VSAT 2011

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

VSAT is an acronym for “Very Small Aperture Terminal”. VSAT is basically a

dish or a parabolic antenna whose aperture is lesser than 3m. It is a device known as an
earth station for generating and transmitting a modulated data signal to a satellite. It also
receives satellite transmissions and hence it is a two-way satellite ground station. The
transmission rates of VSATs vary from 56Kb/s to 4Mb/s. The primary job of VSAT is to
access the satellite in geosynchronous orbit and relay data from terminals on the earth to
other terminals and hubs.

While most commercially available VSAT systems have been designed to carry
data, the underlying traffic can be digitized voice, reduced rate video or even narrow
strands of data within the composite capacity of the system.

1.1 Historical perspectives on VSAT systems:

VSAT was originally intended for store-and-forward data communications but has
evolved into a real-time application. The first commercially available VSAT which was
designed before 1984 were C-band (4 GHz) receive only systems by ‘equatorial
communications’ that used spread-spectrum technology. More than 30,000; 60 cm
antenna systems were sold in the early 1980s. Later, a C-band (4/6 GHz) two-way system
was developed using 1 m x 0.5m antennas.

Now-a-days, VSATs mainly work in Ku and Ka bands. The world’s 1st Ku band
VSAT was co- developed by Schlumberger Oilfield Research with Hughes Aerospace in
1985 and it was designed to provide portable network connectivity for oil field-drilling
and exploration units. Ku band VSATs are in vast use today for wide range of applications
including data and telephony applications.

Frequency band- C-band Ku band Ka band

Uplink frequency 5.9-6.4 GHz 14-14.5 GHz 27.5-31 GHz
Downlink frequency 3.7-4.2 GHz 11.7-12.2 GHz 17.7-21.2 GHz

Table 1.1 frequency band specification of C, Ku and Ka bands

1.2 Operation of VSAT systems:

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Operation of VSAT systems are of two types, namely

Bi-Directional Operation - The dish both spends (uplinks) and receives (downlinks)
information.

Receive-Only Operation - The dish receives (downlinks) information only.

1.3 VSAT Networks:

There are basically five types of networks employed in VSAT operations.

1.3.1 Multipoint Network:

The Multipoint Network Structure is used in data oriented networks that require
voice. The network structure provides for two-way data, voice and multi-media
operations. The network configuration is a star type network that connects one or more
main sites to various remote sites. It employs a central hub station and a communication
satellite. Each main site uplinks and downlinks from the central hub through terrestrial
(land) links. Each remote site can only uplink to the hub. If a remote site has data to send
to any other location, it must first pass the information to the hub, and then it can be
routed to its final destination.

This type of network is very flexible, supporting multiple interfaces available for
LAN, Voice and Data connections and can support numerous transport protocols. The
network employs TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) as the means to send data to
each remote site. This provides a secure means of transporting data, as each data packet
contains the specific address of the station that it is addressed to and only that station can
receive the data and pass it on to its network.

1.3.2 Full-Meshed Network:

For Voice oriented networks a Full-Meshed Designed Network is utilized. In a

Full-Meshed there is no central hub and each site can communicate directly with all
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network nodes. It employs single satellite hops between each network nodes, which
enables superior voice quality, and efficient fast-response data connections. Since the
network does not employ a central hub, each station requires increased processing and
transmission power. Each remote must uplink and downlink with other remote sites with
exactly the same size antenna over the same radio frequency. 

In this network one site on the network must provide a Network Control System.
It is responsible for setting up calls between the sites and monitors the traffic and
bandwidth use. From this site all operating statistics are generated and billing information
is produced.  The Network Control System established the allocation of bandwidth as
each connection is established through bandwidth-on-demand that is as one node initiates
a call to another node; the Network Control System demands a certain amount of
bandwidth from the bandwidth pool and then assigns it to the two nodes for the duration
of the communication. Once a call is terminated, the bandwidth is then free, and is back
available from the bandwidth pool. This type of network is capable of providing
interconnection of dissimilar communication devices. It provides the capability of
providing connections between must all currently available communication devices. The
system can provide a connection for an individual handset, PBX (Public Branch
Exchange) or can provide a gateway system.

