ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
∆E = hν c = λν E = energy υ = velocity
h
λ= p = mν ν = frequency n = principal quantum number
mυ
λ= wavelength m = mass
2.178 x 10 -18 p = momentum
E= - joule
n2
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 ms-1
EQUILIBRIUM
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
H+  A- 
Ka =     Boltzmann’s constant, k = 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1
[ HA ]
Avagadro’s number = 6.022 x 10 23 molecules mol-1
 OH -   HB+  Electron charge, e = -1.602 x 10-19 coulomb
Kb = 
[ B] 1 electron volt/atom = 96.5 kJmol-1

Kw =[OH-] [H+] = 10-14 @ 25°C

= Ka x Kb
Equilibrium constants
pH = -log[H+], pOH = -log[OH-]
14 = pH + pOH Ka (weak acid)
Kb (weak base)
A- 
pH = pK a + log   Kw (water)
[ HA ]
Kp (gas pressure)
 HB+ 
pOH = pK b + log  Kc (molar concentration)
[ B]
S0 = standard entropy
pKa = - logKa, pKb = -logKb H0 = standard enthalpy
G0 = standard free energy
Kp = Kc(RT)∆n
where ∆n = moles of product gas - moles reactant gas E0 = standard reduction potential
T = temperature
THERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS
n = moles

ΣS products - ΣS reactants
∆S0 = 0 0 m = mass
q = heat
∆H = ΣH products - ΣH reactants
0 0
f
0
f
c = specific heat capacity
∆G = ΣG products - ΣG reactants
0 0
f
0
f
Cp = molar heat capacity at constant pressure
∆G0 = ∆H0 - T∆S0 Ea = activation energy
= - RT ln K = -2.303 RT log K k = rate constant
= - n ℑ E0
∆G = ∆G0 + RT ln Q = ∆G0 + 2.303 RT log Q A = frequency factor
q = mc∆T
∆H
Cp = Faraday’s constant, ℑ = 96,500 coulombs per mole
∆T
ln[A]t – ln[A]0 = -kt of electrons
1 1
− = kt
 A  t [ A]0 Gas Constant, R = 8.31 Jmol-1K-1
− Ea  1  = 0.0821 L atm mol-1K-1
ln k =   + ln A = 8.31 volt coulomb mol-1K-1
R T 

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 GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS
P = pressure
PV = nRT V = volume
 n a
2 T = Temperature
P +  ( V - nb) = nRT n = number of moles
 
 V2  D = density
m = mass
υ= velocity
moles of A
PA = Ptotal x XA, where XA =
total moles

Ptotal = PA + PB + Pc + … υrms = root mean square velocity

KE = kinetic energy
m r = rate of effusion
n=
M M = molar mass
π= osmotic pressure
K = °C + 273 i= van’t Hoff factor
Kf = molal freezing point depression constant
P1V1 PV Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant
= 2 2 A = Absorbance
T1 T2
a = molar absorptivity
m b = path length
D=
V c = concentration
3kT 3RT Q = reaction quotient
urms = = I = current (amperes)
m M q = charge (coulombs)
t = time (seconds)
KE per molecule = ½ mυ2 E0 = standard reduction potential
3 K = equilibrium constant
KE per mole = RT
2
r1 M2
=
r2 M1 Gas Constant, R = 8.31 Jmol-1K-1
= 0.0821 L atm mol-1K-1
molarity, M = moles solute per liter solution = 8.31 volt coulomb mol-1K-1
molality = moles solute per kilogram solvent
Boltzmann’s constant, k = 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1
∆Tf = i Kf x molality
Kf for H2O = 1.86 K kg mol-1
∆Tb = i Kb x molality
Kb for H2O = 0.512 K kg mol-1
Π = MRT 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
A = abc = 760 torr
STP = 0.000°C and 1.000 atm
Faraday’s constant, ℑ = 96500 coulombs per mol
OXIDATION REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY of electrons
[ C ] c [ D] d
Q= , where aA + bB
cC + dD
[ ] a [ ]b A B
q
I=
t
RT 0.0592
0
E cell = E cell - lnQ = E 0cell - logQ @ 25°C
nℑ n
nE 0
log K =
0.0592

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