Departmental of Electrical Engineering

Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power

(TDE)

lecture series on

Chapter No. 8

SUB-STATIONS
Prepared by- J R Goyanka.
 Contents

Introduction
Sub-Station and points to be consider while laying
out Substation
Classification of Sub-Stations
Selection of site for sub-station
Symbols used for equipments in sub-station
Equipments used in sub-station
Layout of sub-station
 Introduction to Sub-Station

Sub-Station is a place where some of the

characteristics of Electric Power is changed, such as
 Electric supply voltage is changed
 Conversion from DC to AC and DC to AC
 Change in frequency takes place
 Points to be consider while laying out
Sub-Station
It should located at the center of gravity of load.
It should provide safe and reliable arrangement.
(Safety- facilities and clearance for repairs and
maintenance for abnormal occurrences’ such as
possibilities of explosion or fire.)(Reliability- for
good design and provision of suitable protective
gear, etc.
It should be easily operated and maintained
It should involve minimum capital cost.
 Classification of Sub-Stations

According to service According to

requirement constructional features
i. Transformer sub- i. Indoor sub-stations
stations ii. Outdoor sub-stations
ii. Switching sub-stations iii. Underground sub-
iii. Power factor correction stations
sub-stations iv. Pole mounted sub-
iv. Frequency changer stations
sub-stations
v. Converting sub-stations
vi. Industrial sub-stations
 Classification of Sub-Station
According to service requirement

Transformer sub-stations
 Those sub-stations which change the voltage level of electric
supply.
Switching sub-stations
 They simply perform the switching operations of power lines.
Power factor correction sub-stations
 Those sub-stations which improves the power factor of the
system.
 Such sub-stations are located at receiving end of TL.
 Synchronous condensers are used as power factor improvement
device.
 Classification of Sub-Station
According to service requirement contd…
Frequency changer sub-stations
 Those sub-stations which change the supply frequency.
 Frequency change may be required for industrial utilization or
export of electric power.
Converting sub-stations
 Which change ac power into dc power with ignitron to supply
for special purpose such as traction, electroplating, electric
welding, etc.
Industrial sub-stations
 Which supply power to individual industrial concerns.
 Classification of Sub-Station
According to constructional features

Indoor sub-stations
 For voltage up to 11kV (and in some critical case up to 66kV),
the equipment of the sub-station is installed indoor.
Outdoor sub-stations
 For voltage beyond 66kV, equipments required clearance, such
as between conductor and space required for switches, circuit
breakers and other equipments
 Classification of Sub-Station
According to constructional features contd…
Underground sub-stations
 In thickly populated area; space available is limited and the
cost of land is high
Pole mounted sub-stations
 This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed
overhead on H- pole or 4-pole structure.
 It is the cheapest form of sub-station for voltage not exceeding
11kV (or 33kV in some cases).
 Electric power is almost distributed in localities through such
sub-station.
Underground Sub-station
Pole-Mounted Sub-station
PARTICULAR INDOOR OUTDOOR
SUB-STATION SUB-STATION
SPACE REQUIRED FOR Less More
SUB-STATION

TIME REQUIRED FOR More because Less

ERECTION additional building
constructional is
required
FUTURE EXTENSION Difficult due to less Easy, space availability
space available is large

FAULT LOCATION Difficult because all the Easy because all the
equipments are equipments are in full
enclosed view
CAPITAL COST More due to building Less, as no specially
construction designed required

MAINTENANCE Difficult as space Easy

between equipments is
less
PROTECTION AGAINST More Less
NATURAL CALAMITIES
 Selection of site for sub-station

1. Availability of land
2. Near to load centre
3. Atmospheric pollution
Symbol used for Equipments in Sub-station
Symbol used for Equipments in Sub-station
Equipments used in Sub-station

1) Bus-bars
2) Insulators
3) Isolating Switches
4) Circuit Breakers
5) Power Transformer
6) Instrument Transformers (CT & PT)
7) Metering and Indicating Instruments
8) Earthing Switch
9) Lightening Arrestor
10) Miscellaneous Items
 1. Bus bar

When number of generators or feeders operating at the

same voltage have to be directly connected electrically,
bus-bars are used as a common electrical component.
Bus-bars (are common conductor) are copper rods or
thin walled tubes and operate at constant voltage
Hence any fault taking place on the bus bar will result
into complete black out.
The most commonly used bus-bar arrangement
 Single bus-bar arrangement
 Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation
 Double bus-bar arrangement
1.a Single bus-bar arrangement
1.b Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation
1.c Double bus-bar arrangement
1.d Ring bus bar system
Types of Bus Bar Voltage Size for
Strain type
Size for
Rigid type
66kV 37/2.79 mm 40 mm
132kV 37/4.27 mm 65 mm
220kV 61/ 3.99 mm 80 mm
Two types
400kV 61/4.27 mm 100 mm
 Strain type
 similar to overhead transmission line
 ACSR conductors or aluminium conductors are supported by strain type
insulators
 The tension in conductor is limited up to 900kg.
 Rigid type
 This bus bars are hollow aluminium pipes general supported by pedestal
insulators
 The main advantage of rigid type of bus bar is the clearance between the
conductors remain same, also the maintenance is easy as the connections
are not very high from the ground.
 Due to its large diameter, the corona effect is less
 Limitations – high cost and require large space
 2. Insulator

