, we get:


The Limitations of The Freundlich
Equation
 Fails at high pressures.
Current studies show that the Freundlich
Isotherm can be derived from Kinetics
Langmuir Equation
 Relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a
solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of a
medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature.

 b signifies the adsorption capacity/amount adsorbed per gram


adsorbent while a is the Langmuir constant related to the adsorption
energy/net enthalpy of adsorption.
 The greater the a, the greater the affinity of the
adsorbent with the adsorbate
 The greater the b, the greater the number of available
binding sites there are.
Assumptions of the Langmuir equation

a) that the surface of the adsorbent is uniform


b) that the adsorbed molecules do not interact
c) that all adsorption occurs through the same
mechanism
d) that at the maximum adsorption, only a
monolayer is formed
Derivation of the Langmuir Isotherm: From Thermodynamics

S: the vacant surface sites


A: the gas phase molecules
SA: being the occupied surface sites, assuming there are a fixed number of
surface sites present on the surface.
0 < θ < 1.
[SA] is proportional to the surface coverage of adsorbed molecules, or
proportional to θ
[S] is proportional to the number of vacant sites, or 1- θ
[A] is proportional to the pressure of gas, P.
Derivation of the Langmuir Isotherm: From Kinetics

The rate of adsorption will be proportional to the pressure of the gas and the
number of vacant sites for adsorption. If the total number of sites on the surface is
N,

The rate of change of the coverage due to the adsorbate leaving the surface
(desorption) is proportional to the number of adsorbed species:

Ka and Kd are the rate constants for adsorption and desorption respectively,
and P
is the pressure of the adsorbate gas. At equilibrium, the coverage is independent of
time and thus the adsorption and desorption rates are equal.
Conclusion
 The saturation value for the monomolecular
coverage for the adsorption of acetic acid on
activated charcoal is 584 mg/g.
 The Langmuir isotherm better describes the
adsorption process because the Pearson
coefficient is closer to 1.
Thank you!

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