Lecture 1

Introduction to information systems development –System

Analyst, System Analysis & Design
System development is divided into
two parts:-
 System Analysis:-
a). Gathering of information
b). Interpreting the facts
c). Evaluation

 System Design:-
a). Planning the system.
System Analysis & Design

 System Analysis is the process in which the analyst

gathers the information, interpreting the facts,
diagnosing the problem and uses the information to
recommended improvements to the system.

 System Design is a process of planning a new business

system or one to replace or complete the existing
system.
Role of System Analyst:

 System analyst study the business system to learn current

methods and its effectiveness.
 System analyst decides whether the improvement is feasible or
not instead of telling that whether it should be done by
computerized or non-computerized methods.
 It will not determine how changes should be done. It is to study a
business process and evaluate it.
 It is not used to determine how best to solve an information
system. It check whether it will harm or improve the existing
system.
What System Analysis is NOT
 Itis not to Study a business to see which existing
process should be handled by computer and which
should be done by non-computerized method.

 It is not to determining what changes should be made.

 Itis not to determine how to solve an information

systems problem.
System Analyst can work in three different
ways:

1. System Analyst Only:- It emphasis on gathering of information and

determining requirements. They are not responsible for system
design.

2. System Analyst & designer:- Analyst carry out complete study of

system but also added responsibilities of designing the system.

3. System Analyst, designer & programmer:- Analyst conduct the

system investigation, develop design specifications and develop
program software to implement the design.
Users:
 All the managers and the employees in an
organization who interact with information
systems are termed as users.

 The degree of their involvement may vary,

depending on the type of the user.
User is of four types:-

1. Hand on user: Who actually interacts with the system.

2. Indirect user: Who depends on the reports or information but does

not operates on system or equipments.

3. User Manager: Who have the organizational responsibilities for

controlling the system activities.(monitoring the system)

4. Senior Manager: It evaluates organization’s exposure to risk for

information system.
LECTURE 2
Categories of Information Systems, System Development
Strategies.
System:-

A system is simply a set of various components that

interact with each other to accomplish some purpose

Types of system:-

1. Transaction Processing System.

2. Management Support System.
3. Decision Support System.
Transaction processing system:
 Transaction processing systems are used to improve the
routine business activities on which all organization
depends.
 It is a set of procedures for handling the transaction
which includes the activities such as calculation,
classification, sorting , storage, retrieval and
summarizing .
[ Transaction is an event or activity that effects the
organization.]
Example:- Calculators, ATM, Online shopping etc.
Management support system:
It assist managers in decision-making and problem
solving. They draw on data store as a result of
transaction procedure but they may use other processing
information.

Example:- UMS, HMS etc

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Decision support system:
It assist managers who must make decisions that are not
highly structured. They are unstructured or semi-
structured decisions.

** The key factor in the use of DSS is to determining what

system information needed.

Example:- search engines.

System development strategies
1. Systems Development Life Cycle
Method.(SDLC)
2. Structured Analysis Development
Method.
3. Systems Prototype Method.
1. SDLC
(System development life cycle)

SDLC consists of seven phases:-

1. Investigation :- Gathering the requirements or finding
the problem.
2. Feasibility:- To find the various solutions for the
problem.
a) Technical Feasibility
b) Economic Feasibility
c) Operational Feasibility
Cont…
3. Analysis:- To find the best optimal solution.
4. Design:- a). Physical design( Formatting the various
components of the system)
b). Logical design(How these components
interact with each other)
5. Implementation:- Coding
6. Testing:- It is done twice:
a). After implementation
b). After maintenance.
7. Maintenance
2. Structured Analysis Development
Method
 This method is aimed to overcome the difficulties faced
in case of understanding the large and complex systems
by:
1. Partitioning the system into components.
2. Constructing the model of the system.

 This method consists of elements of both analysis and

design.
Structured Analysis
 Structured analysis is to organize the task associated
with requirements to provide an accurate and complete
understanding of the current system.
 It focuses on specifying What the system or application
is required to do?.
 It does not focus on How the requirements should be
accomplished or How the application should be
implemented
 It focuses on the logical elements(what the system
should do) rather than the physical elements(Computers,
terminals, storage system etc.)
Benefits of Structured Analysis:
 It provides effective methods of requirement
determination process.
 Process is organized in such a way that it can includes
all relevant details.
 It is easy to verify when the relevant details have to be
omitted.
 Identification of requirement will be similar among
individual analyst and will include best strategy for
development.
 Proposed systems are effective in communication.
Various Elements of structured Analysis:
1. Graphic Symbols: In structured analysis various
symbols or icons to create a graphic model of the
system.
2. Data Flow Diagrams: DFD is the graphical tool used
to describe the movement of data through a system
manually or automatically including the processes,
data stores and delay in the system.
DFDs are of two types:
 Physical DFD: What tasks are carried and how they are
performed.(H/W , S/W used etc)
 Logical DFD: Describes the logical flow of data.
Cont…
3. Data Dictionary:
 Data dictionary is a catalog of various elements in a system.
 It tells where the data is to be used and where immediate
access to information is required.
 Data dictionary is used:
 To manage the details in a large system.
 To communicate a common meaning for all system elements
 To document the features of the system..
 To facilitate analysis of the details in order to evaluate
characteristics and determine where system changes should
be made.
 To locate errors and omission in the system.
Cont..
 Data dictionary contains two types of descriptions for data
flowing through the system:
1). Data Elements (Smallest unit of data)
2). Data Structure (Group of data elements which together
form a unit)
Structured Design:
 This element focuses on the development of software
specifications and utilizes the graphic description.
 The goal of structured design is to create programs
consisting of functionally independent modules that perform
relatively independently to one another. This in return will
facilitate program maintenance when the need arises.
Cont..
 Tool for structured design is the STRUCTURED
CHART.
 Structured charts are graphic and avoid specification of
hardware or physical details.
 They describe the interaction between different
independent modules and the data passing between
modules that interact with one another, but do not deals
with program logic.
 All these specifications can than be passed to
programmers before coding.
3. System Prototype Method
Prototype???
 A prototype is a working system that is developed to test
ideas and assumption about the new system.
 It contains the working software that accepts input,
performs the calculations and give the results.
 The information and the results produced by the system
are evaluated by the users.
 Prototyping is very effective under the correct
circumstances and is useful only if it is employed at the
right time and in an appropriate manner.
Steps involved in Prototyping:
1. Identify the user’s known requirements and features
needed in the system.
2. Develop a working Prototype.
3. Use the prototype.
4. Review prototype
5. Report as needed