Scribd
Upload
503 views

Longitudinal Stability (1) Trim: 48 Cms by The Stern

The document discusses concepts related to longitudinal stability of ships including trim, longitudinal center of gravity, longitudinal center of buoyancy, longitudinal metacentre, longitudinal metacentric height, change of trim, moment to change trim by one centimeter, and the effects of loading and discharging weights on trim. It provides examples of calculating trim based on initial and final draughts as well as the positioning and amounts of loaded/discharged weights. Procedures are outlined for determining final draughts when multiple weights are loaded or discharged from a ship.

Uploaded by

Bharatiyulam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
503 views

Longitudinal Stability (1) Trim: 48 Cms by The Stern

The document discusses concepts related to longitudinal stability of ships including trim, longitudinal center of gravity, longitudinal center of buoyancy, longitudinal metacentre, longitudinal metacentric height, change of trim, moment to change trim by one centimeter, and the effects of loading and discharging weights on trim. It provides examples of calculating trim based on initial and final draughts as well as the positioning and amounts of loaded/discharged weights. Procedures are outlined for determining final draughts when multiple weights are loaded or discharged from a ship.

Uploaded by

Bharatiyulam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

LONGITUDINAL STABILITY (1)

Trim
Is the difference in cms between the forward and aft draughts,
as measured at the forward and aft perpendiculars
respectively.

The ship above has draughts F 2.20 m A 2.68 m.


The trim of the ship is: 2.68 -
2.20
0.48 m by the stern;
48 cms by the stern.

The ship above has draughts F 2.70 m A 2.32 m.


The trim of the ship is: 2.70 -
2.32
0.38 m by the head;
38 cms by the head.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 1


R Rev 03/01/01)
Longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG)
Is the position of the ship’s centre of gravity relative to the
length of the ship. Termed GL in diagrams.

Longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB)


Is the position of the ship’s centre of buoyancy relative to the
length of the ship. Is termed BL in diagrams.

Longitudinal Metacentre
Is the point of intersection of the lines of action of buoyancy
force acting through the LCB when the ship is in the initial
even keel condition and subsequently trimmed conditions. Is
termed ML in diagrams.

Longitudinal Metacentric height (GML)


Is the vertical difference between the centre of gravity and the
longitudinal metacentre. Termed GML in diagrams.

Consider the ship shown.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 2


R Rev 03/01/01)
ML

w
d

GL1 GL
F
BL BL1

)(
Consider a ship initially on even keel. A weight already on
board is moved aft through ‘d’ metres. This causes GL to move
to GL1.
GLGL1 = w  d
W

Longitudinal Stability (MA 3


R Rev 03/01/01)
Rearranging this gives: GLGL1 × W = w × d

 Trimming moment = GLGL1 × W = w × d

The ship trims until both LCB and LCG are in the same vertical
again.

Change of trim (COT)


Is the difference in cms between the trim in the initial condition
and the trim in the final condition.

SAQ
A ship has the following initial draughts:
F 6.00 m A 5.86 m
and final draughts: F 5.66 m A 6.20 m
after cargo on board is shifted.
Calculate the change of trim that has occurred.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 4


R Rev 03/01/01)
Answer

Initial draughts:
F 6.00 m A 5.86 m: Trim = 0.14 m by HEAD
Final draughts:
F 5.66 m A 6.20 m: Trim = 0.54 m by STERN
Therefore: Change of trim = 0.68 m by STERN

= 68 cms by STERN

Moment to change trim by one centimetre (MCTC)


This is the trimming moment (w × d) required to change the
ship’s trim by exactly 1 cm. It is tabulated in the ship’s
hydrostatic particulars and used to determine the change in trim
when cargo is either shifted, loaded or discharged.

COT (cms) = w × d = Trimming moment


MCTC MCTC

SAQ
A weight of 150 tonnes is moved aft by a distance of 20 m. If
the MCTC for the current draught is 250 t-m determine the
final trim of the ship if the initial trim was 0.20 m by the
stern.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 5


R Rev 03/01/01)
Answer

COT (cms) = w × d = 150 × 20 = 12 cms


MCTC 250

COT = 0.120 m

Initial trim: 0.200 m by STERN


COT: 0.120 m further by the STERN
FINAL TRIM 0.320 m by STERN

Longitudinal centre of flotation (LCF or F)


Is the geometric centre of the ship’s water-plane area at a
particular draught and is the point about which the ship will
trim. It’s position will change with draught.

)(
Longitudinal Stability (MA 6
R Rev 03/01/01)
The position of the LCF determines how the change of trim
(COT) will be apportioned between the forward and aft
draughts.

Ship with LCF amidships


AP FP

F Tf
Ta

)(
If LCF amidships then: Ta = Tf = COT
2
where: Ta = change of draught aft due to trim; and
Tf = change of draught forward due to trim.

SAQ
A ship floats at draughts F 6.50 m and A 6.80 m. Determine
the final draughts if 25 tonnes is moved 45 m forward given
that MCTC is 112.5 t-m and the LCF is amidships.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 7


R Rev 03/01/01)
Answer
COT = w × d = 25 × 45 =10 cms = 0.100 m
MCTC 112.5

Ta = Tf = 0.100 = +/- 0.050 m


2
Weight is moved forward so the ship will trim by the HEAD.

Initial draughts F 6.500 A 6.800


Trim + 0.050 - 0.050
FINAL F 6.550 m A 6.750 m

Longitudinal Stability (MA 8


R Rev 03/01/01)
Ship with LCF not amidships
In this case the change of trim (COT) will have to be
apportioned to the forward and aft draughts according to the
position of the LCF within the ship’s length.