1.3.3 Hybrid Voice and Data Network:

This type of network is a hybrid between the Multipoint and Full-Meshed

network. Like the Full-Meshed Network it does not contain a central hub, though it
provides all remote sites with the capability to communicate direct with all other sites. It
provides the ability to offer voice, fax, and videoconferencing opportunities between the
sites. Data and video can be broadcast is bi-directional between the central hub and the
remote site. This system takes separate voice and data interfaces at the remote site and
then processes this and combines them onto a single cable connecting to the antenna.

1.3.4 Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC) - Point-to-Point:

SCPC circuits are point-to-point circuits that provide two-way communication

between VSAT terminals located at two sites. It is a very flexible system and has the
capability to handle multiple data types over multiple protocols. The system can handle
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voice, fax, and video application. The data rates range from 9.6 kbps up to 8.4 Mbps. It is
ideally suited for bringing Internet to remote ISP sites. Internet access is provided through
one satellite dish connected to the Internet through a point-to-point line and transmission
is accomplished between it and another terminal at the remote ISP through the use of a
satellite. This system is capable of both asymmetric and well as symmetric connections.

1.3.5 Broadcast Networks:

Broadcast Networks provide for the transmission of data, video and audio files to any
number of users. The system "broadcasts" from the central site to the end user remote
sites. This one-way system provides an uplink from the central site and each remote site
downlinks (receives) only. It provides high speed channel that is capable of up to 24Mbs
up linked, providing this information to numerous units.

CHAPTER-2

VSAT Network Configurations

VSATs are connected by radio frequency (RF) links via a satellite, with a so-
called uplink from the station to the satellite and a so-called downlink from the satellite to

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the station. The overall link from station to station, sometimes called hop, consists of an
uplink and a downlink.
A radio frequency link is a modulated carrier that conveys information. Basically,
the satellite receives the uplinked carriers from the transmitting earth stations within the
field of view of its receiving antenna, amplifies those carriers, translates their frequency
to a lower band in order to avoid possible output/input interference, and transmits the
amplified carriers to the stations located within the field of view of its transmitting
antenna.
Present VSAT networks use geostationary satellites, which are satellites orbiting
in the equatorial plane of the earth at an altitude above the earth surface of 35,786 km
such that the orbit period at this altitude is equal to that of the rotation of the earth. As the
satellite moves in its circular orbit in the same direction as the earth rotates, the satellite
appears from any station on the ground as a fixed relay in the sky.

The VSAT networks operate in different topologies. The topologies are mainly of
three types, namely:
1) Star Topology
2) Mesh Topology
3) Star-Mesh Topology

2.1 Star Topology:

A star network consists of a central switch, hub or computer, which acts as a
conduit to transmit messages. Thus, the hub and leaf nodes, and the transmission lines
between them, form a graph with the topology of a star. Star topology configuration is
shown in fig (2.1). If the central node is passive, the originating node must be able to

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tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way
transmission time (i.e. to and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the
central node. An active star network has an active central node that usually has the means
to prevent echo-related problems.
The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by connecting all of the
systems to a central node. When applied to a bus-based network, this central hub
rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes
on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus
communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only.
The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral node to the central node will
result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the rest of the systems
will be unaffected.

Fig 2.1 Star shaped VSAT network

2.2 Mesh Topology:

In this configuration, each VSAT terminal will relay data over to another terminal
through the satellite, acting as a hub, which also minimizes the need for an uplink site.
There is a minimized need for a centralized station and direct VSAT-to-VSAT
communication is possible. Mesh topology configuration is shown in fig (2.2). Mesh

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networks require a larger antenna than that of the star network due to the absence of the
outbound link.