Purpose of insulator
 They support the conductors(or bus-bars)
 Confine the current to the conductors
Material used for insulator
 Porcelain, glass
Types of insulators
 Pin, suspension, strain, shackle, post etc.
Post insulator is used for bus-bars.
A post insulator consists of porcelain body, cast iron cap and
flanged cast iron base.
The hole in the cap is threaded so that the bus-bars are
directly bolted to the cap.
 3. Isolating switches (Isolator)

 It is used to disconnect a part of the system for general

maintenance and repairs.
 Its an knife switch , designed to open a circuit under no
load (no current) (only).
 The entire sub-station had been divided into V-section
 4. Circuit Breaker

Is used to open or close the circuit under normal as

well as fault conditions.
It is so designed to operate manually (or by remote
control ) under normal conditions and automatically
under fault condition, for which relay circuit is used.
Voltage
 Up to 66kV – bulk oil circuit breaker
 Above 66kV – low oil circuit breaker
 For still higher voltage level, SF6, vacuum or air blast circuit
breaker is used
 5. Power Transformer

Used to step-up or step-down the voltage

Now a days 3 phase transformer is used, although 3
single phase bank of transformer could also be used to
Advantages of using 3 phase transformer
 Only one 3-phase load-tap changing mechanism can be used
 Installation is much simpler than the three single phase transformer
For ratings up to 10 MVA, naturally cooled, oil immersed
transformer is used
For higher ratings, air blast cooled transformer is used
 6. Instrument Transformer (IT)

The lines in sub-station operates at high voltage and carry current

thousands of amperes. While measuring instruments and
protective devices are designed for low voltages(generally 110V)
and current (about 5A).
Therefore they will not work satisfactorily if mounted directly on
the power lines. Thus instrument transformer is used.
The function of these instrument transformer is to transfer
voltage and currents in the power lines to the value which are
convenient for the operation of measuring instruments and
relays.
Types of IT’s
6.a Current Transformer (CT)
6.b Potential Transformer (PT)
 6.a Current Transformer (CT)

CT is essentially a step-up transformer which steps

down the current to a known ratio.
Primary of this transformer consists of one or more
turns of thick wire connected in series with the line.
The secondary consist of large number of turns of fine
wire and provides for the measuring instruments and
relays a current which is a constant fraction of the
current in the line.
Example- a CT rated at 100/5A is connected in the line
to measure current. If the current in the line is 100 A,
then current in the secondary will be 5A.
 6.b Potential/ Voltage Transformer (PT)

It is essentially a step-down transformer and steps

down the voltage to a known ratio.
The primary of transformer consists of large number
of turns of fine wire connected across the line.
The secondary winding consists of a few turns and
provides for measuring instruments and relays a
voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage.
Example- suppose PT rated at 66kV/110V is
connected to a power line. If line voltage is 66kV,
then voltage across the secondary will be 110V.
Instrument Transformer (IT) contd…
 7. Metering and Indicating Instruments

There are several metering and indicating

instruments (ex. Ammeter, voltmeter, energy
meters etc.) installed in sub-station to maintain
watch over the circuit quantities.
The instrument transformers are invariably used
with them for satisfactory operation.
 8. Earthing Switch

One terminal of earthing switch is connected to the

line and other is connected to the ground.
The main purpose of the switch is to discharge the
static charges of the line when line is open circuited.
 9. Lightening Arrestors

Lightening arrestors provides protection to sub-

station equipment against the lightening stroke.
Sometimes it is also called as a surge diverter.
There are different types of lightening arrestors such
as rod gap, horn gap, valve type and expulsion type
lightening arrestor.
 10. Miscellaneous Items

In addition to above there are certain miscellaneous

items such as fuses, power line carrier
communication equipment, battery system, shunt
reactors, capacitor bank etc.
 Layout of Sub-station

Generally there are two bus-bars, main bus bar and

auxiliary bus bar.
Each bus bar act separately and capable of handling
entire load.
The load is connected to the main bus bar, and when
there is fault or maintenance carried on main bus bar
then the load is transferred to auxiliary bus bar.
The incoming and outgoing lines can be connected to
entire bus bar with the help of bus bar coupler which
consists of circuit breaker and isolators.
Layout of Sub-station
Key diagram of 66/11kV sub-station
Key diagram of 11kV/400V Indoor Substation
THANK
YOU