CS3243 FOUNDATIONS

OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
AY2003/2004 Semester 2
Introduction: Chapter 1
 CS3243
• Course home page: http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs3243
• IVLE for schedule, lecture notes, tutorials, assignment, grading,
office hours, etc.
• Textbook: S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach Prentice Hall, 2003, Second Edition
• Lecturer: Min-Yen Kan (S15 05-05)
• Grading: Class participation (10%), Programming assignment
(15%),
• Midterm test (20%), Final exam (55%)
• Class participation includes participation in both lectures and
tutorials (attendance, asking and answering questions, presenting
solutions to tutorial questions).
• Note that attendance at every lecture and tutorial will be taken and
constitutes part of the class participation grade.
• Midterm test (in class, 1 hr) and final exam (2 hrs) are both open-
book
•
 Outline
• Course overview
• What is AI?
• A brief history
• The state of the art
 Course overview
• Introduction and Agents (chapters 1,2)
• Search (chapters 3,4,5,6)
• Logic (chapters 7,8,9)
• Planning (chapters 11,12)
• Uncertainty (chapters 13,14)
• Learning (chapters 18,20)
• Natural Language Processing (chapter
22,23)
 What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

The textbook advocates "acting rationally"

•
•
 Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of

fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
• Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
• Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning,
language understanding, learning
•
•
 Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
• 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-
processing psychology
• Requires scientific theories of internal activities
of the brain
• -- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects
(top-down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up)
• Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science
and Cognitive Neuroscience)
• are now distinct from AI
•
 Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
• Several Greek schools developed various forms of
logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may
or may not have proceeded to the idea of
mechanization
• Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to
modern AI
• Problems:
1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
2. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I
have?
3.
•
 Acting rationally: rational agent
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g.,
blinking reflex – but thinking should be in
the service of rational action
•
•
 Rational agents
• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
• This course is about designing rational agents
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept
histories to actions:
[f: P*  A]
• For any given class of environments and tasks, we
seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best
performance
 design best program for given machine resources
–
Caveat: computational limitations make
perfect rationality unachievable
•
 AI prehistory
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
• Economics utility, decision theory
• Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
• Computer building fast computers
engineering
• Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
 Abridged history of AI
• 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
• 1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
• 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
• 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980-- AI becomes an industry
• 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
• 1987-- AI becomes a science
• 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
 State of the art
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of
the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved
up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans