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CHECK CHECK
PRODUCT REFERENCE

WORKING GAUGES-least accurate

INSPECTION GAUGES
MASTER GAUGES-most accurate

Need for limit gauges

By suitably designing the gauges it is possible to provide a limit gauging
system which will control the complex dimension of the thread within the
limits laid down by its specifications.
 

The wear takes place more rapidly in screw thread gauges than in plain gauges. It is
not uncommon for a hardened ring thread gauge to wear from 0.025 mm to 0.075 mm
during a few days of operation. The gauge tolerance has to be adjusted in such a way
as to take into account the wear allowance. This reduces the work tolerance by an
amount that must be allowed for wear in full form ring gauge. This allowance for wear
is overcome in Caliper gauges to a great extent. The allowance recommended by
B.S.I, for wear on generally used solid ring and plug gauges is 0.05 mm. Therefore,
frequent checking of solid pattern gauges is necessary.
s

: O

·
Plug gage for checking size or diameter of internally
threaded part.
· 
Plug gage for checking taper of internally threaded part.
·

Ring gage for checking size or diameter of externally
threaded part.

„


„
 
„ 
s

: m

·
The Metric Trapezoidal Ring Gage.

· 
American Standard Adjustable Ring Gage.

„


„
 
„ 
s

: 


„


„
 
„ 
Forms of thread gauges

Plug screw gauges:

For gauging nuts or internal threads it is obvious that full form 4   

made accurately to minimum dimensions of internal thread will ensure that all
dimensions of the thread are not less than that minimum if it will assemble with
the thread.

A plain NO GO gauge is required for

Major Diameter
Minor Diameter
Effective Diameter
 Form of threads for NO GO effective diameter gauge is shown in Fig.

How gauges are manufactured?

The gauges are made up of special quality gauge steel, hardened and
seasoned before the threads are grooved and finally tapped to dimension.
For gauging parallel external screw threads, minimum of following 3 gauges are
recommended.
· a plain caliper gauge with gauging features to check the tolerance on the major
diameter.
· a screw caliper gauge with full form gauging features to check the maximum effective
diameter, or a screw ring gauge.
· A screw caliper gauge with special gauging features to operate slowly on the flanks
of the thread, to check the minimum effective diameter.


 
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· GO and NO GO plug gauges to check the tolerance on the minor diameter.
· a GO screw plug gauge to check the minimum effective diameter.

(iii) a NO GO screw plug gauge to check the maximum effective diameter.

Ring screw gauges

For production gauging of bolts the equivalent mating surface of the bolt threads
is known as a ring gauge.

The NO GO ring gauge is truncated on its minor diameter and cleared on its
major diameter as shown in Fig. below.
The legend stamped on the ring should give size and pitch, for example, 7/16-
20 NF means the workpiece should be of 7/16" outside or major diameter
having 20 threads per inch (National fine threads series)
Sometimes class of fit also appears on the ring.
How to analyze the errors??

A thread ring cannot ordinarily be used to analyse the individual errors present
in a screw. If the pitch diameter is over-size the ring will not engage : of course
neither will it turn on an over-size major diameter. If the minor diameter is off
(i.e., the screw whose roots are filled with dirt, or made from worn die or lathe
tool) the gauge will bind. Excessive screw thread lead errors, like taper will
ordinarily be detected after a few turns of ring gauge. Where very fine threads
are being gauged, care must be exercised not to force the threads of the ring
gauge on screw.
C 4
 

With 2 set of anvils

The front anvils have the full thread form cut on them and are set at
distance apart as to accept the screws below the upper size limit(GO
anvils of the gauge)

If the screw passes through the front go anvils, it reaches near NOGO
anvils. There is no anvils test the effective diameter, the tooth formed
on these anvils is cleared off at root and truncated at crest
 
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44 





 

It has already been indicated that effect of errors of pitch and flank angle is to bring
about a virtual increase in the effective diameter in case of external threads and a
decrease in effective diameter in case of internal threads. Accordingly Taylor's principle
can be applied to threads also. It may be remembered that according to Taylor's
principle, a GO gauge should check both geometric features and size and thus be of full
form, whereas NO GO gauge should check only one dimension. In line with this, GO
gauge is made of full form to the full length of thread to the maximum diameter of thread.
If NO GO thread gauge is also made of full form, then the virtual reduction in effective
diameter due to pitch errors may give misleading results. To obviate this difficulty, and to
account for Taylor's principle, NO GO gauges for the threads are made to check for
major diameter and the effective diameter which is not influenced by the errors in pitch
or form of the thread.
  

 

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Effective diameter
The effective diameter tolerance must take into consideration the three variables (i)
the major diameter; (ii) the length of thread engagement; (iii) the pitch.

Tolerance on effective diameter:

s  å 
å 4

D-major diamter
L-length of engagement
p -pitch
The value of these constants according to British Standard Specifications for
Whitworth threads are a=0.002,b=0.003 c=0.005 for medium fit
 The specifications provide for three grades of fits, (a) close, (b) medium, (c) free.

The basic formula gives effective diameter tolerance for medium fit.
Close fit tolerances are two-thirds of free fit, and free fit tolerance is one and a half
times that of medium fit. This results in tolerance increasing by 50% each time
from close-medium-free fit.
Close fit. This applies to screw requiring a fine snug fit.
Medium fit. Suitable for better class of ordinary interchangeable screw threads.
Free fit. Suitable for bulk of screw threads of ordinary commercial quality.

Major Diameter. Its tolerance is given by expression :

This is applicable for all grades of fits(external threads)

Minor diameter:
     
 åV
V s 4 for close fit

     
 åV
V 4 for medium and free fit.
 Tolerance on internal threads(on nut)

a) 26 TPI finer -0.2p+0.004¶¶

b) 22 TPI and 24TPI = 0.2p+0.005¶¶
c) 20 TPI and coarser = 0.2p+0.007¶¶

# Determine the limiting dimensions for a bolt and nut ¾¶¶ B.S.F(medium fit)

a)basic sizes : Full iameter V


core diameter V
    4
 
V
     V
 

 
V
s inch
b) Effective diameter tolerance :
V
VVs  å V
VVs
å V
VV 4

V
VVs V
 å V
VVs V
 å V
VV


V
VV  å V
VV å V
VV 
V
VV inch
c)Major diamter tolerance
or bolts(external threads)
* ective diamter tolerance V
V

* V
VV inch
d) minor diamter tolerance
i)or bolts(external threads) and medium it
* ective diamter tolerance V
V 4
* V
V  inch
ii) On nut (internal threads)
or V and coarser
* V

V
VV ''
* V
Vs inch
Hence limiting size for Bolt and Nut would be:

  
   
    
 
        
     

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This wear takes place more rapidly in screw thread gauges than in plain
gauges. It is not uncommon for hardened ring²thread gauge to wear from 0.02 mm to
0.03 mm during a few days use. When full form GO and effective diameter NOT GO
ring gauges are used, manufacturing tolerance of work is reduced by amount that
must be allowed for wear in the full form ring gauges.
 
'
 
 Solid gauges, being unadjustable for wear, their use
reduces considerably the tolerance or limit of accuracy within which the work must
actually be made, thus increasing the cost of manufacture.
! 



 Owing to wear effects, which in time may take up the full amount
of tolerance allowed, there is always the risk of a gauge being used beyond its designed
capacity with the result that the work checked with the gauge will be inaccurate ;
frequent checking of screw thread gauges is necessary in order to obviate this effect.
 
(
'

adjustable thread gauge shown in Fig below can be used for inspecting both right and
left hand threads. It is adjustable to 0.002 mm and will test for out of roundness or
eccentricity. It can be sealed after adjustment and is temper proof.
The principle of the Wickman thread gauging system is to ensure truly
interchangeable thread work of sound mechanical strength by controlling within
the prescribed limits, the major, minor and effective diameters

Notes on working : next page

To set the gauge, the anvils are first adjusted by means of the adjusting screws until the
setting of master gauges held between them is just sufficiently right to support the
weight of the gauge. If the locking screws are tightened by means of a special key
supplied then the ball will be slightly compressed; their elasticity enables the setting
gauge to be gripped or loosened alternately. An intermediate adjustment, where the
setting gauges can just slide through the anvils is the desirable setting. After adjustment,
a monogram lead seal can be fixed over the adjusting screws. The frame of the gauge is
of cast iron with specially selected characteristics to ensure that it will break rather than
take a permanent set in the event of an accident. The anvils are of hardened tool steel
and made sliding fit in their holder. Hardened abutments fixed solidly to the frame
prevent the anvils from turning or tilting. The gauges are made to suit all standard screw
thread forms. The principle of the Wickman thread gauging system is to ensure truly
interchangeable thread work of sound mechanical strength by controlling within the
prescribed limits, the major, minor and effective diameters. As mentioned previously, the
effective dia. is virtually increased by errors of pitch and angle so it must not be too
large. For this reason the 'front' or 'GO' portion of the anvil is provided with a full form of
thread of sufficient width to cover the engagement of the screw; it is set to the nominal
diameter. The rear anvil is of specially truncated form and consists of a few threads only,
in order that contact may be made only on the central portion of the flanks of the thread
and that no effects of pitch error are taken into account. In this way, the gauge certifies
that the effective dia. is not too small. The threads on the anvils are relieved so that
there is no interference with the helix of the thread being inspected ; thus inspection
takes place on the axial line of the thread, where the true thread is located. As there is
no interference with the helix angle, the same gauge can be used for both right and left
hand threads.
 

4
 Diameter and pitch combinations for ISO metric thread

 !

1st Choice 2nd Choice 3rd Choice Coarse Fine
² 1.5 1 2 1.5
20 18 17 2.5 2.5
1 2 1.5 1
2 1.5 1 2 1.5 1
24 22 25 2.5 3
2 1.5
The standard values of major diameters and the pitches for coarse and fine threads
(ISO Metric screw threads) are given below :
C
 C
 

#
#

 Minor  Minor Minor
Pitch Pitch Pitch
dia dia dia
1.6 0.35 1.22 8 1.25 6.65 1.00 6.92
2 0.4 1.57 10 1.5 8.38 1.25 8.65
2.5 0.45 2.01 12 1.75 10.11 1.25 10.65
3 0.5 2.46 16 2.0 13.83 1.50 14.38
4 0.7 3.24 20 2.5 17.29 1.50 18.38
5 0.8 4.13 24 3.0 20.75 2.00 21.83
6 1.0 4.92 30 3.5 26.21 2.00 27.83

36 4.0 31.67 3.00 32.75

 M 33 x 2;
M 20?

Design profile:
Basic dimensions for design profiles for ISO Metric screw threads are given below.
Their exact values in tabular form for threads in the diameter range of 1 to 300 mm
have been indicated in IS : 4218 (Part III)²1976. The standard symbols for denoting
the various important quantities are :
 

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|)*+,-. following gauges are prescribed

(a) Solid GO screw ring gauge, ·  Adjustable GO screw ring gauge.

·
 Check plugs (GO and NO GO) for new solid GO screw ring gauge.
· Setting plug for adjustable GO screw gauge.
· Wear check plug for solid or adjustable GO screw ring gauge,
· GO screw caliper gauge.
·  Setting plug for GO screw caliper gauge,
· NO GO screw caliper gauge. · Setting plug for NO GO screw caliper gauge,
·' Solid NO GO screw ring gauge. · Adjustable NO GO screw ring gauge.
· Check plugs (GO and NO GO) for new solid NO GO screw ring gauge.
· Setting plug for adjustable NO GO screw ring gauge.
·4 Wear check plug for solid or adjustable NO GO screw ring gauge.
· Plain gauge for major dia (ring or caliper gauges).
 

('4
 

· GO Screw plug gauge, ·  NO GO screw plug gauge.
·
 Plain gauges for minor diameter (plug gauges).
It is not essential that all these gauges have to be used but GO and NO GO limits should
be ensured by proper gauges for every piece.

Refer text book for more information

 

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For the female threads the

letter is upper class and for the
male threads the letter is lower
class. Therefore H6 is a
tolerance grade for a
female(Internal ) thread and g6
is a tolerance grade for a male
(External ) thread.
The tolerance band positions
relative to the basic zero size
are illustrated in the figure
below
Threads Pitch Gauges for ISO metric screw thread
The pitch range 0.25 to 6.0
mm are made in the form of
24 blades (made of suitable
tool steel sheet and 0.5 mm
thick), 23 for checking the
pitches and one having an
ISO profile of 60°. All these
blades are assembled in a
protective sheath. All the
blades are suitably
hardened and tempered to
a hardness of 540 HV and
properly finished and sharp
edges removed.