Fig 2.2 Mesh shaped VSAT network

2.3 Star-Mesh Topology:

It is the combination of star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are
configured by having several centralized uplink sites connected in a multi-star topology
with each star connected to each other in a mesh topology. Star-Mesh topology
configuration is shown in fig (2.3). These configurations are utilized to minimize the

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overall cost of the network, and to alleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed
through a central uplink site (or sites) of a star or multi-star network.

Fig 2.3 Star-Mesh VSAT network

CHAPTER-3

Components and Working of VSAT Network

3.1 Components of the VSAT network:

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A VSAT network consists of the following components:

 A central hub (also called a master earth station)

 The satellite transponder

 A virtually unlimited number of VSAT earth stations in various locations - across

a country or continent

Required components of VSAT are shown in below fig (3.1).

In VSAT systems, the remote ground terminals are utilized for communicating via
a satellite from a remote location to a central hub station. The central hub station
communicates with multiple remote ground terminals, and has a significantly larger
antenna. The hub broadcasts a continuous carrier to hundreds or thousands of smaller
VSAT earth stations via a satellite transponder. The hub station outbound carrier signal
contains packets of digital data addressed to the individual VSAT stations of the system.
A VSAT system may include individual VSATs that access communication satellite
transponders using a variety of multiple-access modes.

In a typical link from a hub to a VSAT, the hub terminal broadcasts a signal for
reception by all VSATs in the network. The outlying VSAT terminals will transmit to
other VSATs or the hub terminal using established protocols. Typically, the VSAT
terminals have a small aperture directional antenna for receiving from or transmitting
signals to the satellite, and an outdoor unit (ODU) mounted near the antenna for
transmitting a modulated carrier generated by an indoor unit (IDU).

The IDU demodulates incoming signals received from the ODU and also operates
as an interface between a user's communication equipment and the ODU. The IDU and
ODU are usually placed at the same location, but are physically separated and connected
by a communication cable. The transmitter of the ODU functions to produce a carrier
signal in accordance with an intermediate frequency signal received from the IDU and

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then transmits this signal to the satellite. Upon receipt by the central hub station, the
modulated carrier signal is demodulated such that the data transmitted from the remote
user is reproduced and processed by the central hub station.

Fig 3.1 Components of VSAT network

3.2 WORKING:

The antenna is mounted on a roof on a wall, or placed on the ground. This

antenna, along with the attached low-noise blocker or LNB (which receives satellite
signals) and the transmitter (which sends signals) make up the VSAT outdoor unit

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(ODU), one of the two components of a VSAT earth station. Working principle is shown
in fig (3.2).

Fig 3.2 Working of a VSAT network

The second component of VSAT earth station is the indoor unit (IDU). The indoor
unit is a small desktop box or PC that contains receiver and transmitter boards and an
interface to communicate with the user's existing in-house equipment - LANs, servers,
PCs, TVs, kiosks, etc. The indoor unit is connected to the outdoor unit with a pair of
cables.

Content originates at the hub, which features a very large -15 to 36-foot (4.5
-11m) antenna. The hub controls the network through a network management system
(NMS) server, which allows a network operator to monitor and control all components of
the network. The NMS operator can view, modify and download individual configuration
information to the individual VSATs.

Outbound information (from the hub to the VSATs) is sent up to the

communications satellite's transponder, which receives it, amplifies it and beams it back
to earth for reception by the remote VSATs. The VSATs at the remote locations send

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information inbound (from the VSATs to the hub) via the same satellite transponder to
the hub station.

This arrangement, where all network communication passes through the network's
hub processor, is called a "star" configuration, with the hub station at the center of the
star. One major advantage of this configuration is that there is virtually no limit on the
number of remote VSATs that can be connected the hub. "Mesh" configurations also
allow for direct communication between VSATs.

