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Chapter 2

This document discusses atomic structure and properties. It defines subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It describes how atomic number relates to protons and mass number relates to protons and neutrons. Isotopes are defined as atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons. Mass spectrometers are used to categorize particles by mass to study isotopic abundance. Electron configuration and energy levels are also summarized.

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Simon Jahn
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171 views

Chapter 2

This document discusses atomic structure and properties. It defines subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It describes how atomic number relates to protons and mass number relates to protons and neutrons. Isotopes are defined as atoms with the same number of protons but different neutrons. Mass spectrometers are used to categorize particles by mass to study isotopic abundance. Electron configuration and energy levels are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Simon Jahn
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: Atomic Structure

subatomic particles:

relative mass Relative electrical Where found


charge
proton 1 +1 nucleus
neutron 1 0 nucleus
electron 1/1840 -1 shell

atomic number, Z: number or protons

mass number, A: sum of protons and neutrons

A – Z = number or electrons

When the number of protons and electrons in an atom is not equal, it is called an Ion

Anion (-): gains electron

Cation (+): losses electron

Isotope: atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

radioactive isotopes (“radioisotopes)

Carbon-14: date objects


Ion-125: “tracers”

Cobalt-60: radiation treatment

mass spectrometer: categorize particles by mass

use: determine the natural abundance of the isotopes of an element


 calculate the relative atomic mass

1. vaporization
2. ionization (cations)
3. acceleration (by electric field)
4. deflection (lighter  less deflection)
5. detection

condition: high vacuum

electron arrangement

electron gains energy  gets excited and move to higher energy level

 emits light (light is a form of energy) looses energy and drops to original energy

level

Energy Difference = Plank’s constant * frequency, ∆E = hf


velocity = wavelength * frequency, c = λ * f

Lyman series: drop to 1st energy level, ultraviolet region

Balmar series: drop to 2nd energy level, visible region

Paschen series: drop to 3rd energy level, infrared region

electrion configuration

energy level: n

total orbitals: n2

1s2s2p2p2p1s2p2p2p3d3d3d3d3d…

(each orbital can contain up to two electrons of opposite spin)

Electron Capacity: 2n2

Aufbau principle: electrons fill the sub-levels in a way, that in requires the least possible

amount of energy.

Hund’s rule: sub-level orbitals are singly occupied as far as possible by electrons with the

same spin

ionisation energy: the minimal amount of energy required for ionization of an atom in

gaseous state.

electron-electron repulsion

nuclear-electron attraction

(filled inner orbitals provides ‘shielding’)

effective nuclear charge (ENC = Z – number of

filled orbitals)

Group:

Period:

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