FORM 2

Science

Chapter 5
Water and solution

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 Content
5.1 The physical properties of water
5.2 Composition of water
5.3 The process of water evaporation
5.4 Solutions and solubility of substances
5.5 Acid and alkali
5.6 Methods of purifying water
5.7 Water supply system
5.8 Preserving water quality
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 5.1

The Physical Properties of Water

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The Physical Properties of Water
Water is colourless, tasteless and odourless
liquid

Water exists in three states, which are solid,

liquid and gas

Water can change from one state to another

The density of water is 1 g/cm3

Impurities in water can affect

freezing and boiling point
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 Change of state of water
Gas (Vapour )

Boiling //
Solid ( Ice ) Condensation
Evaporation

Me
l ti n
g
Fr
ee
zin
g Liquid ( Water )

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Kinetic theory of freezing point of water

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The temperature of steam is taken as the boiling point of water.
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Kinetic theory of boiling point of water

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 5.2

Composition of Water

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 Composition of Water
Water is a chemical compound that made up of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. (The ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1)

Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

through the process of electrolysis.

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 Electrolysis
In the process of electrolysis, oxygen is discharged at
the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen is
discharged at the cathode (negative electrode)

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Confirmation test of water composition

Oxygen is tested with a glowing wooden splint. The
wooden splint lights up when oxygen is present.

Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

sound is produced when hydrogen is present

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 5.3

The Process of Water Evaporation

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 Evaporation of water
• Water evaporation is a process where
water molecules are released as vapour
into the air below boiling point of water.

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Application of evaporation of water
• The knowledge of evaporation applied in
daily life.

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 Factors that influence the rate of water evaporation
Factors Description
Surrounding The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of the
temperature water evaporation.

Air movement Moving air (wind) quicken the evaporation process

(wind) by blow away the water particles from the water surface
into the atmosphere.

Air humidity Water particles can escape easily when the

atmosphere is dry. Therefore, evaporation process
occurs faster

Surface area The wider the surface area, the faster the rate of the
water evaporation.
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How to increase evaporation rate in daily life

• Drying hair using hair- • Spread out the

dryer ( the blower clothes to increase
increase air surface area.
movement ) • Wet clothes dry under
hot sun.
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Differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
Takes place at any Takes place at boiling point
temperature below only, that is 100 oC
boiling point

Slower process Vigorous process

Occurs only at water surface Occurs throughout the water

Influenced by the temperature Does not influenced by the

surrounding, air movement, air temperature surrounding, air
humidity and surface area movement, air humidity and
surface area
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 5.4

Solutions and Solubility of

Substances

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 Solvent, solute and solution

Solute: Solvent:
Dissolves in
A substance that soluble or A liquid that dissolve a
dissolve in a solvent substance (solute)

to form

Solution:
A mixture of one or more solutes that dissolved in solvent
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Dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution

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 The solubility of solutes
 The solubility is the number of gram of solute that can dissolve
in 100 ml of water at a specific temperature, to form a saturated
solution.

 For example, the solubility of potassium nitrate in water is 90 g per

100 ml of water at 50 oC. This means that 90 g of potassium nitrate
salt are dissolved in 100 ml of water at a temperature of 50 oC to
form a saturated solution of potassium nitrate.

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The solubility of solutes

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 The factors that influence the solubility rate
of substances
Factor Description
Temperature The higher the temperature, the faster
of solvent the solute can dissolve in the solvent

Size of the The smaller the size of the solute, the

solutes faster it can dissolve in the solvent

Stirring Solutes dissolve more easily if stirred

Volume of Solutes dissolve more easily in a

solvent bigger volume of solvent
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 Water as a solvent
Water is known as universal solvent because water
can dissolve many types of substances.
The importance of water as a universal solvent.

i. Dissolve oxygen and food so that these can be

transfer to body cells.
ii. Most chemical reactions in humans body need water
as a solvent.
iii. Dissolve carbon dioxide and oxygen for aquatic
organisms.
iv. Dissolves mineral salts and this enables the roots of
plants to absorb.

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 Suspension

• The suspended substances is a substance that

do not dissolve in water.
• When a suspended substances is added into a
solvent, it forms a suspension
• A suspension can be separated by filtration.

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 Organic solvent
• There are also substances that do not
dissolves in water but dissolve in organic
solvent such as ether, benzene and
alcohol

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 Organic solvent
Organic Substances that
solvent can be dissolves Uses

Ether Oils, fats, grease to make cosmetics such as

lipstick and nail polish

Turpentine Grease, paint, tar to dilute paint to make it

easier to use

Chloroform Plastic to stick plastic

substances

Benzene Rubber, grease to stick rubber sheets

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 5.5

Acid and Alkali

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 Acid and alkaline
Acid and alkali will show their properties in the
presence of water

In the presence of water

a) acid will change the colour of

litmus paper from blue to red

b) alkali will change the colour of

litmus paper from red to blue

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 Acid
Acid exists in three states, which are solid,
liquid and gas.

Acid are chemical substances that contain

hydrogen atom.

Weak acids usually found in food.

Examples are lactic acid, tannic acid,
acetic acid, formic acid .

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Sources of acids

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 The properties of acid
1. Taste sour
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value smaller than 7.
4. Change the colour of litmus paper from
blue to red
5. React with carbonates to form salt and
water and release carbon dioxide

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 The properties of acid
6. React with reactive metal
(magnesium/aluminium) to form salt and
release hydrogen
7. React with alkali to form salt and water
(neutralisation process).

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 Alkaline

• Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that

dissolves in water.
• Examples of alkali:

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 The properties of alkali
1. Taste bitter
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value greater than 7
4. Feel slippery like soap when touched
5. Change the colour of litmus paper from
red to blue

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 The properties of alkali
6. React with ammonium salts to give off ammonia gas
when heated.

Examples:
sodium hydroxide + ammonium chloride 
sodium chloride + water + ammonia gas

7. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation

process)

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 pH values

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Click here to watch video
 Neutralisation
• Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in
which an acid and an alkali react to form
salt and water.
acid + alkali  salt + water

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 Titration
• Titration is a method used for
neutralisation.
• At the neutralisation point, all the acid
completely reacts with the alkali and the
solution has a pH value of 7

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 5.6

Methods of Purifying of Water

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 Natural source of water
• Natural water contains impurities and
needs to be treated before it is safe for
drinking.
• Example of natural source of water :
rivers, well, rain , pond, sea, lake, stream..

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 Methods of water purification
1. Boiling

2. Chlorination

3. Filtration

4. Distillation
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 Boiling
• Use heat to kills the
microorganisms in the
water.

• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganisms

• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water

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 Chlorination
• Chlorine is added to
water to kill
microorganisms

• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganism

• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water

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 Filtration
• To remove suspended
impurities from the water

• Advantages
Water is clear and free
from suspended particles

• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
microorganisms still
exists in water

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 Distillation

• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

impurities from the water

• Advantages
Water is free from all microorganisms, suspended and
dissolved impurities

• Disadvantages
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Does not contain minerals which our bodies need.
Distillation

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 The application of water purification
methods in our daily life

(a) Boiling
– Piped water is boiled before drinking

(b) Filtration
– River water is filtered before being supplied to consumers house

(c) Distillation
– Clinics and hospitals use distilled water to prepared medicines

(d) Chlorination
– Chlorine is added to the water in the swimming pool to kill
microorganisms

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5.7 Water Supply System

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 Water used
• River water and rain water is our main source of water

• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

to be purified before it is supplied to consumers home.

• There are several ways to save water

(a) Make use of recycled water
(b) Beware of pipe leakage
(c) Turn off the tap immediately when not in use
(d) Do not turn on the tap full
(e) Wash cloths in big quantities

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 5.8

Preserving Water Quality

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 Water pollution
• Water pollution occurs when water is
contaminate with waste product.
• Polluted water is not suitable for living
organisms.

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 Domestic waste

• Effect of water pollutants

Contains dangerous microorganisms that causes diseases such as
cholera.

• Ways to control water pollution

i. Dispose the rubbish in a proper way
ii . Make use of recycle materials instead of using plastic materials

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 Agricultural waste

• Effect of water pollutants

Poison the aquatic organisms and affect human’s health
when eaten.

• Ways to control water pollution

Reduce the used of fertilisers and pesticides
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 Industrial waste

• Effect of water pollutants

Radioactive wastes and chemical residues will destroy
body cells and causes skin cancer

• Ways to control water pollution

Enforce the law strictly to prevent the factories from
letting harmful chemical residues into the open drain
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 Oil spills

• Effect of water pollutants

Kills marine life thus affecting the income of fisherman .

• Ways to control water pollution

Impose heavy penalties and fines to the ships which
found to pollute the sea
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 Waste water today
- Live in a desert tomorrow.

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