For satellites to gain a foothold in the delivery of advanced broadband services,

seamless interconnectivity with terrestrial networks is imperative. For best results, the
network should be designed to exploit the unique virtue of satellite in geostationary orbit,
namely that it can be a shared resource available, as needed, to many users spread over a
very large proportion of the Earth's surface. This is the concept of bandwidth-on-demand.
In an ideal network, each terminal communicates with all others (full-mesh connectivity),
but utilizes satellite capacity only on an as-needed basis. Such an architecture can be
implemented if the terminals operate in a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode
(transmit in bursts) and are capable of doing this at a variety of different frequencies
(FDMA and TDMA).

The key advantage of a VSAT earth station, versus a typical terrestrial network
connection, is that VSATs are not limited by the reach of buried cable. A VSAT earth
station can be placed anywhere - as long as it has an unobstructed view of the satellite.
VSATs are capable of sending and receiving all sorts of video, data and audio content at
the same high speed regardless of their distance from terrestrial switching offices and
infrastructure.

CHAPTER-4

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FEATURES OF VSAT NETWORKS

4.1 DVB TECHNOLOGY

Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) is a satellite-based standard that was primarily
designed to use in broadcast video applications. The standard has been widely adopted
due to its simplicity, easily available chipsets, and cost. DVB based technology is widely
deployed and understood by most network operators. DVB was primarily designed for
one way broadcast of video and MPEG traffic. Recently a new standard DVB-RCS
(Return Channel via Satellite) was completed to allow for a standard based return channel
for two-way traffic. The intent of the open standard is to accelerate economies of scale,
thereby generating lower-cost solutions and opening the market in a shorter timeframe
than could be possible with competing proprietary solutions.

Advantages of DVB based system:

 High bandwidth outbound or broadcast

 Designed and built for Video Broadcast
 Lower Cost of Remote Terminals

Disadvantages of DVB based system:

 Generally Power-Limited satellite requirement.

 Very inefficient when use of transponder capacity and very high Hub equipment
cost.
 Not designed for TCP/IP traffic. IP is encapsulated within MPEG.

The Digital Video Broadcast technique is shown in below fig (4.1).

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Fig 4.1 DVB technology of VSAT network

4.2 IDIRECT TECHNOLOGY

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IDirect has pioneered TCP/IP over satellite technology in the industry to ensure
the most efficient use of satellite bandwidth. As demand for IP over satellite continues to
grow, more Network Operators would want to start offering IP services over satellite.
IDirect technology is designed to allow Network Operators implement these networks at a
much lower cost, at the same time provide a business class service with all the TCP/IP
enhancements over satellite. The Idirect technology is shown in below fig (4.2).

Advantages of IDirect Technology

 Primarily Bandwidth limited, thus much lower service costs
 Extremely responsive TDMA channels- Queue depth checked 5 times/sec
 All remotes have a minimum CIR 
 Multiple-inroutes Network Capability
 Frequency Hopping Capability - Dynamically Assigned based on demand
 Very scalable hub equipment, with multiple network support within a chassis.

Fig 4.2 Idirect technology of VSAT network

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CHAPTER-5

VSAT Transmission Methods

The primary objective and advantage of VSAT networks is to maximize the use of
common satellite and other resources amongst all VSAT sites. The methods by which
these networks optimize the use of satellite capacity, and spectrum utilization in a flexible
and cost effective manner are referred to as satellite access schemes/transmission types.

There are three basic VSAT transmission types:

 TDMA, Time-Division Multiple Access;

 DAMA, Demand-Assigned Multiple Access; and
 FDMA , Frequency Division Multiple Access

Interactive VSAT systems come in two main network topologies - star and mesh.
The former tends to be based either on a shared access scheme (TDM/TDMA), which is
designed to support transactional processing applications, or on a dedicated link (the
satellite equivalent to a leased line). The latter usually uses links which are set-up and
torn-down on request to establish a direct link between two sites on a demand assigned
basis. These mesh systems were initially designed to support corporate and public
network telephony links, but are being increasingly used to serve high data rate services,
such as file downloads, at rates of 64 kbps or greater.