AP a f FP

F Tf
Ta

LBP )(

If the similar triangles are considered then:


a = f and Ta + Tf = COT
Ta Tf

Therefore: Ta = a × COT and Tf = f × COT


LBP LBP

SAQ
A ship has initial draughts F 10.25 m and A 10.15 m. A weight
of 95 tonnes is moved aft through a distance of 42 m.
Calculate the final draughts given that LBP is 100 m, LCF is
48 m foap and MCTC is 285 t-m.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 9


R Rev 03/01/01)
Answer
COT = w × d = 95 × 42 = 14 cms
MCTC 285
Ta = 48 × 14 = 6.7 cms = 0.067 m
100
Tf = 52 × 14 = 7.3 cms = 0.073 m
100
Weight is moved aft so the ship will trim by the STERN.

Initial draughts F 10.250 A 10.150


Trim - 0. 073 + 0.067
FINAL F 10.177 m A 10.217 m

Longitudinal Stability (MA 10


R Rev 03/01/01)
The effect of loading and discharging weights
The effect of bodily sinkage/rise must be taken into account:

Sinkage/Rise cms = w
TPC

The following procedure should be followed:


1. Load/discharge the weight from the LCF, calculating the
sinkage/rise using the TPC value given.
2. Calculate the COT by moving the weight from the LCF
position to it’s actual loaded/discharged position.
3. Find Ta/Tf by apportioning the COT according to the
position of the LCF.
4. Apply both the sinkage/rise and Ta/Tf to the initial
draughts to determine the final draughts.

SAQ
A ship 100 m in length floats at draughts F 7.00 m and A 6.80
m. Calculate the final draughts if 150 t is loaded 20 m foap
given that TPC is 15 and MCTC is 150 t-m and LCF is 45 m
foap.
TIP
Always draw a sketch to help you picture what is happening!

Longitudinal Stability (MA 11


R Rev 03/01/01)
45 m
150 t
AP FP

20 m

)(

Answer
Sinkage = w = 150 = 10 cms = 0.100 m
TPC 15

COT = w × d = 150 × (45 - 20) = 25 cms


MCTC 150

Ta = 45 × 25 = 11.25 cms = 0.113 m


100
Tf = 55 × 25 = 13.75 cms = 0.137 m
100
Weight is loaded aft of the LCF so the ship will trim by the
STERN.

Initial draughts F 7.000 A 6.800


Sinkage + 0.100 + 0.100
7.100 6.900
Trim - 0.137 + 0.113
FINAL F 6.963 m A 7.013 m

Longitudinal Stability (MA 12


R Rev 03/01/01)
Loading/discharging multiple weights
A tabular approach needs to be adopted where moments are
taken about the LCF.

Consider the following example:

A ship 120 m in length floats at draughts F 6.24 m and A 6.36


m. LCF is 54 m foap, TPC 14.2 and MCTC 116 t-m.

The following cargo is worked:


Load 120 t lcg 10.0 m foap;
Load 68 t lcg 86 m foap;
Discharge 36 t lcg 22 m foap;
Discharge 48 t lcg 60 m foap.
Calculate the final draughts.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 13


R Rev 03/01/01)
TRIM - MULTIPLE WEIGHTS

Enter data

LBP = 120 m
LCF = 54 m foap
TPC 14.2
MCTC 116 t-m

Weight (t) Weight (t) Dist from LCF HEAD STERN


120 120 44 5280
68 68 32 2176
-36 36 32 1152
-48 48 6 288
NET 104 3328 5568
2240

Using: Sinkage = w
TPC

Sinkage = 7.3 cms Using: COT = Trimming moment


= 0.073 m MCTC

COT = 19.3 cms

Apportion the COT using: Ta = a x COT


LBP
Tf = f x COT
LBP

Ta = 8.7 cms = 0.087 m


Tf = 10.6 cms = 0.106 m

Find final draughts

Fwd Aft
Initial 6.240 6.360
Sinkage 0.073 0.073
6.313 6.433
Trim -0.106 0.087
FINAL DRAUGHTS 6.207 6.520

Longitudinal Stability (MA 14


R Rev 03/01/01)
Most trim problems are straight forward provided that you
understand the information that is being given and can
recognise the formula to which it belongs.

Sinkage/Rise cms = w
TPC

COT cms = w × d = Trimming moment


MCTC MCTC

Apportion COT to forward and aft draughts using:

Ta = a × COT and Tf = f × COT


LBP LBP

NOTE
In practice, the mean value of TPC must be used to determine
the sinkage/rise of the ship. Similarly, the mean values of
MCTC and LCF must be used when calculating the change of
trim. The change of trim is then apportioned to the final
waterline using the final LCF. If a ‘hydrostatic particulars’
table is not given, then it has to be assumed that the values of
TPC, MCTC and LCF position do not significantly change i.e.
they remain constant for the range of draughts concerned.

Longitudinal Stability (MA 15


R Rev 03/01/01)

You might also like