5.1 TDMA

TDMA (Time-Division Multiple Access) is a form of multiple access in which a

single carrier is shared by many users. When signals from earth stations reach the
satellite, they are processed in time segments without overlapping. TDMA is typically
used in a packet switched environment when small or moderate amounts of data are to be
transferred.

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5.2 DAMA

The DAMA (Demand-Assigned Multiple Access) protocol is used to share

bandwidth in a time division mode. Typically DAMA transmission is used in a packet-
switched environment when large amounts of data are to be transferred. Is a highly
efficient means of instantaneously assigning telephony channels in a transponder
according to immediate traffic demands; DAMA is also applicable in a circuit-switched
environment and is usually characterized by allowing each user a variable slot of time on
a demand (or request) basis.

5.3 FDMA

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) uses a single modem for all
communication from a site and transmits for very short interval and at higher rates.
FDMA uses multiple carriers within the same transponder within which each uplink has
been assigned frequency slot and bandwidth. It is usually used in conjunction with
frequency modulation.

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CHAPTER-6
Advantages and Disadvantages of VSAT Networks

Businesses and organizations give many reasons for using VSAT networks over
terrestrial alternatives. Among them are:

 Cost-effective

 Flexibility

 Accessibility

 Availability

 Reliability

 Versatility

 Transmission quality

 High network performance

 Fast transmissions

 Control

 Ability to handle large amounts of data

 Single vendor solution for both equipment and bandwidth

 Broadcast capability

 Ability to handle Voice, Video and Data

The disadvantages of VSAT:

 High start-up costs (hubs and basic elements must be in place before the services
can be provided).

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 Lack of adequate coverage in some parts of the world.

 Severe regulatory restrictions imposed by countries that prevent VSAT networks
and solutions from reaching critical mass and therefore profitability.
 Some service quality limitations such the high signal delays (latency).
 Lack of skills required in the developing world to design, install and maintain
satellite communication systems adequately.

6.1 VSAT’s Strengths

VSAT technology has many advantages, which is the reason why it is used so
widely today. One is availability. The service can basically be deployed anywhere around
the world. Also, the VSAT is diverse in that it offers a completely independent wireless
link from the local infrastructure, which is a good backup for potential disasters. Its
deployability is also quite amazing as the VSAT services can be setup in a matter of
minutes.
The strength and the speed of the VSAT connection being homogenous anywhere
within the boundaries is also a big plus. Not to forget, the connection is quite secure as
they are private layer-2 networks over the air. The pricing is also affordable, as the
networks themselves do not have to pay a lot, as the broadcast download scheme
(e.g. DVB-S) allows them to serve the same content to thousands of locations at once
without any additional costs. Last but not least, most of the VSAT systems today use
onboard acceleration of protocols (e.g. TCP, HTTP), which allows them to delivery high
quality connections regardless of the latency.

6.2 VSAT’s Drawbacks

As with everything, VSAT also has its downsides. Firstly, because the VSAT
technology utilizes the satellites in geosynchronous orbit, it takes a minimum latency of
about 500 milliseconds every trip around. Therefore, it is not the ideal technology to use
with protocols that require a constant back and forth transmission, such as online games.

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Also, surprisingly, the environment can play a role in slowing down the VSATs.
Although not as bad as one way TV systems like DirecTV and DISH Network, the VSAT
still can have a dim signal, as it still relies on the antenna size, the transmitter’s power,
and the frequency band. Last but not least, although not that big of a concern, installation
can be a problem as VSAT services require an outdoor antenna that has a clear view of
the sky. An awkward roof, such as with skyscraper designs, can become problematic.

CHAPTER-7

Applications of VSAT

The applications of VSAT network system are as fallows

 7.1 CIVILIAN SERVICE

It can be noted that most of the services supported by two-way VSAT networks
deal with interactive data traffic, where the user terminals are most often personal
computers. The most notable exceptions are voice communications and satellite news
gathering. Voice communications on a VSAT network means telephony with possibly
longer delays than those incurred on terrestrial lines, as a result of the long satellite path.
Telephony service simply full connectivity and delays are typically 0.25 s or 0.50 s
depending on the selected network configuration, as mentioned above.
 
Satellite news gathering (SNG) can be viewed as a temporary network using
transportable VSATs, sometimes called µfly-away stations, which are transported by car
or aircraft and set up at a location where news reporters can transmit video signals to a
hub located near the company’s studio. Of course the service could be considered as
inbound only, if it were not for the need to check the uplink from the remote site and to be
in touch by telephone with the staff at the studio. As fly-away VSATs are constantly

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transported, assembled and disassembled, they must be robust, lightweight and easy to
install. Today they weigh typically 100 kg and can be installed in less than 20 minutes.

During disasters, the need for reliable communication overrides all else. Situations
where a catastrophe has taken place are often busy, even chaotic as first responders try to
come to terms with what has happened and to assess the situation, what is needed and
when and how it will be secured.

Primary back-up communications system can be set-up within the state in case of
hurricanes. The system provides fail-safe, point-to –point communications between the
State Emergency Operations Centre and State Warning Point and also connects all other
emergency agencies throughout the State.

 
7.2 MILITARY APPLICATION

VSAT networks have been adopted by many military forces in the world. Indeed
the inherent flexibility in the deployment of VSATs makes them a valuable means
of installing temporary communications links between small units in the battlefield and
head quarters located near the hub. Moreover, the topology of a star-shaped network fits
well into the natural information flow between field units and command base.

Frequency bands are at X-band, with uplinks in the 7.9±8.4 GHz band and
downlinks in the 7.25± 7.75 GHz band. The military use VSAT must be a small, low
weight, low power station that is easy to operate under battlefield conditions. As an
example, the man pack station developed by the UK Defense Research Agency (DRA)
for its Milpico VSAT military network is equipped with a 45 cm antenna, weighs less
than 17 kg and can be set up within 90 seconds. It supports data and vocoded voice at 2.4
kbps. In order to do so, the hub stations need to be equipped with antennas as large as 14
m. Another key requirement is low probability of detection by hostile interceptors. Spread
spectrum techniques are largely used.

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7.3 PRIVATE VSAT NETWORKS

 Private VSAT offers organizational level connectivity solutions and bandwidth.

 Pricing have been simplified and more complex network can be engineered.
 Higher bandwidth at lower cost available on demand.
 High level business applications can be supported.
 International and internet connectivity
 Web browsing and E-mail and server hosting.
 Multicast services. 

CONCLUSION
VSAT networking has been developed into a sophisticated technique that can
provide remote access to the small antennas through satellite. Most of research on VSAT
has been conducted for environment and engineering applications. However VSAT
networks have very important application in communication field.
 
A VSAT network offers communications between remote terminals. There is
power limitation from the imposed small size and low cost of the remote station. VSAT
has a number of advantages like asymmetry of data transfer, flexibility, low bit error,
distance insensitive cost and private corporate. VSAT networking and focus on a
discussion of how this service integration could take place and the possible performance
improvements that could be achieved.
 
As has been discussed previously, end to end management is becoming a critical
requirement for most customers, and the ability to both intelligently manage the VSAT
component, while cleanly integrating with management systems for other components
and providing full end-to-end class based monitoring is the ultimate challenge, but can
also provide great opportunities for time saving, automation, customer satisfaction and
generating additional revenues. In modern future the VSAT network can be used for
remote access to very small antennas and provide better signal reception.

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REFERENCES

[1] Allan R Griebenow., “Shared remote very small aperture terminal,” 21 st IEEE
conference on Electronics and Aerospace, pp. 119-202, April 2010.

[2] Gerard Maral., John Wiley and sons ltd., “VSAT networks,” vol. 2, pp. 1-45,
2003.

[3] John Everett., “Very small aperture terminals,”

28th IEEE Telecommunication’s series, pp. 1-5, 8-19, 1992.
[4] www.crystal communications.net/satellite/vsat/about_vsat.htm.

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